Sae J826

SURFACE J826
REV.
JUN2002
VEHICLE
400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001
STANDARD Issued 1962-11
Revised 2002-06
Superseding J826 JUL1995
(R) H-Point Machine and Design Tool Procedures and Specifications
1. Scope—The devices described in this document provide a method for a reliable layout and measurement of
occupant seating compartments and/or seats. They are not to be construed as tools that measure or
indicate occupant capabilities or comfort.
The devices are intended for applications at designated seating positions. They are not intended for use in
defining or assessing temporary seating, such as folding jump seats.
When using the H-Point Machine (HPM), interactions can occur between adjacent seating positions (i.e.,
having an HPM installed at the center occupant position can change the results obtained for the outboard
occupant position). Therefore, only one machine should be installed in a particular row of seats during each
test.
1.1 General—This practice provides the specifications and procedures for using the H-Point machine (HPM) and
the H-Point design tool (HPD). The HPM is a physical tool used to establish key reference points and
measurements in a vehicle (see Figure 1). The HPD is a simplified CAD1 version of the HPM, which can be
used in conjunction with the HPM, or independently during product design (see Figure 2).
For convenience and simplicity, many terms associated with H-Point devices use human body parts in their
name. However, they should not be construed as measures that indicate occupant accommodation,
human capabilities, or comfort. H-point devices do not represent the size or posture of any category of
occupant.
H-Point devices are used (1) during vehicle design and development to establish interior reference points and
dimensions for occupant packaging, (2) to validate the location of these key reference points and dimensions
on physical properties during audits, and (3) to measure competitive vehicles during benchmarking. The
procedures employed for each usage vary somewhat, and are handled separately in this document.
H-Point devices are also used for the design, audit, and benchmarking of seats. However, in these instances,
the reference points and dimensions are defined relative to the seat structure and/or surface, rather than the
vehicle’s interior. The procedures for positioning the H-Point devices in seats are abridged, and do not require
the use of the shoe tool or leg segments. The seat procedures will be addressed in subsequent revisions to
this document.
1. CAD is an acronym for computer-aided design. In a general sense, it has come to encompass any software system/approach to automotive
design and development, and is often used to refer to CAE (computer-assisted engineering) and CAM (computer-assisted manufacturing) soft-
ware systems as well.
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely
voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.
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Copyright 2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
SAE J826 Revised JUN2002
FIGURE 1—SIDE VIEW OF HPM
FIGURE 2—SIDE VIEW AND ISOMETRIC VIEW OF HPD
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1.2 Critical Reference Points—Several of the reference points established with an H-Point device are required for
the subsequent positioning of other design devices, such as head contours, eyellipses, and reach curves. The
most critical reference points2 established by an H-Point device are the H-Point, the H-Point travel path, the
SgRP (seating reference point), the AHP (accelerator heel point), and the PRP (pedal reference point).
1.2.1 H-POINT—The H-Point is located on an H-Point device (HPM or HPD). However, when an H-Point device is
properly positioned within a vehicle – either in CAD or in an actual physical property – the location of the H-
Point relative to the vehicle is used as a vehicle reference point. If the seat is moved, the location of the H-Point
within the vehicle is changed. Therefore, adjustable seats will have more than one H-Point location, while fixed
seats will have only one H-Point location.
NOTE— H-Points are often referred to as hip points or hip pivot points. However, they do not represent the
location of the human hip joint.
1.2.2 H-POINT TRAVEL PATH—All possible locations of the H-Point provided by the full range of seat adjustments
(horizontal, vertical or rotational) for a given designated seating position.
1.2.3 SGRP (SEATING REFERENCE POINT)—A specific and unique H-Point defined for each designated seating
position.
1.2.4 AHP (ACCELERATOR HEEL POINT)—A point located near the accelerator pedal on the depressed floor
covering.
1.2.5 PRP (PEDAL REFERENCE POINT)—A point located on the lateral centerline of the accelerator pedal.
2. References
2.1 Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified
herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply.
2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONS—SAE publications are available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA,
15096-0001.
SAE J182—Motor Vehicle Fiducial Marks and Three-Dimensional Reference System

SAE J1100—Motor Vehicle Dimensions
SAE J1516—Accommodation Tool Reference Point
2.2 Related Publications—The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a
required part of this document.
2.2.1 SAE PUBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
Manary, M. A., Flannagan, C. A. C., Reed, M. P., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “Human Subject Testing in
Support of ASPECT,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0960.
Schneider, L. W., Reed, M. P., Roe, R. W., Manary, and M. A., Flannagan, C. A. C. (1999) “ASPECT: The
Next-Generation H-Point Machine and Related Vehicle and Seat Design and Measurement Tools,”
SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0962.
Reed, M. P., Roe, R. W., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “Design and Development of the ASPECT Manikin,”
SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0963.
Reid Bush, T., Gregg, S., and Hubbard, R. (1999) “Measuring and Modeling Support Forces of People to
Assist in the Development of the ASPECT Manikin Weighting,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0961.
2. See SAE J1100 for additional information on reference points, terms or dimensions used in this document.
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Roe, R. W., Reed, M. P., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “ASPECT Manikin Applications and Measurements
for Design, Audit, and Benchmarking,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0965.
Reed, M. P., Roe, R. W., Manary, M. A., Flannagan, C. A. C., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “New Concepts
in Vehicle Design Using ASPECT,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0967.
3. Revision Differences—The tools and procedures described in this practice represent a major revision of the
former tools and practice. The changes made have resulted in improved repeatability, greater ease of use,
clearer and more complete procedures for use, and additional features and measurement capabilities. All
efforts were made to achieve these improvements, while minimizing their impact on the location of reference
points and measurements. Discussed below are several of the fundamental changes.
3.1 Separate Components—For the new HPM, the legs (upper and lower), shoe, cushion pan and back pan are
all separate pieces. This greatly improves the ease of installation.
3.2 ‘Legless’ Manikin—The new tools allow the H-Point location to be defined without having to attach the legs.
3.3 Shoe Tool—Several improvements were made to the shoe tool and how it is positioned in the vehicle,
including:
changing the location of the ball of foot,

eliminating the use of the theta equation (from SAE J1516),
creating an alpha equation which can be used in pedal design,
establishing a new pedal reference point (PRP), and
defining a more complete procedure for positioning the shoe.
As a result of these changes, the accelerator heel point (AHP) may be further rearward, and the ankle angle
may be larger for carry-over pedal packages.
3.4 Cushion Angle—The cushion angle can now be measured independently of thigh angle, and at the same time
the other measurements are made. Previously, cushion angle was measured off the thigh line, and required a
separate installation of the HPM.
3.5 Lumbar Support—The articulation of the back pan assembly allows the HPM to be better seated in contoured
seats. It also allows for the measurement of the lumbar support prominence (LSP). This measurement is
defined as:
LSP = 57mm – X (Eq. 1)
where
X is the distance between the lumbar-pelvic pivot to the back line, measured normal to the back line.
In a neutral posture – when LSP equals zero – the distance between the lumbar-pelvic pivot and the back line
is 57 mm. The contour of the back pan assembly is most similar to the previous H-Point machine when the
HPM is in this neutral position.
As LSP increases, the lumbar segment of the back pan assembly is pushed forward, the pelvic and thoracic
segments are tipped, and the lumbar-pelvic pivot moves closer to the back line (see Figure 3).
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FIGURE 3—LUMBAR SUPPORT PROMINENCE (LSP)
3.6 Back Angle—Back angles for seats with an adjustable recliner are specified as 22 degrees for drivers and
25 degrees for rear passenger seats. If a rear passenger seat cannot be set to 25 degrees, it is set to the value
closest to 25 degrees. For example, a passenger seat with a maximum back angle of 23 degrees would be set
to 23 degrees. Back angles for seats without an adjustable recliner are as specified by the manufacturer.
4. Overview of H-Point Devices (HPM and HPD)—This section provides descriptions of the parts and
capabilities common to both tools and some basic dimensions. Complete dimensional information can be
found in Section 16.
4.1 Major Common Components—(See Figure 4.)
a. Back Pan—Consists of three segments: thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic.

b. Cushion Pan
c. Thigh and Lower Leg Segments – The length of the leg segments can be adjusted. However, for
establishing SgRP and taking measurements defined in SAE J1100, the SgRP leg length values must
be used. (See Table 1.)
TABLE 1—LEG SEGMENT LENGTHS

SgRP Mid-Size Male
Thigh Segment 456 mm 432 mm
(knee pivot to H-Point)
Lower Leg Segment 459 mm 417.5 mm
(knee pivot to ankle pivot)
d. Shoe—The ball of foot (BOF), heel of shoe (HOS), and bottom of shoe are found on the shoe tool, and
are key reference points or surfaces for using either H-Point device. The bare foot flesh line is used to
calculate ankle angle. This line is provided on the HPD only. However, the direct read-out scales on the
HPM takes into consideration the bare foot flesh line in determining ankle angle. (See Table 2.)
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TABLE 2—SHOE TOOL DIMENSIONS

Dimension Value
Overall length of shoe 306 mm
BOF to HOS distance 200 mm
Ankle pivot 107 mm above HOS
81 mm forward of HOS
Bare foot flesh line 6.5 degrees above the bottom of shoe.
Originates 286.9 mm forward of HOS.
Relative to BOF 99 mm above
Relative to HOS 32.76 mm above
FIGURE 4—COMMON MAJOR COMPONENTS
4.2 Pivot Locations—Both the HPM and the HPD can be articulated about six pivot locations: ankle pivot, knee
pivot, H-Point (where cushion and back pan are joined), lumbar-pelvic pivot, thoracic-lumbar pivot, and sliding
thoracic pivot. (See Figure 5.) The pivot locations are identical in both tools. In the HPD, the pivot point centers
are provided as data points. In the HPM, the pivot point centers lie within the pivot mechanism.
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FIGURE 5—PIVOT POINTS
4.3 Measurement Capabilities—Both the HPM and the HPD can be used to make measurements. Several key
measurements are summarized in Table 3. The methods for taking the measurements refer to reference lines,
divots, and lands. These are discussed in later sections. See also SAE J1100 for more information.
TABLE 3—KEY MEASUREMENTS

SAE J1100
Code Measurement HPD Method HPM Method
A40 Back Angle Use the back line. The angle of the back line from Define the back line using divots, or place
vertical. inclinometer on back angle land on the back pan
assembly, or the back angle land on the head room
fixture with the fixture mounted flush to the back
pan assembly.
A27 Cushion Angle Use the cushion line. The angle of the cushion line Define the cushion line using divots, or place
from horizontal. inclinometer on the cushion angle land on the
cushion pan assembly.
A57 Thigh Angle Use the thigh line (lower line on the thigh Define the thigh line using divot points, or place
segment). The angle of the thigh line from inclinometer on the thigh angle land.
horizontal.
A42 Hip Angle Use the thigh line and back line. The angle Measure the thigh angle and back angle. Hip angle
between the back and thigh lines. = 90 degrees + back angle – thigh angle.
A44 Knee Angle Use the thigh line and lower leg line. The angle A direct read-out scale is provided, or define the
between the thigh and lower leg lines. thigh and lower leg lines using divots.
A46 Ankle Angle Use the lower leg and bare foot flesh reference A direct read-out scale is provided.
lines. The angle between the lower leg and bare
foot flesh lines.
A47, Pedal Plane Angle or Use the bottom of the shoe. The angle from Define the bottom of the shoe using divots, or
A48 Floor Plane Angle. horizontal of the bottom of the shoe. place an inclinometer on the pedal plane and on
the shoe.
L81 Lumbar Support Use the back line reference line and the lumbar- A direct read-out scale is provided.
Prominence (LSP) pelvic pivot point. See 3.5.
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4.4 Locations of Key Reference Points and Lines—All reference points, lines, and pivot point centers are
contained within the HPD file (See Figures 6A and 6B). However, for the HPM, the points and reference lines
need to be calculated using divot points. Table 4 and Table 5 summarize the HPM locations. Divot points are
described in greater detail in 4.5, and 16.7.
4.5 Divot Points—Fourteen divot points are provided on the HPM for use with CMM equipment (see Figure 7).
The primary purpose of the divot points is to allow for the calculation of key reference points. (See Table 6.) For
example, the coordinates of H1L and H1R are required to calculate the H-Point location. The coordinates of
S1, S2, and S3 are required to calculate the location of the accelerator heel point (or floor reference point).
Divot points can also be used to calculate with additional precision anything that can be measured directly from
the HPM (e.g., back angle, cushion angle, knee angle, lumbar support prominence, etc.).
On the HPM, divot points are located in the center of the small gold colored disks on the mechanism. For the
HPD, divot points are represented as data points. These data points have been provided in the HPD file to
allow for a mapping of the HPM location and attitude. Specific locations for the divot points can be found in
Section 16.
FIGURE 6A—REFERENCE POINTS AND LINES
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FIGURE 6B—POSTURE ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
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FIGURE 7—DIVOT POINTS ON THE HPM
TABLE 4—KEY REFERENCE POINTS

Reference Point Description and HPD Location HPM Location
H-Point Located at the three-way intersection of the lateral The intersection of the cushion line and back line corresponds
centerline, cushion line and back line. to the pivot center of the cushion pan and back pan. This
point is within the mechanism, and must be calculated using
the divot points H1L and H1R. For additional accuracy, the
divot points B1, B2, and C1 can be used to define the lateral
centerline of the HPM.
D-Point Located on the bottom of the cushion pan, at the Located by a divot on the surface of the cushion pan.
lateral centerline, 25.5 mm (15 degrees) rearward of However, when the HPM is installed, this point cannot be
the H-Point (when cushion angle equals 0). reached, but must be calculated relative to the H-Point.
Heel of Shoe The heel point is found at the bottom of the back of The heel point can not be reached when the HPM is installed.
the shoe, at the lateral centerline. It is used to define The location must be calculated using S1, S2, and S3 divot
the accelerator heel point (AHP) for the driver, and points. (See 12.3.2.)
the floor reference point (FRP) for passengers.
Ball of Foot (BOF) The ball of foot (BOF) is located on the bottom of the A notch is provided along the lateral offset opening on the
shoe, at the lateral centerline, 200 mm from the heel shoe. A more precise location can be calculated using S1,
point. It is used to define the pedal reference point S2, and S3 divot points.
(PRP) for the driver.
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TABLE 5—KEY REFERENCE LINES

Reference Point Description and HPD Location HPM Location
Back Line A line from the H-Point through the sliding thoracic pivot, This line is established using the B1 and H1 divot points.
located at the lateral centerline. The angle of this line from
vertical defines back angle.
Cushion Line A line from the H-point through the C1 divot point, located This line is established using the C1 and H1 divot points.
at the lateral centerline. The line runs along the top of the
cushion pan. The angle of this line from horizontal defines
cushion angle.
Thigh Line A line from the H-Point through the knee pivot (along the This line can be established using the K1 and H1 divot
bottom of the thigh segment). The angle of this line from points.
horizontal defines thigh angle.
Leg Line A line from the knee pivot through the ankle pivot (along This line can be established using K1 and S1 divot points.
the back side of the lower leg segment). The angle formed
by the intersection of the thigh line and the leg line define
knee angle.
Bottom of Shoe A line from the heel of shoe through the BOF, at the lateral The sole of the shoe is 3 mm thick, so the bottom of shoe
centerline. The angle of this line from horizontal defines lies 3 mm below the sole. It can also be calculated using
the pedal plane angle (driver) or floor plane angle the S2 and S3 divots (defines a line parallel to the bottom
(passengers). of shoe) or S1 and S3 divots (defines a perpendicular
line).
Bare Foot Flesh A line originating from a point 286.9 mm from the heel of Not provided.
Line shoe, on the bottom of shoe line, at a 6.5 degree angle.
The angle formed by the intersection of this line and the
leg line define ankle (or foot) angle.
4.6 Support Points—There are nine support points; 5 are located on the outer surface of the cushion pan and 4
on the back pan assembly (see Figure 8). The support points are provided to facilitate seat design. Additional
information can be found in Section 16.
TABLE 6—DIVOT POINT OVERVIEW

Divot Type Summary of Use
Back Pan Divot Points (B1, B2) and The B1 point can be used with the H1 points to define the back angle. This can then be compared
Cushion Pan Divot Points (C1, H1R, to B2 for a measure of lumbar support. The C1 point can be used with the H1 points to define the
H1L) cushion angle. Additionally, B1 and B2 can be used together with C1 to define the centerline of the
HPM.
H-Point Divot Points The H1 points are used to define the H-Point location. The actual H-Point is located at the
(H1R & H1L) intersection of centerline of the HPM, the back line and the cushion line. The H1 locations are
averaged to define the x, y, z coordinates of the H-Point. (Alternatively, B1, B2, and C1 can be
used to define the H-Point y coordinate.)
Shoe Divot Points Shoe divot points are used to define the AHP (accelerator heel point). They can also be used to
(S1R, S1L, S2R, S2L, S3R and S3L) define the PRP (pedal reference point), the pedal plane angle, and the floor plane angle.
K Divot Points K divot points can be used to locate the knee pivot point center. By using this in combination with
(K1L, K1R, and K2) the S1 and H1 points, knee angle can be determined.
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FIGURE 8—SUPPORT POINTS
5. H-Point Design Tool (HPD)
5.1 File Format—The HPD is available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15096-0001.
Currently, it is only available in the IGES format. The IGES file can be used as a template for creating native
geometry within the resident CAD system. (This is recommended.) Tolerances are provided in Section 16.
5.2 Datum Lines—In addition to the reference lines discussed in Section 3, other datum lines are provided to
assist the user. (See Figure 2.)
Lateral centerline of shoe

Lateral centerline of manikin (through back pan and cushion pan)
Effective Head Room Line
Section curves cut through support points
Additional section curves cut through the cushion and back pans
The additional section curves are provided to convey the size and shape of complex torso geometry. This is a
quality assurance measure, and provides an effective way of validating geometry across CAD systems.
6. H-Point Machine (HPM)—The HPM is available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA,
15096-0001.
6.1 HPM-Specific Parts—In addition to the parts listed in Section 4, the HPM also contains the parts and
capabilities described as follows.
6.1.1 SHOE FIXTURE—The shoe fixture is unique to the HPM. It is used to hold the shoe tool in place on the
accelerator. (See Figure 9.)
2 leveling screws
Bubble level
Fork (for attaching shoe tool)
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FIGURE 9—SHOE AND SHOE FIXTURE
6.1.2 SPRING LOADED PROBE—The probe is used to deliver 89 N (20 lb) of force at the appropriate application
sites.
6.1.3 FORCE APPLICATION SITES—There are two sites for applying force using the spring loaded probe; one on the
back pan and one on the cushion pan.
6.1.4 INCLINOMETER (ELECTRONIC LEVEL)—An inclinometer is provided for determining various posture angles
when using the HPM, including back angle, thigh angle, cushion angle, and pedal plane angle. Specific sites
for placing the inclinometer – referred to as lands – are provided on the appropriate components.
6.1.5 INCLINOMETER LANDS—There are six locations provided for positioning the inclinometer; lower leg, thigh,
head room fixture, shoe tool, back pan, and cushion pan.
6.1.6 WEIGHTS—The HPM comes with 3 types of weights: pelvic, thigh, and back. The total number of weights is
24. Two of the pelvic weights have beveled edges. See Section 16 for a full specification.
6.1.7 HEAD ROOM FIXTURE—A separate fixture is provided for measuring effective head room (see Figure 10 and
SAE J1100, dimension code H61). The fixture consists of:
Fork (for attaching to the HPM)

An adjusting screw for setting the angle of the fixture
A land for measuring the angle of the fixture
A sliding tube with probe
Effective head room scale
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FIGURE 10—HEAD ROOM FIXTURE
6.1.8 SHOE TOOL—(See Figure 9)—Unique parts include:
Locking screw
Ankle angle scale
BOF lateral offset scale
Pedal plane angle inclinometer land
6.1.9 LOWER LEG SEGMENT—(See Figure 11)—Unique parts include:
Knee pivot slot

Leg length scale
Leg length locking pin
Leg length locking screws
Knee angle scale
Leg angle inclinometer land
6.1.10 THIGH SEGMENT—(See Figure 12)—Unique parts include:
Locking bushing (for attaching lower leg)

Knee pivot rod
Thigh length scales
Thigh length locking pins
Thigh length locking screws
Fork (for attaching to H-Point rod)
Lateral leg position scale
Thigh angle inclinometer land
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FIGURE 11—LOWER LEG SEGMENT
FIGURE 12—THIGH SEGMENT
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6.1.11 CUSHION PAN—(See Figure 13)—Unique parts include:
Handle
H-Point saddle (with locations for pelvic weights)
H-Point rods
Locking bushings (for attaching back pan)
Locking bushings (for attaching thigh segment)
Load application point (receptacle for spring loaded probe)
Lateral level
Thigh weight platform and locating pins
FIGURE 13—CUSHION PAN
6.1.12 BACK PAN ASSEMBLY—(See Figure 14)—Unique parts include:
Handle
Torso articulation locking lever
H-Point shaft (sits on H-Point saddle)
Load application point (receptacle for spring loaded probe)
Back angle inclinometer land
Upper weight rack
Lower weight rack
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FIGURE 14—BACK PAN
7. Overview of Design Procedures—The HPD is used during design to establish key reference points within the
vehicle, including the SgRP (seating reference point) for each occupant position, and heel points (accelerator
heel point for the driver and floor reference points for passengers). These points are then used to configure and
measure many aspects of the interior compartment.
The SgRP is a specific and unique H-Point for a given designated seating position. (Although adjustable seats
will have many H-Points within their H-Point travel path, only one H-Point is defined as the SgRP for any
occupant position.) The SgRP is established early in the vehicle design process. The most critical SgRP is the
one defined for the driver (SgRP-Front). It is used in positioning other design tools, defining a number of key
vehicle dimensions (e.g., legroom, shoulder room, etc.), and is referenced by several national and international
standards and regulations.
8. Driver Designated Seating Position Design Procedures—This procedure is used to position the HPD in the
correct location for the driver’s position, and establishes the SgRP-Front, pedal reference point (PRP), and
accelerator heel point (AHP).
8.1 Determine the Initial Target Values—Determine the initial target values for the dimensions listed in Table 7
(see SAE J1100 for definitions). Some of these values may be modified during the procedure, resulting in
different final values.
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TABLE 7—VALUES FOR INITIAL POSITIONING OF THE HPD FOR DRIVER

Dimension Code Final Values
Seat Height H30 –1(Target) The final value of H30 will be defined during this procedure.
Occupant Centerline W20 –1(Target) If the seat track has an outboard/inboard angle, then the final value of W20
may be different than the target value (depending on the fore-aft location of
SgRP).
Back Angle A40 –1 = 22 degrees 22 degrees.
A40 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this
procedure. Rather, it is used to define the orientation of the back pan
assembly.
Lumbar Support L81 –1 L81 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this
Prominence (LSP) procedure. Rather, it is used to posture the back pan articulation, specifying
the distance (X) of the lumbar-pelvic pivot (L/P pivot) to the back line,
measured normal to the back line (See Figure 3).
LSP=57-X mm
Cushion Angle A27 –1 A27 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this
procedure. It is used to position the attitude of the cushion pan assembly.
8.2 Define Shoe Tool Location and Attitude—The shoe tool is positioned on the undepressed accelerator pedal.
The flat area of the tool, from ball of foot (BOF) to the heel of shoe, lays on the pedal plane, with the BOF
contacting the centerline of the accelerator, and the heel of shoe contacting the depressed floor covering. The
pedal reference point (PRP) is the point on the accelerator centerline that is contacted by the BOF, while the
accelerator heel point (AHP) is the point on the depressed floor covering that is contacted by the heel of shoe.
(See Figure 15.)
FIGURE 15—SHOE REFERENCE POINTS
The pedal plane angle defines the attitude of the shoe tool. When viewed from the side, the segment from BOF
to the heel of the shoe is held at the pedal plane angle. Lateral splay is not permitted. In other words, the
segment from BOF to the heel of the shoe is kept vertical and square to the grid when viewed from the rear.
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8.2.1 DEFINE PEDAL PLANE ANGLE—The pedal plane angle is derived from accelerator pedal geometry. The pedal
plane and pedal plane angle are defined at the lateral centerline of the undrepressed accelerator pedal. The
pedal plane angle is measured from horizontal in side view, with the pedal in design position. If the pedal
layout and geometry have not been defined yet, the pedal plane angle can be established using the alpha
equation.
8.2.1.1 Alpha (α) Equation: Pedal Design—The alpha equation is provided to assist in pedal design. If the
accelerator pedal has already been designed, use the accelerator geometry to determine pedal plane
angle (see 8.2.1.2). Otherwise, set the shoe tool to angle alpha, where:
α = 77 – 0.08 ( H30 ) degrees from horizontal = pedal plane angle (Eq. 2)
Design the pedal such that the pedal plane angle equals alpha with the BOF tangent to the pedal at
centerline and the heel contacting the depressed floor covering.
At this point, the H30(Target) value is used. If the final H30 value is different, a new alpha value can be
obtained by iteratively calculating α, H30, and SgRP(x) values. However, this is not necessary.
8.2.1.2 Derived from Accelerator Geometry
a. Flat Pedals—The pedal plane lies on the pedal face. The pedal plane angle is defined by the angle of
the pedal face.
b. Curved Pedals—The pedal plane angle is determined using the shoe tool or a 200 mm line segment.
In side view, find a point tangent to the lateral centerline of pedal’s surface that lies 200 mm from the
depressed floor covering, measured along the pedal plane. The angle of this line from horizontal is the
pedal plane angle.
8.2.2 POSITION SHOE TOOL
8.2.2.1 Define Accelerator Heel Point (AHP) and Pedal Reference Point (PRP) Coordinates—Position the shoe
tool such that it lies on the pedal plane, with the heel of shoe contacting the depressed floor covering and
the ball of foot contacting the lateral centerline of the pedal’s surface.
The AHP is the point on the depressed floor covering contacted by the heel of shoe. The PRP is the point
on the lateral centerline of the pedal’s surface contacted by BOF. Optimally, the AHP and PRP will have the
same Y coordinate. If this is not possible due to interference, see 8.2.2.2.
8.2.2.2 Interference—If there is interference from a center console, the contour of the tunnel, etc., which prevents
the heel of shoe from being positioned at the same Y coordinate as the PRP then the AHP is translated to
the left until the shoe clears the interference. (See Figure 16.) The lateral offset between AHP and PRP is
noted (PW14). The lateral offset does not influence the positioning of the H-Point. It is measured for
tracking purposes only.
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FIGURE 16—LATERAL OFFSET
8.2.3 DETERMINE COORDINATES FOR REFERENCE POINTS—After the shoe tool is properly positioned the dimensions
listed in Table 8 can be determined:
TABLE 8—PEDAL REFERENCE POINTS AND DIMENSIONS

(SEE SAE J1100 FOR DEFINITIONS)
Code Name Comment
A47 Pedal Plane Angle
L1 PRP X Coordinate Used for positioning SgRP curve.
W1 PRP Y Coordinate Centerline of accelerator pedal.
H1 PRP Z Coordinate
L8 AHP X Coordinate
W8 AHP Y Coordinate Optimally, W8=W1
H8 AHP Z Coordinate Used to measure H30 (vertical distance
between AHP and SgRP).
PW14 AHP to PRP Offset
8.3 Position the SgRP Curve and Design H-Point Travel Path—(See Figure 17.)
8.3.1 SGRP CURVE—The SgRP curve is positioned aft of the PRP using the following equation:
2
SgRP x = 913.7 + 0.672316 ( H30 ) – 0.0019553 ( H30 ) = Distance (in mm) rearward of PRP (Eq. 3)
8.3.2 DESIGN H-POINT TRAVEL PATH—The location and size of the H-Point travel path are at the discretion of the
manufacturer.
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FIGURE 17—H-POINT TRAVEL PATHS—2-WAY AND 4-WAY
8.4 Determine SgRP, Measure H30, Verify W20—The vertical distance between the AHP and the SgRP defined
below is the actual H30.
Depending on the x,z location of SgRP, W20 may be somewhat different than the initial W20Target value. This
can happen when the track travel is not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle (i.e., the track travel is
angled in plan view).
8.4.1 FIXED SEATS—Since fixed seats have only one H-Point, this H-Point is the SgRP. No further calculations are
necessary.
a. Measure H30.
b. Verify W20.
8.4.2 ADJUSTABLE SEATS, HORIZONTAL ONLY (NO VERTICAL ADJUSTMENTS)—For seats with only fore-aft adjustment,
the H-Point travel path can be described as a line (or curve). SgRP is the location where the SgRP curve
intersects the design H-Point travel path. (See Figure 17).
a. Measure H30.
b. Verify W20.
8.4.3 ADJUSTABLE SEATS, 4-WAY AND 6-WAY—For seats with vertical and horizontal adjustments, there are many
points within the H-Point travel path that lie on the SgRP curve (See Figure 17.) The manufacturer has
discretion in selecting which of the H-Points along the SgRP curve is selected as the SgRP or design H-
Point. However, it is strongly recommended that the mid-height point be used.
8.4.3.1 Preferred Method
a. Determine the mid-height of the design H-Point travel path.

b. Locate SgRP at the intersection of the SgRP curve and mid-height line of the design H-Point travel
path. (See Figure 18.)
c. Measure H30.
d. Verify W20.
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FIGURE 18—PREFERRED SgRP LOCATION
8.4.3.2 Alternative Method—Locate SgRP anywhere along the SgRP curve within the design H-Point travel path.
a. Measure H30.
b. Verify W20.
8.5 Optional Alpha Recalculation—If pedal geometry was not available, and alpha was used to define the pedal
plane angle, the actual H30 determined in the previous steps may be different than the H30Target value. In this
event, alpha may be recalculated. If alpha is recalculated, the locations of AHP and PRP will also change and
need to be reestablished. This will then result in a different location for the SgRP curve, and a new H30. In
other words, you would need to repeat 8.1 through 8.4.
8.6 Position HPD (Cushion and Back Pan Assemblies)—Set the HPD such that the H-Point is at SgRP and the
back angle is 22 degrees, while maintaining the desired target values for cushion angle and lumbar support
prominence. (See Figure 19.)
8.7 Position Legs—The legs are positioned without moving the shoe tool while keeping the H-Point on the SgRP.
8.7.1 POSITION UPPER LEG—Align the pivot point at the top of the upper leg to the H-Point. (The distance between
the knee pivot and H-point is 456 mm.)
8.7.2 POSITION LOWER LEG—Align the pivot points on the bottom of the lower leg and shoe tool. Align the knee
pivot points on the top of the lower leg and upper leg. The upper leg can be rotated about the H-Point, and
the lower leg can be rotated about the ankle in order to accomplish this. (For the lower leg segment, the
distance between the knee pivot and ankle pivot is 459 mm.)
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FIGURE 19—POSITIONING HPD DRIVERS SEAT WITH ADJUSTABLE BACK ANGLE
9. Design Procedures for 2nd or 3rd Row Outboard Seating Positions—This procedure is used to position
reference points in the vehicle’s interior space pertaining to passengers, including SgRP (second, third, or
fourth, etc.), floor reference points, and floor plane angles. After this procedure is complete, many additional
interior dimensions can be measured.
In order to position the HPD properly in a rear seat, the seat in front of it must be positioned at its SgRP. In
other words, to set up the second row passenger seat, the driver’s seat must be positioned at its SgRP
location; to set up the third row passenger seat, the second row passenger seat must be at its SgRP location;
etc.
The location of the shoe and the lower leg are specified by this procedure, as well as back angle. If a seat with
an adjustable recliner is provided, design back angle is 25 degrees. If the seat back does not recline that far,
then use the maximum back angle for design.
Unlike the driver’s designated seating position, SgRP is at the manufacturer’s discretion.
9.1 Determine the Initial Target Values—Determine the initial target values for the dimensions listed in Table 9
(See SAE J1100 for definitions.)
9.2 Establish Seat Positions
9.2.1 SEAT POSITION OF SEAT IN FRONT—Position the seat in front of the current seat so that it is at its design intent
location and attitude – i.e., the seat H-point is at SgRP, with the seat cushion and seat back set to reflect the
correct back angle and cushion angle.
9.2.2 CURRENT SEAT POSITION—If the seat being assessed is adjustable, position it so that it is at design intent
location and attitude. If the seat has an adjustable seat back recliner, set it to reflect a back angle of
25 degrees. If the maximum back angle of the seat is less than 25 degrees, set it to the maximum.
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9.3 Position Shoe Tool, Initial Location—See Figure 20. The shoe tool is positioned on the floor, normal to the
Y plane, within 127 mm to either side of the occupant centerline, and with the bottom of shoe contacting the
depressed floor covering. Initially, it is placed as far forward as possible, given the understructure and trim
surfaces of the seat in front. Later, it may be necessary to move the shoe tool rearward in order to attach and/
or properly position the lower leg segment. (See 9.5.)
FIGURE 20—FLOOR REFERENCE POINT (FRP)
9.4 Position HPD (Cushion and Back Pan Assemblies), Determine SgRP—Set the HPD in the seat, while
maintaining the desired target values for back angle, cushion angle and lumbar support prominence. The
location of the H-point defines SgRP.
9.5 Install Legs
9.5.1 POSITION UPPER LEG—Align the pivot point at the top of the upper leg to the H-Point. (The distance between
the knee pivot point and the H-point is 456 mm.)
9.5.2 POSITION LOWER LEG—Align the ankle pivot point on the bottom of the lower leg and shoe tool. Align the knee
pivot point on the top of the lower leg and upper leg. The upper leg can be rotated about the H-Point, and the
lower leg can be rotated about the ankle in order to accomplish this. (For the lower leg segment, the distance
between the knee point pivot and ankle pivot is 459 mm.)
9.6 Define Floor Reference Point (FRP) and Floor Plane Angle—The FRP is the point on the depressed floor
covering contacted by the heel of shoe. The floor plane angle is defined by the shoe tool’s attitude. When
viewed from the side, the segment from BOF to the heel of the shoe defines the floor plane angle.
If the lower leg segment can be attached at both the ankle pivot and the knee pivot point pivot, without
interference from the seat back trim or seat understructure, and ankle angle is 130 degrees or less, then the
shoe tool does not need to be repositioned. The FRP and the floor plane angle can be calculated from this
position. Otherwise, adjust the shoe tool according to 9.6.1, and 9.6.1.1 or 9.6.1.2 before determining FRP and
floor plane angle.
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TABLE 9—VALUES NEEDED TO POSITION THE HPD FOR PASSENGERS

2nd Row 3rd Row
Dimensions Codes Codes Final Values
Seat Height H30-2Target H30-3Target Depending on the Z coordinate of the floor reference point defined during this
procedure, the final value of seat height might be different. However, if desired
and possible, the height of the seat in question can be adjusted to maintain the
target value.
Occupant W20-2Target W20-3Target This value is not expected to change as a consequence of this procedure.
Centerline
Back Angle A40-2 A40-3 Seats with an adjustable seat back: 25 degrees or the maximum back angle,
which ever is less.
Seats without a seat back adjustment: Manufacturer’s discretion.
A40 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this

procedure. Rather, it is used to position the attitude of the back pan assembly.
Lumbar Support L81-2 L81-3 L81 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this
Prominence procedure. Rather, it is used to posture the back pan articulation, specifying
the distance (X) of the lumbar-pelvic pivot (L/P pivot) to the back line,
measured normal to the back line. (See Figure 3.)
LSP=57-X mm
Cushion Angle A27-2 A27-3 A27 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this
procedure. Rather, it is used to position the attitude of the cushion pan
assembly.
9.6.1 REPOSITIONING SHOE TOOL—There are two conditions under which the shoe tool will need to be moved
rearward:
a. Interference between the seat back or seat trim and the lower leg segment or shoe tool.
b. In long coupled vehicles, the lower leg segment may not reach the shoe tool, or, if it does reach, the
ankle angle exceeds 130 degrees.
In either of these events, the shoe tool will need to be repositioned before FRP or floor plane angle can be
defined.
9.6.1.1 Interference—Move the shoe and lower leg rearward until the leg clears the interference, while maintaining
the connection of the lower and upper leg segments at the knee pivot. Use this position to define the FRP,
floor plane angle, and all other dimensions.
9.6.1.2 Long Coupled Vehicles: FRP and Floor Plane Angle—Move the shoe rearward until the lower leg and
shoe tool can be aligned at the ankle pivot point, with an ankle angle not greater than 130 degrees. Use
this position to establish the floor reference point, floor plane angle, and all other dimensions except
legroom.
9.6.1.3 Long Couple Vehicles: Positioning to Establish Effective Legroom (L51)—Align the ankle pivot points on
the bottom of the lower leg and shoe tool, while letting the lower leg and upper leg become disconnected.
If there is any interference between the seat back or seat back trim and the lower leg, the shoe tool will
need to be moved rearward. Otherwise, this establishes the location of the ankle pivot point to be used in
measuring legroom.
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9.7 Determine Dimensions—The dimensions listed in Table 10 can now be determined.
TABLE 10—DIMENSIONS
(SEE SAE J1100 FOR DEFINITIONS)
Code Dimension
L31 SgRP X Coordinate
W20 SgRP Y Coordinate (Occupant Centerline)
H70 SgRP Z Coordinate
H30 Seat Height
L98 Floor Reference Point, X Coordinate
H98 Floor Reference Point, Z Coordinate
L51 Effective Legroom
A48 Floor Plane Angle
A46 Ankle Angle
A44 Knee Angle
A57 Thigh Angle
A42 Hip Angle
10. Preparing the Property for HPM Installation—The HPM is a physical tool used in physical properties.
Whenever the HPM is used, whether for audits or benchmarking of vehicles, bucks, seats or seat assemblies,
the following considerations apply.
10.1 Temperature—Seat coverings and foam may respond differently to the weight of the HPM depending on their
temperature. Therefore, allow sufficient time for the seat materials to reach room temperature (8 hours at 65 to
80 degrees is usually sufficient).
10.2 Leveling—The property (e.g., vehicle) will need to be leveled prior to any HPM installation or measurement.
Once the property is leveled, care should be taken to not lean on it, rock it, or in some other way knock it off
level.
10.3 Accelerator Pedal—The accelerator pedal will need to be held in an undepressed position by some means.
For example, by using blocks, or clamping the cable to prevent the pedal from moving, etc.
10.4 Seat Factors—The following considerations will help ensure stable, reliable measurements are made across
seat types.
10.4.1 RECOVERY—Prior to the installation of the HPM, seats should remain unloaded for 30 minutes. This is to
allow the seat and seat materials (e.g., foam) to recover from compression.
10.4.2 MUSLIN CLOTH—It is recommended that muslin cloth be placed over the seat prior to installing the HPM. This
is to provide a constant friction surface across seat fabrics.
10.4.3 SOAK TIME—After installation, the HPM can continue to ‘settle’ into a seat, depending on the type of seat
being used. Therefore, it is recommended that you wait 10 minutes after completing the HPM installation
before recording data.
11. HPM Benchmarking Procedures Overview—These procedures can be used to measure and assess vehicle
interiors of physical properties whenever design intent information is not available. Most often, benchmarking is
used to reliably quantify competitive vehicles. In addition, by using the HPM in conjunction with CMM3
equipment and the HPD, key reference points in the vehicle’s interior can be established (e.g., SgRP, AHP,
PRP, FRP). With this information, other design devices can then be used in the CAD environment (e.g.,
eyellipses, head contours, reach curves).
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11.1 Using the Physical Tool (HPM) versus Using the CAD Tool (HPD)—Benchmarking involves a mix of CAD
and physical assessment; different users rely more on one type of assessment or the other. The only thing
CAD is necessary for is locating the SgRP within the vehicle’s interior space. In order to calculate an SgRP for
the driver, the following data will need to be recorded and/or calculated using CMM:
seat travel window (for positions with adjustable seats)

an H-point location (obtained by installing the HPM)
PRP (pedal reference point), X coordinate
AHP (accelerator heel point), Z coordinate
Alternatively, once basic vehicle features are recorded, everything except defining an actual H-Point, and
readouts of cushion angle, back angle and lumbar support prominence can be done in CAD using the HPD.
The following is a list of additional data that will need to be recorded using CMM in order to benchmark in CAD
using the HPD:
geometry of the accelerator pedal pad at centerline

floor surface (depressed floor covering) around the approximate location of the heel of shoe
seat travel window, for positions with adjustable seats
an H-point location, obtained by installing the HPM
back of seat profile, for 2nd and 3rd row passenger positions
To what extent CAD is used will depend on the individual company, organization, and/or particular goals of the
benchmarking activity.
12. Benchmarking the Driver’s Position, Overview—The procedures described in this section focus on the use
of the HPM in the physical environment. However, as mentioned earlier, much of the work can be done in CAD
using the HPD if preferred. Depending on how much will be done in CAD, some steps may vary. See Table 11
for a summary.
12.1 Prepare the Physical Property—See Section 9.
12.2 Digitize Interior Components—Information regarding the seat’s travel path must be determined before the
HPM is installed. Other interior components are most easily digitized prior to the installation of the HPM.
12.2.1 SEAT TRAVEL PATH—In order to calculate the SgRP, the seat’s travel path must be digitized, and later
translated into the H-Point travel path. First, adjust the seat cushion to the middle of the cushion angle
adjustment range. Next, place a registration mark on the side of the seat cushion. The registration mark can
be located anywhere along the side of the seat cushion that can be easily accessed by the CMM equipment.
Finally, digitize the location of the registration mark with the seat in each of four positions: lowest-most
rearward, highest-most rearward, highest-most forward, lowest-most forward. By connecting these four
points, the seat’s travel path can be seen more readily.
NOTE— For seats without vertical adjustment, only two points will need to be taken, most forward and most
rearward.
12.2.2 OTHER INTERIOR FEATURES—Even when the use of CAD in benchmarking is limited, additional vehicle
information is often digitized. In particular, the side view profiles and rear view outlines of the accelerator,
brake, and clutch pedals. Some additional features that are useful include the floor surface, especially
beneath the accelerator pedal, the steering wheel rim, interior surface of the door, seat profiles, roof liner,
consoles, and knee bolsters.
3. A CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) is a computer assisted three-dimensional system for the measurement and digitizing of physical
properties. Typically, data from a CMM can be captured as individual points or streams of data. The 3D information provided includes the XYZ
coordinates of the points. This information can then be read into the appropriate CAD environment.
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TABLE 11—SUMMARY OF BENCHMARKING PROCEDURE FOR DRIVER’S POSITION

Minimizing the Use of CAD Maximizing the Use of CAD
1 Prepare the physical property. Prepare the physical property.
2 Digitize the interior components, including seat travel Digitize the interior components, including seat travel
window (with the cushion angle set to mid-range). window (with the cushion angle set to mid-range),
accelerator pedal pad, and floor surface.
3 Position seat in the lowest-most rearward position. Position seat in the lowest-most rearward position.
4 Install shoe fixture and shoe tool. Install and load the cushion pan, back pan and head
room fixture.
5 Install and load the cushion pan, back pan and head Digitize the H-Point location.
room fixture.
6 Digitize H-Point and PRP locations. Measure cushion angle, back angle, and LSP or digitize
divot points on the cushion and back pan assembly.
7 Digitize shoe divot points and calculate AHP location. In CAD, properly position the shoe tool of the HPD on the
accelerator pedal. (See 8.2.)
8 Measure cushion angle, back angle, and LSP. Using CAD and the H-Point digitized above, translate the
seat travel path to the H-Point travel path.
9 Using CAD and the H-Point digitized above, translate the Determine SgRP, assuming mid-height location. (See
seat travel path to the H-Point travel path. 8.4.3.1)
10 Determine SgRP, assuming mid-height location. (See Posture the HPD using the posture angle information, or
8.4.3.1) align the tool to the digitized divot points.
11 Position the seat such that the H-Point will be located at Position the H-Point of the HPD at SgRP.
the SgRP.
12 Attach upper and lower leg segments. Attach upper and lower leg segments to the HPD (See
8.6 and 8.7.).
13 Take remaining measurements. Take remaining measurements.
12.3 Establish PRP and AHP—The shoe tool is used to establish the pedal reference point (PRP) and the
accelerator heel point (AHP). It is easiest to install the shoe tool and fixture before the rest of the HPM. Before
installing, place masking tape down the center of the accelerator pedal, and draw a line along the accelerator
centerline.
12.3.1 INSTALL THE SHOE FIXTURE—The shoe fixture is used to hold the shoe level and in place on the pedal.
Position the shoe fixture approximately 100 to 150 mm rearward of the accelerator pedal such that the
groove that will hold the shoe tool is in line with the accelerator centerline. The fixture needs to be square to
the pedal and level. Adjust the screws on the shoe fixture until it is level.
12.3.2 INSTALL THE SHOE TOOL—Place the shoe in the fixture, and slide the shoe forward. Position the shoe such
that the heel is on the floor, and the ball of foot (BOF) contacts the pedal face at centerline. For flat pedals,
the bottom of the shoe will be flush with the face of the pedal.
Check to make sure the shoe tool is square to the pedal. Adjust the fixture and shoe if necessary. Tighten the
shoe locking screw to hold the shoe in place.
The point on the pedal surface contacted by the BOF is the PRP, and the point contacted by the heel of shoe
on the depressed floor covering is the AHP. Although the PRP can be directly digitized, the AHP cannot.
AHP can be calculated using the shoe divot points (S1, S2 and S3), and the equations below. Equations for
PRP are also provided.
Pedal Plane Angle = arc sin ( S3 Z – S2 Z ) ⁄ 94 (Eq. 4)
AHP X = S1 X – 134.20134 × sin ( Pedal Plane Angle – 37.126062 ) (Eq. 5)
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AHP Z = S1 Z – 134.20134 × cos ( Pedal Plane Angle – 37.126062 ) (Eq. 6)
PRP X = S1 X – 160.03125 × cos ( Pedal Plane Angle – 41.960602 ) (Eq. 7)
PRP Z = S1 Z – 160.03125 × sin ( Pedal Plane Angle – 41.960602 ) (Eq. 8)
AHPY and PRPY are defined at the shoe centerline, and can also be determined from the divot point
locations. The S1, S2, and S3 divot points are offset 10 mm either side of the shoe centerline. The direction
of the 10 mm correction to an SY location will depend on which side of the shoe was digitized. See Figure
21.
FIGURE 21—SHOE DIVOT POINTS
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12.3.2.1 Interference—Occasionally, some aspect of the vehicle’s structure – such as the tunnel, rocker, center
console, etc. – prevents the positioning of the shoe tool and fixture as stated above. If the interference
prevents the shoe tool from being properly positioned at the accelerator centerline, the shoe and fixture are
shifted laterally until the interference is cleared, and the offset is noted (PW14). The PRP is still defined at
the centerline of the accelerator pedal, even though the BOF will not be at the centerline. The AHP is
defined at the location of the heel of shoe after the shoe tool is moved to clear the interference. (See Figure
16.)
In some cases the shoe tool may fit properly, but the shoe fixture cannot. The tool and fixture will still need
to be moved to clear the interference, but the AHP location is defined as if the shoe where aligned at the
pedal centerline. In other words, the AHP coordinates area defined as if the shoe had remained positioned
on the pedal centerline with no interference. This translation is most easily done in CAD.
12.3.3 The reference points and dimensions listed in Table 12 can now be determined.
TABLE 12—HPM SHOE REFERENCE POINTS

Dimension Location or Description Location w/ Interference Notes
PRP The intersection of the accelerator The intersection of the accelerator Digitize directly or digitize divot
(L1, W1, H1) centerline and the BOF. centerline and the BOF lateral scale. points and calculate.
AHP The intersection of the heel of L8, W8, and H8 are defined at the Digitize divot points on shoe,
(L8, W8, H8) shoe and the depressed floor intersection of the heel of shoe and the and calculate location.
covering. depressed floor covering after the shoe
has been laterally adjusted to clear the
interference.
Pedal Plane Angle The side view angle of the bottom Same. Place inclinometer on the
(A47) of the shoe (BOF to heel), rearward-facing surface of the
measured from horizontal. shoe ‘sole.’
AHP to PRP Lateral (No offset). The lateral distance from PRP to AHP. Can be read off the BOF lateral
Offset (PW14) offset scale.
12.4 Adjust the Seat Attitude and Location—The attitude of the seat (cushion angle, lumbar support, and back
angle) should be properly adjusted prior to beginning the installation of the HPM. Further, the seat must be
initially positioned in one of the locations digitized above (see 12.2.1). It is easiest to install the HPM with the
seat in the lowest most-rearward location. After the cushion and back pans are installed and loaded, and an H-
Point has been determined for that location, the seat may be repositioned to the SgRP location. Table 13
summarizes the seat adjustments.
12.5 Install HPM Cushion and Back Pan Assembly
12.5.1 INSTALL THE CUSHION PAN—Place the cushion pan in the seat with the back of the pan resting lightly against
the seat back. Visually center the cushion pan laterally.
12.5.2 INSTALL THE BACK PAN—To protect the shells of the cushion and back pans, it is recommended that the back
pan be locked in a slouched position before installing it. Articulate the back pan into a slouched position (LSP
< 0) and lock.
Place the H-Point shaft, located at the base of the back pan, on the H-Point saddle on the cushion pan. (See
Figures 13 and 14.) Secure by sliding the brass bushings inwards over the H-Point shaft. Unlock the torso
articulation and allow the back pan assembly to conform to the seat back.
NOTE— The cushion and back pan can be connected and installed as a single unit if preferred.
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TABLE 13—SEAT ATTITUDE AND LOCATION

Feature Setting/Location When
Cushion Angle Set to the middle of its adjustment range. Prior to measuring the seat travel path and
installing the HPM
Lumbar Support Full-off, minimum setting (fully deflated, least intrusive, Prior to installing the HPM
Prominence etc.).
Back Angle 22 degrees (for adjustable recliners). Achieved by the completion of HPM loading.
Initially set to approximately 20 degrees, and checked
periodically while loading the manikin to achieve a final
reading of 22 degrees.
Initial Seat Location At one of the four ‘corners’ of the seat’s travel path digitized Prior to installing the HPM
in 12.2.1. The lowest-most rearward position is usually
easiest.
Target Seat Location On the SgRP curve, at mid-height of the H-Point travel After the initial installation and loading of the
window. HPM, but before attaching the legs.
12.5.3 INSTALL THE HEAD ROOM FIXTURE—Slide the forks at the end of the head room fixture into the grooves on the
brass bushings of the cushion pan. With the adjuster screw full out, snap the end of the screw into the
rotating tumbler on the back pan. (See Figures 10 and 14.) Ensure the fixture is fully against the stop on the
back pan.
Check the back angle using an inclinometer placed on the head room fixture land. Adjust the seat recliner as
necessary to achieve a reading of approximately 20 degrees.
12.5.4 LEVEL THE HPM—Referring to the bubble level on the cushion pan, dither and adjust the HPM to level
laterally on the seat. Make sure the HPM is in firm contact with the seat back.
12.6 Loading the HPM—Installing weights on the HPM is referred to as ‘loading.’ The HPM is loaded with the torso
articulation mechanism unlocked. Weights are installed from the H-Point outward and from the H-Point upward
to prevent the HPM from toppling out of the seat. Prior to each round of weights being loaded, a 89 N (20 lb)
force is applied twice by ‘punching’ the appropriate load application site with the spring-loaded probe. This
procedure ensures the HPM remains fully nested into the seat during the loading.
The HPM will need to be checked for level, and the back angle monitored during the loading process. The
sequence of actions for loading the HPM is summarized in Table 14.
TABLE 14—LOADING THE HPM

Round Apply 20 lb force Load 2 Weights THEN Load 2 Weights Check for:
1 Punch twice 2 Pelvic - innermost positions 2 Thigh Level
2 Punch twice 2 Pelvic - next innermost positions 2 Thigh Level
3 Punch twice 2 beveled Pelvic - outermost 2 Thigh Level
positions
4 Punch twice 2 Lower rack - innermost positions 2 Upper rack - innermost positions Level and back
angle
5 Punch twice 2 Lower rack - next innermost 2 Upper rack - next innermost Level and back
position positions angle
6 Punch twice 2 Lower rack - outermost positions 2 Upper rack - outermost positions Level and back
angle
7 Lock Torso Articulation Lock Torso Articulation
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12.6.1 SET INITIAL BACK ANGLE, FOR SEATS WITH ADJUSTABLE RECLINERS ONLY—As the HPM is loaded, back angle
will increase. Therefore, the initial back angle reading will need to be less than the desired final back angle
reading. An initial setting of approximately 20 degrees should result in a final reading of 22 degrees.
Using the inclinometer on the head room fixture land, adjust the seat recliner until the desired initial reading
is achieved.
12.6.2 LOAD THE CUSHION PAN—There are two types of weights for loading the cushion pan; pelvic weights, which
are positioned in slots along the H-Point axis, and thigh weights that are held in place by the pins in the thigh
area.
Punch the HPM twice at the cushion pan load application site. Install two pelvic weights in the innermost
pelvic weight slots (one to either side of the H-Point). Install two thigh weights (one to either side). Check for
level.
Repeat these steps (punch twice, load two pelvic weights, load two thigh weights, and level) two more times
to complete the loading of the cushion pan.
12.6.3 LOAD THE BACK PAN—There are two areas for loading weights on the back pan assembly, the lower and
upper racks. However, the same type of weight is used in both areas.
Punch the HPM twice at the back pan load application site. Install two weights on the lower racks – one on
either side of centerline. Push the weights toward the centerline as far as possible. Install two weights on the
upper racks, one on either side of centerline, and push towards the centerline. Check for level. Check back
angle.
Repeat these steps (punch twice, load two weights on the lower rack, load two weights on the upper rack,
level, and check back angle) two more times. During the loading, adjust the seat recliner if necessary to
obtain a final back angle reading of 22 degrees.
After the back pan is fully loaded and level, lock the torso articulation mechanism.
12.7 Digitize HPM Points
12.7.1 H-POINT—The H-Point is located at the centerline of the HPM. Therefore, this point cannot be directly
digitized. Rather, divot points H1L and H1R are provided for digitizing at either end of the H-Point rods. (See
Figure 13). Both H1L and H1R should be digitized. The H-Point is midway between these two points.
12.7.2 PRP—The PRP lays at the intersection of the accelerator centerline and the BOF (or BOF lateral scale). This
point can be digitized directly, or it can be calculated using Equations 5 and 6 found in 12.3.2.
12.7.3 AHP—See 12.3.
12.7.4 OTHER DIVOT POINTS—If benchmarking is to be completed in CAD, you may digitize the remaining divot
points and use this information to posture the HPD. Alternatively, you may take measurements of the cushion
angle, back angle and LSP and use this information to posture the HPD.
12.8 Calculate SgRP—Several measurements cannot be taken unless the HPM (or HPD) is positioned at SgRP,
including: knee angle, thigh angle, ankle angle, and headroom. Many other calculated measurements also
require positioning at SgRP, including: legroom, elbow room, hip room, shoulder room, and hip angle.
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12.8.1 TRANSLATE SEAT TRAVEL TO H-POINT TRAVEL—Determine the difference (in X and Z coordinates) between the
H-Point and the current location of the seat (using the cushion registration mark from 12.2.1). Add these
values to each of the remaining known seat locations. (See Figure 22.) The resulting window is the H-Point
travel path.
FIGURE 22—TRANSLATE SEAT TRAVEL TO H-POINT TRAVEL
12.8.2 POSITION THE SGRP CURVE—Using the PRP X coordinate and the AHP Z coordinate, position the SgRP
curve. (See 8.3.1)
12.8.3 DETERMINE THE SGRP LOCATION—For seats without vertical adjustment, the SgRP is the intersection of the
H-Point travel path and the SgRP curve. (For seats with vertical adjustment see 8.4.3.1). Note the X and Z
coordinates of the SgRP location, and the distance in X and Z between the SgRP and the lowest-most
rearward corner of the H-Point travel path.
12.9 Reposition Seat—Before the legs are attached, the seat must be repositioned such that the H-Point of the
HPM is at SgRP. Use the information obtained in the 12.8.3 and the CMM equipment to position the seat
accordingly.
12.10 Install Leg Segments
12.10.1 LEG LENGTHS—Adjust the thigh length to 456 mm and the lower leg to 459 mm. Pin the legs at segments
these lengths.
12.10.2 INSTALLATION—Install the thigh segment by placing the forks on the H-Point rods. Slide the locking bushings
inward and rotate until the pins lock into place. Install the lower leg at the ankle pivot without moving the
shoe. Join the thigh and lower leg segments, raising the thigh segment if necessary. Use the bushing on the
knee pivot rod to secure the lower leg in place.
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12.11 Record Measurements
12.11.1 INCLINOMETER—Record the following measurements using an inclinometer and the appropriate land: back
angle (head room fixture), cushion angle (cushion pan), thigh angle (upper leg segment), and pedal plane
angle (shoe). Hip angle can be calculated from the back and thigh angles as follows:
Hip Angle = 90 degrees – thigh angle + back angle (Eq. 9)
12.11.2 DIRECT READOUT—Scales are provided on the HPM for the following measurements: ankle angle, knee
angle, LSP, and effective headroom.
12.11.3 EFFECTIVE HEADROOM (H61)—Effective headroom can be measured using the scale inside the head room
fixture. First, turn the adjuster screw until the back angle is at 8 degrees rearward of vertical (use the
inclinometer on the headroom fixture land). Then pull the probe in the headroom fixture up so that it lightly
contacts the headliner. Read the measurement from the scale on the headroom probe.
12.12 Remove the HPM—It is helpful, but not necessary, to move the seat rearward before removing the HPM.
12.12.1 REMOVE LOWER LEG SEGMENT
12.12.2 REMOVE THIGH SEGMENT
12.12.3 UNLOAD THE HPM—Weights are removed from the HPM in the reverse order that they were installed. See
Table 15 for the order of removal.
TABLE 15—UNLOADING THE HPM

Round Remove 2 Weights from: THEN Remove 2 Weights from:
1 Outermost Upper Rack Outermost Lower Rack
2 Next outermost Upper Rack Next outermost Lower Rack
3 Innermost Upper Rack Innermost Lower Rack
4 Thigh Outermost PELVIC
5 Thigh Next outermost PELVIC
6 Thigh Innermost PELVIC
12.12.4 REMOVE HEADROOM FIXTURE
12.12.5 REMOVE CUSHION AND BACK PANS—Unlock the torso articulation mechanism, position the back pan in a
slouched posture, and re-lock the mechanism. Slide the brass bushings outward and remove the back pan.
Remove the cushion pan.
NOTE—The cushion and back pan can be removed as a single unit if preferred.
12.12.6 REMOVE SHOE TOOL AND SHOE FIXTURE.
13. Benchmarking 2nd and 3rd Row Passenger Positions, Overview—The procedures described below will
focus on the use of the HPM in the physical environment. However, as was the case for the driver’s position,
much of the work can be done in CAD using the HPD if preferred. See Table 16 for a summary.
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13.2 Position Seats—For passenger positions, the location of the seat to be assessed and the position of the seat
immediately in front of it both need to be considered, because leg and foot room are affected by the relative
positions of the seats.
If the seat to be assessed is adjustable, position it at the lowest-most rearward position. The seat in front of it
should either be at SgRP (if it is the front seat) or at its lowest-most rearward position.
TABLE 16—SUMMARY OF BENCHMARKING PROCEDURE FOR PASSENGER POSITIONS

Minimize the Use of CAD Maximize the Use of CAD
1. Prepare the physical property. Prepare the physical property.
2. If the seat is adjustable, position in the lowest-most rearward If the seat is adjustable, position in the lowest-most rearward
position. position.
3. Install the shoe tool. Digitize the back of the seat immediately in front of the
position being measured, and the floor in the areas where the
shoe tool will be.
4. Install and load the cushion pan, back pan, headroom fixture. Install and load the cushion pan, back pan, and headroom
If the seat has an adjustable recliner, adjust the seat back to a fixture. If the seat has an adjustable recliner, adjust the seat
back angle of 25 degrees (or maximum, whichever is less). back to a back angle of 25 degrees (or maximum, whichever is
less).
5. Install the upper and lower leg segments. Digitize the H-Point location.
6. Reposition the shoe tool if necessary. Measure cushion angle, back angle, and LSP or digitize divot
points on the cushion and back pans.
7. Digitize the H-Point location. In CAD, properly position the HPD (See Section 8).
8. Digitize the shoe divot points and calculate FRP. Take remaining measurements.
9. Take remaining measurements.
13.3 Install the Shoe Tool—Place the shoe tool on the floor and slide it forward, beneath the seat in front, until it
reaches on obstruction. The shoe can be placed anywhere within ±127 mm of occupant centerline, and should
be positioned such that its movement forward is optimized.
NOTE— The shoe fixture is not needed for passenger positions.
13.4 Install and Load Cushion Pan, Back Pan, and Headroom Fixture—Follow the same installation procedure
as described for the driver’s position (See 12.5 and 12.6), with the following exception. If the seat has an
adjustable recliner, adjust the seat back so that the final back angle reading will be 25 degrees. If the maximum
back angle is less than 25 degrees, set the back angle to the maximum.
13.5 Install Leg Segments—Attach the thigh and lower leg segments (See 12.10). If the lower leg segment cannot
be attached due to interference from the seat in front, move the shoe rearward until the interference is cleared
(See Figure 20).
13.5.1 LONG COUPLED VEHICLES—In some vehicles, the lower leg segment will not reach the thigh segment. Or, if it
can reach, the ankle angle exceeds 130 degrees. In either case, the shoe tool will have to be moved
rearward until the lower leg can be properly attached without the ankle angle exceeding 130 degrees.
However, prior to moving the shoe rearward, the ankle pivot point should be recorded so that legroom can be
correctly calculated.
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13.6 Record Measurements
13.6.1 DIGITIZE HPM POINTS—Refer to 12.7.1 for determining the H-Point. The FRP (floor reference point) is defined
as the intersection of the heel of shoe and the depressed floor covering. The shoe divot points can be
digitized, and the FRP calculated by using the AHP equations in 12.3.2. Other divot points can be digitized if
desired.
13.6.2 OTHER MEASUREMENTS—Follow the procedures described in 12.11.
13.7 Remove the HPM—Follow the procedures described in 12.12.
14. Auditing Procedures, Overview—Audits are conducted by OEMs to assess how close their manufactured
products are to design intent. Although serving different purposes, auditing and benchmarking procedures are
essentially the same. The most significant difference between them is that audits use actual design intent
values to set up the vehicle and position the seat, whereas benchmarking is used to discover the design intent
values of competitors.
Since the procedures are so similar, the reader is frequently referred to the pertinent paragraphs in the
benchmarking sections (Sections 12 and 13). Therefore, these sections should be reviewed in their entirety
before continuing.
The auditing procedures are summarized in Table 17 along with specific references to key benchmarking
paragraphs.
TABLE 17—SUMMARY OF AUDITING PROCEDURE

Driver Position 2nd and 3rd Row Passenger Positions
Prepare the physical property. See Section 10. If Prepare the physical property. See Section 10. If
possible, calibrate the CMM equipment to vehicle possible, calibrate the CMM equipment to vehicle
grid coordinates. grid coordinates.
Position seat to design intent location and attitude. Position the test seat and the seat in front of test
seat to design intent location and attitude.
Install shoe fixture and shoe tool. See 12.3. Install shoe tool. See 13.3.
Install and load the cushion pan, back pan, and Install and load the cushion pan, back pan, and
headroom fixture. See 12.5 and 12.6. headroom fixture. See 13.4, 12.5 and 12.6.
Attach thigh and lower leg segments. See 12.10. Attach thigh and lower leg segments. See 13.5 and
12.10.
Determine H-Point, AHP and PRP locations. See Determine H-Point and FRP locations.
12.3 and 12.7. See 13.6.1, and 12.7.
Take remaining measurements. See 12.11. Take remaining measurements. See 12.11.
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15. Auditing Procedures, Driver and Passenger Positions
15.2 Adjust Seat Attitude and Location—All adjustable features of the seat should be set to design intent attitude
or positions before installing the HPM. (See Table 18.) Seat positioning procedures for auditing differ
depending on whether or not variance in seat build is of interest. If the purpose of the audit is to evaluate
vehicle build independent of seat construction, then the seat should be positioned to the design intent back
angle (A40) and cushion angle (A27) using the methods in 15.2.1.1 or 15.2.1.2. If the purpose of the audit is to
evaluate the seat build as well as the vehicle, then the seat structure should be adjusted to the design attitude
(see 15.2.1.3).4
TABLE 18—SEAT ATTITUDE AND LOCATION FOR AUDITING

Driver Position 2nd or 3rd Row Passenger Positions
Lumbar Support Minimum setting (design intent) Minimum setting (design intent)
Prominence (LSP)
L81
H-Point Location SgRP. SgRP.
(Fore-aft and vertical) Based on design information (e.g., vehicle drawing or For seats without fore-aft or vertical adjustment, no
CAD data) determine the location of the SgRP adjustment can be made.
relative to the lowest-most rearward position, or some
other readily discernable seat position. Position the If the seat is adjustable, see Driver Position.
seat accordingly.
Seat in Front of the Test Not applicable. At SgRP and design intent back angle.
Seat
Back Angle 22 degrees (design intent). 25 degrees for seats with an adjustable recliner
A40 (design intent). If the maximum back angle is less
Establish by (1) a separate HPM installation, (2) than 25 degrees, set to the maximum.
monitoring and adjusting while loading HPM, or (3)
adjusting the seat frame to its design intent attitude. Establish by (1) a separate HPM installation, (2)
monitoring and adjusting while loading HPM, or (3)
adjusting the seat frame to its design intent attitude.
Cushion Angle Design intent. For seats with an adjustable seat cushion, set to
A27 design intent.
Establish by (1) a separate HPM installation, (2)
monitoring and adjusting while loading HPM, or (3) Establish by (1) a separate HPM installation, (2)
adjusting the seat to its design intent attitude. monitoring and adjusting while loading HPM, or (3)
adjusting the seat to its design intent attitude.
15.2.1 BACK ANGLE AND CUSHION ANGLE—The location of the H-Point is influenced by a number of factors, including
how the seat cushion and seat back are adjusted. Therefore, for accurate results it is important to adjust the
seat to the design intent back angle and cushion angle before installing the HPM.
However, neither of these angles can be measured independently of the HPM. They are both measures of
how the seat impacts the HPM. In other words, the HPM needs to be installed in order to make the proper
adjustments to the seat – before installing the HPM.
15.2.1.1 One method around this is to install the HPM twice. The first installation would allow the seat to be
positioned correctly. Then, after waiting 30 minutes to allow the seat materials to recover, the HPM could
be installed a second time for the audit.
4. Note that the seat can also be audited independently of the vehicle.
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15.2.1.2 Another method is to monitor and adjust the cushion angle and back angle during the installation and
loading of the HPM. (See Table 19.)
15.2.1.3 The third method is to adjust the attitude of the seat structure to its design intent position. However, if the
seat and seat assembly do not match their design intent values, this will affect the measured back and
cushion angles, and could result in a displacement of the H-Point. The seat supplier will need to provide
information regarding the location and attitude of the discernable seat structure (e.g., the seat frame), other
hard points (e.g., seat controls, pivot points, head restraint rods, etc.), or the amount of adjustment
required to attain the desired attitude.
TABLE 19—ADJUSTING BACK AND CUSHION ANGLES DURING HPM LOADING

Driver Position 2nd or 3rd Row Passenger Positions
Back Angle Initially set to approximately 20 degrees. Monitor and If the seat recliner is adjustable, and can attain a back
A40 adjust if needed during HPM loading to achieve a angle of 25 degrees, initially set back angle to
final reading of 22 degrees. approximately 23 degrees. Monitor and adjust if
needed during HPM loading to achieve a final reading
of 25 degrees.
(If the maximum back angle is less than 25 degrees,
set it to the maximum.)
Cushion Angle If the seat cushion is adjustable, initially set the If the seat cushion is adjustable, initially set the
A27 cushion angle to be slightly greater than design intent cushion angle to be slightly greater than design intent
value. Monitor and readjust as necessary during value. Monitor and readjust as necessary during
HPM installation to achieve the design intent cushion HPM installation to achieve the design intent cushion
angle as the final reading. angle as the final reading.
15.3 Install the Shoe Tool—For the driver’s position, refer to 12.3 through 12.3.3. For second and third row
outboard passenger positions, refer to 13.3 through 13.5.1.
15.4 Install and Load the HPM—Refer to 12.5 through 12.6.
15.5 Install Leg Segments—For the driver’s position, refer to 12.10 through 12.10.2. For second and third row
outboard passenger positions, refer to 13.5 through 13.5.1.
15.6 Record Measurements—Refer to 12.7 through 12.7.3, and 12.11 through 12.11.3.
15.7 Remove the HPM—Refer to 12.12 through 12.12.5.
16. Tool Specification and Tolerances—Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions in this section are given in
true vertical or true horizontal, with the device postured using the settings in Table 20. (See Figure 23.)
TABLE 20—POSTURE OF DEVICE FOR SPECIFICATIONS

Adjustment Setting Units
Back Angle 0 degrees
LSP 0 degrees
Cushion Angle 0 degrees
Thigh Angle 0 degrees
Knee Angle 90 degrees
Ankle Angle(1) 96.5 degrees
Thigh Length 456 mm (SgRP)
Lower Leg Length 459 mm (SgRP)
1. The bottom of the shoe is flat on the XY plane. However, since ankle
angle is measured from the bare foot flesh line, and not the bottom of shoe,
the ankle angle will be 96.5 degrees, not 90 degrees.
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FIGURE 23—SIDE VIEW LENGTHS AND HEIGHTS
16.1 Lengths—See Table 21 and Figure 23.
16.2 Widths—See Table 22.
16.3 Heights—See Table 23 and Figure 23.
16.4 Radii—The radius of the knee is 51 mm. The radius of the ankle on the shoe tool is 19.1 mm. The radius of the
ankle curve at the lower end of the lower leg is 44.5 mm.
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TABLE 21—LENGTHS (in mm)

HPM HPD Tolerance
Description Value Tolerance
Overall (rearmost to foremost) 816.5 ±5.0 ±1.0
Overall, not counting shoe 645.2 ±5.0 ±1.0
Cushion Pan 498.6 ±5.0 ±0.5
Shoe 306.0 ±2.0 ±0.2
Heel of Shoe to Ball of Foot 200.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
Heel of Shoe to Ankle Pivot 81.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
Heel of Shoe to Origin of Bare Foot Flesh Line 286.9 N/A ±0.01
H-Point to Knee Pivot 456.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
H-Point to Knee Pivot, w/ mid-size male leg lengths 432.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
H-Point to back of device (most rearward point) 133.0 ±5.0 ±0.5
TABLE 22—WIDTHS (in mm)

HPM HPD
Description Value Tolerance Tolerance
Cushion Pan, Max. (358 mm forward of H-Point) 405.8 ±5.0 ±1.0
Cushion Pan, at H-Point 383.3 ±5.0 ±0.5
Cushion Pan, at D-Point 371.0 ±5.0 ±1.0
Cushion Pan, at SC2 support points 401.0 ±5.0 ±1.0
Cushion Pan, at SC3 support points 405.1 ±5.0 ±1.0
Back Pan, Max. (442 mm above H-Point) 384.6 ±5.0 ±1.0
Pelvic Segment, at SB1 support point 373.7 ±5.0 ±1.0
Lumbar Segment, at SB2 support point 326.0 ±5.0 ±1.0
Thoracic Segment, at SB3 support point 360.3 ±5.0 ±1.0
Shoe, Max. (at ball of foot) 110.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
TABLE 23—HEIGHTS (in mm)

HPM HPD
Description Value Tolerance Tolerance
Overall 1062.9 ±5.0 ±1.0
Seated Height (bottom of cushion pan to top of device) 594.9 ±5.0 ±1.0
Cushion Pan, Max. 132.3 ±5.0 ±0.5
Pelvic Segment, Max. 94.9 ±5.0 ±1.0
Lumbar Segment, Max. 150.3 ±5.0 ±1.0
Thoracic Segment, Max. 255.6 ±5.0 ±1.0
Lumbar/Pelvic Pivot to Bottom of Cushion Pan 180.8 ±5.0 ±0.5
Thoracic/Lumbar Pivot to Bottom of Cushion Pan 363.5 ±5.0 ±0.5
H-Point to Bottom of Cushion Pan 98.0 ±5.0 ±0.01
Heel of Shoe to Ankle Pivot 107.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
Heel of Shoe to Bare Foot Flesh Line 32.7 N/A ±0.01
Ball of Foot to Bare Foot Flesh Line 9.9 N/A ±0.01
Knee Pivot Point to Ankle Pivot Point 459.0 ±2.0 ±0.01
Knee Pivot Point to Ankle Pivot Point, mid-size male 417.5 ±2.0 ±0.01
Knee Pivot Point to ‘Cross-Over’ of Lower Leg Pieces 300.0 ±1.0 ±0.1
Ankle Pivot Point to ‘Cross-Over’ of Lower Leg Pieces 159.0 ±1.0 ±0.1
Top of Knee to Bottom of Shoe 617.6 ±2.0 ±0.1
Sole of Shoe 3.2 ±1.0 ±0.1
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16.5 Weight, HPM only—See Table 24.
16.6 Back Pan Linkage Mechanism, HPD Only—See Table 25. The values provided are straight line distances, in
mm.
16.7 Support Points—Support points are located on the outer surface of the cushion pan (SC) and back pan (SB)
contours. See Table 26 and Figure 8.
16.8 Divot Point Locations—See Table 27.
TABLE 24—WEIGHTS (in kg)

Tolerance per
Description Value per Unit Unit Quantity
HPM w/o Weights 19.31 ±0.35 1
Cushion Pan 8.41 ±0.15 1
Back Pan 5.94 ±0.10 1
Head Room Fixture 1.43 ±0.03 1
Upper Leg 2.11 ±0.03 1
Lower Leg 0.88 ±0.02 1
Shoe 0.54 ±0.02 1
HPM w/ Weights (fully loaded) 72.69 ±1.20 1
Pelvic Weight, plain 3.2 ±0.05 4
Pelvic Weight, bevelled 3.13 ±0.05 2
Thigh Weight 2.14 ±0.03 6
Back Weight 1.79 ±0.03 12
TABLE 25—LINKAGE DISTANCES ON HPD (in mm)

Description Value Tolerance Property
H-Point to Lumbar/Pelvic Pivot 100.0 ±0.01 These values remain constant
regardless of posture/LSP setting.
Lumbar/Pelvic to Thoracic/ 183.0 ±0.01 These values remain constant
Lumbar Pivot regardless of posture/LSP setting.
Thoracic/Lumbar Pivot to Sliding 119.0 ±0.01 These values remain constant
Thoracic Pivot regardless of posture/LSP setting.
H-Point to Sliding Thoracic Pivot 363.24 ±0.01 This value increases as LSP
increases, and decreases as LSP
decreases.
Upper Reverse Link to Thoracic/ 36.5 ±0.01 These values remain constant
Lumbar Pivot regardless of LSP. The reverse
linkage constrains the movement of
the back pan segments.
Lower Reverse Link to Lumbar 36.5 ±0.01 These values remain constant
Pelvic Pivot regardless of LSP. The reverse
Upper to Lower Reverse Link 159.3 ±0.01 These values remain constant
regardless of LSP. The reverse
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TABLE 26—SUPPORT POINT LOCATIONS (in mm)

Distance from H-Point Distance from H-Point Distance from H-Point
Point Quantity X(1) Y Z(2)
D-Point 1 25.5 0.0 –95.2
SC1 1 0.0 0.0 –98.0
SC2 2 –125.0 ±80.0 –78.2
SC3 2 –250.0 ±110.0 –69.2
SB1 1 135.1 0.0 35.0
SB2 1 135.1 0.0 175.0
SB3 2 122.7 ±90.0 350.0
HPM All Support ±5.0 ±5.0 ±5.0
Tolerance Points
HPD All Support ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1
Tolerance Points
1. Positive X values are rearward, negative values are forward of H-Point.
2. Positive Z values are above, negative values are below H-Point.
TABLE 27—DIVOT POINT LOCATIONS

HPM HPD
Divot Location HPM Description Tolerances Tolerances
B1 550 mm above the H-Point on the back line Located in the screw hole on the top of the ±2.0 ±0.2
back pan T-handle.
B2 330 mm above the H-Point Located along the back pan centerline, in ±2.0 ±0.2
35 mm forward of the back line (and H-Point). front of the sliding thorax pivot.
H1L 200 mm to the left (H1L) or the right (H1R) of the Located at the ends of the rod where the ±2.0 ±0.2
H1R actual H-Point. back pan and cushion pan are joined.
C1 275 mm forward of the H-Point on the cushion line. Located along the cushion pan centerline, in ±2.0 ±0.2
a hole on top of the push block.
K1L 239 mm to the left (K1L) or right (K1R) of centerline, Used to define the K-Point location. The K1L ±2.0 ±0.2
K1R on the knee pivot axis. and K1R provide the x, z coordinates, while
K2 provides the y coordinate.
K2 50 mm forward of the knee pivot center (K-Point) ±1.0 ±0.1
S1L (x) 81 mm forward of heel of shoe, Located on either side of the ankle pivot. ±2.0 x
S1R (y) ±10 mm to either side of the shoe centerline, (S1L is 10 mm to the left; S1R is 10 mm to ±0.5 y ±0.01
(z) 107 mm above bottom of shoe. the right.) ±0.5 z (x,y,z)
S2L (x) 81 mm forward of the heel of shoe, Located on top of the sole of the shoe below ±2.0 x
S2R (y) ±10 mm to either side of the shoe centerline, the ankle pivot. (S2L is 10 mm to the left; ±0.5 y ±0.01
(z) 5 mm above bottom of shoe. S2R is 10 mm to the right.) ±0.5 z (x,y,z)
S3L (x) 175 mm forward of the heel of shoe, Located on top of the sole of the shoe, near ±2.0 x
S3R (y) ±10 mm to either side of the shoe centerline, the ball of foot. (S3L is 10 mm to the left; ±0.5 y ±0.01
(z) 5 mm above bottom of shoe. S3R is 10 mm to the right.) ±0.5 z (x,y,z)
17. Calibration and Certification—The HPM is shipped as a calibrated and certified tool. However, it is a
mechanical device that will require periodic calibration over the course of normal use.
17.1 Regular Calibration Schedule—The HPM should be sent in at least once a year for inspection and
calibration; some will need to be sent in more frequently. The HPM should be sent in once a year, or once every
500 installations, which ever comes first.
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17.2 Additional Calibration—The HPM should be sent in immediately for inspection and calibration if it appears to
be functioning incorrectly, if it appears out of alignment, or if any misuse occurs. Some examples of misuse
include:
The HPM is dropped.

The HPM is improperly loaded or assembled – or is improperly unloaded or unassembled – during use.
The HPM is improperly moved or shipped. The HPM should be stored unassembled, with each piece
protected and secured to prevent damage. It is recommended that the weights be stored separately.
17.3 Calibration Procedure—Calibration and re-certification can be arranged by contacting SAE at 400
Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15096-0001.
18. Notes
18.1 Marginal indicia—The change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating
areas where revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the
document title indicates a complete revision of the report.
PREPARED BY THE SAE HUMAN ACCOMMODATIONS AND DESIGN DEVICES STANDARDS COMMITTEE
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Rationale—The tools and procedures described in this document underwent a major revision in order to
improve accuracy, repeatability, and to meet changing industry needs.
Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.
Application—The devices described in this document provide a method for a reliable layout and measurement
of occupant seating compartments and/or seats. They are not to be construed as tools that measure or
indicate occupant capabilities or comfort.
The devices are intended for applications at designated seating positions. They are not intended for use
in defining or assessing temporary seating, such as folding jump seats.
When using the H-Point Machine (HPM), interactions can occur between adjacent seating positions (i.e.
having an HPM installed at the center occupant position can change the results obtained for the
outboard occupant position). Therefore, only one machine should be installed in a particular row of seats
during each test.
Reference Section
SAE J182—Motor Vehicle Fiducial Marks and Three-Dimensional Reference System
SAE J1100—Motor Vehicle Dimensions
SAE J1516—Accommodation Tool Reference Point
Manary, M. A., Flannagan, C. A. C., Reed, M. P., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “Human Subject Testing in
Support of ASPECT,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0960.
Schneider, L. W., Reed, M. P., Roe, R. W., Manary, and M. A., Flannagan, C. A. C. (1999) “ASPECT: The
Next-Generation H-Point Machine and Related Vehicle and Seat Design and
Measurement Tools,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0962.
Reed, M. P., Roe, R. W., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “Design and Development of the ASPECT
Manikin,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0963.
Reid Bush, T., Gregg, S., and Hubbard, R. (1999) “Measuring and Modeling Support Forces of People to
Assist in the Development of the ASPECT Manikin Weighting,” SAE Technical Paper
1999-01-0961.
Roe, R. W., Reed, M. P., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “ASPECT Manikin Applications and Measurements
for Design, Audit, and Benchmarking,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0965.
Reed, M. P., Roe, R. W., Manary, M. A., Flannagan, C. A. C., and Schneider, L. W. (1999) “New
Concepts in Vehicle Design Using ASPECT,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0967.
Developed by the SAE Human Accommodations and Design Devices Standards Committee

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SURFACE J826

Superseding J826 JUL1995

(R) H-Point Machine and Design Tool Procedures and Specifications

TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: +1 (724) 776-4970 FAX: +1 (724) 776-0790

Copyright 2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

FIGURE 1—SIDE VIEW OF HPM

FIGURE 2—SIDE VIEW AND ISOMETRIC VIEW OF HPD

SAE J182—Motor Vehicle Fiducial Marks and Three-Dimensional Reference System

changing the location of the ball of foot,

LSP = 57mm – X (Eq. 1)

FIGURE 3—LUMBAR SUPPORT PROMINENCE (LSP)

4.1 Major Common Components—(See Figure 4.)

a. Back Pan—Consists of three segments: thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic.

TABLE 1—LEG SEGMENT LENGTHS

TABLE 2—SHOE TOOL DIMENSIONS

Relative to HOS 32.76 mm above

FIGURE 4—COMMON MAJOR COMPONENTS

FIGURE 5—PIVOT POINTS

TABLE 3—KEY MEASUREMENTS

FIGURE 6A—REFERENCE POINTS AND LINES

FIGURE 6B—POSTURE ANGLE MEASUREMENTS

FIGURE 7—DIVOT POINTS ON THE HPM

TABLE 4—KEY REFERENCE POINTS

TABLE 5—KEY REFERENCE LINES

TABLE 6—DIVOT POINT OVERVIEW

FIGURE 8—SUPPORT POINTS

5. H-Point Design Tool (HPD)

Lateral centerline of shoe

FIGURE 9—SHOE AND SHOE FIXTURE

Fork (for attaching to the HPM)

FIGURE 10—HEAD ROOM FIXTURE

6.1.8 SHOE TOOL—(See Figure 9)—Unique parts include:

6.1.9 LOWER LEG SEGMENT—(See Figure 11)—Unique parts include:

Knee pivot slot

6.1.10 THIGH SEGMENT—(See Figure 12)—Unique parts include:

Locking bushing (for attaching lower leg)

FIGURE 11—LOWER LEG SEGMENT

FIGURE 12—THIGH SEGMENT

6.1.11 CUSHION PAN—(See Figure 13)—Unique parts include:

FIGURE 13—CUSHION PAN

6.1.12 BACK PAN ASSEMBLY—(See Figure 14)—Unique parts include:

FIGURE 14—BACK PAN

TABLE 7—VALUES FOR INITIAL POSITIONING OF THE HPD FOR DRIVER

FIGURE 15—SHOE REFERENCE POINTS

α = 77 – 0.08 ( H30 ) degrees from horizontal = pedal plane angle (Eq. 2)

8.2.1.2 Derived from Accelerator Geometry

8.2.2 POSITION SHOE TOOL

FIGURE 16—LATERAL OFFSET

TABLE 8—PEDAL REFERENCE POINTS AND DIMENSIONS

FIGURE 17—H-POINT TRAVEL PATHS—2-WAY AND 4-WAY

8.4.3.1 Preferred Method

a. Determine the mid-height of the design H-Point travel path.

FIGURE 18—PREFERRED SgRP LOCATION

FIGURE 19—POSITIONING HPD DRIVERS SEAT WITH ADJUSTABLE BACK ANGLE

9.2 Establish Seat Positions

FIGURE 20—FLOOR REFERENCE POINT (FRP)

9.5 Install Legs

TABLE 9—VALUES NEEDED TO POSITION THE HPD FOR PASSENGERS

A40 is a seat characteristic. It is neither calculated nor modified by this

9.7 Determine Dimensions—The dimensions listed in Table 10 can now be determined.

seat travel window (for positions with adjustable seats)

geometry of the accelerator pedal pad at centerline