Paper 1 A

1. A student heated a known mass of zinc powder in an open crucible until there was no
further mass change and recorded the final mass.

What would the student be able to derive from this data?

I. Percentage composition of zinc oxide

II. Empirical formula of zinc oxide

III. Molecular formula of zinc oxide

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[1]

2. What is the molar mass of a gas according to the following experimental data?

Mass of gas 40.0 g

Volume 220 cm3

Temperature 17 °C

Pressure 98 kPa

Ideal gas constant = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

PV = nRT

𝟒𝟎.𝟎×𝟖.𝟑𝟏×𝟐𝟗𝟎
A. 𝟗𝟖×𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟎

98×0.220
B. 40.0×8.31×290

40.0×8.31×17
C. 98×0.220

98×0.220
D.
40.0×8.31×17

[1]
3. Which statement best explains the first ionization energy of sulfur being lower than that of
phosphorus?

A. Sulfur has more protons than phosphorus.

B. Phosphorus does not have paired electrons in the outer p sub-level.

C. Sulfur has an unpaired electron in the outer p sub-level.

D. Phosphorus is more reactive than sulfur.

[1]

4. 20 cm3 of gas A reacts with 20 cm3 of gas B to produce 10 cm3 of gas AxBy and 10 cm3 of excess
gas A. What are the correct values for subscripts x and y in the empirical formula of the product
AxBy (g)?

x y

A. 2 1

B. 2 2

C. 1 1

D. 1 2

[1]

5. How many oxygen atoms are present in 0.0500 mol Ba(OH)2•8H2O?

NA = 6.02 × 1023

A. 3.01 × 1023

B. 6.02 × 1023

C. 3.01 × 1024

D. 6.02 × 1024

[1]
6. The two containers shown are connected by a valve. What is the total pressure after the valve is
opened and the two gas samples are allowed to mix at constant temperature?

A. 1.5 × 105 Pa

B. 2.3 × 105 Pa

C. 2.5 × 105 Pa

D. 5.0 × 105 Pa

[1]

7. 3.00 mol of C3H8 is mixed with 20.00 mol of O2. Which quantity is present at the end of the
reaction?

C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

A. 1.00 mol of C3H8

B. 5.00 mol of O2

C. 12.00 mol of CO2

D. 16.00 mol of H2O

[1]

8. What is the coefficient of HCl (aq) when the equation is balanced using the smallest possible
whole numbers?

__CuO (s)+ __HCl (aq) → __CuCl2 (aq) + __H2 O (l)

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4 [1]
9. Successive ionization energies of an element, X, are shown.

What energy, in kJ mol−1, is required for element X to reach its most stable oxidation state in
ionic compounds?

A. 740

B. 1450

C. 2190

D. 7730

[1]

10. Which of the following is the electron configuration of a metallic element?

A. [Ne] 3s2 3p2

B. [Ne] 3s2 3p4

C. [Ne] 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2

D. [Ne] 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5

[1]

11. What is the relative atomic mass of an element with the following mass spectrum?

A. 23

B. 24

C. 25

D. 28
 [1]

12. How many p-orbitals are occupied in a phosphorus atom?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 5

D. 6

[1]
34 2−
13. Which is correct for 16 S ? (D is correct)

[1]
14. The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements.

Which statement is correct?

A. Y is in group 3

B. Y is in group 10

C. X is in group 5

D. X is in group 18

[1]
15. What is the correct labelling of the blocks of the periodic table? (D is correct)
 [1]

16. Three elements, X, Y, and Z are in the same period of the periodic table. The relative sizes of
their atoms are represented by the diagram. (C is correct)

Which general trends are correct?

[1]

17. Why is hydrated copper (II) sulfate blue?

A. Blue light is emitted when electrons return to lower d-orbitals.

B. Light complimentary to blue is absorbed when electrons return to lower d-orbitals.

C. Blue light is emitted when electrons are promoted between d-orbitals.

D. Light complimentary to blue is absorbed when electrons are promoted between d-

orbitals.

[1]

18. Which ion has the largest radius?

A. Na+

B. Mg2+

C. P3−

D. S2−

[1]
19. Which complex ion contains a central ion with an oxidation state of +3?

A. [PtCl6]2−

B. [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2]

C. [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

D. [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+

[1]

20. Which species has the same electron configuration as argon?

A. Br−

B. Ca2+

C. Al3+

D. Si4+

[1]

21. What is the correct trend going down groups 1 and 17?

A. Melting points increase

B. Boiling points decrease

C. Electronegativities increase

D. Ionization energies decrease

[1]

22. What is the effect of a stronger ligand? (A is correct)

 [1]

23. What are the formal charges on the atoms in this molecular ion?
¨ ¨ −
[: 𝑆 = 𝐶 = 𝑁: ]

S C N

A. −1 0 0

B. 0 0 −1

C. −1 +1 0

D. 0 +1 −1

[1]

24. What is the formula of copper (I) sulfide?

A. CuS

B. Cu2S

C. CuSO3

D. Cu2SO3

[1]

25. Which molecule is polar?

A. BeH2

B. AlH3

C. PH3

D. SiH4

[1]

26. Alloying a metal with a metal of smaller atomic radius can disrupt the lattice and make it more
difficult for atoms to slide over each other. Which property will increase as a result?

A. Electrical conductivity

B. Ductility

C. Malleability

D. Strength
 [1]

27. Which molecule has a tetrahedral molecular geometry?

A. HNO3

B. SF4

C. XeF4

D. XeO4

[1]

28. For which species can resonance structures be drawn?

A. HCOOH

B. HCOO–

C. CH3OH

D. H2CO3

[1]

29. What is the main interaction between liquid CH4 molecules?

A. London (dispersion) forces

B. Dipole–dipole forces

C. Hydrogen bonding

D. Covalent bonding

[1]

30. Which substance is most likely to be ionic? (D is correct)

[1]
 Paper 2
1. The periodic table is a useful tool in explaining trends of chemical behaviour.

(a.i) Annotate and label the ground state orbital diagram of boron, using arrows to represent
electrons.

[1]

(a.ii) Sketch the shapes of the occupied orbitals identified in part (a)(i).

[2]
 Markscheme

Px,y or z can be used.

M2 cannot be awarded if labels of orbital types are missing or incorrect Node of p
orbital must be at the origin

(b) Explain the decrease in first ionization energy from Li to Cs, group 1.

[2]

Markscheme

valence electron further from nucleus/«atomic» radius larger «down the group» ✓
«electron» more shielded/ less attractive force/easier to remove ✓

(c.i) State the electron domain geometry of the ammonia molecule.

[1]

Markscheme

tetrahedral ✓

(c.ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ammonia and sketch its 3D molecular shape.
[2]

Markscheme

Accept a combination of dots /crosses /lines in the

Lewis structure Lone pair not required for shape
 (c.iii) Explain, with reference to the forces between molecules, why ammonia has a higher
boiling point than phosphine (PH3).

Markscheme

ammonia has intermolecular/IMF hydrogen bonds «phosphine does not» ✓

phosphine «and ammonia» dipole-dipole/London dispersion forces/instantaneous
dipole attractions/Van der Waals forces ✓
hydrogen bonds stronger ✓
Accept converse argument. Award 1 for stating that NH3 is more polar than
phosphine so the dipole-dipole forces are stronger

[3]

2. Analytical and spectroscopic techniques enable chemists to identify and determine structures of
compounds.

(a) An unknown organic compound, X, comprising of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen was
found to contain 48.6 % of carbon and 43.2 % of oxygen.

(a.i) Determine the empirical formula

Markscheme

«n(C) =» 4.05 «mol»

AND
«n(O) =» 2.70 «mol» ✓ «% H =» 8.2 %
OR
«n(H) =» 8.12 «mol» ✓ «empirical formula =» C3H6O2 ✓ Award [2] for the simplest
ratio ″1.5 C: 3 H: 1 O″.

(b) 0.363 g of organic liquid Y was vaporized completely at 95.0 °C and 100.0 kPa. The
gas volume was measured to be 81.0 cm3. Determine the molar mass of Y. [3]

Markscheme

T=368 K AND P = 100.0 kPa AND V = 0.0810 dm3

OR
𝑃𝑉 100.0×0.0810
T=368 K AND P = 100 000 Pa AND V = 8.1 x 10−5 m3 ✓ 𝑛« = 𝑅𝑇 = 8.31×368 » =
𝑚 0.363 𝑔
0.00265 «𝑚𝑜𝑙» ✓ 𝑀« = = » = 137 «𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 » ✓ Award [3] for correct
𝑛 0.00265 𝑚𝑜𝑙
final answer.
3. The periodic table provides information about electron configuration, and physical and chemical
properties of elements.

(a) Bismuth has atomic number 83. Deduce two pieces of information about the
electron configuration of bismuth from its position on the periodic table.

[2]

Markscheme

Any two of the following:

«group 15 so Bi has» 5 valence electrons ✓
«period 6 so Bi has» 6 «occupied» electron shells/energy levels ✓
«in p-block so» p orbitals are highest occupied ✓
occupied d/f orbitals ✓
has unpaired electrons ✓
has incomplete shell(s)/subshell(s) ✓ Award [1] for full or condensed
electron configuration, [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3.
Accept other valid statements about the electron configuration.

(b) Outline why aluminium is malleable.

[1]

Markscheme

«layers of» cations slide over each other without disrupting bonding
OR
attraction between metal ions and delocalized electrons/metallic bonding is not
disrupted by changing position of metal ions
OR
metallic bonds are non-directional
OR
changing the shape does not disrupt the bonding ✓
(c) Argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, 36Ar, 38Ar and 40Ar.

(c.i) Identify the technique used to determine the relative proportions of the isotopes of argon.

[1]

Markscheme
mass spectrometry
OR
mass spectroscopy
OR
mass spectrum

The isotopic composition of a sample of argon is 0.34 % of 36Ar, 0.06 % of 38Ar and 99.6 % of
40
Ar.

(c.ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample, giving your answer to two decimal
places.

[2]

Markscheme

(0.0034 × 36) + (0.0006 × 38) + (0.996 × 40) ✓

39.99 ✓ Do not accept 39.96 which is the data booklet value. M2 can only be
awarded for answer with 2 decimal places. Award [2] for correct final answer.

(d) State the full electron configuration of the cobalt (II) ion, Co2+.

[1]

Markscheme

1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d7 ✓

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