W_\IMGO K=:?

<
\OY.
M_@<::<
YOFCGNO
WTMHDM\D Cssuod = 30 4 - :6
\ovcsod < :: < - :6

Wuporsodch` K=:?< MZ\30

(\) Batar Yofcgno Drcvor mhd Zmssoh`or Fomd Zasctcah

Iaroward— Gfmh`os iar tfcs \ovcscah—Tfcs daguboht

daguboh t fms looh badcicod
badcico d ta roinogt tfo gfmh`os
gfmh`o s ta WMO K34=
oyonncpsos. Tfo mgtumn `oabotry ‗ sczo mhd sfmpo ‗ ai tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaurs robmchs tfo smbo. Fawovor, tfo
nagmtcah ai tfo fomd gahtaurs ch Gnmss M vofcgnos fms looh sfcitod upwmrd mhd romrwmrd, mhd tfo pragoduro iar
pasctcahch` tfo gahtaurs fms looh badcicod. Ch tfo prcar vorscah ai tfcs prmgtcgo, gahtaurs woro nagmtod ronmtcvo ta
W`\Z ms m iuhgtcah ai bmhuimgturor–s dosc`h lmge mh`no. Ch tfcs vorscah, gahtaurs mro pasctcahod octfor ronmtcvo ta
tfo gohtracd ai tfo garrospahdch` oyonncpso, ar ronmtcvo ta vofcgno `rcd. Tfo mdkustmlno somt fomd gahtaurs mro ha
nah`or nagmtod ms m iuhgtcah ai dosc`h lmge mh`no. Mnsa, tfo scdo vcow mh`no ai tfo mdkustmlno somt fomd gahtaur cs
chgnchod baro dawhwmrd mt tfo iraht. Iar tfo icrst tcbo, fomd pasctcah gahtaurs fmvo looh doichod iar tfo iraht
gohtor somt nagmtcah,
nagmtcah, mhd iar m iraht autlamrd somt nagmtcah
nagmtcah fmvch` icxod (hah
(hah iaro/mit mdkustmlno)
mdkustmlno) somts. Tfo
pragoduro iar Gnmss L vofcgnos wms hat gfmh`od.
gfmh`od. Chiarbmtcah mlaut tfo dovonapboht ai tfo fomd pasctcah
gahtaurs cs `cvoh ch Mppohdcx M.

TMLNO AI GAHTOHTW

=. Wgapo ...
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<. \oioroh
\oiorohgos
gos ...
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.. <

7. _sch`
_sch` tfo Fo
Fomd
md Za
Zasct
sctcah
cah Gahta
Gahtaurs
urs ch Dosc`
Dosc`h
h ...
......
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... <

4. Wo
Wonog
nogtch
tch`
` tfo Garrog
Garrogtt Fomd
Fomd Za
Zasct
sctcah
cah Gahta
Gahtaur...
ur......
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..... 7

?. Fomd
Fomd Zasctc
Zasctcah
ah Gahta
Gahtaur
ur @oabo
@oabotry
try...
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..... 7

9. Nagm
Nagmtc
tch`
h` Fomd
Fomd Zasc
Zasctc
tcah
ah Gahta
Gahtaur
urs
s ch Gnms
Gnmss
s M Yofc
Yofcgn
gnos
os ....
......
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.... 4

0. Ms
Mssos
sossch
sch`
` Fo
Fomd
md Gnomr
Gnomrmhg
mhgo
o ...
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..... ?

6. Hato
Hatos
s ...
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.. 6

Mppohdcx M Dovonapboht
Dovonapboht ai Fomd Zasctcah Gahtaurs ...........
.......................
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Mppohdcx L Zragoduro iar Gnmss L Yofcgnos .......................

...................................
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... =<

WMO Togfhcgmn Wtmhdmrds Lamrd \unos pravcdo tfmt; „Tfcs ropart cs pulncsfod ly WMO ta mdvmhgo tfo stmto ai togfhcgmn mhd oh`choorch` sgcohgos. Tfo uso ai tfcs ropart cs ohtcrony
vanuhtmry, mhd cts mppncgmlcncty mhd suctmlcncty iar mhy pmrtcgunmr uso, chgnudch` mhy pmtoht chirch`oboht mrcsch` tforoirab, cs tfo sano rospahsclcncty ai tfo usor.‒
WMO rovcows omgf togfhcgmn ropart mt nomst ovory icvo yomrs mt wfcgf tcbo ct bmy lo romiicrbod, rovcsod, ar gmhgonnod. WMO chvctos yaur wrcttoh gabbohts mhd su``ostcahs.
su``ostcahs.
Gapyrc`ft ©<::< Wagcoty ai Mutabatcvo Oh`choors, Chg.
Mnn rc`fts rosorvod. Ha pmrt ai tfc s pulncgmtcah bmy lo ropradugod, starod ch m rotrcovmn systob ar trmhsbcttod, ch mhy iarb ar ly mhy bomhs, onogtrahcg, bogfmhcgmn, pfatagapych`,
rogardch`, ar atforwcso, wctfaut tfo prcar wrcttoh porbcsscah ai WMO.

T A Z N M G O M D A G _ B O H T A \ D O\ ; Ton; 60 0 - 9: 9 - 07 < 7 ( c h s c d o _ W M m h d G mh m d m )
Ton; 0<4-009-430: (autscdo _WM)
Imx; 0<4-009-:03:
Obmcn; gustsvgJsmo.ar`
WMO POL MDD\OW W; f t t p ; / / www. s m o . a r `
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

=. Wgapo—Tfcs WMO \ogabbohdod Zrmgtcgo dosgrclos fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mhd pragoduros iar nagmtch` tfo
gahtaurs ch m vofcgno. Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro usoiun ch ostmlncsfch` mggabbadmtcah roqucrobohts iar fomd
spmgo mhd mro roqucrod iar sovormn bomsuros doichod ch WMO K==::. Wopmrmto gahtaurs mro doichod dopohdch`
ah aggupmht somt nagmtcah mhd tfo doscrod porgohtm`o (3? mhd 33) ai aggupmht mggabbadmtcah.

Tfcs daguboht cs prcbmrcny iagusod ah mppncgmtcah ta Gnmss M vofcgnos (soo WMO K==::), wfcgf chgnudo bast
porsahmn-uso vofcgnos (pmssoh`or gmrs,
gmrs, spart utcncty vofcgnos, pcge-up truges). M pragoduro iar uso ch Gnmss L
vofcgnos gmh lo iauhd ch Mppohdcx L.

<. \oiorohgos

<.=
<.= Mppn
Mppncg
cgml
mlno
no Zulnc
Zulncgm
gmtc
tcah
ahs—
s—Tfo
Tfo iannawch` pulncgmtcahs iarb m pmrt ai tfcs spogcicgmtcah ta tfo oxtoht spogcicod
foroch. _hnoss atforwcso spogcicod, tfo nmtost cssuo ai WMO pulncgmtcahs sfmnn mppny.

<. = . = WMO Z_LNCGMTCAHW—Mvm

—Mvmcnmlno
cnmlno irab WMO, 4:: Gabbahwomntf Drcvo,
Drc vo, Pmrrohdmno,
Pmrro hdmno, ZM =?:39-:
=?:39-:::=.
::=.

WMO K34=—Batar Yofcgno Drcvors– Oyo Nagmtcahs

WMO K=:?< BMS60—Batar Yofcgno Drcvor mhd Zmssoh`or Fomd Zasctcah
WMO K=:?< MZ\30—Batar Yofcgno Drcvor mhd Zmssoh`or Fomd Zasctcah
WMO K==::—Batar Yofcgno Dcbohscahs
WMO K=?=9—Mggabbadmtcah Taan \oiorohgo Zacht
WMO K=?=0—Drcvor Wonogtod Womt Zasctcah
WMO Zmpor 9?:494—K.I.
9?:494—K.I. Bondrub (=39(=39?),
?), „Mutabalcno Drcvor
Drcvor Oyo Zasctcah,‒ WMO Bcd-Somr Bootch`,
Gfcgm`a, CN
WMO Zmpor 0<:<::—D.G. Fmbbahd mhd \.P. \ao (=30<), „Drcvor Fomd Mhd Oyo Zasctcahs,‒ WMO Mhhumn
Gah`ross, Dotract, BC
WMO Zmpor 0?:7?9—\.P.
0?:7?9—\.P. \ao (=30?), „Dosgrclch`
„Dosgrclch` tfo Drcvor's Parespmgo;
Parespmgo; Oyo, Fomd, Ehoo, mhd Womt
Zasctcahs,‒ WMO Mhhumn Gah`ross, Dotract, BC
WMO Zmpor 6?<7=0 (ch WMO Wpogcmn Zul. 0=<)—H.N. Zfcncppmrt mhd T.K. Eougfohbocstor (=36?),
„Dosgrclch` tfo Truge Drcvor Parespmgo‒, WMO Truge & Lus Bootch`, Gfcgm`a, CN

<. = . < _BT\C Z_LNCGMTCAH —Mvmcnmlno irab _BT\C, \CZG,

\C ZG, <3:=
<3 := Lmxtor
Lm xtor \amd, Mhh Mrlar,
Mr lar, BC 46=:3-<=?
46 =:3-<=?:.
:. Obmcn;
ubtrcdagsJubcgf.odu,
ubtrcdagsJubcgf.odu, 074-094-<=0=.

Noo, H.W. mhd Wgfhocdor, N.P. „M Zroncbchmry Chvostc`mtcah ai Drcvor Nomh ch Nmto Badon Yofcgnos wctf
Lohgf mhd Lugeot Womts,‒ _BT\C \opart Ha. _BT\C-66-43, Havoblor =366

7. _s
_sch
ch`
` tf
tfo
o Fom
Fomdd Zas
Zasctc
ctcah
ah Gaht
Gahtau
aurs
rs ch Do
Dosc
sc`h
`h——Tfo iannawch` gahscdormtcahs sfaund lo eopt ch bchd wfoh
mppnych` fomd pasctcah gahtaurs durch` dosc`h. Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro badons tfmt dosgrclo aggupmht
fomd nagmtcahs iar m papunmtcah, hat mh chdcvcdumn. Ch tfcs daguboht, tfo fomd gahtaurs iar Gnmss M vofcgnos mro
lmsod ah m _WM papunmtcah fmvch` mh oqumn hublor ai bmnos mhd iobmnos. Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro
gahstrugtod ms tmh`oht gutaii taans ly mppnych` m bomh fomd praicno (WMO Zmpor 0?:7?9) ta tfo mppraprcmto
tmh`oht gutaii oyonncpso. (Woo Ic`uro =.) TfcsTfcs bomhs tfmt m pnmho drmwh tmh`oht ta tfo surimgo ai m 3?
porgohtcno fomd pasctcah gahtaur wcnn rosunt ch 3?% ai tfo fomd nagmtcahs nych` ah aho scdo ai tfo pnmho, wfcno
?% wcnn lo ah tfo atfor. Ct daos hat bomh tfmt tfo 3?tf porgohtcno fomd pasctcah gahtaur gahtmchs 3? porgoht ai
aggupmht fomd nagmtcahs chscdo cts surimgo.

Tfo surimgo ai m fomd pasctcah gahtaur roprosohts tfo surimgo ai tfo papunmtcah ai fomds wctf fmcr. Ci tfo tap ai
tfo 3?% fomd gahtaur cs kust taugfch` m vofcgno surimgo, tfcs bomhs tfmt ?% ai m papunmtcah gahscstch` ai fmni
bmnos/fmni iobmnos waund fmvo tfocr fomd ar fmcr gahtmgtch` m vofcgno surimgo wfoh scttch` ch tfocr proiorrod
somtch` pasturo. Dosc`hors wcnn hood ta mdd mddctcahmn gnomrmhgo mrauhd tfo fomd gahtaurs ch ardor ta provoht

aggupmhts– fomd ar fmcr irab taugfch` vofcgno surimgos mhd strugturos ch harbmn drcvch` ar rcdch` pasturos.

-<-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

4. Wono
Wonogt
gtch
ch`
` tfo
tfo Garr
Garrog
ogtt F
Fom
omd
d Zas
Zasct
ctca
cah
h Gah
Gahta
taur—Tfroo imgtars dotorbcho wfcgf fomd gahtaur ta uso; somt
ur—
trmge trmvon noh`tf (TN<7), doscrod mggabbadmtcah porgohtcno vmnuo, mhd aggupmht somt nagmtcah.

4.=
4.= Womt
Womt Tr
Trmg
mge e Trm
Trmvo
von,
n, TN
TN<7
<7——Tfo sczo mhd nagmtcah ai tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaur vmrcos dopohdch` ah tfo mbauht
ai iaro/mit somt trmge trmvon mvmcnmlno. Tforo mro tfroo gmto`arcos ai somt trmge trmvon; : bb (icxod somt), up ta
=77 bb, mhd `romtor tfmh =77 bb.

Womt :trmge
tfmh bb),trmvon mnsa dotorbchos
tfo fomd tfo scdo
gahtaur cs tcppod vcow
dawh ch mh`no ai do`roos.
iraht =< tfo gahtaur.
FomdIar mdkustmlno
gahtaurs somtssomts
iar icxod (trmgemro
trmvon
hat `romtor
tcppod.

4.< Mgga
Mggabbbbad
admtmtca
cah
h Zorg
Zorgoh
ohtc
tcno
no Ymn
Ymnuo
uos— Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs iar 3?tf mhd 33tf mggabbadmtcah porgohtcnos
s—Fomd
mro pravcdod. Zorgohtcno vmnuo miiogts tfo sczo ai tfo gahtaur, wctf tfo 33tf porgohtcno gahtaur nmr`or tfmh tfo
3?tf. Ahny tfo 3?tf porgohtcno fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro roqucrod iar dcbohscahs `cvoh ch WMO K==::.

4.7
4.7 Aggu
Aggupm
pmhtht Wom
Womtt Na
Nagm
gmtc
tcah— Iar tfo drcvor mhd iraht autlamrd pmssoh`or, tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro
ah—
<7bb wcdor ch romr vcow tfmh iar atfor aggupmhts. Tfo mddctcahmn <7 bb cs nagmtod autlamrd ai aggupmht
gohtorncho. Tforo mro 9 passclno fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mvmcnmlno iar tfo drcvor mhd iraht autlamrd pmssoh`or
dopohdch` ah tfo mbauht ai somt trmge trmvon mvmcnmlno mhd tfo doscrod mggabbadmtcah porgohtcno vmnuo.
Mdkustmlno somt fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro mnsa usod iar tfo gohtor aggupmht ch tfo iraht raw. Ch tfcs gmso, tfo
<7 bb so`boht sfaund hat lo chgarparmtod chta tfo mdkustmlno somt fomd gahtaur.

Iar mnn atfor aggupmht somt nagmtcahs, ahny twa gahtaurs mro pravcdod ‗ 3?tf porgohtcno icxod somt mhd 33tf
porgohtcno icxod somt. Iar romr somts tfmt mnnaw aggupmhts ta mdkust tfo iaro/mit somt trmvon mhd/ar tfo lmge
mh`no, tforo mro hat dmtm irab wfcgf m fomd pasctcah gahtaur gmh lo dovonapod, nagmtod, mhd sonogtod. _htcn
sugf dmtm mro mvmcnmlno, uso ai tfo icxod somt fomd gahtaur cs rogabbohdod.

?. Fo
Fomd
md Zasc
Zasctc
tcah
ah Ga
Gahhtaur
taur @oab
@oabototry — Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro gahstrugtod ly badciych` 7-D onncpsacds. Tfo
ry—
sczo ai tfo chctcmn onncpsacd, doichod ly tfo noh`tf ai tfo V, S, mhd [ mxos, dopohds ah tfo doscrod
mggabbadmtcah
mggabbad mtcah porgohtcno vmnuo mhd mbauht ai somt trmge trmvon. Tfo gohtracd ai tfo chctcmn onncpsacd cs tfo pacht
usod iar pasctcahch` tfo gabpnotod fomd gahtaur.

Tfo sczo mhd sfmpo ai tfo gabpnotod fomd gahtaur dopohds ah tfo doscrod porgohtcno vmnuo, mbauht ai somt
trmge trmvon, mhd aggupmht somt nagmtcah.

?.=
?.= Gahs
Gahstrtrug
ugtt mh
mh Onn
Onncp
cpsa
sacd— Gahstrugt tfo mppraprcmto onncpsacd usch` tfo vmnuos ch Tmlno =. Cdohtciy tfo gohtracd
cd—
ai tfo onncpsacd mhd bmchtmch tfcs pacht.

TMLNO =—ONNCZWACD MVOW DCBOHWCAHW (bb)

Mxcs Noh`tf irab Mxcs Noh`tf irab Mxcs Noh`tf irab
Zorgohtcno Womt Trmge Trmvon Gohtracd Gohtracd Gohtracd
Ymnuo (TN<7) V S [
3?t f 8=7 7 bb ½ <==.<? ½ =47.0? ½ = 77 . ?:
> a r 2 = 7 7 bb ½ =36.09 ½ =47.0? ½ = 77 . ?:
: b b ( i c xo d s o mt ) ½ =07.7= ½ =47.4= ½ = 40 . :0

33t f 8=7 7 bb ½ <49.:4 ½ =99.03 ½ = ?= . ::

> a r 2 = 7 7 bb ½ <7<.4: ½ =99.03 ½ = ?= . ::
: b b ( i c xo d s o mt ) ½ =36.:: ½ =9?.<: ½ = 93 . 99

?.<
?.< Dcsg
Dcsgmr
mrd
d Na
Naw
wor Fm
Fmni — Tfo nawor fmni ai tfo onncpsacd cs hat usod ch mhy ai tfo gahtaurs mhd sfaund lo
ni—
dcsgmrdod. Tfo gohtracd cdohtcicod ch ?.= wcnn haw lo gohtorod mt tfo lattab ai tfo gabpnotod gahtaur.

HATO— Tfcs gabpnotos

gabpnotos gahstrugtcah ai tfo fomd gahtaurs iar icxod somt romr pmssoh`ors. (Woo Ic`uro <.)

-7-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

?.7 Oxtohd
Oxtohd Gahta
Gahtaur,
ur, Drcv
Drcvor
or mhd Irah
Irahtt \aw A
Autla
utlamrd
mrd Zmss
Zmssoh`
oh`or
or Ah
Ahny— Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs usod iar drcvor
ny—Fomd
mhd iraht raw autlamrd pmssoh`ors mro msybbotrcgmn ch romr vcow. Tfo gahtaurs oxtohd <7 bb imrtfor ah tfo
autlamrd scdo tfmh ah tfo chlamrd scdo. Hato ch tfcs gmso tfo onncpsacd gohtracd wcnn hat lo mt tfo gohtor ai tfo
gabpnotod fomd gahtaur. Woo Ic`uro 7.

Dcvcdo tfo gahtaur ch fmni mnah` tfo nmtormn (S) gohtorpnmho, wfcno bmchtmchch` tfo pasctcah ai tfo onncpsacd
gohtracd ronmtcvo ta tfo chlamrd sogtcah. Iannawch` tfo x,z gurvo ai tfo onncpsacd gohtorncho sogtcah, gromto m

nmtormn so`boht
so`boht <7 bb
cs nagmtod wcdo.
mt tfo Zut Stfcs
smbo mschtfo
tfoonncpsacd
bcddno ai tfo dcvcdod
gohtracd. gahtaur. iar
Dcbohscahs Tfotfo
chlamrd od`o fomd
gabpnotod ai tfo pasctcah
<7 bb
gahtaurs mro pravcdod ch Tmlno < (3?tf porgohtcno gahtaurs) mhd Tmlno 7 (33tf porgohtcno gahtaurs).

TMLNO <—3?TF
<—3?TF ZO\GOHTCNO FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\
GAHTA_\ DCBOHWCAHW; DCWTMHGO I\AB
ONNCZWACD GOHT\ACD TA A_TO\ OD@O AI TFO FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\ ( bb)
Aggupmht Womt Womt Trmge Trmvon V S S [
Nagmtcah (TN<7) CHLAM\D A_TLAM\D
Drcvor mhd Iraht Autlamrd 8= 77 bb ½ < == . <? =47. 0? =99. 0? + =77.?:
Zmssoh`or
> ar 2 =7 7 bb ½ = 36 . 09 =47. 0? =99. 0? + =77.?:
: bb ( i c x o d s o m t ) ½ = 07 . 7= =47. 4= =99. 4= + =40.:0

I r ah t G oht o r Z mss oh` or 8= 77 bb ½ < == . <? =47. 0? =47. 0? + =77.?:

> ar 2 =7 7 bb ½ = 36 . 09 =47. 0? =47. 0? + =77.?:

M n n A t f or Z m ss o h ` o r s : bb ( i c x o d s o m t ) ½ = 07 . 7= =47. 4= =47. 4= + =40.:0

TMLNO 7—33TF
7—33TF ZO\GOHTCNO FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\
GAHTA_\ DCBOHWCAHW; DCWTMHGO I\AB
ONNCZWACD GOHT\ACD TA A_TO\ OD@O AI TFO FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\ ( bb)
Aggupmht Womt Womt Trmge Trmvon V S S [
Nagmtcah (TN<7) CHLAM\D A_TLAM\D
Drcvor mhd Iraht Autlamrd 8= 77 bb ½ < 49 . :4 =99. 03 =63. 03 + =?=.::
Zmssoh`or
> ar 2 =7 7 bb ½ < 7< . 4: =99. 03 =63. 03 + =?=.::
: bb ( i c x o d s o m t ) ½ = 36 . :: =9?. <: =66. <: + =93.99

I r ah t G oht o r Z mss oh` or 8= 77 bb ½ < 49 . :4 =99. 03 =99. 03 + =?=.::

> ar 2 =7 7 bb ½ < 7< . 4: =99. 03 =99. 03 + =?=.::

M n n A t f or Z m ss o h ` o r s : bb ( i c x o d s o m t ) ½ = 36 . :: =9?. <: =9?. <: + =93.99

? .4 Arcoht Mx
Mxos—Iar mdkustmlno somt gahtaurs, tfo iraht ai tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaur cs mh`nod dawh ch scdo vcow
=< do`roos. Atfor mxos mro pmrmnnon ta vofcgno `rcd.

Iar icxod somts, mnn fomd pasctcah gahtaur mxos mro pmrmnnon ta vofcgno `rcd.

9. Nagmt
Nagmtch
ch`
` Fomd
Fomd Zas
Zasctctca
cah
h Gah
Gahtataur
urs
s ch Gnm
Gnmss
ss M Yof
Yofcgn
cgnos
os——Tfo fomd gahtaurs bmy lo nagmtod ronmtcvo ta tfo
gygnapomh oyonncpso gohtracd ar dcrogtny
dcrogtny irab vofcgno `rcd. Tfo nagmtcah ai tfo fomd gahtaur ronmtcvo ta oyonncpso
gohtracd dopohds ahny ah tfo mbauht ai somt trmge trmvon. Iar mnn fomd gahtaurs mhd gahdctcahs, tfo gohtracd ai
tfo fomd onncpsacd cs nagmtod mt tfo smbo y gaardchmto ms tfo gygnapomh oyonncpso gohtracd, wfcgf cs mt tfo W`\Z
y gaardchmto (P<:, aggupmht gohtorncho).

-4-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

9.= Nagmtc
Nagmtch`
h` ira
irab
b Gygnap
Gygnapomhomh Oyo
Oyonncp
nncpso
so Goh
Gohtra
tracd—Ta nagmto tfo fomd gahtaur, bavo cts onncpsacd gohtracd ch V,
cd—Ta
S, [ spmgo ronmtcvo ta tfo gohtracd ai tfo gygnapomh oyonncpso usch` tfo vmnuos pravcdod ch Tmlno 4.

TMLNO
TMLN O 4—DCWTMHGO I\AB GSGNAZOMH
GSGNAZOMH OSONNCZWO GOHT\ACD (WMO K34=) TA
FOMD GAHTA_\ ONNCZWACD GOHT\ACD (bb)
W o m t T r m g e T r mv o n ( T N < 7) Vf Sf [f

8 =77 bb 3:.9 : ?<. 9

> ar 2 =77 bb 63.? : 4?. 3
: b b ( i c x o d s om t ) 6?.4 : 4<. :

9.< Nagm
Nagmtctch`
h` ir
irab
ab YoYofc
fcgn
gno
o @r
@rcd — Mntorhmtcvony, tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaurs bmy lo nagmtod dcrogtny irab vofcgno
cd—
`rcd wctfaut icrst nagmtch` tfo gygnapomh oyonncpso gohtracd. Tfoso nagmtch` oqumtcahs mro pravcdod ch Tmlno ?.

TMLNO ?—FOMD GAHTA_\ ONNCZWACD

ONNCZ WACD GOHT\ACD \ONMTCYO TA YOFC
YOFCGNO
GNO @\CD (bb)
W o mt Tr m ge T r m v on ( T N< 7 ) Fo m d O n n c p s a c d G o h t r a c d N a g m t c a h
@ r om t o r t f m h : b b V 2 N = + 99 4 + :. ? 60 ( N 9) ‗ : . = 09 ( F 7: ) ‗ = <. ? t + V f Oq. =
S 2 P<: O q. <
[ 2 F6 + 976 + F7: + [ f Oq. 7

: b b ( i c x od so m t ) V 2 N7 = + 94 : s c h δ + V f Oq. 4
S 2 P<: O q. ?
[ 2 F0: + 94:gas δ + [ f Oq. 9

wforo

δ 2 :.0=3(M4:) ‗ 3.9

mhd

Vf mhd [ f mro sonogtod irab tfo mppraprcmto raw ai Tmlno 4,

N= cs tfo Z\Z x gaardchmto,
N9 cs tfo x-dcstmhgo irab stoorch` wfoon gohtor ta Z\Z,
F7: cs tfo z gaardchmto ai tfo W`\Z, bomsurod vortcgmnny irab MFZ,

tP<:
cs trmhsbcsscah typo (= wctf gnutgf podmn, : wctfaut gnutgf podmn),
cs W`\Z y gaardchmto,
F6 cs MFZ z gaardchmto,
δ cs tfo scdo vcow icxod somt oyonncpso mh`no ch do`roos (z-mxcs tcppod lmge mt tfo tap irab vortcgmn), mhd
M4: cs tfo dosc`h aggupmht lmge mh`no.

0. Mssos
ssosscsch
h` Fomd
omd Gnonomr
mrmh
mhgo— Fomd gnomrmhgo cs ostmlncsfod ms tfo gnasost dcstmhgo lotwooh tfo fomd
go—
pasctcah gahtaur mhd mhy pratruscah ar chtorcar surimgo. Tfcs dcstmhgo cs bomsurod harbmn (3: do`roos) ta tfo
fomd pasctcah gahtaur. (Woo Ic`uro 4.) Ta mggabbadmto tfo porgohtm`o ai aggupmhts roprosohtod ly m `cvoh
porgohtcno fomd pasctcah gahtaur, tforo bust lo sabo spmgo lotwooh tfmt fomd pasctcah gahtaur mhd tfo
vofcgno chtorcar surimgos.
surimgos. Atforwcso, sa
sabo
bo aggupmhts waund
waund fmvo tfocr fomd ar fmcr
fmcr gahtmgtch` m vofcgno
vofcgno
chtorcar surimgo.

Fomd gnomrmhgo dcbohscahs doichod ch WMO K==:: mro lmsod ah scdo mhd romr vcow sogtcahs gut harbmn ta `rcd
tfrau`f tfo fomd gahtaur onncpsacd gohtracd.

-?-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

IC@_\O =—DOYONAZBOHT CH WCDO YCOP AI FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\ LS WZATTCH@

OSO \OIO\OHGO AI BOMH FOMD M\A_HD OSONNCZWO

IC@_\O <—FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\W IA\ GNMWW M YOFCGNOW PCTF ICVOD WOMTW

-9-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

IC@_\O 7—D\CYO\ FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\W IA\ GNMWW M YOFCGNOW

PCTF WOMT T\MGE T\MYON @\OMTO\ TFMH =77 bb

IC@_\O 4—BCHCB_B FOMD GNOM\MHGO

-0-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

6. Hatos

6.=
6.= Bmr
Bmr`c`chm
hmnn Chd
hdcg
cgcm— Tfo gfmh`o lmr (n) nagmtod ch tfo noit bmr`ch cs iar tfo gahvohcohgo ai tfo usor ch nagmtch`
cm—
mroms wforo togfhcgmn rovcscahs
rovcscahs fmvo looh bmdo ta tfo provcaus cssuo ai tfo ropart. Mh (\) syblan ta tfo noit
ai tfo daguboht tctno chdcgmtos m gabpnoto rovcscah ai tfo ropart.

Z\OZM\OD LS TFO WMO F_BMH MGGABBADMTCAHW MHD

DOWC@H DOYCGOW WTMHDM\DW GABBCTTOO

-6-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

MZZOHDCV M

DOYONAZBOHT AI FOMD ZAWCTCAH GAHTA_\W

M.= Zrc
Zrcar
ar W
WMO
MO K
K=:?
=:?<
< Fcs
Fcstar
tarcgm
cgmnn Chiar
Chiarbmt
bmtcah
cah

Yofcgnos— Zrovcaus drcvor fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro dovonapod usch`

M.=.= Drcvor Fomd Nagmtcahs ch Gnmss M Yofcgnos—Zrovcaus

dmtm `mtforod
tfo fomd (WMOirab fomd
Zmpor mhd oyoBomh
0?:7?9). pasctcah
tapstudcos
ai fomd(WMO Zmporsfmcr)
(chgnudch` 9?:494,
mhd 0<:<::)
lmge ai mhd
fomdmhtfrapabotrcg dmtm
(chgnudch` fmcr) ai
woro
dotorbchod ronmtcvo
ronmtcvo ta tfo oyo irab tfoso studcos. Tfo bomh iraht mhd scdo ai fomd wms dotorbchod ronmtcvo ta
tfo oyo irab mhtfrapabotrcg dmtm. Tfcs chiarbmtcah wms usod ta dovonap m bomh fomd praicno ch scdo mhd romr
vcow roiorohgod ta m gygnapomh oyo (WMO Zmpor 0?:7?9).

Drcvor fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro dovonapod ly pnmgch` tfo bomh fomd praicno avor tfo scdo vcow oyonncpsos
mhd trmgch` tfo fomd gahtaurs ms tfo oyo wms spattod mrauhd tfo oyonncpsos. (Woo Ic`uro =.) M romr vcow drcvor
fomd nagmtcah gahtaur iar tfo mdkustmlno somt wms `ohormtod irab m romr vcow oyonncpso tmeoh irab tfo arc`chmn
drcvor's oyo pasctcah study (WMO Zmpor 0<:<::). Tfcs wms m romr vcow gabpascto ai tfo dmtm irab tfo Iard,
Gfovranot mhd Znybautf gahvortclnos (WMO Zmpor 9?:494). Ahny tfo uppor fmni ai tfo oyonncpsos wms usod.
Nmtormn sfcit ai tfo autlamrd scdo ai tfo drcvor fomd gahtaur wms bmdo ta mggauht iar nmtormn fomd bavoboht
(soo M.=.<). Tfcs rosuntod ch m <7 bb inmt so`boht lotwooh tfo noit mhd rc`ft scdo ai tfo drcvor fomd pasctcah
gahtaurs.

Ta scbpnciy tfo bmtfobmtcgmn doichctcah ai tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaurs, tfo twa-dcbohscahmn
twa-dcbohscahmn scdo mhd romr vcows
woro mppraxcbmtod ms onncpsos
onncpsos wfcgf mnnaws tfo tfroo dcbohs
dcbohscahmn
cahmn badon ta lo m scbpno onncpsacd. Tfo Drcvor
Womt Fomd Zasctcah gahtaurs doichod ch WMO K=:?< BMS60 dciiorod snc`ftny irab tfo onncpsacd badon ch WMO
K=:?< MZ\30. Tfo dciiorohgos
dciiorohgos vmrcod wctf nagmtcah mrauhd tfo gahtau
gahtaurr mhd dcd hat oxgood 9 bb. Ch mddctcah,
ta scbpnciy tfo badon, tfo pnmh vcow mhd romr vcow tcnt ai tfo oyonncpsos woro hat roinogtod ch tfo fomd pasctcah
gahtaur `oabotry. Ahny tfo dawhwmrd scdo vcow tcnt wms rotmchod. Tfo rosuntch` scbpno onncpsacd badons
pravcdod suiicgcoht stmtcstcgmn mggurmgy ta doicho fomd nagmtcah.

Tfo fomd gahtaurs gmh lo chtorprotod ms pmrmbotors ai ohvonapos iarbod ly mh chichcto hublor ai pnmhos
dcvcdch` fomd pasctcahs sa tfmt (Z) porgoht ai tfo fomds mro ah aho scdo ai tfo pnmho mhd (=::-Z) porgoht mro
ah tfo atfor. Iar oxmbpno, ci m pnmho sooh ms m strmc`ft ncho ch tfo scdo vcow cs drmwh tmh`oht ta tfo uppor od`o
ai tfo 3?tf porgohtcno fomd pasctcah gahtaur, tfoh 3?% ai tfo fomds wcnn lo lonaw tfo ncho mhd ?% wcnn lo mlavo.
Fomd gnomrmhgo cs ostmlncsfod ms tfo gnasost dcstmhgo lotwooh tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaur mhd mhy pratruscah ar
surimgo. Tfcs dcstmhgo cs typcgmnny bomsurod harbmn (3: do`roos) ta tfo fomd gahtaur surimgo. (Woo Ic`uro 4.)

Tfoso fomd nagmtcahs woro lmsod ah m ?:/?: bmno/iobmno papunmtcah bcx, wctf fomds pasctcahod iar strmc`ft-
mfomd vcowch`. 33% mhd 3?% drcvor fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro doichod iar vofcgnos wctf sfartor somt trmge
trmvons (noss tfmh =77 bb) mhd iar vofcgnos wctf nah`or somt trmge trmvons (`romtor tfmh =77 bb). (Woo Ic`uro
7.) Zrovcausny fomd nagmtcah wms badonod ms m iuhgtcah ai somt lmge mh`no iar mdkustmlno somts, sa m nagmtar
iuhgtcah lmsod ah Womtch` \oiorohgo Zacht (W`\Z) mhd dosc`h lmge mh`no wms usod ta pasctcah tfo fomd
gahtaurs (WMO Zmpor 0?:7?9).

M.=.< Drcvor Nmtormn Fomd Oxgurscahs—

Oxgurscahs—Tfo Tfo arc`chmn fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro lmsod ah oyo nagmtcahs naaech`
strmc`ft mfomd ch apoh tap vofcgnos wctf lohgf somts wctfaut sfaundor rostrmcht (uhrostrcgtod nmtormn
pasctcahch`). Wulsoquohtny, vofcgno dosc`hs fmvch` baro gahtaurod somts mhd sfaundor rostrmchts rostrcgtod
nmtormn vmrcmlcncty ai drcvor pasctcah ch tfo somt, mhd ms m rosunt, tfo wcdtf ai tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaur wms
rodugod. Fawovor, nmtormn bavoboht gmusod ly drcvor's hood ta naae ta tfo noit mhd rc`ft fmd ta lo chgnudod ch
dotorbchch` tfo wcdtf ai tfo fomd gnomrmhgo gahtaurs ch ardor ta bomhch`iunny roprosoht tfo truo nmtormn fomd
gnomrmhgo hoods ai drcvors. Yortcgmn mhd nah`ctudchmn bavoboht woro hat gahscdorod schgo bavoboht ch tfoso

dcrogtcahs wms mssubod ta noss

noss lo iroquoht mhd noss prahauhgod. Dmtm ah drcvor bomh nmtormn fomd bavoboht
bavoboht
(Noo, =366) woro usod ta doicho tfo wcdtf mhd nmtormn pnmgoboht ai tfo drcvor fomd pasctcah gahtaur. Tfoso
dmtm sfcitod tfo autlamrd scdo ai tfo 3?% drcvor's fomd gahtaur autlamrd <7 bb (=90 bb irab somt

-3-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

gohtorncho). Tfo chlamrd scdo (=44 bb irab somt gohtorncho) wms hat wcdohod, logmuso ct–s uhnceony tforo wcnn lo
gnomrmhgo pralnobs ah tfmt scdo. Tfo rosunt wms mh msybbotrcgmn romr vcow. Tfo wcdohod 3?% mhd 33%
gahtaurs pravcdod mh mnnawmhgo iar m bomh bmxcbub fomd turh oxgurscah. Zrmgtcgmnny, tfo <7 bb sfcit ai tfo
3?% gahtaur autlamrd mppraxcbmtony mnc`hod wctf tfo fomd gahtaurs `ohormtod provcausny usch` tfo nomh
oqumtcah (:.6? P0 + :.:0? P7). Tfcs bomht tfmt dcbohscahmn gabpmrcsahs bmdo wctf tfo =360 mhd =330-
lmsod drcvor fomd gnomrmhgo gahtaurs waund lo `ohormnny scbcnmr.

M.=.7 dovonapod
Zmssoh`orly (Icxod
pnmgch`Womt) Fomd fomd
tfo bomh Nagm
Nagmtcahs
tcahs
praicnoch Gnmss
avor tfo M mhd romr Icxod-somt
Yofcgnos—Icxod-somt
Yofcgnos—
scdo fomd
vcow icxod somt pasctcahdovonapod
oyonncpsos gahtaurschworo
WMO
Zmpor 0?:7?9 mhd trmgch` tfo fomd gahtaurs ms tfo oyo cs spattod mrauhd tfo icxod somt oyonncpsos. Ahny tfo
uppor fmni ai tfo icxod somt oyonncpso wms usod. Tfoso fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro usod ta dosgrclo somtod
pmssoh`or fomd nagmtcahs ch mhy somt tfmt cs hat mdkustmlno iar Gnmss M vofcgnos. Mnn mppncgmtcahs mro ncbctod ta
m ?:/?: bmno/iobmno papunmtcah bcx. M nagmtar iuhgtcah wms usod ta pasctcah tfo gahtaur mggardch` ta somt lmge
mh`no.

Tfo icxod somt fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro mppraxcbmtod ms truo onncpsacds ch scdo mhd romr vcow sa tfmt tfo
tfroo dcbohscahmn badon wms m scbpno onncpsacd. Tfo icxod somt onncpsacd badon ch K=:?< MZ\30 dciiorod vory
snc`ftny irab tfo provcaus icxod somt gahtaurs `cvoh ch WMO K=:?< BMS60. Ch mddctcah, tfo onncpsacd mxos woro
mnc`hod pmrmnnon ta farczahtmn, vortcgmn,
vortcgmn, mhd nmtormn vofcgno mxos. (Woo Ic`uro <.)

Yofcgnos— Truge drcvor fomd nagmtcah dmtm woro gannogtod ch tfo WMO
M.=.4 Drcvor Fomd Nagmtcahs ch Gnmss L Yofcgnos—Truge
Truge Drcvor Mhtfrapabotrcg mhd Parespmgo Wtudy ch tfroo fomvy truge gml gahic`urmtcahs wctf 76= bb ai
farczahtmn somt trmvon (WMO Zmpor 6?<7=0). Tap-ai-fomd mhd romr-ai-fomd pachts (chgnudch` fmcr) woro
dotorbchod ronmtcvo ta tfo oyo iar omgf drcvor. Tfoso dmtm woro usod ta gahstrugt lauhdmrcos tfmt gahtmchod 3?
mhd 33% ai fomds iar vmrcaus truge drcvor papunmtcah bcxos ai bmnos mhd iobmnos.

Tfo smbo pragoduros mhd tfo fomd iarbs ch M.=.= iar dovonapch` fomd gahtaurs irab tfo oyonncpso woro usod
ta `ohormto gahtaurs ta gabpmro wctf tfo oxporcbohtmnny dotorbchod lauhdmrcos. Tfo bomh fomd praicno wms
ratmtod mrauhd tfo uppor fmnvos ai tfo oxporcbohtmn oyonncpsos `ohormtod irab oyo nagmtcah dmtm gannogtod ch
tfo smbo study. Ch mnn gmsos, gahtaurs `ohormtod irab oyonncpsos mppraxcbmtod tfo oxporcbohtmn lauhdmrcos
wctf noss tfmh =? bb dciiorohgo. Tfoso fomd gahtaurs woro mnsa scbcnmr ch sczo mhd sfmpo ta tfo WMO fomd
gahtaurs iar mdkustmlno somts dosgrclod ch M.=.= ro`mrdnoss ai prapartcahs ai bmnos mhd iobmnos ch tfo truge
drcvor papunmtcah. Fawovor, truge drcvor fomd gahtaurs woro nagmtod imrtfor iarwmrd, fc`for, mhd wctf `romtor
scdo vcow snapo tfmh waund lo prodcgtod usch` tfo nagmtch` pragoduro ch M.=.=, logmuso ai dciiorohgos ch usor
papunmtcahs mhd somtch` pmgem`o `oabotry. Tforoiaro, mntfau`f fomd gahtaurs dosgrclod ch M.=.= mro
mppraprcmto iar uso ch Gnmss L vofcgnos, m how nagmtch` pragoduro mhd roiorohgo systob wms dovonapod.
Nagmtar oqumtcahs woro pravcdod ta pasctcah fomd gahtaurs ch Gnmss L warespmgos iar m rmh`o ai lmge mh`nos
lotwooh == mhd =6 do`roos. M sopmrmto oqumtcah cs usod iar omgf ai tfo papunmtcahs roprosohtch` tfo iannawch
iannawch`
`
rmtcas ai bmnos ta iobmnos;
iobmnos; ?:/?:, 0?/<?, mhd 3:/=: ta 3?/?. Woo L.=.4.

M.< Dovo
Dovonapb
napboht
oht aaii Fomd Zasctcah
Zasctcah Gahtau
Gahtaurs rs iar tfcs \\ovcsc ah—Tfo botfad usod ta dovonap tfo fomd
ovcscah—
pasctcah gahtaurs wms scbcnmr ta tfo provcaus botfad dosgrclod ch Wogtcah M.= mhd cnnustrmtod ch Ic`uro =. Ch
mddctcah ta tfo bomh fomd praicno, tfroo 7-dcbohscahmn mvorm`o-sczo bmno fomd iarbs, sgmhhod ms pmrt ai tfo
GMOWM\ dmtm gannogtcah ch Tfo Hotfornmhds, woro usod. Ymrcaus 7-dcbohscahmn surimgos woro icttod ta tfo
fomd pasctcah dmtm. Mh mggoptmlno ict ta tfo dmtm wms pravcdod ly tfo oxcstch` onncptcgmn surimgos doichod ch WMO
K=:?< MZ\30, mitor tfoy woro trmhsnmtod up mhd romrwmrd. Tfo mdkustmlno somt gahtaurs woro mnsa ratmtod
dawh mt tfo iraht ch scdo vcow irab tfocr prcar nagmtcah ch tfo drcvor warespmgo.

Tfo mdkustmlno somt fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro lmsod ah m ?:/?: bmno/iobmno papunmtcah bcx. Tforo mro 33tf
mhd 3?tf porgohtcno drcvor fomd pasctcah gahtaurs doichod iar vofcgnos wctf sfartor somt trmge trmvons (noss tfmh
=77 bb) mhd iar vofcgnos wctf nah`or somt trmge trmvons (`romtor tfmh =77 bb). (Woo Ic`uro 7.) Tfo wcdtf ai tfo
gahtaurs chgnudos tfo smbo <7 bb inmt sogtcah ta pravcdo sabo mnnawmhgo iar drcvor autlamrd fomd turh. (Woo
?.7.)

-=:-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

Icxod-somt 3?tf mhd 33tf porgohtcno fomd pasctcah gahtaurs woro dovonapod ch m scbcnmr bmhhor, usch` tfo
icxod somt oyonncpsos dosgrclod ch WMO K34=. Omgf gahtaur cs mh onncpsacdmn surimgo tfmt wms icttod ta fomd
pasctcah dmtm iar m ?:/?: bmno/iobmno papunmtcah bcx. Tfoso fomd pasctcah gahtaurs gmh lo usod ch Gnmss M
vofcgnos ta dosgrclo somtod pmssoh`or fomd nagmtcahs ch mhy somt tfmt cs hat mdkustmlno. (Woo ?.7.) Tfo
onncpsacd mxos mro pmrmnnon ta tfo farczahtmn, vortcgmn, mhd nmtormn vofcgno mxos. (Woo Ic`uro <.)

-==-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

MZZOHDCV L

Z\AGOD_\O IA\ GNMWW L YOFCGNOW

Tfcs pragoduro cs mppncgmlno ta Gnmss L vofcgnos, wfcgf mro doichod ms truges, lusos ar buntcpurpaso vofcgnos
wctf tfo rmh`o ai drcvor warespmgo dcbohscahs doichod ch WMO K==::. Gnmss L vofcgno mppncgmtcah cs ncbctod ta
tfo drcvor–s somt.

L.= Drc
Drcvor
vor Fomd
Fomd Gah
Gahtau
taurr Nagmt
Nagmtch`
ch` Zra
Zragod
goduro
uro

L.=.=
L.=.= Nagm
Nagmto MT\Z—Dotorbcho tfo Mggabbadmtcah Taan \oiorohgo Zacht (MT\Z) usch` tfo pragoduro iar Gnmss L
to MT\Z—Dotorbcho
vofcgnos `cvoh ch WMO K=?=9. Tfo V mhd [ gaardchmtos ai tfo MT\Z mro V(MT\Z)
V(MT\Z) mhd [(MT\Z).

L.=.< Doto
Dotorbch
rbcho M4:—Tfo dosc`h tarsa mh`no, M4:, cs spogcicod ly tfo bmhuimgturor.
o M4:—Tfo

L.=.7 Wonogt tfo Fomd Zasctcah

Zasctcah Gahtaur— Dotorbcho tfo somt trmge trmvon (TN<7) mhd sonogt tfo mppraprcmto 3?tf ar
Gahtaur—Dotorbcho
33tf fomd gahtaur irab Tmlno < ar Tmlno 7.

L.=.4 Nagmto Gohtra

Gohtracd—
cd—Tfo
Tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaur gohtracd cs nagmtod ta tfo vofcgno's tfroo-dcbohs
tfroo-dcbohscahmn
cahmn roiorohgo
systob. Oqumtcahs L= ta L0L0 nagmto tfo gohtracd ms m iuhg
iuhgtcah
tcah ai dosc`h tarsa mh`no iar tfroo
tfroo dciioroht bmno/
iobmno bcxos (?:/?:, 0?/<?, 3:/=: ta 3?/?) ch tfo drcvor papunmtcah.
papunmtcah. Wonogt tfo smbo bmno/iob
bmno/iobmno
mno bcx tfmt wms
usod ch dotorbchch` tfo MT\Z. Mnn vmnuos mro ch bcnncbotors oxgopt M4: wfcgf
wfcgf cs ch do`roos.

m. Iar m ?
?:/?
:/?:
: bmno
bmno/io
/iobmn
bmno
o rrmtc
mtca;
a;

V 2 M T \ Z ) ‗ 6<.09 + =<.96 ∐ ( M 4: )
V ( MT (Oq. L=)

[ 2 M T \ Z ) + 0<0.?3 ‗ 7.?0 ∐( M4: )

[ ( MT (Oq. L<)

l. Iar m 0
0?/<
?/<?
? bmno
bmno/io
/iobmn
bmno
o rrmtc
mtca;
a;

V 2 V( M
MTT \ Z ) ‗ =:6.?? + =7.9?∐ ( M 4: ) (Oq. L7)

[ 2 M T \ Z ) + 079.=9 ‗ 7.6< ∐( M4: )

[ ( MT (Oq. L4)

g. Iar m 3:/=:
3:/=: ta 3
3?/?
?/? bmno/i
bmno/iob
obmno
mno rmt
rmtca;
ca;

V 2 V ( MT
M T \ Z ) ‗ 3=.34 + =<.<7 ∐ ( M 4: ) (Oq. L?)

[ 2 M T \ Z ) + 044.:< ‗ 4.=0 ∐( M4: )

[ ( MT (Oq. L9)

Ch omgf gmso tfo S gaardchmto iar tfo gohtracds cs `cvoh ly;

S 2 P< : (Oq. L0)

wforo;

P<: bust lo bmdo m ho`mtcvo hublor iar noit-fmhd drcvo vofcgnos.

L.=.?
L.=.? Arc
Arcoht
oht Mxos
Mxos— —Wopmrmtony ratmto omgf onncpsacd mlaut cts gohtracd sa tfo V-mxcs cs mh`nod dawh ==.9 do`roos (mt
tfo iraht) ch scdo vcow. Atfor mxos mro pmrmnnon ta vofcgno `rcd.

-=<-
 WMO K=:?< \ovcsod M_@<::<

\mtcahmno—Gfmh`os iar tfcs \ovcscah—Tfcs daguboht fms looh badcicod ta roinogt tfo gfmh`os ta WMO
K34= oyonncpsos. Tfo mgtumn `oabotry ‗ sczo mhd sfmpo ‗ ai tfo fomd pasctcah gahtaurs robmchs tfo
smbo. Fawovor, tfo nagmtcah ai tfo fomd gahtaurs ch Gnmss M vofcgnos fms looh sfcitod upwmrd mhd
romrwmrd, mhd tfo pragoduro iar pasctcahch` tfo gahtaurs fms looh badcicod. Ch tfo prcar vorscah ai tfcs
prmgtcgo, gahtaurs woro nagmtod ronmtcvo ta W`\Z ms m iuhgtcah ai bmhuimgturor–s dosc`h lmge mh`no. Ch
tfcs vorscah, gahtaurs mro pasctcahod octfor ronmtcvo ta tfo gohtracd ai tfo garrospahdch` oyonncpso, ar
ronmtcvo ta vofcgno `rcd. Tfo mdkustmlno somt fomd gahtaurs mro ha nah`or nagmtod ms m iuhgtcah ai dosc`h

lmge mh`no.
tfo iraht. Mnsa,
Iar tfo tfo
icrstscdo vcow
tcbo, mh`no
fomd ai tfo
pasctcah
pasctcah mdkustmlno
gahtaurs fmvosomt fomd
looh gahtaur
doichod
doichod iar cs
tfochgnchod baro somt
iraht gohtor dawhwmrd
som mt
t nagmtcah,
mhd iar m iraht autlamrd somt nagmtcah fmvch` icxod ((hah
hah iaro/mit mdkustmlno) somts.
somts. Tfo pragoduro iar
Gnmss L vofcgnos wms hat gfmh`od.

\onmtcahsfcp ai WMO Wtmhdmrd ta CWA Wtmhdmrd— Hat mppncgmlno.

Mppncgmtcah— Tfcs WMO \ogabbohdod Zrmgtcgo dosgrclos fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mhd pragoduros iar nagmtch`
tfo gahtaurs ch m vofcgno. Fomd pasctcah gahtaurs mro usoiun ch ostmlncsfch` mggabbadmtcah
roqucrobohts iar fomd spmgo mhd mro roqucrod iar sovormn bomsuros doichod ch WMO K==::. Wopmrmto
gahtaurs mro doichod dopohdch` ah aggupmht somt nagmtcah mhd tfo doscrod porgohtm`o (3? mhd 33) ai
aggupmht mggabbadmtcah.

Tfcs daguboht cs prcbmrcny iagusod ah mppncgmtcah ta Gnmss M vofcgnos (soo WMO K==::), wfcgf chgnudo
bast porsahmn-uso vofcgnos
vofcgnos (pmssoh`or gmrs, spart utcncty vofcgnos, pc
pcge-up
ge-up truges). M pragoduro iar uso
ch Gnmss L vofcgnos gmh lo iauhd ch Mppohdcx L.

\oiorohgo Wogtcah

WMO K34=—Batar Yofcgno Drcvors– Oyo Nagmtcahs

WMO K=:?< BMS60—Batar Yofcgno Drcvor mhd Zmssoh`or Fomd Zasctcah

WMO K=:?< MZ\30—Batar Yofcgno Drcvor mhd Zmssoh`or Fomd Zasctcah

WMO K==::—Batar Yofcgno Dcbohscahs

WMO K=?=9—Mggabbadmtcah Taan \oiorohgo Zacht

WMO K=?=0—Drcvor Wonogtod Womt Zasctcah

WMO Zmpor 9?:494—

9?:494—K.I.
K.I. Bondrub (=39?), „Mutab
„Mutabalcno
alcno Drcvor Oyo Zasctcah,‒ WMO
WMO Bcd-Somr Bootch`,
Gfcgm`a, CN

WMO Zmpor 0<:<::—D.G. Fmbbahd mhd \.P. \ao (=30<), „Drcvor Fomd Mhd Oyo Zasctcahs,‒ WMO
Mhhumn Gah`ross, Dotract, BC

WMO Zmpor 0?:7?9—\.P.

0?:7?9—\.P. \ao (=30?), „Dosgrclch`
„Dosgrclch` tfo Drcvor's Parespmgo; Oyo, Fomd, Ehoo, mhd Womt
Zasctcahs,‒ WMO Mhhumn Gah`ross, Dotract, BC

WMO Zmpor 6?<7=0 (ch WMO Wpogcmn Zul. 0=<)—H.N. Zfcncppmrt mhd T.K. Eougfohbocstor (=36?),
„Dosgrclch` tfo Truge Drcvor Parespmgo‒, WMO Truge & Lus Bootch`, Gfcgm`a, CN

Noo, H.W. mhd Wgfhocdor, N.P. „M Zroncbchmry Chvostc`mtcah ai Drcvor Nomh ch Nmto Badon Yofcgnos wctf
Lohgf mhd Lugeot Womts,‒ _BT\C \opart Ha. _BT\C-66-43, Havoblor =366
Dovonapod ly tfo WMO Fubmh Mggabbadmtcahs mhd Dosc`h Dovcgos Wtmhdmrds Gabbcttoo