CH 06

CHAPTER 6
CONSCIOUSNESS
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and
functions associated with those levels.
 Attention is one of the key aspects of conscious awareness. Other key cognitive activities
underlying cognitive awareness include monitoring (our implicit decisions about what to
attend to), memory, and planning.
 Most biological investigators believe that consciousness results from a combination of brain
activities in several brain regions. Two key brain structures appear to be the cerebral
cortex, which helps regulate our awareness of attentional processes, and the thalamus,
which relays sensory information from various parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex for
processing.
2. Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s

thinking on the unconscious.
 In addition to our conscious level of awareness, many psychologists believe there are other
levels or degrees of consciousness, and distinguish conscious awareness from two other
states—unconsciousness and preconsciousness.
 Cognitive psychologists have demonstrated the existence of implicit memory; that is,
memory that we do not consciously reflect upon but which, nevertheless, influences our
behaviour.
 Preconsciousness is a level of awareness in which information can become readily
available to consciousness if necessary.
 Unconsciousness is a state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious
awareness.
 Freud viewed the human unconscious as an important storehouse for knowledge and
experience, which although not directly accessible to our conscious awareness, still
influences our behaviour.
 Although Freud’s ideas fell into disfavour for several years, in recent years, scientists have
begun to re-examine the unconscious from different points of view. For example, implicit
memory describes knowledge that we have and are able to apply to various tasks, without
being able to recall it at will.
3. Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream,
and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
 Every 90 to 100 minutes when we sleep, we pass through a sleep cycle consisting of five
different stages. The fifth stage of sleep, rapid eye movement, or REM sleep, is
characterized by rapid and jagged brain-wave patterns and eye movements and
irregularities in heart rate and breathing. Dreaming usually occurs during this phase of
sleep.
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Consciousness 6-2
 Scientists have identified brain activities that maintain the regular rhythms of life. Our move
from a sustained period of wakefulness into a period of sleep during each 24-hour period is
known as a circadian rhythm.
 Scientists have not reached a definitive conclusion about why people sleep, although some
scientists have suggested sleep serves an evolutionarily adaptive function, keeping our
ancestors away from predators that hunted at night. Others have suggested that sleep
might play a role in growth, or allow us time to restore depleted chemical resources in the
brain and body and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated throughout the day.
 We also do not understand why people dream. Recent theories about dreams emphasize
cognitive approaches. The information-processing theory of dreams suggests that dreams
are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and fix them in
memory. The attention-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the mind’s attempts
to give meaning to internally generated signals firing throughout the brain during deep
sleep. Freud believed that dreams represent expressions of the internal desires and wishes
that have been repressed and stored in the unconscious.
 Sleep deprivation can lead to feelings of fatigue, irritability, and malaise, resulting in lower
productivity and a tendency to make mistakes. Loss of sleep can also affect the functioning
of the immune system. The regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is called insomnia.
Other sleep disorders include sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and night terrors.
4. Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can
be used.
 Hypnosis is a suggestible state during which people can be directed to act in unusual ways,
experience unusual sensations, remember forgotten events, or forget remembered events.
 Ernest Hilgard’s theory suggests that hypnosis divides consciousness into two parts: one
focused on the suggestions of the hypnotist, and the other a hidden observer. Other
theorists suggest that motivated role-playing is at work in hypnosis.
 Hypnosis has been used to successfully help control pain, as well as treat anxiety, skin
diseases, asthma, insomnia, stuttering, high blood pressure, warts, and other forms of
infection.
5. Describe the techniques and effects of meditation.

 Meditation is designed to help turn one’s consciousness away from the outer world toward
inner cues and awareness, and to ignore all stressors.
 Like hypnosis, meditation has been suggested to have numerous positive benefits,
including successfully treating many of the same illnesses, and helping people to relax.
6. List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive

drugs and their effects.
 The main classes of psychoactive drugs are depressants (substances that slow down brain
activity), stimulants (substances that excite brain activity), opioids (substances that attach to
brain receptors that ordinarily receive endorphins), and psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs
(substances that distort sensory perceptions).
 Regular ingestion of some drugs can lead to maladaptive changes in a person’s behaviour
patterns and physical responses, a pattern known as addiction. Signs of addiction can
include increased tolerance, the need for larger and larger doses of a substance to get the
desired effect, and symptoms of withdrawal when one discontinues the drug.
6-3 Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Third Canadian Edition
 Review the list of drugs and their effects in Table 6.2.
Consciousness 6-4
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1. Inattention blindness accounts for the fact that to be able to recount details of visual stimuli,
we must pay attention to them first.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain
structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
2. If either the intralaminar or midline nuclei of the thalamus are broadly damaged, people lose
consciousness and enter a deep coma.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
3. Jane was not thinking about her mother. However, when asked her mother’s first name Jane
was easily able to retrieve the correct response, “Claire,” from memory. Freud would argue that
Jane’s mother’s name was in Jane’s unconscious.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including
Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
4. Jasmine is a competitive gymnast. She is able to recall detailed statistics regarding Olympic
gymnasts dating back forty years or more. A cognitive view of Jasmine’s recall ability would say
that she is able to recall this information due to her implicit memory.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
5. No consensus exists within the scientific community as to why sleep is necessary.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep
and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
6. The adrenal gland releases growth hormones during sleep.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
7. The lightbulb has been identified as an invention that has negatively influenced human
circadian rhythms.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
8. The adaptive theory of sleep suggests that organisms sleep for the purpose of self-
preservation.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
9. If children are going to wet the bed they most commonly do so in Stage 4 of sleep.
Consciousness 6-6
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
10. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis are also likely to do what other people tell
them to do when they are not hypnotized.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and
how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
11. Negative hallucinations experienced during hypnosis can be effective in pain control.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
12. Hypnosis is internally-driven whereas meditation is externally driven.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the techniques and effects of meditation.
Section Reference: Meditation
13. In “opening-up” approaches to meditation, a person actively concentrates on an object,

word, phrase, or idea.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
14. Coffee is an example of a psychoactive drug.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic
psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
15. Morphine and codeine are frequently used as medical opioids.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
16. Benzodiazepines are stimulants used to treat depression.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
17. Alcohol is one in a group of drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
18. Petra is dependent on marijuana. To feel the same effect from the drug she has to use
higher and higher doses. Petra has developed a tolerance for marijuana.
Answer: True
Consciousness 6-8
Difficulty: Medium
19. Most people are within the legal limit to drive in Canada (0.05 - 0.08) after drinking three
alcoholic drinks (e.g., one 4-oz glass of wine or one 12-oz beer) in 2 hours.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
20. Due to an increased THC content, the marijuana available today is more likely to lead to a
pattern of addiction than marijuana available in the past.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Medium
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
21. What areas of the thalamus play the role of a conductor on a subway line, routing messages
along the appropriate neural network?
a) neurons and axons
b) midline nuclei and intralaminar nuclei
c) neurons and midline nuclei
d) axons and intralaminar nuclei
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
22. Consciousness is defined as

a) our ability to contemplate the future and remember the past.
b) our immediate awareness of our internal and external states.
c) our understanding of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
d) our feelings of continuity from moment to moment.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
23. If a participant is shown a picture for a brief interval (30 ms), although they are not able to
report the details of the picture, they are able to report the gist of what was in the picture. This
suggests
a) we can focus our attention in as little as 30 ms.
b) our visual memory system is much faster than consciousness.
c) we can be somewhat conscious of something even if we cannot focus attention on it.
d) we only pay attention to things that are important to us.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Consciousness 6 - 10
24. Unlike popular claims made in movies like Lucy starring Scarlett Johansson, we do not
typically use 10% of our brains. According to Kolb and Whishaw, we use
a) just a small portion of our brain at any one time.
b) one hemisphere at a time.
c) most of our brain all the time.
d) one brain region at a time.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
25. Although research has not been able to pinpoint the exact location of ___ in the brain, two
regions that are especially important are the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
a) a theory of mind
b) consciousness
c) rational thought
d) sense of self
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
26. According to Kolb and Whishaw, how much of our brain is constantly active when we’re
awake?
a) We only use a very small percentage of our brains, roughly 10%.
b) We use half of our brain for automatic processes and 10% of our brain for conscious
processes.
c) We use 10% of our brain for automatic processes and half of our brain for conscious
processes.
d) Most of the neurons in our brain are active.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
6 - 11 Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Third Canadian Edition
27. William has been diagnosed with blindsight because of damage to his visual cortex and is
trying to navigate his way down a street that contains lampposts and people walking on the
sidewalk. How will William do at this task?
a) He will report that he can’t see anything, and he will bump into the lampposts and people.
b) He will report that he can see everything, but he will bump into the lampposts and people.
c) He will report that he can’t see anything, and he will bump into stationary objects only, such
as lampposts, but not moving objects, like walking people.
d) He will report that he can’t see anything, and he will navigate correctly around the lampposts
and people.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
28. Which of the following statements best expresses the importance of blindsight for our
understanding of consciousness?
a) Blindsight reveals the role of the thalamic nuclei in consciousness.
b) Blindsight indicates the different contributions to consciousness of the right and left
hemispheres.
c) Blindsight suggests that consciousness is different from awareness.
d) Blindsight underscores the contribution to consciousness of parallel processing in multiple
neural networks.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
29. What happens to someone who has damage in one hemisphere only of the intralaminar and
midline nuclei?
a) They will have blindsight.
b) They will lose awareness of half of their bodies.
c) They will be in a coma.
d) They will have no sense of self if the left hemisphere is the one with the damage.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
30. Which neuroscientist is most closely associated with split-brain studies? What did these
studies demonstrate regarding consciousness?
a) Split-brain studies are associated with Roger Sperry. The studies show that the left
hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the right hemisphere underlies nonverbal
awareness.
b) Split-brain studies are associated with Roger Sperry. The studies show that the right
hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the left hemisphere underlies nonverbal
awareness.
c) Split-brain studies are associated with Lawrence Weiskrantz. The studies show that the left
hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the right hemisphere underlies nonverbal
awareness.
d) Split-brain studies are associated with Lawrence Weiskrantz. The studies show that the right
hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the left hemisphere underlies nonverbal
awareness.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
31. What happens to someone who has extensive damage to the intralaminar and midline
nuclei?
a) They have blindsight.
b) They have inattentional blindness.
c) They have no sense of self.
d) They are in a coma.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
32. Ms. Badeaux has suffered damage to her left midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Most
likely, Ms. Badeaux will
a) lose awareness of events happening on the right side of her body.
b) have difficulty naming objects.
c) appear unaware of objects in her environment.
d) lapse into a coma.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
33. Baby Yvonne is participating in the Rouge test. What is this test designed to investigate?
a) a theory of mind
b) deception
c) a sense of self
d) consciousness
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
34. Baby Zoe is participating in an experiment that is testing whether she has a sense of self.
What is the likely procedure in this study?
a) She is given motor instructions and scored based on how well she completes the instructions.
b) She and another child are shown the hiding place of some cookies; then, only Zoe watches
the cookies get hidden in a different location, and then Zoe is asked where the other child will
look for the cookies when they return.
c) She is secretly dabbed on her nose with a spot of red and then shown her image in a mirror.
d) She is shown a scale model of a room that contains a hidden doll and then taken to the real
room and scored according to whether she can find the doll.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
35. Xander is one-year old and participating in an experiment in which a spot of red was secretly
applied to his nose. After that, he was shown his reflection in a mirror. What do you expect
Xander’s reaction to be?
a) He will wipe his own nose.
b) He will wipe the nose of the baby in the mirror.
c) He will look behind the mirror for the other baby.
d) He will not be able to perceive an image in a mirror under his depth perception.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
36. When a kitten is presented with their own image in a mirror, the kitten will often look behind
the mirror for the “other cat”. Which of the following arguments does this support?
a) Kittens obviously have consciousness because they know it is just a mirror.
b) Kittens do not have consciousness because they look behind the mirror.
c) Kittens have a self-concept because they look for the “other cat.”
d) Kittens do not have a self-concept because they do not recognize the image as their own.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
37. Based on your text’s discussion of the development of consciousness during infancy, which
of the following statements is most accurate?
a) The development of the self-concept depends on the development of consciousness.
b) The development of the self-concept precedes the development of consciousness.
c) The development of the self-concept follows the development of consciousness.
d) The development of the self-concept occurs simultaneously with the development of
consciousness.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
38. Enrique is 12 months old. Fidel is 20 months old. A researcher dabs rouge on the foreheads
of each of these infants and then holds each in front of a mirror in turn. What will most likely
happen?
a) Both infants will try to touch the mirror.
b) Each infant will touch his own forehead.
c) Enrique will touch his forehead. Fidel will touch the mirror.
d) Enrique will touch the mirror. Fidel will touch his forehead.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
39. Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following alternatives best reflects a current
controversy among theorists examining the development of consciousness in infancy?
a) whether it is possible to investigate the self-concept among very young infants
b) whether the development of a self-concept precedes or follows the development of
consciousness
c) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of language
d) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of a self-concept
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
40. Thomas is an anaesthesiologist interested in where consciousness is located in the brain.

He knows that when someone is undergoing surgery, the anaesthetic removes their
consciousness but leaves intact their automatic body activities. The latest research suggests
that this response to anaesthetic may be accomplished by affecting
a) the neural networks in the brain.
b) the thalamus.
c) the microtubules in our neurons.
d) the insular cortex.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
41. Grayson is a graduate student in psychology and is interested in studying how the brain
produces consciousness. What part of the brain is the latest research focusing on to investigate
this question?
a) the neural networks in the brain
b) the thalamus
c) the microtubules in our neurons
d) the insular cortex
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
42. What are the core component skills of consciousness?

a) perception, quantification, and spatial processing
b) attention, representation, and intentional behaviours
c) preconscious, unconscious, and consciousness
d) awareness, rationalization, and deduction
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
43. What piece of evidence suggests that to be conscious of something we need to attend to it?
a) inattentional blindness
b) blindsight
c) split-brain patients
d) sense of self
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
44. Studies of inattentional blindness show that

a) we don’t need to attend to something in order to be conscious of it.
b) to be conscious of something we need to attend to it.
c) attention to the non-dominant hemisphere can result in awareness.
d) attention can overcome perceptual deficits.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
45. The big message to take away about consciousness with regards to the findings of people
with blindsight is that
a) attention and awareness are the same process, mediated by the same brain area.
b) attention and awareness are different processes that are mediated by the same brain area.
c) attention and awareness are the same process, mediated by different brain areas.
d) attention and awareness are different processes that are mediated by different brain areas.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
46. In what way is blindsight and inattentional blindness the same?

a) In both cases, the individual will report not seeing something that is in their visual field.
b) In both cases, the individual will have suffered neurological damage.
c) In both cases, the individual will have a learning disability.
d) In both cases, the individual can overcome their deficit with better use of attention.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
47. Anna’s husband is about to walk the dogs but can’t find the leashes. Knowing she was the
last to walk the dogs, he asks her where she put them. Anna thinks back to when she came
back inside with the dogs, how it was raining so she had to put the umbrella away. And then she
remembers – the leashes are with the umbrella. At what level of awareness was this information
for Anna, prior to her husband’s question?
a) unconscious
b) preconscious
c) implicit memory
d) consciousness
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
48. Sherri’s partner arrives home from work and asks her how her day was. She says that she
had lunch with Kate from work, and that they went to this new place that had amazing grilled
cheeses. At what level of awareness was Sherri’s lunch information, prior to her partner’s
question?
a) unconscious
b) preconscious
c) implicit memory
d) consciousness
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
49. Information of which you are currently unaware but which you can recall quite easily is said
to be in the ___.
a) unconscious
b) subliminal mind
c) subconscious
d) preconscious
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
50. Freud suggested that most of one’s personal knowledge is contained in the ___.
a) conscious mind
b) subconscious
c) preconscious
d) unconscious
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
51. How has the status of the concept of the unconscious changed through psychology’s history
since Freud’s time?
a) It hasn’t, really: Psychologists have continued to embrace the notion of the unconscious since
the time of Freud.
b) Psychologists have generally rejected the concept of the unconscious ever since Freud’s
death.
c) In recent decades, many psychologists have rediscovered the concept of the unconscious.
d) In recent years, an increasing number of psychologists have rejected the notion of the
unconscious.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
52. Which of the following is true regarding Freud’s views of the unconscious?
a) There is extensive empirical evidence for Freud’s conceptualization of the unconscious.
b) Freud’s idea of repression has a sound scientific basis.
c) There is support for the idea that too much repression can lead to psychological disorders
such as anxiety.
d) There is no unequivocal empirical support for Freud’s views of the unconscious.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
53. Rachel is talking to her brother about the day their father left, roughly 15 years ago. She was
10 at the time and her brother was 8, but her brother remembers all the details and she doesn’t
remember anything. What would Freud say happened to Rachel’s memory of her dad leaving?
a) She explicitly denied that this ever happened.
b) She projected her memory to her preconscious.
c) She repressed the memory to her unconscious.
d) She suffered hysterical amnesia due to this early childhood trauma.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
54. Memories that we cannot recall deliberately but that we use to perform tasks are termed
___.
a) tacit
b) implicit
c) intrinsic
d) internal
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
55. “Once you learn to ride a bike, you never forget.” This saying suggests that riding a bicycle
is stored as a/an ___ memory.
a) conscious
b) unconscious
c) explicit
d) implicit
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
56. Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?

a) playing the guitar
b) where you put your purse
c) a repressed memory of a childhood trauma
d) the last time you washed your car
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
57. Hayden is learning to drive. Ida is an experienced driver. Ida drives Hayden to his written
drivers’ test. Hayden relies on ___ memory to supply answers to the questions on the written
drivers’ test. To successfully negotiate the rush hour traffic on the way home, Ida depends on
___.
a) implicit; implicit memory, too
b) implicit; explicit memory

c) explicit; implicit memory
d) explicit; explicit memory, too
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
58. Dr. James is a contemporary psychodynamic psychologist. Her colleague, Dr. Kagawa, is a
cognitive psychologist. How does each of these psychologists view the function of unconscious
thought?
a) Dr. James views unconscious processing as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing
thoughts. Dr. Kagawa sees it as part of everyday information processing.
b) Dr. James views unconscious thought as part of everyday information processing. Dr.
Kagawa sees it as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts.
c) Both Dr. James and Dr. Kagawa see unconscious processing as a mechanism protecting us
from disturbing thoughts.
d) Both Dr. James and Dr. Kagawa see unconscious mechanisms as part of everyday
information processing.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
59. A Freudian slip is best defined as

a) a memory that has no verbal content that influences mood and behaviour.
b) a repressed idea that inadvertently enters consciousness.
c) an emotionally charged event that keeps recurring in the person’s mind.
d) a mistake that caused you so much embarrassment that you repressed it.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
60. Which of the following is an example of a Freudian slip?

a) an art history student who spends a great deal of time in front of any painting with naked
subjects
b) a biology student who explains the life cycle of the ‘orgasm’ instead of ‘organism’ to an
attractive study partner
c) a chemistry professor who starts every lecture with the Door’s song ‘Light My Fire’ followed
by the lighting of a bunsen burner
d) a women’s study professor who only accepts male graduate students
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
61. How are the preconscious and unconscious different?

a) With the preconscious, information can be readily available; with the unconscious,
information is not readily available.
b) The preconscious develops with a sense of self; the unconscious is innate.
c) The unconscious is implicit memory; the preconscious is explicit memory.
d) With the preconscious, information is repressed; with the unconscious, information contains
wishes and fears.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
62. How is the cognitive view of the unconscious different from Freud’s view?
a) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as a major contributor to decision making; Freud
sees it as a main determinant of personality.
b) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as the foundation for all memories; Freud sees it as
the main information processor.
c) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as part of daily functioning; Freud sees it as a vast
storehouse for painful memories.
d) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as the storehouse for all memories; Freud sees it
as a storehouse of implicit memories only.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
63. What is the modern view about the unconscious?

a) Freud was right, the unconscious is where we keep all our sexual and aggressive urges and
memories.
b) There is no such thing as the unconscious.
c) The preconscious exists, but the unconscious only applies to patients who are in a coma.
d) Unconscious functioning does occur.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
64. Which theory of sleep argues that sleep allows the body to restore depleted resources and
eliminate any accumulated waste?
a) adaptive theory
b) information-processing theory
c) restorative theory
d) activation-synthesis theory
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
65. Which theory of sleep argues that sleep serves the purpose of self-preservation from
predators that are more active at night?
a) adaptive theory
b) restorative theory
c) information-processing theory
d) activation-synthesis model
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
66. What is the difference between the adaptive theory of sleep and the restorative theory of
sleep?
a) The adaptive theory argues that sleep is necessary for our immune system and the
restorative theory believes that sleep is necessary for our brain.
b) The adaptive theory suggests that sleep is important for social bonding and the restorative
theory proposes that sleep is important for our physical health.
c) The adaptive theory says that different sleep needs have evolved in different species and the
restorative theory says that sleep allows the brain and body to recuperate from the day.
d) The adaptive theory believes that sleep patterns change as we age and the restorative theory
argues that sleep is essential for maintaining memories.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
67. Sleep deprivation is a serious issue among university students. Therefore, it is not
surprising that many students experience flus and colds during exam periods. Which of the
following theories would best explain this?
a) immunology theory of sleep
b) adaptive theory of sleep
c) growth theory of sleep
d) restorative theory of sleep
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
68. The adaptive theory of sleep would probably be endorsed most strongly by a(n) ___
psychologist. The restorative theory of sleep would probably be endorsed most strongly by a(n)
___ psychologist.
a) evolutionary; behavioural
b) evolutionary; cognitive
c) evolutionary; neuroscientific
d) neuroscientific; evolutionary
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
69. Herbivorous animals, such as cows or horses, sleep only a few hours each day.
Carnivorous predators, such as cats, sleep many hours a day. How do these observations
inform theories of functions of sleep?
a) These observations discredit the restorative theory of sleep.
b) These observations support the restorative theory of sleep.
c) These observations discredit the adaptive theory of sleep.
d) These observations support the adaptive theory of sleep.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
70. Your text states that there are changes in activity in such brain areas as the reticular
formation and the pons during sleep, but that “researchers have not established that changes in
the activity of these areas cause us to sleep.” Based on these statements and on your
knowledge of research methods in psychology, what type of research has most likely been
conducted on the role of brain activity during sleep?
a) experimental research
b) correlational research
c) case study research
d) survey research
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
71. The pattern of sleep-wake cycles that fluctuates relatively predictably over the course of a
24-hour period is called
a) the sleep-wake rhythms.
b) the circadian rhythm.
c) the REM-NREM patterns.
d) activation-synthesis pattern.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
72. Which of the following is another term for ‘circadian rhythm’ mentioned in your text?
a) sleep-wake rhythms
b) biological clock
c) REM-NREM patterns
d) activation-synthesis pattern
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
73. What disorder is associated with excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch
between one’s sleep-wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule of others?
a) narcolepsy
b) jet lag
c) circadian rhythm
d) shift work
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
74. Each of the following physiological variations reflects a circadian rhythm except
a) blood pressure fluctuations.
b) hormone secretion cycles.
c) variations in pain sensitivity.
d) the menstrual cycle.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
75. Which of the following areas is active during sleep?

a) cerebellum
b) reticular formation
c) amygdala
d) hypothalamus
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
76. What structure in the hypothalamus coordinates the function of the pineal gland producing
melatonin?
a) substantia nigra
b) suprachiasmatic nucleus
c) red nucleus
d) pons
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
77. People often report they feel sluggish and sleepy in the middle of the afternoon. Which of
the following explains this phenomenon?
a) The circadian rhythm resets itself at this time of day.
b) Body temperature reaches its peak at this time of day.
c) Body temperature lowers at this time of day.
d) The body is releasing growth hormones.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
78. Dr. VanVliet finds that of a sample of pairs of identical twins raised together, 80% were
either both “owls” or both “larks.” Dr. VanVliet then investigates pairs of identical twins raised in
very different families, and pairs of fraternal twins raised either together or in very different
families. He again records the percentage of pairs of twins raised who were either both “owls” or
both “larks.” Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following best approximates the
pattern of results he should find?
a) identical apart – 60%; fraternal together – 40%; fraternal apart – 20%
b) identical apart – 80%; fraternal together – 80%; fraternal apart – 80%

c) identical apart – 75%; fraternal together – 65%; fraternal apart – 60%
d) identical apart – 65%; fraternal together – 75%; fraternal apart – 60%
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
79. Geneva is a 21-year old woman. Originally from Nigeria, she has been living in Canada for
the past 10 years. Whose sleep-wake rhythm would Geneva’s most likely resemble?
a) other 21-year olds
b) other 21-year olds from Nigeria
c) other females
d) one or both of her parents
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
80. Circadian rhythms are regulated by the ___ nucleus in the hypothalamus.
a) suprachiasmatic
b) intralaminar
c) ventromedial
d) lateral geniculate
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
81. The secretion of melatonin is ultimately regulated by a group of neurons in the ___.
a) amygdala
b) hypothalamus
c) hippocampus
d) thalamus
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
82. Which of the following alternatives best represents the sequence of events by which
melatonin is secreted in the blood?
a) suprachiasmatic nucleus – pineal gland – melatonin
b) pineal gland – suprachiasmatic nucleus – melatonin
c) suprachiasmatic nucleus + pineal gland – melatonin
d) suprachiasmatic nucleus – pituitary gland – melatonin
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
83. Imagine that you are deprived of natural light for an extended period. Based on your text’s
discussion, what might happen to the length of your body’s “day?”
a) It would shorten to about 23 hours.
b) It would remain at about 24 hours.
c) It would lengthen to about 25 hours.
d) It would lengthen to about 26 hours.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
84. Minsun lived in an underground shelter for four days during a severe hurricane. When she
was in the shelter, her body’s “day” shifted to ___ hours, but once she could emerge from the
shelter her day shifted to ___ hours.
a) 26; 23
b) 23; 26
c) 25; 24
d) 25; 23
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
85. How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the
sleep stages?
a) 1 hour
b) 90 minutes
c) 2 hours
d) several hours
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
86. Madhia was dozing off to sleep when suddenly she heard a loud crash. She jumped out of
bed to find the source of the noise, but found nothing out of the ordinary. Which of the following
most appropriately explains the noise Madhia heard?
a) Madhia was in REM sleep and was dreaming.
b) Madhia was in Stage 1 sleep and was dreaming.
c) Madhiawas in pre-sleep and experienced a hypnagogic hallucination.
d) Madhia was in Stage 1 sleep and experienced a hypnagogic hallucination.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
87. Jordan was drifting off to asleep when his legs suddenly jerked causing him to wake up. It is
likely that Jordan experienced a ___ as part of ___.
a) hypnagogic hallucination; Stage 1 sleep
b) myoclonic jerk; REM sleep
c) hypnagogic hallucination; REM sleep
d) myoclonic jerk; pre-sleep
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
88. Which of the following sequences reflects the successive brain wave patterns sleepers
display as they fall asleep and enter progressively deeper sleep stages?
a) theta – alpha – delta
b) alpha – delta – theta
c) alpha – beta – theta
d) alpha – theta – delta
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
89. As sleepers enter deeper sleep stages, their brain waves

a) increase in complexity.
b) decrease in amplitude.
c) decrease in frequency.
d) increase in frequency.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
90. Brief periods of ‘spiky’ brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of ___
sleep.
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 4
d) REM
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
91. Which of the following statements about sleep is false?

a) Newborns spend about 8 hours a day in REM sleep.
b) Narcoleptics immediately enter REM sleep and wake refreshed.
c) Sleep deprivation doesn’t decrease performance for interesting tasks.
d) The hypnagogic state is most likely to occur in Stage 3 or 4 sleep.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
92. Collectively, Stage 3 sleep and Stage 4 sleep are termed ___ sleep.
a) hypnagogic
b) deep
c) REM
d) myoclonic
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
93. Maggie is in the stage of sleep where, although her body is very still, her eyes are moving
back and forth very quickly. If someone were to wake Maggie up, what would she probably
report?
a) that she had not actually been sleeping
b) that she had a headache
c) that she had been dreaming
d) that she had no memory of dreaming
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
94. REM sleep is paradoxical because

a) the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.
b) the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive.
c) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.

d) both the brain and the body are inactive.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
95. REM sleep is sometimes called ‘active sleep’ for all the following reasons except
a) heartbeat is fast and irregular during REM sleep.
b) brain activity is intense during REM sleep.
c) vivid dreams occur during REM sleep.
d) the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
96. Assuming you agree with the consolidation theory, which of the following would you predict
to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?
a) Kyoko, who was awakened in the middle of a dream
b) Heng, who was awakened from a deep sleep
c) Josephine, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain
d) There will be no difference in performance between these people.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
97. Assuming you disagree with the consolidation theory, which of the following would you
predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?
a) Jin-Yong, who was awakened in the middle of a dream
b) Manual, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain
c) Joelle, who is taking an antidepressant
d) There will be no difference in performance between these people.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
98. Which piece of evidence below is correctly tagged with its relevance to the consolidation
theory of the function of REM sleep?
a) People who learn a task right before bed perform poorly the next day if REM sleep is
interrupted – discredits consolidation theory.
b) People with lesions to the pons have little trouble with learning and memory – discredits
consolidation theory.
c) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits – supports
d) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits – irrelevant to
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
99. Anastasia woke up and could remember that she was running from something in a dream.
According to Freudian theory, what type of content constitutes the dream image she can recall?
a) retrograde
b) biological
c) manifest
d) latent
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
100. Esther dreams that she is flying. Esther’s psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream
represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse. Each of the following statements is true,
except
a) flying is a symbol.
b) flying is the latent content of Esther’s dream.
c) flying is the manifest content of Esther’s dream.
d) sexual intercourse is the latent content of Esther’s dream.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
101. Robbie abuses cocaine. After 7 days of abstinence, he dreams that he buys cocaine only
to find that it isn’t real. Research shows that “using” dreams are associated with a decreased
probability of relapse (Hajek & Belcher, 1991). This result supports the idea that dreams reflect
an attempt to work out current concerns – that is, it supports the ___ theory of dreaming.
a) information-processing
b) activation-synthesis
c) object relations
d) Freudian
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
102. Many famous discoveries, such as insulin, are reported to be based in part on dreams.
This provides support for which theory of dreams?
b) activation-synthesis
c) Freudian
d) wish-fulfillment
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
103. Nadia dreamed that she was repeatedly putting coins in a vending machine without getting
any product. When she relays the dream to her roommate Hilde, Hilde tells her she must be
feeling frustrated about something in her life and the vending machine represents whatever is
frustrating her. Nadia, however, replies that she believes it is simply random neural activity in
her brain. Based on this, Nadia supports the ___ theory while Hilde supports the ___ theory of
dreaming.
a) information-processing; activation-synthesis
b) activation-synthesis; information-processing
c) activation-synthesis; Freudian
d) Freudian; activation-synthesis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
104. According to Hobson and McCarley’s ___ theory, dreams begin in random neural activity.
b) psychoanalytic
c) object relations
d) activation-synthesis
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
105. In what way are the information-processing theory of dreams and the activation-synthesis
model of dreams similar?
a) They both assume that dreaming evolved in most species as an adaptation for problem
solving.
b) They both assume that dreaming is the brain’s way of organizing some form of input.
c) They both assume that dreaming is the brain’s way of eliminating waste and restoring
resources.
d) They both assume that dreaming is the brain’s way of staying active during a long night of
inactivity.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
106. Dreams in which one recognizes in the dream that one is dreaming are called ___.
a) myoclonic dreams
b) lucid dreams
c) daydreams
d) hypnagogic
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
107. Camille is in the middle of a dream where she is being chased by a dog. Although she
initially feels frightened, she then realizes she is dreaming, turns around, and firmly tells the dog
to go home. What term best describes Camille’s dream?
a) nightmare
b) night terror
c) focal dream
d) lucid dream
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
108. Mable is dreaming that a vampire is chasing her through a thick forest filled with twisted
roots and spikey vines. She feels afraid, and realizing that this is only a dream, she invents a
trap door under one of the roots and climbs through it. On the other side, she makes it be candy
land. What kind of dream did Mable have?
a) nightmare
b) night terror
c) latent dream
d) lucid dream
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
109. Proponents of which dream theory are least likely to view lucid dreaming an as especially
important phenomenon?
a) information-processing theory
b) object relations theory
c) Freudian dream theory
d) activation-synthesis theory
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
110. For the last three weeks, Jared has regularly dreamed that his wife is killed in an accident.
He wakes up extremely upset, and has become so anxious he does not want her to leave the
house. Jared is suffering from ___.
a) night terrors
b) nightmare disorder
c) insomnia
d) sleep-stress disorder
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
111. Gloria is dreaming that a zombie is chasing her through a deserted city filled with broken
glass and piles of rubble. She feels terrified and realizes that she is alone, when suddenly more
zombies come out from some buildings. She screams in fear, unable to move, and finds herself
in her bed panting and sweating. What kind of dream did Gloria have?
a) nightmare
b) night terror
c) latent dream
d) lucid dream
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
112. Each day, babies spend about ___ hours in REM sleep. Adults spend around ___ hours in
REM sleep each day.
a) 8; 4
b) 8; 2
c) 4; 4
d) 4; 2
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
113. To which neural development process does REM sleep contribute in infancy?
a) synaptic pruning
b) synaptogenesis
c) programmed cell death
d) neurogenesis
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
114. Jude is 7 years old. Jeremiah is 21 years old. Which of the following most accurately
describes their sleep patterns?
a) Jude spends more time in REM sleep than Jeremiah.
b) Jeremiah spends more time in REM sleep than Jude.
c) Jude sleeps for a longer time and spends more time in REM than Jeremiah.
d) Jude and Jeremiah would spend the same amount of time in REM.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
115. A team of researchers examines the time spent in REM sleep and in each of the NREM
stages among a large sample of adults ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old. The researchers
compute three correlation coefficients: Correlation A, between participant age and total time
spent in NREM stages 1 and 2; Correlation B, between participant age and total time spent in
REM sleep; and, finally, Correlation C, between participant age and total time spent in NREM
stages 3 and 4. Of these correlations, which should be the weakest? Which should be the
strongest?
a) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
b) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
c) Correlation C should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.

d) Correlation A should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
116. Our sleep patterns change as we age. Which of the following is accurate regarding these
changes?
a) The amount of REM sleep increases as we age and the amount of NREM sleep decreases.
b) Newborns sleep roughly 12 hours per day, with 10 of those sleep hours being in REM.
c) The largest decrease in REM and NREM sleep occurs in the first 3 years of life.
d) Although the amount of REM and NREM sleep both decrease as we age, there is much more
decrease in NREM than REM.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
117. Our sleep patterns change as we age. Which of the following is not accurate regarding
these changes?
a) we need less NREM sleep and more REM sleep as we age
b) almost half of a newborn’s sleep is spent in REM
c) the largest decrease in REM and NREM sleep occurs in the first 3 years of life
d) although the amount of REM and NREM sleep both decrease as we age, there is much more
decrease in REM than NREM
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
118. Nagesh, a new mother from Kenya, keeps her baby with her at all times. Sally is a new
mother from Canada who puts her baby down for regular naps. Which of the following best
describes the likely sleep pattern of the two babies?
a) Nagesh’s baby would sleep for longer periods of time than Sally’s baby.
b) Nagesh’s baby sleeps for shorter periods of time than Sally’s baby.
c) Nagesh’s baby initially sleeps for shorter periods of time but by the age of 2, would sleep the
same amount of time as Sally’s baby.
d) Both babies sleep the same amount of time.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
119. How do the effects of sleep deprivation on the performance of complex logical tasks
compare to the effects of sleep deprivation on simple, monotonous tasks?
a) Sleep deprivation impairs performance on complex tasks than it does performance on simple,
monotonous tasks.
b) The effects of sleep deprivation on the performance of complex tasks are like its effects on
the performance of simple, monotonous tasks. However, participants’ interest in complex tasks
may inoculate their performance against the effects of unexpected events or distractions.
c) Participants’ interest in complex tasks may compensate for their sleep deprivation.
Unexpected events or distractions, though, may seriously impair their performance.
d) Participants’ interest in complex tasks may compensate for their sleep deprivation and may
also inoculate their performance against the effects of unexpected events or distractions.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
120. John and Jerry both stayed up late studying although both must work the next morning.
While John works on an assembly line, Jerry is a junior accountant at a large firm. Which one of
these is most likely to make mistakes at work?
a) John
b) Jerry
c) John and Jerry are equally as likely to make mistakes.
d) Neither John nor Jerry are likely to make mistakes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
121. Clyde is sleep deprived. He was out all night at a buddy’s bachelor party and now he’s
showing up for work. His job entails checking that each pack of crackers that comes by on this
assembly line has 10 crackers in it and that none of them are broken. How do you predict Clyde
will do at his job today?
a) He will be unaffected by sleep deprivation because it is a well-practiced task.
b) He will be unaffected by sleep deprivation because the task is so important to him.
c) He will be affected by sleep deprivation because the task is boring and monotonous.
d) He will be unaffected by sleep deprivation because the task doesn’t require physical strength.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
122. Ken is sleep deprived and is now performing a task. How do you predict Ken will perform
on the task?
a) His performance will be unaffected by sleep deprivation as long as the task is very
interesting.
b) His performance will be unaffected by sleep deprivation as long as the task is monotonous
and repetitive.
c) His performance will be affected on any task that requires physical strength.
d) His performance will be affected on complex tasks.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
123. Which figure below best approximates the proportion of people afflicted by insomnia?
a) 15%
b) 25%
c) 35%
d) 45%
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
124. Heather has a great deal of trouble falling asleep at night. While her roommate is
consistently asleep within 10 minutes of light’s out, Heather often lays there for hours until she
falls asleep. What sleep disorder could Heather have?
a) narcolepsy
b) sleep apnea
c) REM rebound
d) insomnia
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
125. Francine is sleepy all day; she is unaware, though, that she wakes briefly several hundred
times each night. She is likely suffering from ___, one of the sleep disturbances described in
your text.
a) night terror disorder
b) insomnia
c) sleep apnea
d) narcolepsy
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
126. Which sleep disturbance is correctly matched with its description?

a) sleep apnea – difficulty sleeping
b) narcolepsy – sudden sleep during waking consciousness
c) insomnia – difficulty breathing during sleep
d) night terror disorder – frequent disruptive nightmares
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
127. Last night Jason sat up in bed and screamed uncontrollably, seemingly in a state of panic.
The next morning, Jason didn’t remember the episode at all. Most likely Jason was experiencing
a) night terrors.
b) a nightmare.
c) sleep-talking.
d) narcolepsy.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
128. Night terrors occur during ___ sleep.

a) hypnagogic
b) stages 1 or 2
c) stages 3 or 4
d) REM
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
129. Harry snores so loudly at night his wife has begun sleeping in the spare room. Which of the
following is Harry at most risk to experience?
a) insomnia
b) lung disease
c) heart disease
d) depression
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
130. Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the three major sleep disorders
described in your text from most to least common?
a) insomnia – narcolepsy – sleep apnea
b) sleep apnea – insomnia – narcolepsy
c) narcolepsy – insomnia – sleep apnea
d) insomnia – sleep apnea – narcolepsy
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
131. An altered state of consciousness in which a person is very susceptible to suggestions is

called
a) meditation.
b) REM sleep.
c) hypnosis.
d) intoxicated.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
132. Hypnosis is best defined as

a) a stage of sleep associated with jagged brainwaves, an increased heart rate, and visual
hallucinations.
b) an altered state of consciousness in which a person is very susceptible to suggestions.
c) a technique designed to turn one’s consciousness away from the outer world toward one’s
inner world.
d) a waking state of consciousness in which fantasies occur and we are not fully conscious.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
133. What percentage of the population is highly susceptible to hypnosis?

a) 10
b) 15
c) 25
d) 0
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
134. What percentage of the population is considered to be not hypnotizable?

a) 10
b) 15
c) 25
d) Everyone is hypnotizable.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
135. When someone undergoes hypnosis, the activity in the cerebral cortex and thalamus ___
and then it ___.
a) increases; stabilizes
b) decreases; stabilizes
c) increases; decreases
d) decreases; increases
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
136. Which type of person would be most susceptible to hypnosis?

a) a teenager
b) a child
c) a person in pain
d) someone who’s parents are not hypnotizable
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
137. Which type of person would be least susceptible to hypnosis?

a) a child
b) someone who’s parents are not hypnotizable
c) someone who tends to be especially suggestible
d) someone who is open and trusting
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
138. Tanner is sitting in the audience when an uncontrollable urge to stand up and sing ‘Oh
Canada’ after the person on stage said the word ‘thank you’. He doesn’t understand why he is
singing, but the audience is finding his song to be hilarious. Most likely, Tanner is
a) dreaming.
b) meditating.
c) under the influence of LSD.
d) responding to a hypnotist’s suggestions.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
139. Tyrell underwent hypnosis last week to quit smoking. While he was in the hypnotic trance,
the therapist told him that the sight of a cigarette would make him feel nauseous. A week later,
every time Tyrell takes a cigarette out of the package he feels sick. What term best describes
this effect?
a) posthypnotic flashback
b) posthypnotic response
c) suggestibility factor
d) hyperalert flashback
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
140. Stanley is being arrested for the murder of his wife. In his defense, he claims that he was
hypnotized into doing it. What is wrong with Stanley’s story?
a) Nobody could carry out such a complex act and remain hypnotized.
b) No one could stay hypnotized for as long as it would take to murder someone.
c) No one can be induced into doing something against their will when hypnotized.
d) When hypnotized, people walk around like zombies and would be incapable of murder.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
141. Shelley is being arrested for breaking in to a jewellery store and stealing all their diamonds.
In her defense, she says that she was hypnotized into doing it. What is wrong with Shelley’s
story?
a) Nobody could carry out such a complex act and remain hypnotized.
b) No one could stay hypnotized for as long as it would take to rob a jewellery store.
c) No one can be induced into doing something against their will when hypnotized.
d) When hypnotized, people walk around like zombies and would be incapable of robbery.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
142. Lila is at a hypnotist show and enjoying it from the audience when suddenly she finds
herself standing on her chair after the hypnotist touched his nose. Although everyone is looking
at her and laughing, Lila doesn’t know why she is suddenly standing on her chair. This is an
example of a
a) posthypnotic hallucination.
b) positive amnesia.
c) hyperalert hypnotic trance.
d) posthypnotic response.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
143. Peta is being hypnotized to help her remember the last thing her father told her about
where he buried his treasure. What is her hypnosis session likely to reveal?
a) the true hiding place of the buried treasure
b) her unconscious feelings for her father
c) the locations of all the items she has ever lost
d) made up directions to the buried treasure
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
144. Molly is undergoing hypnosis as a way to help with her insomnia. In the days following the
session, she has wonderful sleeps and no trouble falling asleep. Her friends ask her what the
hypnotist said to her to help her so completely, and unfortunately, Molly can’t remember a thing.
What is this called?
a) posthypnotic response trance
b) negative hypnotic hallucination
c) posthypnotic amnesia
d) dissociation
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
145. What is the difference between a positive hypnotic hallucination and a negative hypnotic
hallucination?
a) A positive hallucination makes you perceive something pleasant and a negative hallucination
makes you perceive something unpleasant.
b) A positive hallucination makes you perceive something that isn’t there and a negative
hallucination makes you not perceive something that is really there.
c) A positive hallucination will be remembered posthypnotically and a negative hallucination will
not be remembered posthypnotically.
d) A positive hallucination involves the performance of a response and a negative hallucination
involves the inhibition of a response.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
146. While a positive hallucination ___, a negative hallucination ___.

a) makes you perceive something pleasant; makes you perceive something unpleasant
b) makes you perceive something that isn't there; makes you not perceive something that is
there
c) will be remembered posthypnotically; will not be remembered posthypnotically
d) induces the performance of a response; inhibits the performance of a response
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
147. Which of the following disorders is hypnosis most helpful in treating?

a) depression
b) alcoholism
c) anxiety
d) narcolepsy
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
148. Jackie has undergone hypnosis as a method to manage chronic back pain. In this
example, the effect of reduced pain could be due to
a) positive hypnosis.
b) a positive hypnotic hallucination.
c) negative hypnosis.
d) a negative hypnotic hallucination.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
149. Tatiana was recently a participant in a hypnotism stage show. While she was hypnotized,
Tatiana believed the hypnotist was her favourite musical performer. Accordingly, she became
very excited and asked the imagined musical performer for his autograph. Tatiana’s behaviour
is likely due to
a) a positive hypnotic hallucination.
b) positive hypnosis.
c) negative hypnosis.
d) a negative hypnotic hallucination.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
150. Dr. Neriani examines the hypnotic suggestibility of children in three age groups: 5- to 7-
year-olds, 9- to 11-year-olds, and 13- to 15-year-olds. Should Dr. Neriani use a t-test or an
analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze her results? Based on your text’s discussion, what
should she find?
a) Dr. Neriani should use an ANOVA. She should find no differences in hypnotic suggestibility
among the groups.
b) Dr. Neriani should use an ANOVA. She should find that the older children are less
suggestible than the younger children.
c) Dr. Neriani should use a t-test. She should find no differences in hypnotic suggestibility
among the groups.
d) Dr. Neriani should use a t-test. She should find that the older children are less suggestible
than the younger children.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
151. How have psychologists applied hypnotic hallucinations to control pain? Have these efforts
been successful?
a) Positive hallucinations have been used to focus the individual on pleasant objects or events.
These efforts have been successful.
b) Positive hallucinations have been used to focus the individual on pleasant objects or events.
Overall, these efforts have not been successful.
c) Negative hallucinations have been used to direct the individual to ignore the pain. These
efforts have been successful.
d) Negative hallucinations have been used to direct the individual to ignore the pain. Overall,
these efforts have not been successful.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
152. “Quit smoking now!” “Lose weight in 14 days!” To what extent has hypnosis aided
individuals in these endeavours?
a) Hypnosis has successfully aided individuals both in long-term smoking cessation and in
weight loss.
b) Hypnosis has failed to help people either to lose weight or to quit smoking over the long term.
c) Hypnosis has successfully aided individuals in long-term smoking cessation. However, it has
not helped people lose weight.
d) Hypnosis has helped some people quit smoking. It has also helped people lose weight.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
153. While the social/cognitive process theory argues that ___, the dissociation theory believes
that ___.
a) hypnosis is the result of motivated participants acting out roles; hypnosis is a genuine
phenomenon
b) the hidden observer operates consciously; the hidden observer operates unconsciously
c) a network of brain areas is responsible for hypnosis; a specific area of the brain is
responsible for hypnosis
d) social and cognitive processes are dissociated during hypnosis; conscious and unconscious
processes are dissociated during hypnosis
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
how it can be used.
154. What is the difference between the divided consciousness theory and the social/cognitive
process theory?
a) The hidden observer operates unconsciously in the divided consciousness theory and
consciously in the social/cognitive process theory.
b) The social/cognitive process theory postulates a dissociation between social and cognitive
processes; the divided consciousness theory postulates a dissociation between consciousness
and unconsciousness.
c) The divided consciousness theory argues that hypnosis is a genuine phenomenon; the
social/cognitive process theory argues that hypnosis is the result of motivated participants
acting out roles.
d) The social/cognitive process theory focuses on the brain areas responsible for
consciousness; the divided consciousness theory focuses on changes in brain states with
changes in consciousness.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
how it can be used.
155. Joanne has been hypnotized. The hypnotist places Joanne’s hand in a bucket of ice water
and tells her she will not feel any pain. She was also told that, if she did feel pain she could
signal this by raising the other hand. When she was awakened, Joanne reported that she had
not felt any pain, even though she had raised her other hand a number of times while her hand
was in the ice water. How would the divided consciousness theory explain this?
a) Joanne’s consciousness has dissociated. While the hidden observer part was tuned into the
hypnotist’s suggestions, the other part was still able to feel the pain.
b) Joanne’s consciousness has dissociated. While one part was tuned into the hypnotist’s
suggestions, the hidden observer part was still able to feel the pain.
c) Joanne’s consciousness has dissociated. While one part is highly motivated to obey the
hypnotist’s instructions, the other part cannot ignore the pain.
d) Joanne’s consciousness has dissociated. While one part is able to ignore the pain, the other
part is motivated to remain somewhat conscious and therefore, recognizes the pain.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
156. Dr. Schumacher is a psychodynamic psychologist. Dr. Turner is a mainstream

experimental psychologist. To what extent is each of these psychologists likely to endorse
Hilgard’s divided consciousness theory of hypnosis?
a) Dr. Schumacher is more likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory than is Dr. Turner.
b) Dr. Turner is more likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory than is Dr. Schumacher.
c) Both of these psychologists are equally likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory.
d) Neither of these psychologists is likely to endorse Hilgard’s theory.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
157. You are reading an article in the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. The author reports
a significant negative correlation coefficient between participants’ scores on a measure of belief
in hypnosis and their scores on a measure of hypnotic suggestibility. Which of the following is
the most accurate interpretation of this result?
a) The result disconfirms the divided consciousness view.
b) The result supports the divided consciousness view.
c) The result disconfirms the common-social-and-cognitive-processes view.
d) The result supports the common-social-and-cognitive-processes view.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
158. Hypnotists will often instruct their clients to forget information learned during hypnosis. The
fact that some people will actually remember quite a bit of what occurs during the hypnotic
trance lends support to ___ theory because ___.
a) divided consciousness theory; the hidden observer was tuned into what was happening
during the hypnosis
b) divided consciousness theory; the dissociation does not always last, allowing the client to
later remember what happened
c) social/cognitive process theory: the client is motivated to accept the hypnotist’s instructions,
but the motivation does not always extend beyond the actual session
d) social/cognitive process theory; the hidden observer is not motivated to forget what happened
during the session
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
159. What is likely to be true about a memory that was recalled during hypnosis?
a) It is accurate.
b) It is not very detailed.
c) It is not accurate and very detailed.
d) It is a memory that was repressed.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
160. When it comes to the memories that are recalled during hypnosis, they are likely to be
a) more accurate and detailed than if the person wasn’t hypnotized.
b) not very detailed.
c) not accurate and very detailed.
d) repressed memories.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
161. What changes in brain activity are apparent with hypnosis?

a) a decrease in activity in the cerebral cortex and thalamus, followed by an increase in activity
in these areas
b) an increase in activity in the thalamus and a decrease in activity in the cerebral cortex
c) a decrease in activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and an increase in activity in the pons
d) an increase in activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and pons, followed by a decrease in
activity in these areas
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
162. Which part of the brain is implicated when patients use hypnosis to reduce pain?
a) hippocampus
b) amygdala
c) basal ganglia
d) anterior cingulate cortex
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
163. How does blood flow to the thalamus change during the hypnotic state?
a) It decreases during the relaxation state, but increases during the absorption state.
b) It increases during the relaxation state, but decreases during the absorption state.
c) It decreases during the relaxation state, then decreases further during the absorption state.
d) It increases during the relaxation state, then increases further during the absorption state.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
164. In a neuroimaging study, participants are exposed to a painful stimulus. A negative

hypnotic hallucination is then suggested. The neuroimaging data should reveal that
a) participants are both processing the painful stimulus and aware of the pain.
b) participants are neither processing the painful stimulus, nor aware of the pain.
c) participants are processing the painful stimulus but are unaware of the pain.
d) participants’ processing of the painful stimulus is heightened because of the negative
hallucination.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
how it can be used.
165. A technique that is intended to focus consciousness toward one’s inner world and away
from the outer world is called
a) hypnosis.
b) meditation.
c) REM.
d) hypnagogic focusing.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
166. Meditation is best defined as

a) an altered state of consciousness during which individuals are especially open to suggestion.
b) a technique that is intended to focus consciousness toward one’s inner world and away from
the outer world.
c) a splitting of consciousness into two dimensions.
d) a pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
167. Chaaya is meditating. She is imagining herself as another person. Chaaya is taking a(n)
___ approach to meditation.
a) yogic
b) opening-up
c) koanic
d) concentrative
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
168. “Ommmm,” Janeesa chants to focus her attention while meditating. Janeesa is using a(n)
___, reflecting a(n) ___ approach to meditation.
a) mantra; opening-up
b) mantra; concentrative
c)mindfulness; concentrative
d)mindfulness; opening-up
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
169. Which of the following individuals is using a mantra?

a) Mia who is sitting cross-legged with her back straight
b) Tia who is holding on to a smooth stone and thinking about its coolness
c) Pia who is using her inner voice to repeat the word ‘now’
d) Gia who is participating in a yoga class
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
170. Khalid suffers with rheumatoid arthritis. To deal with the pain, he is meditating by paying
attention to the feelings, thoughts, and sensations that are in his mind without making
judgments. Which type of meditation is Khalid engaging in?
a) opening-up
b) concentrative
c) mindfulness
d) Zen
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
171. Mindfulness meditation is particularly helpful for people

a) who need to improve their memory.
b) suffering from severe pain.
c) who can’t sleep.
d) who are unable to concentrate.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
172. Ursula is learning how to focus on her thoughts and feelings without attaching herself to
them and without judging them. For instance, she feels a pang of guilt as she recalls eating the
last piece of cheesecake, but she allows that guilt to float away as if it doesn’t belong to her.
What kind of meditation technique is Ursula practicing?
a) mindfulness
b) opening-up
c) mantra
d) concentrative
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
173. Yvette is meditating by learning how to detach herself from the thoughts and feelings that
are flowing through her mind. For instance, she has a moment of worry at the thought of her
meeting tomorrow that she has yet to prepare for, but she allows that worry feeling to float away
as if it doesn’t bother her. What kind of meditation technique is Yvette practicing?
a) mindfulness
b) opening-up
c) mantra
d) concentrative
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
174. Meditation is associated with increases in the type of brain waves characteristic of the
relaxed state experienced immediately before falling asleep – namely, ___ waves.
a) alpha
b) beta
c) delta
d) theta
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
175. Dr. Beaupre is measuring the EEG waves of participants as they are meditating. He
notices that the pattern of brain waves during meditation is very similar to the waves
experienced when
a) participants are completely alert.
b) participants are in deep sleep.
c) participants are about to fall asleep.
d) participants are hypnotized.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium

176. Scott is using concentrative meditation to relax. What is likely happening to his
physiological responses?
a) His heart rate is increasing.
b) His respiration is fluctuating.
c) His blood pressure is becoming extremely variable.
d) His muscle tension is decreasing.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
177. Jagjit is sitting quietly and repeating a mantra repeatedly as a way to relax. Based on what
you know about changes in physiological responses during meditation, what is likely happening
to Jagjit now?
a) His heart rate is decreasing.
b) His respiration is fluctuating.
c) His blood pressure is becoming extremely variable.
d) His muscle tension is increasing.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
178. Juan is meditating by imagining that he is a scuba diver at the bottom of the ocean. What
technique is he using?
a) mindfulness
b) opening-up
c) concentrative
d) yoga
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
179. Which of the following people is using the opening-up technique to meditate?
a) Faiz is imagining that he is an astronaut floating in outer space.

b) Airi is sitting cross-legged with her back straight and eyes closed.
c) Breeda is sitting quietly and repeating the word ‘om’ over and over again.
d) Brody is listening to rainforest sounds while lying in his bed.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
180. In what way is the opening-up technique of meditation like mindfulness?

a) They both involve imagining oneself as someone else.
b) They both focus on carrying out a common task in a different way.
c) They both seek to clear the mind from distractors.
d) They both descend from the yoga traditions of the Hindu religion.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
181. External focus is to internal focus as ___ is to ___.

a) opening-up; concentrative
b) mindfulness; concentrative
c) concentrative; mindfulness
d) mindfulness; opening-up
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
182. In what way is mindfulness like concentrative meditation?

a) They both involve focusing on something.
b) They both focus on carrying out a common task in a unique way.
c) They both involve imagining oneself as someone else.
d) They both descend from the yoga traditions of the Hindu religion.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard

183. While concentrative meditation involves ___, mindfulness meditation involves ___.
a) imagining travelling outside of one’s body; imagining travelling inside one’s body
b) imagining oneself as someone else; focusing on all of one’s sensations
c) cognitive processes; perceptual processes
d) actively focusing on a mantra; focusing on the flow of thoughts that naturally occur
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
184. What is the difference between concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation?
a) Concentrative meditation involves imagining travelling outside of one’s body and mindfulness
involves imagining travelling inside one’s body.
b) Concentrative meditation involves imagining oneself as someone else and mindfulness
involves focusing on all of one’s sensations.
c) Concentrative meditation involves cognitive processes and mindfulness involves perceptual
processes.
d) Concentrative meditation involves actively focusing on a mantra and mindfulness involves
focusing on the flow of thoughts that naturally occur.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
185. What is the difference in the meditation experience between novice meditators and
experienced meditators, according to recent findings?
a) Novice meditators use more of their brain than experienced meditators.
b) Novice meditators experience a sleep-like type of relaxation effect while experienced
meditators don’t become sleepy.
c) Novice meditators don’t know how to get themselves out of a meditative state while
experienced meditators can easily slip in or out of a meditative state.
d) Novice meditators have greater voluntary control of their attention and awareness than
experienced meditators.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
186. Recent evidence has shown that novice meditators ___ while experienced meditators ___.
a) use more of their brain; use few brain regions
b) experience a sleep-like type of relaxation effect; don’t become sleepy
c) don’t know how to get themselves out of a meditative state; can easily slip in or out of a
meditative state
d) have greater voluntary control of their attention and awareness; have less voluntary control of
their attention and awareness
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
187. Recall how severe pain is often treated using hypnosis on the one hand, and how it is
frequently alleviated through meditation on the other. When hypnotized, individuals ___ their
pain. When meditating, they ___ their pain.
a) attend to; also attend to
b) attend to; ignore
c) ignore; attend to
d) ignore; also ignore
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
188. Any chemical that affects awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception or mood is called a
a) hallucinogen.
b) narcotic.
c) stimulant.
d) psychoactive drug.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
189. What is the best definition of a psychoactive drug?
a) a substance that alters perception and is addictive

b) a chemical that affects awareness, behaviour, perception, or mood
c) an exogenous neurotransmitter that increases brain activity
d) a chemical that alters how others perceive us
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
190. What is it called when a person needs to consume more of the drug over time to receive
the same effect?
a) withdrawal
b) addiction
c) tolerance
d) homeostasis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
191. Tolerance is said to occur when

a) a person has a psychological or physical compulsion to take the drug.
b) a person has unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects after reducing the amount of
intake of a drug.
c) a person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.
d) when the drug slows the activity of the central nervous system.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
192. Aaden quit smoking a week ago. He finds that he is feeling irritable, dizzy, and tired but he
is also having trouble sleeping. It is likely that Aaden is experiencing ___ due to ___
dependence on the nicotine.
a) tolerance; physical dependence
b) tolerance; psychological dependence
c) withdrawal; physical dependence

d) withdrawal; psychological dependence
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
193. What chemical in alcoholic beverages is absorbed into the blood stream?
a) GABA
b) methyl alcohol
c) ethyl alcohol
d) carboxylic acid
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
194. Danielle has consumed a drug that originally made her feel more relaxed, but with more
doses, she became more and more clumsy and emotionally unstable until she passed out. What
drug did Danielle likely consume?
a) cannabis
b) LSD
c) cocaine
d) alcohol
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
195. According to your text, approximately ___ of the Canadian population displays addiction in
any given year.
a) 1%
b) 5%
c) 10%
d) 15%
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
196. What is the difference between sedative-hypnotic drugs and stimulants?

a) Sedative-hypnotic drugs eliminate pain and stimulants cause hallucinations.
b) Sedative-hypnotic drugs induce sleep and stimulants trigger alertness.
c) Sedative-hypnotic drugs produce motor disturbances and stimulants increase
neurotransmitter release.
d) Sedative-hypnotic drugs result in addiction and stimulants result in tolerance.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
197. A popular 21st birthday ritual in the United States is called “21 for 21”. In this game, a
person who turns 21 years old (the legal drinking age in the U.S.) is supposed to drink 21 shots
or beer in a very short period. The greatest danger of drinking this much alcohol is
a) the drinker could fall and be hurt.
b) the drinker may decide to drive drunk.
c) the drinker could become an alcoholic.
d) the drinker could become comatose and die.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
198. Binge drinking is defined as having five or more drinks in one sitting. Heavy drinking is
defined as having five or more drinks at least five times per month. These are ___ definitions of
binge drinking and heavy drinking, respectively.
a) operational
b) procedural
c) conceptual
d) experimental
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
199. Ethyl alcohol exerts its effects by influencing which of the following neurotransmitters?
a) endorphins
b) GABA
c) acetylcholine
d) serotonin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
200. Nearly ___% of adult’s experience alcoholism at some point in their lives.
a) 5
b) 10
c) 15
d) 20
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
201. Galen is a second-year university student who lives in residence. Which of the following is
least likely to be true about Galen’s drinking behaviour?
a) Galen probably binge drinks at least once a week.
b) Galen probably drinks more than non-university students.
c) Galen probably drinks more than students who do not live in residence.
d) Galen probably drinks more often at the campus bar than off-campus bars.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
202. With respect to group differences in alcoholism prevalence, ___ have lower rates of
alcoholism than do other groups; this difference may primarily reflect ___ factors.
a) Native Canadians; cultural
b) Native Canadians; genetic
c) Asians; cultural
d) Asians; genetic
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
203. Alcohol withdrawal includes each of the following symptoms except

a) shaking.
b) a rapid heart rate.
c) a drop in blood pressure.
d) sweating.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
204. Alcoholism is implicated in about ___% of all fatal automobile accidents in Canada.
a) 20
b) 35
c) 40
d) 50
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
205. Dominic’s mother consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy;
Dominic’s intelligence is below normal, his growth is slowed, and his facial features are slightly
deformed. Dominic displays ___; on average, about one baby in every ___ is born with it.
a) fetal alcohol syndrome; 200
b) fetal alcohol syndrome; 1000
c) neonatal alcohol disorder; 200
d) neonatal alcohol disorder; 1000
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
206. Amelia is going to a party and takes a drug to make her more relaxed and outgoing. After a
few “doses” of the drug, however, she is having difficulty walking, has blurred vision, is slurring
her speech, and is feeling very emotional. Which of the following drugs has Amelia been taking?
a) marijuana
b) alcohol
c) benzodiazepine
d) heroin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
207. Which of the following drugs is not a sedative-hypnotic drug?

a) Xanax
b) Ativan
c) Valium
d) cocaine
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
208. Benzodiazepines include each of the following drugs except

a) Ritalin.
b) Valium.
c) Xanax.
d) Ativan.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
209. Approximately what proportion of North American adults becomes addicted to

benzodiazepines at some point in their lives?
a) 0.5%
b) 1%
c) 2%
d) 5%
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
210. Endorphins are neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce tension. Their action in
the brain is mimicked by
a) opioids, such as Xanax.
b) opioids, such as heroin.
c) alcohol.
d) benzodiazepines, such as Xanax.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
211. Dwayne has consumed excessive amounts of heroin. What is he likely feeling?
a) intense paranoia
b) intense negative visual hallucinations
c) intense feelings of euphoria that are almost orgasmic
d) nothing, he is in extreme danger of an overdose and dying
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
212. Your text states that heroin overdoses shut down the respiratory centre in the brain.
Drawing on your knowledge of the brain, you might surmise that heroin overdoses affect the
___.
a) brainstem
b) midbrain
c) limbic system
d) neocortex
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
213. Cole has just taken a drug. He immediately feels a rush which is then followed by several
hours of a nod. What drug did Cole take, and how did he administer it?
a) Cole just injected an opioid.
b) Cole just snorted cocaine.
c) Cole just smoked marijuana.
d) Cole just ingested a benzodiazepine.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
214. Which is the world’s most widely used stimulant?

a) caffeine
b) cocaine
c) nicotine
d) amphetamines
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy

215. Based on your knowledge of the nervous system and on the text’s discussion, which of the
following statements most accurately describes the effect of caffeine and the other stimulants on
the nervous system?
a) They decrease central nervous system activity.
b) They increase sympathetic nervous system activity.
c) They decrease sympathetic nervous system activity.
d) They increase parasympathetic nervous system activity.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
216. After lunch, Katya enjoys a cup of coffee and a cigarette, thereby consuming two ___.
a) benzodiazepines
b) depressants
c) stimulants
d) opioids
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
217. In what way are caffeine and nicotine the same?

a) They both decrease heart rate.
b) They both increase alertness.
c) They both are absorbed through the respiratory tract.
d) They are both hallucinogens.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
218. Abigail is at a party and enjoys a glass of rum and a cigarette. Abigail has consumed
a) a depressant and a stimulant.
b) two stimulants.
c) two depressants.
d) a stimulant and a depressant.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
219. In the past 12 hours, Jayden has consumed four cans of Red Bull. Now he is feeling
restless, nervous, and euphoric. He is also talking very quickly and is extremely irritable. Jayden
is probably suffering from
a) caffeine rush.
b) caffeine high.
c) caffeine intoxication.
d) caffeine overdose.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
220. Which of the following is not a symptom of caffeine withdrawal?

a) sleepiness
b) anxiety
c) headaches
d) insomnia
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
221. Stimulants include each of the following drugs except

a) cocaine.
b) nicotine.
c) morphine.
d) methamphetamine.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
222. Worldwide, about ___% of the population consumes caffeine every day. In Canada ___%
of all individuals over the age of 14 regularly smoke tobacco.
a) 50; 20
b) 50; 30
c) 80; 20
d) 80; 30
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
223. Sophie just gave birth to a baby boy. Her son was 6 weeks premature and was very
underweight. Which of the following drugs was Sophie likely taking during her pregnancy?
a) alcohol
b) cocaine
c) nicotine
d) methamphetamines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
224. About how many people die each year in Canada because of smoking?
a) 10,000
b) 37,000
c) 47,000
d) 137,000
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
225. According to Health Canada, it was estimated that approximately how many Canadians
over the age of 14 used cocaine in 2008?
a) 31,000
b) 301,000
c) 311,000
d) 3,311,000
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
226. Cocaine exerts its pleasurable effects in the brain by

a) stabilizing dopamine activity.
b) increasing dopamine activity.
c) increasing serotonin activity.
d) mimicking endorphins.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
227. Mason has been snorting cocaine at a party. Initially he feels excited, energetic, and is very
talkative. As the drug starts to wear off, Mason starts to feel very depressed. Which of the
following terms best describe the latter part of Mason’s experience?
a) freebasing
b) downing
c) nods
d) crashing
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium

228. Fawn consumed a large amount of a drug at a party. She is talkative, on edge, and
somewhat irritable. Of the following, the drug she most likely consumed is
a) heroin.
b) marijuana.
c) Ativan.
d) methamphetamine.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
229. What percentage of Canadians over the age of 15 have tried a form of methamphetamine
at least once?
a) 2%
b) 4%
c) 6%
d) 10%
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
230. Madison is at a rave and has taken a club drug. As the drug increases the release of
serotonin, it makes Madison feel euphoric and very socially connected to those around her.
Which club drug is it likely that Madison took?
a) crank
b) ice
c) ecstasy
d) acid
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
231. How does ecstasy work in the brain?

a) It stimulates the release of dopamine.
b) It increases the rate of action potentials.
c) It causes a sudden dump of serotonin.
d) It blocks the reuptake of acetylcholine.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
232. Which of the following statements correctly identifies a difference between cocaine and
methamphetamine?
a) Cocaine and methamphetamine increase the activity of different neurotransmitters.
b) Methamphetamine lasts longer in the body than does cocaine.
c) Methamphetamine produces an emotional letdown when it leaves the body. Cocaine does
not.
d) Cocaine does not produce the increase in alertness and energy that methamphetamine does.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
233. What chemical component in marijuana is most responsible for its effects?
a) hashish
b) tobacco
c) THC
d) nicotine
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
234. Giacomo uses crystal methamphetamine. He finds that now, rather than a “bump” or a
“line”, he needs a couple of lines to feel the effects of the drug. Which term is used to describe
Giacomo’s experience?
a) adaptation
b) tolerance
c) habituation
d) desensitization
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
235. When Terry stopped using oxycontin, though, he had chills, cramps, and diarrhea. Which
term below offers the most specific description of Terry’s experience?
a) tolerance
b) cravings
c) addiction
d) withdrawal
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
236. A long time ago, Candace hung out with a group of people and they sometimes enjoyed
some illegal drugs. One night, after taking a drug, she saw her arms were melting as if they
were on fire, and this terrified her. She never did the drug again, but for a few years afterward
she would periodically see her arms melting again. What drug did she likely consume?
a) cocaine
b) LSD
c) heroin
d) amphetamines
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
237. Miguel has consumed excess amounts of a drug that has dramatically strengthened his
visual perceptions and he is hallucinating and seeing things move that shouldn’t. What drug did
Miguel most likely take?

a) alcohol
b) LSD
c) cocaine
d) caffeine
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
238. Nick is helping his buddy celebrate his impending matrimony by doing a tour of all the bars
in the area and having a drink at each one. Within a two-hour period, he had consumed 7 beers.
What state is Nick likely to be in after this?
a) His movements and speech will become clumsy.
b) He will be loud and difficult to understand.
c) He will be relaxed with increased sociability.
d) He will be passed out, incapable of voluntary action.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
239. LSD influences the operation of the neurotransmitter ___ in the brain.
a) serotonin
b) norepinephrine
c) endorphins
d) GABA
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
240. Landon and Aaliyah are at the beach admiring the beautiful purple sky when Aaliyah
suddenly notices that her left hand has grown to three times its normal size. Although she tries
to tell Landon about her hand, he is focusing on a single grain of sand that he has picked up.
Which drug have Landon and Aaliyah probably taken?
a) crank
b) ice
c) ecstasy
d) LSD
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
241. Which of the following drugs works by causing a sudden release of serotonin?
a) cocaine
b) amphetamines
c) ecstasy
d) heroin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
242. Your text states that, “many people on a marijuana high fail to remember information,
especially recently learned material.” Drawing on your knowledge of the brain, you might
hypothesize that this impairment reflects a potential effect of marijuana on a structure in the
brain called the ___.
a) hypothalamus
b) hippocampus
c) thalamus
d) cerebellum
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
243. In the 1970s marijuana use rarely led to addiction. Why, then, are so many marijuana
smokers now getting caught in pattern of addiction?
a) Marijuana is more readily available than in the past.
b) Marijuana use itself is increasing, because it has become more socially acceptable than it
was in the past.

c) Marijuana today contains more THC than it did in the past.
d) Marijuana is more often mixed with stronger drugs, such as cocaine, than was the case in the
past.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
244. Annabelle had a very bad day at work. Her boss was very angry with her because she
missed another deadline and threatened to fire her. That night, Annabelle smokes marijuana to
help her relax. How is Annabelle likely to feel after smoking the drug?
a) happy and relaxed
b) irritable and anxious
c) calm and sleepy
d) hyperactive and alert
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
245. The key neurotransmitter in the brain’s pleasure pathway is ___.

a) GABA
b) serotonin
c) endorphins
d) dopamine
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
246. Which statement below best describes how psychoactive drugs influence the brain’s
reward centre?
a) All drugs stimulate the brain’s reward centre directly.
b) All drugs stimulate the brain’s reward centre indirectly.
c) Cocaine and amphetamines stimulate the brain’s reward centre indirectly; other drugs
stimulate it directly.
d) Cocaine and amphetamines stimulate the brain’s reward centre directly; other drugs stimulate
it indirectly.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
247. Devlin and Cooper became friends in university and often used drugs together. Although
Devlin went on to be a successful lawyer, Cooper continued to use drugs regularly. As a result,
Cooper has not been able to hold down a steady job and is in danger of losing his family.
According to recent research discussed in the text book, what might account for the different
outcomes for these two men despite engaging in the same behaviours?
a) Cooper had greater access to the drugs.
b) Devlin’s reward learning pathway is not activated as readily as Cooper’s.
c) Cooper’s reward learning pathway is not activated as readily as Devlin’s.
d) Cooper has an addictive personality.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
248. Nelson is trying to understand why his son abuses drugs. He knows that genetics plays a
role, but he wants to go deeper than that. He comes across a theory called the reward-
deficiency syndrome, which states that people abuse drugs because
a) their reward pathways don’t respond normally to daily events.
b) they don’t receive enough love as a child.
c) they don’t value positive reinforcement and avoid punishment like normal.
d) their neurotransmitters are lacking a protein substance that helps them activate the
postsynaptic membrane.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drug
249. Dr. Pham is studying the brain of people who abuse drugs, and he is focused on the
reward learning pathway. Upon close examination of the activity in this pathway, what is Dr.
Pham likely to find is different between drug addicts and non-addicts?
a) The reward learning pathway is overactive in non-addicts.
b) The reward learning pathway is overactive in addicts.
c) The reward learning pathway responds to faster in addicts.
d) The reward learning pathway is not activated by normal events in addicts.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
250. Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in the reward learning pathway?
a) norepinephrine
b) serotonin
c) dopamine
d) GABA
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
251. Which psychoactive drug below is correctly matched with its class?
a) marijuana – stimulant
b) cocaine – sedative-hypnotic
c) heroin – hallucinogen
d) alcohol – depressant
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
252. Which psychoactive drug below is correctly matched with the primary neurotransmitter it
influences?
a) methamphetamine – dopamine
b) alcohol – serotonin
c) heroin – GABA
d) LSD – endorphins
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
253. Which category of psychoactive drugs below is correctly matched with its effects on
thought and behaviour?
a) hallucinogens – slow the activity of the central nervous system; reduce tension and inhibitions
b) stimulants – increase the activity of the central nervous system
c) sedative-hypnotic drugs – produce changes in sensory perception
d) depressants – produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
254. Beth feels like she has the flu. She also feels irritable and restless. Alonzo has been
depressed for a while and can’t seem to get out of bed. Chantel is shaking. Her heart is racing,
she is sweaty, and her blood pressure has gone up. Danny is irritable. His appetite has
increased, and his sleep cycle is off. Which alternative below correctly pairs one of these
individuals with the psychoactive drug from which he or she is withdrawing?
a) Alonzo – nicotine
b) Beth – methamphetamine
c) Chantel – alcohol
d) Danny – marijuana
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
255. Which of the following is not a symptom of taking MDMA?

a) euphoria
b) increased social intimacy
c) reduced anxiety
d) depression
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
MATCHING QUESTION
256. Match the appropriate words in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
Terms Definitions
A. Implicit memory ___ 1. Theory that we sleep to allow the brain and
B. Explicit memory body to restore certain depleted chemical
C. Preconscious resources and eliminate chemical wastes.
D. Unconscious ___ 2. Disorder marked by uncontrollable urge to fall
E. Adaptive theory of sleep asleep.
F. Restorative theory of sleep ___ 3. Pattern of sleep-wake cycles often also known
G. Circadian rhythm as the “biological clock.”
H. REM cycle ___ 4. When a person is required to take
I. Hypnagogic state incrementally larger doses of a drug to achieve
J. Sleep spindles the same effect.
K. Activation-synthesis theory ___ 5. A pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid
L. Information-processing theory sensory phenomena.
M. Sleep apnea ___ 6. Bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two;
N. Insomnia occur during Stage 2 sleep.
O. Narcolepsy ___ 7. Repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the
P. Addiction night, depriving the brain of oxygen and leading
Q. Tolerance to frequent awakenings.
R. Withdrawal ___ 8. Knowledge that we have stored in memory
that we are not typically aware of or able to
recall.
___ 9. Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side
effects from abruptly stopping or reducing intake
of a drug after a person has become addicted.
___ 10. Level of awareness in which information can
become readily available to consciousness if
necessary.
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION
1. F: Restorative theory of sleep
2. O: Narcolepsy
3. G: Circadian rhythm
4. Q: Tolerance
5. I: Hypnagogic state
6. J: Sleep spindles
7. M: Sleep apnea
8. A: Implicit memory
9. R: Withdrawal
10. C: Preconscious
Difficulty: Easy
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
257. Weiskrantz’s study suggested that the areas of the brain that allow us to attend to stimuli
are different from the areas that make us aware that we are attending to such stimuli. The term
used to describe this phenomenon is ___.
Answer: blindsight
Difficulty: Easy
258. There is evidence that most children develop a sense of self around the age of ___.
Answer: 18 months
Difficulty: Easy
259. A baby must develop a sense of ___ to be fully aware of him/herself as a separate being
from others.
Answer: self
Difficulty: Easy
260. A memory has reached the ___ level when we finally remember information.
Answer: conscious
Difficulty: Easy
261. Freud suggested that people deal with memories that are too painful by ___ such thoughts
and keeping them in the unconscious.
Answer: repressing
Difficulty: Easy
262. The idea that sleep is the evolutionary outcome of self-preservation describes the ___
theory of sleep.
Answer: adaptive
Difficulty: Easy
263. The idea that sleep allows the brain and body to restore depleted chemical resources and
eliminate wastes is known as the ___ theory of sleep.
Answer: restorative
Difficulty: Easy
264. Chris flew to China for a conference and had difficulty adapting to the 12-hour time
difference. This difficulty was most likely due to a phenomenon known as ___.
Answer: jet lag
Difficulty: Medium
265. Dana wakes up at 5:30 A.M. She goes to the gym then studies for a few hours before
going to her morning classes at the university. Dana would be described as a ___ because of
her ability to function well in the early morning hours.
Answer: morning person, a lark
Difficulty: Medium
266. The drowsy pre-sleep period is called the ___ state.
Answer: hypnagogic
Difficulty: Easy
267. A biological explanation for dreaming that suggests that dreams activate specific brain
structures to synthesize the meaning of internal signals is known as the ___ model.
Answer: activation-synthesis
Difficulty: Easy
268. Hypnosis is often referred to as a(n) ___ state of consciousness.
Answer: altered
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
269. When a hypnotist guides an individual to a heightened tension and awareness, the
individual is in a ___ trance.
Answer: hyperalert
Difficulty: Medium
how it can be used.
270. During concentrative meditation, a person actively concentrates on an object, word, or idea
called a(n) ___.
Answer: mantra
Difficulty: Easy
271. People who regularly ingest drugs may develop maladaptive patterns of behaviour and
changes in bodily responses referred to as ___.
Answer: addiction
Difficulty: Easy
272. Substances taken from the sap of the opium poppy, such as heroin and morphine are
known as ___.
Answer: opioids
Difficulty: Easy
273. A powerful type of amphetamine that has experienced a recent surge in popularity is ___.
Answer: methamphetamine, crank
Difficulty: Easy
274. At low doses, marijuana smokers typically experience feelings of ___.
Answer: happiness and relaxation
Difficulty: Medium
275. The drug MDMA is commonly known as the club drug ___.
Answer: ecstasy
Difficulty: Easy
SHORT-ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
276. Name two elements that are involved in conscious awareness.
Answer: attention, monitoring, remembering, planning
Difficulty: Easy
277. What group of individuals did Sperry and Gazzaniga investigate in their research programs
to determine the roles played by the different hemispheres of the brain in regulating conscious
attention?
Answer: split-brain patients
Difficulty: Hard
278. Mike said he “hated his attorney”. He meant to say that he “waited on his attorney”. What
term is used to identify this “slip of the tongue?” How does it work?
Answer: Freudian slip
Difficulty: Easy
279. What is the purpose of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in dealing with unconscious

material?
Answer: to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
280. What happens to a vertebrate animal if it is prevented from sleeping for a long period of
time?
Answer: It dies.
Difficulty: Easy
281. What term associated with the sleep pattern in humans is described as the “biological
clock?”
Answer: circadian rhythm
Difficulty: Easy
282. What activity in Stage 2 sleep includes bursts of brain activity that last one to two seconds?
Answer: sleep spindles
Difficulty: Easy
283. What sleep disorder is characterized by frequent awakening due to repeated instances in
which some individuals stop breathing?
Answer: sleep apnea
Difficulty: Easy
284. What percentage of the population reportedly cannot be hypnotized at all?
Answer: 10%
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
285. What type of response has occurred when a predetermined signal prompts a response
from a person after they have been roused from a hypnotic trance?
Answer: posthypnotic
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
286. When hypnotized people are guided to see objects or hear sounds that are not present,
what type of hallucination has occurred?
Answer: positive
Difficulty: Easy
how it can be used.
287. Neuroimaging studies suggest that what part of the brain’s cerebral cortex is most involved
when hypnosis is used to reduce pain?
Answer: anterior cingulated cortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
how it can be used.
288. What religious tradition is yoga associated with?
Answer: Hindu
Difficulty: Easy
289. What is one of the greatest appeals of meditation?
Answer: stress reduction, relaxation
Difficulty: Easy
290. Name two mental processes psychoactive drugs can affect.
Answer: awareness, perception, decision making, etc.
Difficulty: Easy
291. What term refers to needing more and more of a drug to feel its desired effects?
Answer: tolerance
Difficulty: Easy
292. Ethyl alcohol slows brain activity by binding to the receptor sites of which neurotransmitter?
Answer: GABA
Difficulty: Easy
293. What condition of the liver may occur following long-term alcohol abuse?
Answer: Cirrhosis
Difficulty: Easy
294. Name one common medical opioid that is currently used in Canada.
Answer: morphine, codeine
Difficulty: Easy
295. How is nicotine most commonly taken into the body?
Answer: smoking tobacco
Difficulty: Easy
296. What substances are known to produce dramatic changes in awareness by causing altered
sensory perception?
Answer: hallucinogens, psychedelic drugs
Difficulty: Easy
297. What is the key neurotransmitter involved in the pleasure pathway utilized by drugs in the
brain?
Answer: dopamine
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
ESSAY QUESTIONS
298. Describe the difference in conscious awareness regulation produced by the left and right
hemispheres of the brain.
Answer: The left cerebral cortex appears to be responsible for verbal awareness, whereas the
right cerebral cortex appears to be responsible for nonverbal forms of conscious awareness
such as tactile awareness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
299. Describe how consciousness may be rooted in language.
Answer: Babies cannot reflect on their thoughts and behaviours because they cannot represent
them with language. Due to this lack of language ability, some researchers argue that babies do
not fully develop consciousness until approximately 22 months of age.
Difficulty: Hard
300. Provide an example of information that exists at the unconscious level of thought.
Answer: Example that depicts that unconscious information is not readily accessible, yet it may
guide our behaviour.
Difficulty: Medium
301. Describe the difference between explicit and implicit memory processes.
Answer: Explicit memory is effortfully acquired and accessible to conscious awareness,

whereas implicit memory is not effortfully acquired or consciously accessible.
Difficulty: Easy
302. How do proponents of the adaptive theory of sleep explain the functionality of sleep?
Answer: Because sleep is related to evolution and self-preservation, organisms sleep to keep
themselves isolated in safe locations from nocturnal predators. Grazing animals sleep less
because they forage for food, whereas animals with dens sleep more.
Difficulty: Hard
303. What biochemical activity accompanies circadian rhythms? Explain how it is affected by
the sleep-wake cycle.
Answer: Body temperature increases throughout the day until we feel fatigued, at which time it
declines. After an afternoon nap, body temperature will rise again until the time to sleep
approaches, at which time it will decrease again.
Difficulty: Easy
304. How does the presence of melatonin influence the sleep-wake cycle?
Answer: The pineal gland secretes melatonin which, when circulating in the blood, causes
sleepiness. Melatonin production peaks between 1 and 3 A.M., then decreases as dawn
approaches. This decrease in melatonin allows sleepers to awake.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
305. Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep?
Answer: Although the body is deeply relaxed during REM, there is considerable brain activity
accompanied by increased heart rate and rapid, irregular breathing.
Difficulty: Hard
306. Describe the most common sleep disorder and the factors that may cause it.
Answer: Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder; people have difficulty falling asleep,
staying asleep, and feeling rested after sleep. Insomnia can be triggered by daily stressors such
as job pressures, financial difficulties, or relationship problems that cause anxiety while trying to
sleep. Insomnia is also more common in elderly than younger adults.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
307. Describe two characteristics an individual must possess for the hypnotic process to work?
Answer: willingness to relinquish control over certain behaviours; openness and responsiveness
to suggestions made by the hypnotist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
how it can be used.
308. Define posthypnotic amnesia and provide an example in which this may occur.
Answer: Information learned during the trance state is forgotten until the hypnotist provides a
predetermined signal to remember it; provide an applicable example.
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
309. Describe how dissociation occurs and define the activities of the “hidden observer” during
hypnosis.
Answer: Consciousness splits into two parts, yet continues to act simultaneously during
hypnosis. One part is fully tuned to the hypnotist’s suggestions while the other part, termed the
“hidden observer”, operates at a less conscious level.
Difficulty: Hard
how it can be used.
310. Describe three techniques that can be used to obtain the deeply relaxing and pleasant
feelings of a meditative state.
Answer: control breathing, assume a specific bodily position, limit outward attention, form
internal images, etc.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
311. Describe three positive physiological effects of meditation.
Answer: Meditation increases the brain waves that are present during the relaxation phase that
occurs prior to sleep. Positive physiological results include decreased respiration, heart rate,
blood pressure, and muscle tension.
Difficulty: Easy
312. Describe the types of symptoms an individual who is addicted to a drug may experience
during withdrawal.
Answer: Withdrawal symptoms can be unpleasant and/or dangerous and may include cravings,
nausea, cramping, sweating, anxiety, etc.
Difficulty: Easy
313. Describe the types of psychological problems displayed by children of alcoholic parents?
Answer: low self-esteem, poor communication skills, lack of sociability, marital problems, etc.
Difficulty: Hard
314. Describe the “rush” that accompanies opioid ingestion.
Answer: Brief spasm of warmth and joy that is comparable to an orgasm followed by several
hours of pleasant feelings during which the user is happy and unconcerned about food and
other bodily needs.
Difficulty: Easy
315. What types of diseases and disorders is smoking tobacco directly related to?
Answer: lung disease, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke
Difficulty: Easy
316. Describe the psychological impact of taking LSD.
Answer: LSD ingestion results in hallucinosis which is a state marked by strengthened visual
perception. Users of LSD may focus on minute details in their environments, detect changes in
colour, and experience illusions. People may also experience strong emotions that may not
subside for up to six hours.
Difficulty: Hard
317. Describe reward-deficiency syndrome.
Answer: Research suggests that people who are likely to abuse drugs have reward centres in
their brains that are not readily activated by rewarding events in their lives. They use drugs to
obtain the stimulation they are naturally lacking.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
LEGAL NOTICE
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The material provided herein may not be downloaded, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
modified, made available on a network, used to create derivative works, or transmitted in any
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CHAPTER 6

2. Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s

5. Describe the techniques and effects of meditation.

6. List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive

 Review the list of drugs and their effects in Table 6.2.

Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States

5. No consensus exists within the scientific community as to why sleep is necessary.

6. The adrenal gland releases growth hormones during sleep.

12. Hypnosis is internally-driven whereas meditation is externally driven.

13. In “opening-up” approaches to meditation, a person actively concentrates on an object,

14. Coffee is an example of a psychoactive drug.

15. Morphine and codeine are frequently used as medical opioids.

16. Benzodiazepines are stimulants used to treat depression.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

22. Consciousness is defined as

40. Thomas is an anaesthesiologist interested in where consciousness is located in the brain.

42. What are the core component skills of consciousness?

44. Studies of inattentional blindness show that

46. In what way is blindsight and inattentional blindness the same?

56. Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?

b) implicit; explicit memory

59. A Freudian slip is best defined as

60. Which of the following is an example of a Freudian slip?

61. How are the preconscious and unconscious different?

63. What is the modern view about the unconscious?

75. Which of the following areas is active during sleep?

b) identical apart – 80%; fraternal together – 80%; fraternal apart – 80%

89. As sleepers enter deeper sleep stages, their brain waves

91. Which of the following statements about sleep is false?

94. REM sleep is paradoxical because

c) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.

c) Correlation C should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.

126. Which sleep disturbance is correctly matched with its description?

128. Night terrors occur during ___ sleep.

131. An altered state of consciousness in which a person is very susceptible to suggestions is

132. Hypnosis is best defined as

133. What percentage of the population is highly susceptible to hypnosis?

134. What percentage of the population is considered to be not hypnotizable?

136. Which type of person would be most susceptible to hypnosis?

137. Which type of person would be least susceptible to hypnosis?

146. While a positive hallucination ___, a negative hallucination ___.

147. Which of the following disorders is hypnosis most helpful in treating?

156. Dr. Schumacher is a psychodynamic psychologist. Dr. Turner is a mainstream

d) It is a memory that was repressed.

161. What changes in brain activity are apparent with hypnosis?

164. In a neuroimaging study, participants are exposed to a painful stimulus. A negative

Section Reference: Meditation

166. Meditation is best defined as

169. Which of the following individuals is using a mantra?

171. Mindfulness meditation is particularly helpful for people

Learning Objective: Describe the techniques and effects of meditation.

a) Faiz is imagining that he is an astronaut floating in outer space.

180. In what way is the opening-up technique of meditation like mindfulness?

181. External focus is to internal focus as ___ is to ___.

182. In what way is mindfulness like concentrative meditation?

Learning Objective: Describe the techniques and effects of meditation.

Section Reference: Meditation

146. While a positive hallucination _, a negative hallucination _.

181. External focus is to internal focus as _ is to _.