Patience and persistence are the key to success

2022-2023

PREPARATION
OF ESTER
Teaching supervision : By:
a ) DR.Saji Maan
b ) DR.ghusun a ) muntazar Essam
c ) DR.Rana Abbas ‫منتظر عصام‬
b ) Yasser Moayed
‫ياسر مؤيد‬
c ) Heba Abdel-Khalek
‫هبه عبد الخالق‬
d ) Musa Ali
‫موسى علي‬
e ) Ma'mal Makki
‫مؤمل مكي‬
f ) Aya samir
‫ايه سامر‬

-The date of the experiment : 2023\5\8

-The date the report was submitted : 2023\5\15
group 6 _ B2 _ The first stage
 01 PUPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT

02 INTRODUCTION

03 THEORY

04 THE SUBSTANCE AND TOOLS

05 PROCEDURE

06
CONTENTS

DISCUSSION

The table of contents in a

report will help you to find the
names of the chapters of the
report and the page number
where each chapter begins.
TABLE OF

Each chapter of the report will

have a name and usually has a
chapter number.
 reference :
PUPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT :
1 -The reactions of alcohols.
2- It infers the release of hydrogen gas from the reaction of an
alcohol with an active metal in the presence of matches.
3- You are experimenting with preparing ester from alcohol.
4- Infer the types of reactions of alcohols and write the equations.
5- Distinguish the smell of the ester by smelling the ester formed
reference :
in the tube.

INTRODUCTION :
Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with
alcohols in the presence of an acidic catalyst. The catalyst is
usually concentrated sulfuric acid. Dry hydrogen chloride gas is
used in some cases, but these tend to contain aromatic esters
(those in which the carboxylic acid contains a benzene ring). If you
are a UK A-level student, you don't have to worry about that.

The esterification reaction is slow and reversible Carboxylic acids

and alcohols are often heated together in the presence of a few
drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to observe the odor of the
esters formed. Usually you use small amounts of everything
heated in a test tube set in a hot water bath for a few minutes.

Since the reactions are slow and reversible, not much ester will be
produced at this time. The smell is often masked or smeared with a
carboxylic acid odor. A simple way to detect the smell of an ester is
to pour the mixture into some water in a small beaker.

Apart from very small esters, esters are fairly insoluble in water
and tend to form a thin film on the surface. The excess acid and
alcohol both dissolve and are safely hidden under the ester layer.
Small esters such as ethanoate smell like typical organic solvents
(ethyl ethanoate is a common solvent

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 reference :

THEORY :
Esterification is a chemical process used to produce ester
compounds from the reaction of an acid with an alcohol. This
experiment is based on the Fischer-Speier theory of ester
reactions, which involves the reaction between an acid and an
alcohol to produce an ester and water. The chemical equation for
this reaction can be written as:

Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water

Where a carboxylic acid (such as acetic acid) is used as a
functional group for its reaction with an alcohol to form an ester.

The esterification steps involve heating the acid-alcohol mixture in

the presence of an acidic catalyst such as thick sulfuric acid, in
order to catalyze the reaction between the acid and the alcohol.
The mixture is then distilled to separate the final product, which is
determined by appropriate chemical analysis techniques.

The esterification experience is used in many industrial

applications, including the production of inks, paints, fragrances,
and flavors. They are also used in college and secondary
education to teach students about ester reactions and basic reference :

THE SUBSTANCE AND TOOLS :

organic chemistry

condenser heater

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 stand with clamp rounded bottomed
flask

pint to connect flask

with condense
cylinder

two plastic hose

reference :

PROCEDURE :
1 -The reactions of alcohols.
2- It infers the release of hydrogen gas from the reaction of an
alcohol with an active metal in the presence of matches.
3- You are experimenting with preparing ester from alcohol.
4- Infer the types of reactions of alcohols and write the
equations.
5- Distinguish the smell of the ester by smelling the ester formed
in the tube.

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 DISCUSSION :
reference :

Q1/ Type mechanical preparation of Ethyl Acetate?

An/ Ethyl acetate is generally prepared by the process termed as

Fischer method, in the presence of a catalytic amount of a strong
acid such as sulfuric acid by heating ethanol with acetic acid.
→
CH3COOH+CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3+H2O
A generic mechanism for an acid Fischer esterification is shown
below:

reference :

Q2/ Why is added concentrated sulfuric acid?

An/ Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong acid and is able to

protonate the carbonyl oxygen more efficiently than weaker
acids, such as acetic acid itself. This enhances the electrophilicity
of the carbonyl group, which in turn increases the rate of the
reaction. Additionally, sulfuric acid can help to remove water
from the reaction mixture through dehydration, which also drives
the reaction forward and improves the yield of the ester product.

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Q3/ What are the ways that help us to get a higher percentage of
reference :
ethyl acetate?

An/ To increase the yield of Ethyl Acetate in the preparation

process, we can :
1. Use an excess of the alcohol.
2. Remove water from the reaction mixture.
3. Increase the reaction temperature.
4. Use an acid catalyst: a strong acid catalyst can improve the
yield of the ester by promoting the reaction and removing water
from the reaction mixture.
5. Optimize the reaction time: to optimize the reaction time, the
reaction mixture can be monitored for the extent of the reaction
and the reaction time can be adjusted accordingly to achieve
maximum yield of the ester.
These strategies can be used in combination or separately to
improve the yield of Ethyl Acetate in the preparation process.

In conclusion, I would like to thank

everyone who contributes to scientific
teaching, correct science, and a brilliant
future for all doctors and assistants in
this department.

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