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Why does the woman visit the man?

To find out if a mistake was made in her work assignment
To ask a question about the community Internship Program
To discuss employment opportunities on campus
To obtain information about the medical library
2
Why is the woman not upset by the reduction in her work hours?
She is sure she is not the right person for the job.
She may be able to increase the time she spends tutoring.
her hours might have decreased.
She is grateful that she has more time for her coursework.

What points does the man make when he first discusses the community Internship
Program?2 answers.
It guarantees employment for a full academic year.
It gives preference to students who own a car.
It offers a variety ( / service opportunities.
It is supported financially by the university.

Why does the man believe that the woman has a good chance of being accepted into the
community Internship Program?
Many community organizations are in need of volunteers.
Her experience working with children shows that she enjoys helping others.
Some new organizations have requested interns from the university.
Most students who apply are accepted into the program.

What can I consider before she applies for the internship?

The information on the program's Website
The time commitment she will need to make
Whether she is willing to ride a bus to work
How many courses she is planning to enroll in
참석자 1
Conversation between a student and an employee in the student employment office.

참석자 2
Hi I called and made an appointment to come in this morning.

참석자 3
Oh you must be Alice

참석자 2
Alice Jenkins.

참석자 3
Hi Alice This is about the medical library cutting back on its evening and weekend hours right?

참석자 2
Right which means all student staff members are losing some of their hours.

참석자 3
And because you're the newest employee on the staff,

참석자 2
my hours were cut way back.
They want me to go down to four hours a week.
I'm not upset or anything.
I was actually surprised I was assigned to work there in the first place.
It's not really my field and I don't find it all that interesting.
It would really be better for a medical student.
So I'd like to find something else entirely.

참석자 3
When you started, you were working 10 hours a week.
Is that still what you're looking for?

참석자 2
At least that much? But all my friends are telling me that it's impossible to find a job on campus
right now.

참석자 3
Yes the medical library isn't the only department that's reducing its payroll.
You mentioned on the phone that you tutor children every summer,

참석자 2
right? But I don't get paid for it.
It's a volunteer job

참석자 3
Okay but that got me thinking Have you heard of our community internship program?
No, what's that? We send a few students each term to work with local community groups as
paid interns.
These organizations are off campus but the funding for the interns salary comes from the
university.
The university has grant money set aside for this.

참석자 2
Oh, I wasn't really considering working off campus.
I don't have a car.

참석자 3
Oh all the organizations are within a short bus ride from campus.
And if driving is part of the intern's job, the organization will provide a vehicle.
Do you have a driver's license?

참석자 2
Yes. So what kind of work do the interns do

참석자 3
different things? Some deliver meals to people who can't cook for themselves.
Other interns drive people to their doctor's appointments.
The organizations that provide these services might also need help with office work and record
keeping.
Sounds good. What these organizations want are students who are committed to helping
people.
And with your volunteer tutoring experience, you may be just the type of person they're looking
for.

참석자 2
Great How do I apply?

참석자 3
Well before you apply, you have to realize that this is an internship.
It runs the entire spring term and you'd have to work 10 to 12 hours every single week.

참석자 2
I'm taking a light course load this term so that's exactly what I want.

참석자 3
Okay let me give you a brochure describing the program.
You can apply online.

참석자 4
Why does the woman visit the man?

참석자 4
What does the man ask?
What is the lecture mainly about? – 중복 ch21?(3)
How the diet of shorebirds changes from when they nest to when they migrate
How shorebirds same species work together to gather food
How large numbers of shorebirds are able to find enough food in a small geographical area
How environmental changes have altered the typical diets of migratory shorebirds

What does the professor say about shorebirds' nesting habits?

Shorebirds' nesting sites from year
Shorebirds typically nest close to an area that has a variety of food sources.
Shorebirds typically nest close together in groups.
Shorebirds are more territorial during nesting season than other seasons.

Why does the professor mention a grocery store?

To help students understand that various species of shorebirds do not actually compete for
food.
To illustrate that humans and shorebirds share some of the same food sources.
To emphasize the variety in the diet of a particular shorebird species
To demonstrate the abundance of food available at feeding sites along the shoreline Gestion

How do dowitchers differ from dunlins in the way they find food?
Dowitchers hunt for food farther up on the beach.
Dowitchers hunt for food that is deeper in the mud.
Dowitchers hunt for food in shallower water.
Dowitchers hunt for food in groups.

What are two characteristics of biofilm that help explain the feeding behavior of some shore
animals?
Click on 2 answers.
I found it on the surface of shoreline mud.
It is produced by mud snails and clams.
It consists mainly of tiny crustaceans.
It has a high carbohydrate content.

How did researchers react to new evidence about the diet of the western?
The researchers were pleased to confirm an earlier hypothesis.
The researchers were concerned that sandpipers were eating such large numbers of clams.
The researchers were surprised to learn that sandpipers' main source of food was not what they
had originally thought it was.
The researchers were skeptical of the findings and requests
additional research.
The researchers were skeptical of the findings and requested additional research.
Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.
(Professor I’d like to talk today specifically about shorebirds, birds that hunt and forage close to
the shore and shallow coastal waters, mud flats, and other wetlandsThere’re over two hundred
known species of shorebirds In North America, for example, typically during the summer
months, many shorebirds species breed in the arctic region, in the far north specific nesting
areas, and during that time they’re highly territorialThey defend their areas energetically and
generally don’t gather in flocks.But during the winter months, and during their migration to and
from their warm-weather habitats, shorebirds do congregate in mixed flocks along shorelines
south of their nesting areas, for example, on both coasts of the United States.Around seven
percent of all shorebirds feed in water that’s four inches deep or less.And what’s amazing about
these feeding sites is that hundreds, thousands, even millions of birds will gather in the specific
areas that offer rich food sources.And I’m talking about a pretty small area, maybe only thirty or
so meters of shoreline.
(Male studentA million birds?That’s a lot of competition for food.
(Professor It sure is.And, of course, the food sources aren’t unlimited.But look at it this way: lots
of people might be in a grocery store at the same time, but some of them are buying oranges
and others are buying cheese.
(Male studentRight, so they’re buying different stuff at the store?One bird might eat crabs while
other eats insects?
(ProfessorRight, there wouldn’t be enough crabs for every birdEach species feeds on something
slightly different from the next.And, in addition, each species has its own unique method of
finding food.Let’s look at a good example of two species that eat in the same area, theDunlin
and theDowitcher.
Dunlins and dowitchers are small shorebirds that feed in very shallow water, on basically the
same food, small clams and worms.Dunlins have little receptors in their bills that allow them to
detect movement.And using these they’re able to find their prey in the mud.Dowitchers forage
in slightly deeper water, probing deeper to find foodThey’re able to stick their bills deeper into
the mud, because they have longer bills than dunlinsSo dowitchers are looking for the same
kinds of food as the dunlins but because of their longer bills,Dowitchers can eat in other
places.And it’s also true for other shorebirdsSome like walk along skimming the surface of the
water.Others might be farther on the beach and so on.
(Female studentSo, even though the birds are hunting within a few feet of each other, they are
able to get the food they’re looking for without actually competing?
(ProfessorThat’s right.And this is happening along the entire shoreline, which brings us to a
particularly interesting discovery that was made recently about the western sandpiper.Western
sandpipers are another species of small shorebird that live in great numbers in North America.
For many years it was thought that western sandpipers ate mainly small crustaceans, mud snails
and clams.But a recent study found that those small invertebrates might only be a
supplementary food source for the sandpipers. Using high-speed video recordings and by
studying the stomach contents of sandpipers, researchers found that sandpipers’ main diet or, at
least a sizable portion of it, actually consists of biofilm.
Biofilm is a thin layer on top of the mud It consists of microorganisms including algae and
bacteria.Biofilms is everywhere, in stagnant ponds, hot springs, glaciers It’s full of carbohydrate
and provides a rich energy source for the sandpipers, though previously we thought on snails
liked itScientists made this discovery by, well, at first, as they watched the video of the
sandpipers as they fed; they were intrigued by how slowly the sandpipers were movingThe
sandpipers weren’t hunting as suchThey were grazing like cows and sheep and it’s estimated
that this grazing of biofilm might account for as much as half the sandpiper’s daily nutritional
intakeThis is an important discovery, because they are not only predators after small prey as we
thoughtThey are also eating food that’s even lower on the food chain.
What does the professor mainly discuss?
How water can be provided to certain dry regions
How to improve fog harvesting technology
Limitations of a basic water collection system
Characteristics of areas where fog regularly occurs

What does the professor imply about the collectors used for fog harvesting? Click on 2 answers.
They are made of natural materials.
They rely in part on electrical power.
They are easy to install
Their efficiency is based on the mesh design.

What can be inferred about when he discusses research on spider webs?

He finds it surprising but potentially useful
He doubts that it will yield the intended results.
He thinks that scientists should focus on other aspects of spider webs
He was on a team that succeeded in reproducing spider webs.

According to the professor, what are three characteristics that fog sites need to have? Click on 3
answers.
They should be located near a forest.
They should be located close to a forest.
They should be located high in a forest.
They should have a steady wind blowing there.
They should not be near areas with desert climate.

Why does the professor mention cities?

To point the out that the water supplies of cities are usually sufficient
To give an example of a place where fog harvesting would not meet the need for water.
To explain that water obtained from fog might not be suitable for drinking
To suggest that smaller cities would profit from fog harvesting.

Why were previous reforestation attempts on Lanzarote unsuccessful?

The trees that were planted were not well suited to the island.
The trees that were planted could not access the water in the fog.
The water that was before it could be used.
The water that was polluted.
Lecture in an environmental science class,

참석자 2
we've been discussing various problems, environmental problems but now I'd like to start
focusing on solutions. And one of the problems we've repeatedly discussed is the scarcity of
water in some regions of the world. But certain areas that receive little rain essentially, deserts
can still have fog and we can collect that fog through a process called fog harvesting.
To do this, we need a fog collector made of polypropylene. Let me put that on the board for
you.

참석자 2
Polypropylene is essentially a kind of plastic and the collector is a mesh sheet.
It has a sort of triangular weave to it.
It's stretched between poles creating a vertical surface at right angles to the wind.
When fog passes through the mesh, the fine droplets of water that comprise the fog get trapped
they stick to the mesh and eventually combine to form drops large enough to fall down into
collection gutters by gravity and the gutters empty into pipes

참석자 3
and it doesn't need any electricity.
There's no generator or anything

참석자 2
and it's a purely passive process.

참석자 3
But wouldn't a solid sheet collect more water than mesh?

참석자 2
Actually you need a material the wind can blow through.
So when the fog passes through the mesh, the tiny water droplets stay behind.
Various mesh densities have been tested for their efficiency in trapping water droplets to find
the optimal proportion of polypropylene to open space.
There's also new research to develop new materials.
I read about a research study on spider webs of all things.
It's not what you would expect

참석자 2
but if you've looked at a spider web in the morning, you've maybe noticed how dew collects on
the threads of the web.
This ability to collect water is pretty unique to spider webs.
It wouldn't happen with say, hair.
So scientists are looking at the molecular structure of these webs to find out how water is
collected from the air.
From this, they should be able to design a material that mimics the capabilities of spider webs.

참석자 4
You said something about this working in deserts.
How can there be fog in deserts?
Well,

참석자 2
depends on the location for example.
Well, let's look at a specific situation.
In the late 1980s, a fog harvesting pilot project was set up in Chile.
The project was established in Chungungo, a village.
Now Chungungo is at the edge of a desert but it's also on the side of a mountain an important
requirement for fog harvesting along with proximity to a large body of water a requirement that
Zungungo being near the Pacific Ocean meets.

참석자 2
Not only that but the mountain range runs perpendicular to the wind that comes in off the
water.
So the wind blows across the mountains.
And finally, that wind is not obstructed by anything anyway due to these physical characteristics
Chungungo has fog year round a perfect location to try fog harvesting.
They set up 88 collectors and harvested over 40 liters of water per person per day.
Basically, the operation ended up doubling the per capita water supply.

참석자 3
That's amazing but with the geographical requirements, there wouldn't be that many places
where you could use fog harvesting technology.

참석자 2
Well, it can't be used just anywhere.
You need persistent light winds and usually a slightly higher altitude.
And even if all the conditions are met, there are places it would never work.
Cities for example, the demand for water would be too high but there are plenty of locations
where it can be used along the coast of Chile and Peru, the Atlantic coast of Africa and parts of
the Middle East.
In fact, in the Canary Islands, just west of Morocco,

참석자 2
they're trying to use fog harvesting to re forest one of the islands Lanz Rote.
They've tried re foresting the hilltops of Lonzarote before but there's not a lot of rain and the
fog that comes in from the Atlantic Ocean remains about a meter above the ground.
The ground's actually so hot that the fog never touches it anyway The saplings that they planted
before never grew very tall so they all died.

참석자 2
But with fog harvesting technology, well, water is being collected from the fog and used to keep
these saplings alive.
And when they're tall enough to collect water from the fog themselves, the fog harvesting
collectors will be used at a different location.

참석자 5
What does the professor mainly discuss?

참석자 5
Why were previous ref?
What is the conversation mainly about?(중복) CH06
Ways to measure the effectiveness of an online marketing campaign
companies are motivating their employees to master new technologies
Ways companies make to input from the public the
Industries that through of collective intelligence

Why does the student mention his biology class?

To ask about using a topic from biology for a writing assignment in his business class.
To indicates why he is confused about a concept they are discussing in his business class.
To point out that the concept of swarm behavior has more practical applications than the
concept of collective intelligence
To suggest an article that the professor might want to read.
3
According to the speakers, how does the t-shirt company use collective intelligence?
Click on 2 answers.
it conducts online surveys to determine how much customers would be willing to pay for an T-
Shift.
It uses the results of an online voting process to select images to place on t-shirts.
It provides free software that enables groups of users to create t-shirt designs online.
It solicits t-shirt designs from people outside the company.
4
Why does the professor talk about a computer programming competition?
To give an example of collective intelligence involving teams collaborating online.
To demonstrate how collective intelligence can be used in a scientific field.
To identify a company that was able to automate its market research
To cite one of the first uses of collective intelligence to create consumer products.
5
What opinion does the professor express about people who participate in a company's collective
intelligence initiative?
They are likely to be perceived as amateurs by the company's employees.
They are not always truthful when expressing their opinions.
They probably prefer to work in teams rather than in isolation.
They may be motivated by factors other than financial rewards.
What is the main purpose of the lecture?
To describe how archaeologists create sites
To describe important event in Mayan history
To specific technology has changed archaeological research
To illustrate how an ancient civilization developed agricultural techniques.

Why does the professor mention explorers cutting paths through the rainforest?
To recount a memory of her experiences as an archaeologist
To express a concern about damage to rainforests
To show 1 some archaeologists prefer not to work in rainforests
To correct a misunderstanding about the practice of archaeology.

What is the benefit of lidar mentioned by the professor?

It works in all types of weather conditions
It detects structures that are buried under plant growth.
It does not require the use of aGlobalPositioningSystem.
It provides information about the plant species at a site.

What can be inferred from the results of lidar mapping at caracol?

The Maya were skilled at designing complex cities.
Caracol was much older than archaeologists realized
Caracol was he site inBelize terraced fields
The Maya civilization began to decline in 65E.

How did the inhabitants of caracol grow enough food to sustain a large population?
Click on 2 answers.
By having each town specialize in a particular c
By collecting rainwater for watering the fields
By planting crops that grow rapidly
By using all available space for planting

What is the professor's opinion about the cost of lidar mapping?

The cost will decrease as lidar mapping becomes more common.
The cost of lidar mapping is not as high as some people claim.
Lidar mapping is worth one cost because identifying good sites to investigate saves money.
Researchers will need new sources of funding before they can afford lidar mapping.
참석자 1
Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class

참석자 2
it's a popular image of archaeology, the machete wielding explorers cutting and chopping their
way through a wilderness in search of lost civilizations.
Well, they often do need machetes when they're traversing the rainforest but it's not as
glamorous as it looks in the movies and not as easy.
Finding and mapping ancient sites is slow, tedious, sweaty work.

참석자 3
Couldn't they just fly over the rainforest in an airplane and take photographs?

참석자 2
There are certainly advantages to viewing a site from above.
However, if the site is thickly covered with vegetation, aerial photography doesn't provide
enough detail because the view is blocked by the trees, it wouldn't be much use in areas
covered by rainforests.
Fortunately, we do have mapping technology that can reveal structures hidden below the
vegetation.
It's called LiDAR, which stands for light detection and ranging.

참석자 2
Here's how LiDAR works. A pilot flies a small plane back and forth over a site in a grid pattern
while flying.
The plane beams a stream of laser signals at the ground below.
The signals bounce back.
The amount of time it takes for each signal to bounce back is automatically recorded.
What does that tell us? Well, variations in these bounceback times indicate variations in the
elevation of the surface below.
The plane also contains a GPS device.

참석자 2
A GPS device links with a global positioning system that's a network of space satellites that uses
radio waves to identify locations on Earth.
The plane's GPS device uses information from the satellites to record the position and
orientation of each LiDAR signal that bounces back.
The results are analyzed by a computer and what you end up with is a map that shows all the
structures on the surface even if they're concealed under abundant plant growth

참석자 2
it looks very much like a three dimensional map.

참석자 4
Are you saying that LiDAR can see right through leaves?

참석자 2
The signals don't actually penetrate through foliage, but there are enough tiny gaps between
leaves where the signals get through.
But let's say a site has a smooth covering with no gaps at all like a layer of volcanic ash for
instance lids.
No use at a site like that.
Nor does it work at sites where the weather is always wet.
Laser signals don't travel through rain, snow or fog.

참석자 3
Plus it's got to be expensive the plane and the equipment and everything.

참석자 2
Well, that's true of course but in terms of what it delivers, LiDAR can change our understanding
of a whole civilization almost overnight.
Here's an example. There's a site in Belize called Caracol.
It was built centuries ago by the Maya civilization.
Over the course of time, Caracol was completely overgrown by rainforest.
A group of archaeologists began exploring it in the 1980s using the old fashioned methods
walking through the forest.

참석자 2
It appeared to be a small place that was occasionally used for public ceremonies.
Then in 2009, these archaeologists decided to give LiDAR a try at the end of a mere three
weeks Bam, they had all the evidence they needed to show that Caracol in the year 650 CE, was
a metropolis with a population of more than 100,000,

참석자 4
100,000 people. Is that even possible for that era?
How did everyone have enough to eat?

참석자 2
Because Caracal wasn't just a city, it was a brilliantly designed comprehensive land use system.
The inhabitants lived in well spaced towns that were connected to the city center by a network
of roadways.
Every bit of land that could be used for growing food was put to use.
Between the towns were fields.
They were laid out as terraces running horizontally across entire hillsides an excellent way to
retain water and stop erosion.

참석자 2
And because the Maya collected water during the rainy season in specially built reservoirs, they
were able to grow food year round and get multiple harvests out of the fields.

참석자 3
And the archaeologists had missed all of that even the terraces.

참석자 2
Yes because the rooms of these structures are completely covered by vegetation they all look
like part of the terrain.
So

참석자 4
are they going to go back and do LiDAR mapping of all these

참석자 2
sites? Yes, if it's feasible because without it, we're trying to draw conclusions from inadequate
information as for the cost.
Once LiDAR's done, it shows archaeologists exactly where to dig so they don't waste their time
or their money poking around the wrong places.