NOISE FACTOR AND NOISE

FIGURE
BY: ROJELYN U. VILLAFLOR
BSECE-2B
Noise factor (F) are figures of merit that indicate degradation of the signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) as the signal pass through a device or a circuit. Mathematically,
noise factor is

Noise Factor Formula:

S
N input
F= (unitless ratio)
S
N output
Noise Figure (NF) is the parameter that is widely used to represent the noise
level in RF systems and devices. Noise Figure (abbreviated NF) is a figure of
remit, indicating how much a component, stage or series of stage degrades the
signal-to-noise ratio of a system.

input signal-to-noise power ratio

NF = 10 log
output signal-to-noise power ratio

or

NF = 10 log (F)
 Ideal Noiseless Amplifier Non Ideal Amplifier

Si Signal power in Si
Signal power in =
= Noise power in Ni
Noise power in Ni Non-ideal amplifier
Ideal Noiseless Amplifier
Ap=power gain
Ap= power gain
Nd=internally generated noise

Signal power out ApSi Signal power out ApSi = Si

= ApNi =
Signal power out Signal power out ApNi+Nd Ni+ Nd/Ap
EXAMPLE :

A transistor amplifier has a measured S/N power of

25 at its input and 5 as its output. Calculate the
transistor’s Noise Factor.
EXAMPLE :

The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100 μW

and the noise power is 1μW. At the output, the signal
power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is the
amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
 Equivalent Noise Temperature (Te)

➢ Hypothetical value that cannot be directly measured.

➢ To indicates the reduction in the SNR a signal to undergoes as it propagates
through the receiver.
➢ The lower Te is the better quality of the receiver.

Te = T (F-1) F=1+ Te
T
Where: Ta = ambient temperature or physical temperature , K
Ta = 290 K ( 17 ° C ) , standard ambient temperature
 CASCADED AMPLIFIER
A Cascaded amplifier simply means multiple amplifier lumped together into a single
device and a two port network designed with amplifiers which are connected in series.

Input Output

Amplifier 1 Amplifier 2 Amplifier 3

Si
(dB) Ap1 Ap2 Apn
Ni NF1 NF2 NFn
So Si + NFT
=
No Ni

NFT
Calculating total gain
The total cascaded amplifier gain will depend on the gains from
the individual amplifiers. The gain of an amplifier section is just the
output signal divided by the input. Since the output voltage from
one stage is the input to the next stage, the total gain is the product
of gains from each amplifier stage:

GT = G1 G2 G3….Gn
 FRIISS’ FORMULA
Friiss’ formula is used to calculate the total noise factor of several cascaded amplifier.
Mathematically, Friiss’ formula is

F2 – 1 F3 – 1 Fn – 1
FT = F1 + A1 + A1A2 + A1A2…An

Where FT = total noise factor for n cascaded amplifier

F1= noise factor, amplifier 1
F2 = noise factor, amplifier 2
F3 = noise factor, amplifier 3
Fn = noise factor, amplifier n
A1 = power gain, amplifier 1
A2 = power gain, amplifier 2
An = power gain, amplifier n
THANK YOU!!!