TOPIC:

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT WIRELESS NETWORK TO DECTECT AND

LOCATE LOW VOLTAGE FAULT ON SECONDARY SUBSTATION OF
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER OF A PARTICULAR AREA USING
GPRS

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

This Project is developed to Detect and Locate Low Voltage (LV) fault on a Secondary Substation
of Distribution Transformer. The Distribution Lines spread on the entire nation and this must be
connected in such a way to prevent energy losses and revenue losses. For this matter, it is very
important to understand and monitor the Distribution System behavior.

Substation is made up of a small building called control room with a fenced-in yard that consist
of transformers, switches, circuit breaker, bur bars, voltage regulator or tap changer, supporting
porcelain, disconnect (isolators), metering equipment, surge arrester, lighting arrester, relay and
other protective device that are used to regulate voltage and monitor system parameters [2].

Substation can be classified into two category; primary substation and secondary Substation [3].
Primary substation consists of feeders that send power from Distribution Substation to Distribution
transformer [4] whereas a Distribution Substation carries electric energy from Distribution
Transformer to Electricity meters of end customers [4].

This research is typically based on Fault Detection and Reporting on Second Substation of
Distribution lines. The Distribution lines are connected to either Pole Mounted Transformer or
Ground Mounted Transformer. Pole Mounted Transformers are Electric utility Distribution
Transformers that are mounted on Electricity service pole (wood or concrete) and are usually at
the level of the overhead cables [5] whereas Ground Mounted Distribution Transformers are used
to step down three-phase high voltage to Low Voltage for Energy Distribution, mainly in
Metropolitan areas and for industrial application [6].

The Device is mounted on the Pole Mounted Transformer or the Ground Mounted Transformer of
the Distribution Transformer. The Device Detect fault on the Distribution line and give location
of the area at which the fault is affected through Wireless Network System.

1
1.1 POLE MOUNTED TRANSFORMER

Pole Mounted Transformers are electrical utility Distribution Transformer that are mounted on an
Electrical Service Pole (wood or concrete) and are usually at the level of the overhead cables. Pole
mounted transformer are the common transformer used for converting distribution voltage to 415
/ 240 volt power used by homes and low-volume commercial installation [12].

Figure 1 pole mounted transformer

Pole Mounted Electrical Transformers are used in extensive rural areas. These Transformers rang
from 50KVA TO 315KVA and 11KV to 33KV volt down to a low voltage 400 volt [12]. Pole
Mounted Transformer are reasonable small in size and mass so that it is easy to install them on
single pole structures, and larger unit on two-pole structures, approximately 5 meters above the
ground. This makes the Transformer inaccessible, reducing the risk of injury to animals and
people and minimizing vandalism.

1.2 GROUND MOUNTED TRANSFORMER

Ground Mounted Transformers are used to step down three phase high voltage to low voltage for
energy distribution, mainly in metropolitan areas and for industrial applications. Ground Mounted
Transformers are made in power rating from around 500KVA to 26MVA and often include built-
in fuses and switches. Ground Mounted Transformer have self protecting fuses consist of a bayonet
mount fuses placed in a high voltage compartment, with a back-up high energy current limiting
fuse in series to protect against secondary faults and Transformer overload.

2
 Figure 2 ground mounted transformer

Single and three phase ground mounted transformer are used in underground industrial and
residential power distribution systems, where there is a need for safe, reliable and better
appealing transformer design. Their enclosed construction allows the installation of ground
mounted transformer in public areas without the need of protection fencing. In residential areas,

1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

I. The aim of this project is to Detect fault on the Distribution lines and give location
of the affected area by sending SMS to the Engineer.
II. Send message to the District Engineer when there is outage on the distribution lines
of a particular area.
III. To reduce revenue loses.
IV. To provide rapid solution to faulty part and attend to the fault as soon as possible.
V. To provide adequate values when taking reading for monitoring.

1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

I. To develop a prototype wireless network system that can detect fault on the
distribution line and locate the affected area.
II. To interface a buzzer with Arduino to sound alarm when there is fault on the
distribution lines
III. To interface LCD Display with Arduino to display electric current values on each
of the three phases of the distribution lines.
IV. To interface GPRS with Arduino to send SMS message to the District Engineer or
the Gang leader of the fault team when a fault on the distribution lines occur.
V. To interface RF Transmitter and Receiver with Arduino to Transmit and Received
current values provided by the Acs712 current sensor for processing.
VI. To interface Acs712 current sensor with Arduino to measure and compare the
current on each of the phases.

3
1.2.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT

For the past 70 years, Electrical Power Systems have rapidly grown. This has resulted in a large
increase of the number of lines in operation and their total length. This distribution lines
experiences faults due to fallen trees on the lines, storm, lighting, insulation breakdown and short
circuit caused by bird and other external objects. In most cases, electrical faults manifest in
blowing off the fuses protecting the lines, which must be replace before returning the lines in
supply. The restoration of supply can be expedited if the location of the faulty area is known.
Speedy and precise fault location plays an important role in accelerating system supply.

Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG), Northern electricity of Ghana (NEDCO) and other
Electricity Distribution Company, lacks the facility and the Technology of knowing the faulty
location of the affected area when fault occur on the distribution lines. These Companies has
provided a fault reporting numbers to customers to call when fault occur in their areas. This has
become a big problem for the customers, because some of them think when they call the fault team
it attract money so they decide not to call and when the serial caller of that particular area happens
to travel then it means those in that particular area has to sleep in darkness and that also reduces
revenue to the distribution companies. Because when the lines goes off for a longer period of time
the meter at the customer end will not record any unit for the customer to pay.

The most important feature of this project is to develop a technology that will detect and give
location of the faulty area.

4
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents existing research done on the technology relating to microcontroller based
on detection of fault on electrical distribution network in secondary substation. This research is
based on detection and location of fault in distribution line using Acs712 current sensor,
Microcontroller, GSM and LCD Display []. This technology lacks the ability to transmit and receive
the value of the Acs712 current sensor remotely.

2.2 RELATED WORKS

The SCADA, which is an abbreviation for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition is a system
that became popular in the 1960’s, its purpose is to monitor and control remote equipment. The
early SCADA systems used mainframe technology and required human operators to take actions,
decisions and maintain the information systems. As a result of the increased human labour cost,
early SCADA systems were very expensive. Today, SCADA is much more automated and
consequently more cost-efficient. The SCADA is the foundation for the distributed automation
system. The use of the SCADA system in electrical utility companies started in the early sixties for
smooth monitoring and control of the overall power system. For remote operation of large power
system network which comprises of generation, transmission and distribution system by using
SCADA started first in the USA in 1962 [7].
The RTU (remote telemetry unit), microwave communication network and RCS (remote control
server) are the back-bone of the SCADA system. The RTU of each substation gathers operational
information of switchgears of the substation and transfers that to the central database through
microwave linkage. Basically the RTU collects all information related to remote and manual
operation. The SCADA master or control station comprises of Local Area Network (LAN) of RCS
(Remote Communication Server) and workstations. The RCS stores and processes data according
to the system requirement and generates necessary commands for remote operation of the
substation switchgear. Initially the SCADA software was based on VAX (Virtual Address Extension)
and VMS (Virtual Memory System) and OpenVMS (Alpha) platforms. However UNIX and Windows

5
platforms are now used for most SCADA software. SCADA is now used for large automation
system having many service points. The system is resided on LANs with communication front end
(CFE) processors and user interface (UI) attached locally either on the same LAN or across a WAN
(Wide Area Network) [8].
The Electricity Company of Ghana operates most of its primary substations by SCADA system.
The SPIDER, open source software which is provided by the vendor, ABB, Switzerland is used as
the main operational software for the SCADA system. This software is basically based on different
programming languages such as C++, FORTRAN, and Pascal. The UNIX operating system is used
for this software.

2.2.1 SCADA System and its Functions

SCADA is a means of controlling from remote location by using communication technology. It is
used to collect data and control processes at the supervisory level. The SCADA monitored system
could be just about an oil refinery plant, a power generation system, a communication network
or even a simple switch. Capability of SCADA system is to allow operators to control circuit
breakers and disconnect switches. It also allows operators to monitor the generation and high-
voltage transmission systems and to take action to correct overloads or out-of-limit voltages [9].
By using sensors (discrete or analogue) and control relays, the SCADA collects information about
processes to control individual equipment. The system is supervised by a SCADA master station
which collects data from monitoring devices and issues controls accordingly (either automatically
or at the request of human operators) [10]. The SCADA system comprises of:
1. Sensors (either digital or analogue): Sensors control relays that directly interface with the
managed system.
2. Remote telemetry units (RTU): These are small computerized units deployed in the field at
specific sites and locations. It serves as local collection points for gathering information from
sensors and delivering commands to control relays.
3. Communications network: It connects the SCADA master station to the RTU.

6
4. SCADA master units: These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor
for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and automatically
regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs.
5. Remote communication server (RCS): The RCS communicates with the RTU and collect
information which is also called master station. The master station, an HMI (Human Machine
Interface) or an HCI (Human Computer Interface) performs data processing on information
gathered from sensors [11].
The functions of SCADA are discussed below:

2.2.2 Data Acquisition

SCADA system monitors a large network having various equipment therefore it collects
information from hundreds or thousands of sensors. Some of these sensors measure simple
events that can be detected by on-off switch, called a discrete or digital input. Discrete inputs are
used to measure simple states, thus whether the equipment is on or off, alarm for shutdown or
tripping of any device or power failure at a critical facility. Some sensors measure more complex
situations where exact measurement is important. These are analogue sensors, which can detect
continuous changes in a voltage or current input. Analogue sensors are used to track fluid levels
in tanks, voltage levels in batteries, temperature and other factors that can be measured in a
continuous range of input [7].

2.3 Data Communication;

In supervisory control, it is required to monitor multiple systems from a central location, so a
communication network is required to transport all the data collected from sensors. Earlier
SCADA systems had radio, modem or dedicated serial lines based communication network. Today
the trend is to put SCADA data on Ethernet and IP (Internet Protocol) over SONET (Synchronous
Optical Networking). For security reasons, SCADA data should be kept on closed LAN (Local Area
Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network) without exposing sensitive data to the open internet. For
data security, data protocol is maintained. Sensors and control relays can't generate or interpret
protocol communication on their own. Therefore the RTU is needed to provide an interface

7
between the sensors and the SCADA network. The RTU encodes sensor inputs into protocol
format and forwards them to the SCADA master or central station. Again the RTU receives control
commands in protocol format from the master station and transmits electrical signals to the
appropriate control relays [11].

2.3.1 Data Presentation;

The data presentation or display in SCADA system is mostly in visual or audio form. A SCADA
system interacts with human operators through work station computers which are connected by
RCS. The master station continuously monitors all sensors and alerts the operator by visual
display or sound. The master station presents a comprehensive view of the entire managed
system and also provides detail operation of the system according to the requests of user. It
maintains report logs and summarizes historical trends of daily operation of any system [11].

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INRODUCTION

This chapter describe how to detect and locate fault on electrical distribution network in
secondary substation using Arduino Uno. This research is group into two Sections which is the
Transmitter Section and the Receiver Section. The following the steps shows how to implement
the research.

3.1.1 THE TRANSMITTER SECTION

The ACS712 current sensor measures the line current on each phase of the three phases and send
the measured value to the Adriano which is connected to A0 pin of the Adriano.
The Arduino compares the values from the ASC712 current sensor and then transmit the
compared value to the Receiver through the RF Transmitter which is connected to pin 3 of the
Arduino.

3.1.2 THE RECEIVER SECTION

The Receiver receives the value and sends it to the Arduino which is connected to pin A0 of the
Arduino.
The LCD which is connected to A4 and A5 pin of the Arduino which display the type of fault and
location of the fault.
The buzzer which is connected to pin 5 of the Arduino buzz to alert the operator when there is a
fault on the distribution lines.
Finally the GSM module send SMS message to the district engineer indicating that there is fault
on the distribution line.
The latter deals with the designing of the system on Proteus software which was simulated for
the output to be realized whiles the former deals with mounting of the various components on
the bread board after the outcome of the simulation was satisfactory.

9
3.1.3 SELECTION OF COMPONENTS WITH JUSTIFICATION

The selected components are based proper manufacture and tested according to standard with

justification

3.2.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs-light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a twitter
message and turn it into an output, activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on processing.

Figure 3 Arduino Uno

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of project, from everyday object to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers- student, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professional has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and expect alike.

10
3.2.2 FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO
I. Inexpensive: Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compare to other microcontroller
platforms. The least expensive version of the of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand,
and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
II. Cross-platform: the Arduino Software (IDE) runs on windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating system. Most microcontroller systems are limited to windows.
III. Simple, clear programming environment: the Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advance users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it’s
conveniently based on the processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
IV. Open source and extensible software: the Arduino software is published as open source
tools, available for extension by experience programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical detail can make the leap
from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it’s based. Similarly, you can add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
V. Open source and extensible hardware: the plans of the Arduino boards are published under a
creative commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced user can build the
breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.

11
12
3.3.1 KEY SPECIFICATIONS

3.3.2 RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIIVER

In generally, the wireless system designer has two overriding constraints: it must operate over a

certain distance and transfer a certain amount of information within a date rate. The RF modules

are very small in dimension and have a wide operating voltage range i.e. 3v to 12v

13
Basically the RF module is 433MHz RF transmitter and receiver modules. The transmitter draws

no power transmitting logic zero while fully suppressing the carrier frequency low power in

battery operation. When logic one zero while fully suppressing the carrier frequency thus

consume significantly low power in battery operation. When logic one is sent carrier is fully on

to about 4.5mA with a 3volt power supply. The data is sent serially from the transmitter which is

received by the tuned receiver. Transmitter and the receiver are duly interfaced to two Arduino

Uno for data transfer.

Figure 4. RF transmitter and receiver

3.3.3 FEATURES OF RF MODULE

I. Receiver frequency 433MHz

II. Receiver typical frqeuency 105Dbm

14
III. Receiver supply current 3.5mA

IV. Low power consumption

V. Receiver operating voltage 5v

VI. Transmitter frequency range 433.92MHz

VII. Transmitter supply voltage 3v~6v

VIII. Transmitter output power 4v~12v

3.4.0 433MHz MODULE SPECIFICATION

I. Wireless (RF) Simplex Transmitter and Receiver

II. Receiver Operating Voltage: 3v to 12v

III. Receiver Operating current: 5.5mA

V. Transmission Distance: 3 meters (without antenna) to 100 meters (maximum)

VI. Modulating Technique: ASK (Amplitude shift keying)

VII. Data Transmission speed: 10kbps

VIII. Circuit type: Saw resonator

VIII. Low cost and small package

3.4.1 APPLICATION

I. Wireless security systems

II. Car alarm systems

III. Remote controls

V. Sensor reporting

VI. Automation systems.

15
3.4.2 ACS712 CURRENT SENSOR

Sensing and controlling current flow is a fundamental requirement in a wide variety of

applications including, over current protection circuits, battery chargers, swicthing mode power

supplies, digital watt meters, programmable current source, etc. one of the simplest techniques

of sensing current is to place a small value resistance (also known as shunt resistor) in between

the load and the gound and measure the voltage drop across it, which in fact, is proportional to

the current flowing through it. Whereas this technique is easy and straightforward to

implement, it may not be very precise because the value of the shunt resistor slightly varies

with its temperature, which in fact is not constant because of the joules heating. Besides, this

simple technique does not provide an isolation between the load and current sensing unit,

which is desirable in applications involving high voltage loads. Today we will talk about ACS712

device which provides an economical and precise way of sensing AC and DC current based on

hall effect.

16
 Figure 5 ACS712 current sensors

The ACS712 current sensor is based on the principle of hall-effect, which was discovered by Dr.

Edwin Hall in 1879. According to this principle, when a current carrying conductor is placed into

a magnetic field, a voltage is generated across its edge perpendicular to the directions of both

the current and the magnetic field. It is illustrated in the figure shown below. A thin sheet of

semiconductor material (called Hall element) is carrying a current (I) and is placed into a

magnetic field (B) which is perpendicular to the direction of current flow. Due to the presence

of Lorentz force, the distribution of current is no more uniform across the Hall element and

therefore a potential difference is created across its edges perpendicular to the direction of

both the current and the field.

17
 Figure 6 Hall Effect

This voltage is known Hall voltage and its typical value is in the order of few microvolts. The Hall

voltage is directly proportional to the magnitudes of I and B. So if one of them (I and B) is

known, then the observed Hall voltage can be used to estimate the other.

In low frequency applications, it is often desirable to add a simple RC filter circuit at the output

of the device to improve the signal to noise ratio.

18
 Figure 7 Pin diagram of Acs712

The ACS712 contains an internal resistor (RF) connected between the output of the on chip

signal amplifier and the input of the output buffer stage (shown above). The other end of the

resistor is externally accessible through pin 6 (filter). With this architecture, users can

implement a simple RF filter through the addition of an external capacitor (Cf) between the

filter pin and ground. It should be noted that the use of external capacitor increases the rise

time of the sensor output, and therefore, sets the bandwidth of the input signal. The maximum

bandwidth of the input signal is 80 KHz at zero external filter capacitor. The bandwidth

decreases with increasing Cf. the datasheet of ACS712 recommends using 1 nf for Cf to reduce

noise under nominal conditions

3.4.3 ACS712 FEATURES

I. 100mv/output sensitivity

II. 5.0V, single supply operation

19
III. Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents

V. Factory-trimmed for accuracy

VI. Extremely stable output offset voltage

VII. Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis

VIII. 5us output rise time in response to step input current

VIII. 80 KHz bandwidth

VIII. Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25oc.

3.4.4 GPRS MODULE

GSM is a mobile communication; it is stands for global system communication (GSM). The idea

of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is widely used mobile communication

system in the world. GSM is an open digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile

voice and data services operate at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and1900MHz frequency

bands.

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)

technique for communication purposes. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it

down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular

time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

20
 Figure 8 GPRS module

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, Pico and umbrella cells. Each

cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM

network macro, micro, Pico and umbrella cells the coverage area of each cell varies according

to the implementation environment.

3.5.0 FEATURES

I. Compatible with Arduino and clones

II. Based on SIM900 module from SIMCOM

III. Allows you to send SMS, MMS, GPRS and Arduino via UART using AT commands.

V. It has 12 GPIOs, 2 PWMS and built-in ADC of the SIM900 module

21
VI. Quad Band: 850; 900; 1800 and 1900 MHz, so it should work in all countries with GSM (2G)

networks

VII. Control via AT commands

VIII. Support RTC (real time clock). It has a holder for a 3V CR1220 battery at the back.

3.5.1 APPLICATIONS;

The GSM GPRS shield is particularly useful at it allows to:

I. Connect to the internet over GPRS network

II. Send and receive SMS

III. Place and receive phones calls.

Its capabilities make it perfect for projects with Arduino like:

IV. Remote control of electronic appliance- sending an SMS to turn something on;

V. Receive notifications- send SMS to your cell phone if movement is detected in your

house;

VI. Receive sensor data- send periodic SMS to your cell phone with daily weather data

3.5.2 LCD Background

Frequently, an AT89C52 program must interact with the outside world using input and output
devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices
attached to an AT89C52 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the
AT89C52 are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20
characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

22
Fortunately, a very popular standard exists which allows us to communicate with the vast
majority of LCDs regardless of their manufacturer. The standard is referred to as HD44780U,
which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (in this case, the
AT89C52) and communicates directly with the LCD.

3.5.3 D44780U Background

The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The
user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit
data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the
data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines
plus the 8 lines for the data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. The EN line is called "Enable." This
control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your
program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put
data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for
the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and
end by bringing it low (0) again.

The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command
or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data
being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter
"T" on the screen you would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data
bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or
reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write
commands so RW will almost always be low.

23
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the
user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5,
DB6, and DB.

3.5.4 WIRELESS ALARM SYSTEMS

The wireless alarm system is a whole different approach to alarm installation. Wireless alarm
systems have become increasingly popular in the recent past, because they are much easier to
install than hardwired systems. A basic wireless alarm system consist of a wireless receive control
with integrated siren and separate remote transmitters some of which have built-in-sensors.
Because of the ease of installation, the wireless alarm system has become a preferred system.

Wireless alarm systems operate in the 300-Mhz uhf radio range. The alarms transmitter all
operate on the same frequency, with a range of up to 300 feet, and up to 500 feet with external
antennas. The transmitter send 16-bit digital message, repeated up to 30 times in 2 seconds.
Most alarm transmitters have pigtail leads to connect to external sensors such as magnetic reed
switches or space protection devices such as passive infrared body heat sensors. As mentioned,
an inexpensive wireless system might include two transmitters, each containing a built-in reed
switch sensor with internal transmitters.

However this project is based on hardwired alarm system. The alarm system receives a
continuous pulse from the 555 timer in Astable mode through a microcontroller which then
sounds the siren.

Alarm system control usually contains a siren module that turns on and turns off the siren after
some time interval. The device used to implement a siren is the Buzzer.

3.5.5 BUZZER

A buzzer is a mechanical, electromechanical, electromagnetic acoustic or piezoelectric audio

signaling device. A piezoelectric buzzer can be driven by an oscillation electronic circuit or other
audio signal source.

24
 Figure 9 buzzer

Piezoelectric buzzers are used for making beeps, tones and alerts. The fig below is piezoelectric
buzzer which can drive 3-30 V peak-to-peak square waves. To use, connect one pin to ground
and the other to square wave output from a timer or microcontroller. For the loudest tones, stay
around 4kHz, but work quite well from 2 kHz to 10 kHz.

3.6.1 APPLICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC BUZZERS

i. Alarm device
ii. Timers
iii. Confirmation of user input.
iv. Electronic metronomes
v. Enunciator panels
vi. Game shows
vii. Sporting events
viii. Household appliance

3.6.2 BUZZER SPECIFICATION AND DATASHEET

25
CHAPTER 4
26
 4.0 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
This section basically describes how the various components such as the Arduino Uno, ACS712
current sensor, RF Transmitter, LCD, RF Receiver, buzzer, GSM module capacitors, resistors,
diodes, and transistors on a bread board
The Arduino IDE is used in developing the software

4.1.0 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.1.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION

RF Transmitter 433
MHz

Acs712 Current
Power supply (5v) Arduino Uno Sensor
Acs712 Current
Sensor
Acs712 Current
Sensor

Figure 10 block diagram of transmitter section

27
 4.2 RECEIVER SECTION

RF Receiver 433 MHz

GPRS Shield SIM900

Power supply Arduino Uno LCD 20X4

(5v)

Buzzer

Figure 11 block diagram of receiver section

28
4.2.1 SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION

The schematic diagram which represents the blue print of our construction is as shown below

THE TRANSMITTER

Figure 12 System Schematic Diagram of transmitter section

29
 THE RECEIVER

Figure 13 schematic diagram of Receiver section

4.2.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

The following steps were taken to ensure the successful construction of the project:

1. Simulation of the completed circuit

2. Programming of the Arduino Uno for both Transmitter and Receiver

3. Mounting of the various components on the bread board

4. Testing of the completed circuit

30
 Start

Initial, Arduino, Gprs, Lcd,

Acs712, Trans. Receiver.

Displa No Is yes
y Send sms
Red, yellow
curren or blue off?
t
values
No

Displa
Is
y No yes
Jumper cut Send sms
curren
on red,
t
yellow, or
values

No

Displa Is
No yes
y There any Send sms
curren short cct. On
t red, yellow or
values
No

Stop

31
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION

In this project we have presented the design of a system based on Arduino Uno and ACS712

current sensor with RF transmitter and receiver module that is used to detect and locate fault

on electrical distribution network through a wireless system. The current sensor measures the

current which is connected in series with the load. The Arduino read the analog data from

current sensor and convert it into digital data. The Transmitter, transmit the data from the

Arduino at pin 12 to the Receiver which is located at the control room. The LCD displays the

data on the screen. The Buzzer ‘buzz’ when there is fault on the line and send message to the

district Engineer through the GPRS module.

5.1 DATA ACQUISITION

According to the data sheet of Acs712, when there is zero current through the sensor, the

output voltage is Vcc/2. The require vcc is 5v.

5v/2=2.5v which represent 0-5v (2.5-5v). The ADC of the Arduino is 10bit, so voltage ranges

from 0-1023 which is converted to digital 512 counts. So 512 represent 0 amperes.

As the current increases the voltage increases from 2.5 to 5v and this voltage is converted to

current.

32
5.1.1 RECOMMENDATION

For further studies on this project, we recommend that:

1. Interested persons should do further study into location of fault detection on a

transmission line using Rf Transmitter and Receiver module and microcontroller.

2. Further study should be undertaken on how to transmit and receive data at a long range
(more than 1.1Km) where Mobile Network is a problem of the area where the
Transformer is mounted.

3. Further study should be undertaken to display a console in the control room for all fault
location.

33
 REFERENCES

[1] Mr. V. thiyagarajan, Dr. T.G. Palanivelu “An efficient monitoring of substations using
microcontroller based monitoring system”, PP 63-64 I, July 2010.

[2] Dr. Ghous Buksh Narejo, Engineer Shahyan Pervez Bharucha, Engineer Danny Zarir.

[3] J.B Gupta, a course in Power Systems (Generation and Economic Considerations ;
Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power; Switchgear and protection including
Power System Analysis), Eleventh edition, New Delhi, S.K. Kataria and Sons, January
2013, PP 3 ( Part II Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power).

[4] Trupti Sudhakar Somkuwar, Mr Mahesh G. Prakash S. Prasad, Mr N. A. Ghodichor,

“Design and Implementation of Electrical Transmission Line Monitoring and Control
System”, volume 3, Issue: 7, PP 4994-5000, July 2015.

[5] Prof. M. S. Sujatha, Dr. M. Vijaykumar,” On-line monitoring and analysis of faults in
transmission and distribution lines using GSM technique” Vol. 33, Issue 2 pages 258-265,
30th November 2011.

[6] Baiely and E.wright, Practical SCADA for industry, third edition, 2003. GM Publishing
Co, USA.

[7] Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis” 1999. TADA McGraw-hill Publishing Company
Limited.

[8] D. P Kothani and I. J Nagradth”Modern Power System, Fourth edition, 2011,

McGraw-hill education, India

[9] McKenzie Smith. Hughes, “Electrical Technology” Seventh edition, 1993, TADA.

[10] Salivahumar, S. Smesh.N. And Vallavaraj, A.” Electronic Devices and Circuit” Fourth
edition, TADA Seventh edition, 2000, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, USA.

[11] W.T. Shaw, Cyber Security for SCADA Systems, Second Edition, 2006, McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, USA.

[12] www.electrical forum.com

34