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Final Program Proposal

Student’s Name
Date
Final Program Proposal
One of the best ways for the people to protect themselves against infectious illnesses is via
vaccines. Injectable vaccines protect vulnerable populations against illness and its complications
(Mertzet al., 2019). According to the Centers for the Prevention and Control of Diseases (CDC),
"community immunity" occurs when a large enough percentage of a population is already immune
to a disease, either from previous exposure or vaccinations, that the disease is very unlikely to
spread from person to person. Because the disease has minimal potential to spread within the
population, even persons who are not vaccinated, such as infants and those with chronic conditions
like cancer, are afforded some protection (Dowell et al., 2022).
In 2017, there were 11.4 births per 1000 residents in South Carolina (SC), according to
official birth data. Teenage moms range in age from twelve to nineteen. Of the total population of
Richland County, 4,876 are infants less than one-year-old. Therefore, the herd immunity would
benefit by teaching pregnant mothers to be their infants' champions. Protecting us against flu and
infections caused by pneumococcal herd immunity has also played a key role in reducing the spread
of pertussis and smallpox. Therefore, it is important to educate the public about vaccines and the
importance of community protection in order to reduce the perception that childhood vaccines are
ineffective in preventing the spread of infectious illnesses. This will ultimately save lives, reduce
treatment costs, and safeguard future generations, even though there are rare side effects and
public controversy surrounding vaccines.
Unfortunately, not all illnesses that may be prevented by vaccines are shielded by herd
immunity. For example, tetanus is acquired via environmental germs and not from infected humans.
Vaccination rates must be high enough for herd immunity to be effective. To prevent the spread of
measles, for example, it is necessary to vaccine 19 out of 20 individuals. No amount of immunity can
save those who aren't part of the herd. One famous case of herd immunity occurred in 1796, when
Edward Jenner created the first vaccine against smallpox by using cowpox. And smallpox was
officially eliminated from the world in 1980. Bartoszko and Loeb (2021) argue that herd immunity is
crucial in this situation. The cost-effectiveness of group immunity is another crucial component.
Different cases of herd immunity show how indirect protection works, and how vaccination
programs may be economically justified based on their predicted short- and long-term effects, as
well as the kind of immunity they induce. Epidemics such as chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella,
pertussis, and polio emerged when populations reached a critical mass of vulnerable people, which
caused the epidemic to be postponed. Due to the advent of combination vaccines for pneumococcal
and hemophilus infections, there has been an indirect example of protection (Bartoszko & Loeb,
2021).
By vaccinating just those populations at risk of serious infection-related complications, we
may delay the spread of disease in general groups or protect vulnerable populations from its
devastating effects. When it comes to spreading the flu virus across a community, schools are
crucial. So, the possibility of reducing transmission by vaccinating schoolchildren or by shutting
schools was considered. Another key factor is the spread of influenza viruses in the population via
work-related activities. Additionally, vaccination against the transmission is now mandatory in most
workplaces. These kinds of cases show how immunity works by lowering the likelihood of infection
in people who are still vulnerable to the illness in the community as a whole.
The number of states that provide philosophical exclusions to vaccination has grown in two-
thirds of those states, according to a PLOS Medicine research. But, for legitimate medical reasons,
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children are exempt from vaccination requirements in all state's schools. Nearly half of the states
enable parents to refuse vaccinations for their children on the grounds of religious or philosophical
objections; the remaining 18 states provide similar grounds. The community would be affected if
new adolescent moms were targeted via schools and day cares. Today, the topic of vaccinations is
characterized by a number of disputes. The legitimacy of vaccines in general has been impacted by
these debates. The link between autism and vaccinations is the subject of several misconceptions. A
review of the timeline reveals the media's portrayal of vaccinations, keeping vaccination fears alive.
When it comes to socioeconomic determinants of vaccination, the impact varies.
The burden of vaccine-preventable illness is disproportionately high in low-income areas.
Living circumstances are associated with one another. Regarding indirect expenditures, such
transportation to clinics, household income is crucial for access to treatment. The role of parental
education is substantial. Vaccination of children is one of the healthy practices promoted by higher
education. Ignorance about vaccinations is possible due to a lack of understanding. Vaccination rates
are affected by several things, including cultural and religious norms.
Logic Model
Inputs/Resources Health providers, county school systems, community clinics, and various
levels of government
Activities/Events Outreach:
 Launching a public awareness campaign
 Disseminating safety and health-related data via electronic means
 Creating and distributing educational materials that include the
community
Outputs/Products Provide financial incentives to be vaccinated at no cost to those without
health insurance
Short-term Expand immunization opportunities
outcomes boost immunization rates among parents and children
Long-term outcome Raise the rate of immunization Decrease health-related expenses while
lowering the prevalence of avoidable diseases

First, regarding the recommended childhood immunizations, this research will focus on the
decision-making process of first-time moms. So, longitudinal surveys would be the way to go for data
collection. From the second trimester of pregnancy until their child's nineteenth month of life, the
study will be using the South Carolina Vital Records Data Statistics to identify new moms. At least
one hundred women are required to fill out the questionnaires for the whole longitudinal research.
A mail with the first survey's URL will be sent to participants. In addition, three phone calls and email
reminders will be sent. The participant would ultimately get payment for their time spent filling out
the survey. Dudley and colleagues (2022) found that 70% of moms in their research intended to give
their kid every vaccine their doctor prescribed. According to the study's findings, a mere 6% of
participants expressed satisfaction with their existing knowledge on childhood vaccination.
Additionally, 63.5% of parents reported not receiving any information on children vaccinations
(Dudley et al., 2022).
Establishing and sustaining a commitment to successfully communicating about vaccinations
and maintaining high immunization rates is a shared responsibility among primary care
professionals, including doctors, nurses, and office personnel. The vaccination rate may be raised by
the implementation of various plans. Establishing a policy of regular vaccination orders is the first
step. One example of a standing order is the recommendation that all patients who are eligible for a
certain vaccination be administered that vaccine according to a predetermined schedule. Secondly,
scheduling immunization clinics in community centres or medical facilities during off-peak times,
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such as on Saturdays or in the evenings, is another option. This will make it easier for families with
hectic schedules to get the immunizations and knowledge they need. A PowerPoint presentation
with animated scenes and facts and statistics might be a great way to teach a subject. Keep the
platform available for new moms to ask questions, provide comments, and voice concerns at the
conclusion of each session. The employment of a reminder-recall system is an additional option. This
is because they are efficient ways to find out which moms are falling behind on their children's
vaccine schedule and send them reminders. Primary care physicians and pediatricians can improve
the efficacy of phone calls and text messages. The next generation of technology allows for quicker
connection with the target demographic, making text messages just as successful as phone calls.
It is possible to increase the vaccination rate via public education on herd immunity. When
education of the general public is based on patient or parent education, and when this education is
joined with measures based on the community or the government, it has the potential to increase
the effectiveness of the efforts. It may be beneficial to make use of more recent approaches to
education that involve the participation of the community by means of web-based or electronic
instruments. It is possible, for instance, to simply engage with a focus group on the creation of an
instructional leaflet for parents regarding pediatric immunizations. Vaccines have the ability to
reduce the risk of death and prevent morbidity, both of which are common diseases. The efforts of
health care providers, community-based organizations, and government-based initiatives have the
potential to raise the coverage of vaccines and lower the incidence of illnesses that may be
prevented by vaccination.
Through the reduction of transmission, vaccination provides people with both direct and
indirect protection. By preparing the immune system to defend against pathogenic threats that pose
large global health and economic costs, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that global
vaccination programs save between two and three million lives annually (Mallory, Lindesmith, &
Baric, 2018). This is accomplished by priming the immune system to fight against these threats. The
vaccination program depends not only on individual protection but also on herd immunity, which is
the immunity of the community as a whole. An example of this would be the vaccination of more
than 80 percent of the world's population against the smallpox virus. This would limit the
transmission rates to those who are not afflicted, which would ultimately lead to the elimination of
the illness. Residents who have not had vaccinations put their communities at danger for sickness.
Researchers have found a number of characteristics that are connected with being reluctant or
unwilling to get a vaccination.
A variety of variables are associated with vaccine reluctance, and these variables are thought
to have a global reach. De Figueiredo and colleagues (2020), demonstrated that vaccine reluctance is
influenced by community factors in their study. A comprehensive review of literature published
between 2007 and 2012 was the focus of this investigation. In Greece, for instance, factors including
the father's educational background and the number of children in the household are considered
(De Figueiredo et al., 2020). Conversely, variables including mother availability and information
availability impact vaccination rates in Nigeria. In order to address vaccine hesitancy, the Strategic
Advice Group of Experts Working Group (SAGE WG) proposed a systemic review. The review's
objectives are to find studies on the topic, determine what factors contribute to vaccine hesitancy,
and understand the effects of vaccine hesitancy in different contexts including context-specific
causes, expression, and impacts. A number of databases, such as Medline, PsychInfo, LILACS, IBSS,
and IMEMR, were consulted in their analysis. The results showed that vaccination acceptance was
affected by socioeconomic status and degree of income. De Figueiredo and colleagues (2020), for
instance, discovered that lower earnings in the US were associated with worries regarding
healthcare provider trust. An additional component that helped determine the results was the level
of education, according to six separate studies. There seemed to be an issue with knowledge in
certain low-income countries where illiteracy was common. Factors such as cost, social groups,
cultural conventions, attitudes, mindsets, and motivation impact their health behaviors, in addition
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to their socioeconomic background and level of education. Along with socioeconomic position and
degree of education, these factors also have a role. The study has its limits due to language barriers
and the influence of politics and policy.
In spite of the fact that vaccination services are readily available, the globe Health
Organization (WHO) reports that more than ninety percent of nations throughout the globe have
experienced delays or refusals of vaccines. In the United Kingdom, for example, the percentage of
children who have received the MMR vaccination has dropped to 91.2% (The Lancet Child &
Adolescent Health, 2019). On the other hand, herd immunity was not a significant factor in one of
the studies conducted in San Diego, California. A total of 11.3% of respondents made a spontaneous
reference to the phrase or notion, as shown by the data collection (Reiner et al., 2019). Seventy
percent of parents who were aware of herd immunity saw it as not only useless but also untested,
irrational, impractical, and untrustworthy with regard to its effectiveness.
When compared to whites who are not of Hispanic descent, Mexican Americans have
greater health inequalities than other whites. There have been reports of inequalities in
immunization rates among minority groups. According to the findings of a research that was
conducted on the use of perinatal and infant health care by Mexican Americans, it was shown that
Mexican American new-borns had a lower probability of having finished their vaccines by the time
they were 12 months old compared to non-Latino white children. The county of San Diego in the
state of California played host to a prenatal intervention trial that aimed to increase the timeliness of
vaccination beginning in Latino new-borns. According to Saitoh, Takaku and Saitoh (2022), the
research that was conducted was based on a randomized cohort study. The purpose of the study
was to evaluate the impact of an educational vaccination intervention with pregnant Latinas on the
timely commencement of child immunization. A total of three hundred and fifty-two Latinas who
were in the third trimester of their pregnancies participated in this cohort research. For the purpose
of baby vaccination, the participants were provided with either culturally or linguistically compatible
learning opportunities. This study's major objective was to assess the level of knowledge held by the
intervention group both before and after they received their vaccinations (Saitoh, Takaku & Saitoh,
2022).
The purpose of this research is to offer parents with information on immunizations shortly
before the birth of their kid. This material will be based on the teachable moment, which is a time
when an individual actively seeks knowledge and is motivated to learn. It has been suggested by
Saitoh, Takaku and Saitoh (2022) that the prenatal care environment provides a chance to educate
potential parents about all forms of childhood vaccine, and that this is the most effective technique
for enhancing immunization. When it comes to prenatal care, the vaccination schedule information
is not covered in the majority of primary care well visits. This research was conducted with the
intention of determining the impact that an intervention consisting of instruction and development
of skills about new-born immunization, which was administered to Latina women during the third
quarter of pregnancy, had on the following commencement of the infant vaccination schedule.
The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Association of Immunization Providers
were the organizations that were responsible for conducting the research. Additionally, the study
that was authorized by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, San Diego and
was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The research was conducted using
the curriculum technique. Where the curriculum comprises of participants getting vaccination
information and behavior modification sessions that are participatory and held one-on-one with the
instructor. A 15-minute film on the ways in which vaccination might prevent illnesses was presented
throughout the sessions, along with a customized calendar that was printed out for easy viewing.
The total number of ladies who took part in this research was 348, and there were two individuals
who declined to take part. The results showed that there was no significant difference between
Latina women who were recruited and those who were not recruited. The inability to generalize the
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findings to clinic groups that were different from those who participated in the research was one of
the limitations of the particular investigation. A further barrier was the duration of the educational
sessions, as well as the very low socioeconomic population. The findings of the research did not
provide any evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a connection between the vaccination
sessions intervention and the timely beginning of the immunization series.
According to the findings of a number of studies, those who live in metropolitan areas, have
poor incomes, and belong to minority groups are less inclined to have their immunizations up to
date than people in general. It is possible that the research conducted by de Nuncio and colleagues
might be helpful for the education of parents; nonetheless, their efforts were unsuccessful to a
considerable degree. In the event that the research project consisted of educational seminars rather
than 15-minute sessions, the learning seminars should have been created for parents using language
that is easy to comprehend, and the material should have been derived from sources that are
adaptable from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As an example, the materials for
education should be prepared in the order of the concerns about the significance of vaccination.
These topics include the kind of vaccine, the timetable for immunization, the side effects and
contradictions, and the dosages of immunization. Taking everything into consideration, the vital
learning that de Nuncio and his colleagues have accomplished provides an awareness of the
significance of immunization, as well as the fundamental methods to safeguard both kids and society
as a whole from diseases that may be prevented by vaccination, and the role that parents play in this
process.
One of the most significant strategies for increasing the number of people who have
received vaccinations is to educate moms whose children are at risk of not completing the
immunization schedule on time. In order to raise the percentage of children who have been
immunized, there is a need for educational programs that emphasize the significance of vaccination,
particularly for parents with poor incomes and low levels of education.
The vaccination programs have been one of the most cost-effective public health measures
that have been implemented all over the globe. The disease burden of vaccine-preventable illnesses
is increased as a result of these activities. The immunization process consisted of administering
vaccinations against six distinct illnesses, including TB, polio, measles, newborn tetanus, diphtheria,
and pertussis infections. Increasing the number of people who are covered by health insurance is
one technique that may be used to assist boost coverage rates. Changes in health behavior that are
intended to be long-term need a number of different activities and adaptations throughout the
course of time. There are some individuals who may not be prepared for the shift, while there are
others who might have already started incorporating the modifications into their most recent
immunization. The trans-theoretical framework of behavior change includes the development of the
concept of "Stage of change" as an essential component.
The social ecological mode (SEM) places an emphasis on several levels of impact, including
those that are individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy. This SEM is
presented in the paper titled "The Use of Innovation to Promote Vaccination: A Social Environmental
Model Based Framework," which presents the framework. Within the framework of the social
ecological model (SEM), this article discusses the ways in which technology might be used to
encourage vaccination. The structural equation model (SEM) is a strong tool that may be used to
tackle health behaviors by assigning health consequences beyond the level of the person. Public
health and organizations should take into consideration considerations at each level of the structural
equation model (SEM) while working to improve access to vaccination rates.
The development of a lesson plan on the lifetime of vaccination for inclusion in school health
curriculum, the inclusion of vaccine safety examples in media literacy education plans, the writing of
value of vaccine lesson plans for high school and community college parenting classes, the
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incorporation of safety messages and values of vaccines in soap operas, children's television
networks, and other media, and the establishment of a value of vaccine National Infant
Immunization week theme are all examples of communication strategies that will be utilized to
promote the vaccination program. In order to reach pregnant women and encourage them to spread
the word about the importance of vaccinations to other mothers-to-be, a multimedia campaign
might be used. In addition to providing materials on vaccination, the campaign will also give
information on the significance of immunization and access to vaccine.
By use of the internet, my program is an instructional program that is geared for pregnant
women. To successfully complete this program, there are a few stages involved. The first step is to
educate the first ten pregnant women about ways to boost the number of people who get
vaccinated in their communities. Sessions of instruction that are delivered over the internet are
easily available whenever it is convenient for them. Through the use of the websites, pregnant
women would have access to a forum in which they could express their ideas, inquire about various
topics, and engage in conversation with other concerned parents or pregnant women as well as
vaccination specialists. Therefore, this will assist in addressing the concerns of the participants and
will make it possible to coordinate the preparation of vaccinations.
The program's effectiveness will determine whether or not it is able to favorably affect the
vaccination practices of pregnant women and parents. It is anticipated that the outcome of this
initiative will be an increase in the immunization rate among children. The program has the potential
to be successful if eighty percent of women out of one hundred participate in it, if they have access
to services, and if they have financial resources available. The short-term objective is to educate
parents as much as possible about the importance of immunization.
According to the Ballard, Davis & Hoffner (2021), an effective or outcome assessment
approach may analyze changes in people's attitudes, risks, social norms, and morbidity and death
rates. The long-term objective of this initiative is to raise the immunization rate, commencing with
the vaccination of children. The assessment of effectiveness and outcomes may be used to evaluate
whether or not the program is having an impact on the behaviors of the population that is being
targeted. In addition to this, this will make it possible to determine whether or not the program is
successful in accomplishing its goals. By providing education to women who are pregnant, it is
possible to raise the mortality rate for the generation that will follow after us. It is possible to assess
the program more effectively by working on both short-term and long-term objectives.
The assessment of the program is intended to make a judgment based on evidence based on
the results and data of the program, with the goal of improving and enhancing the efficacy of the
program. In the assessment of the program, the utility consideration acts as the needs of the people
who are meant to utilize the program. In light of this, who will utilize the outcome, and how will it be
used? Maintaining stakeholders is essential since the program need their cooperation in order to
continue improving the community. This is why maintaining stakeholders is so crucial. The findings
of the outcome will be of assistance to the stakeholders and other individuals in educating them
about what is effective for the community and improving programs that are aimed at the
demographic that is being targeted. Furthermore, the feasibility concerns contribute to the
determination of whether or not the program is practical or realistic. An assessment will be carried
out in accordance with the law, in accordance with ethical principles, and with appropriate respect
for the welfare of people who are participating in the evaluation as well as those who are impacted
by the outcomes. Propriety criteria guarantee that this will occur. According to Higgins, Slade and
Shepard (2020), accuracy requirements guarantee that an assessment will uncover and
communicate information that is technically sufficient of the characteristics that define the value or
quality of the program that is being assessed.
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At each and every SEM level of the program, the outcome will be measured. It is possible to
test understanding, mindset, and opinions at an individual level via the use of vaccination reminders
such as text messages, emails, automated phones, and mobile applications. The outcomes should be
communicated to the stakeholders in a straightforward manner, whether they are presented in the
form of visual statistics or real-life tales based on the findings of the program. For example, by using
a presentation, brochure, connections to social media, and email. In terms of interpersonal
relationships, it has an impact on friends, family, and coworkers via the use of the internet, social
media, and blogs. Personal health records, electronic medical records alerts, and provider
recommendations are all examples of organizational-level health related information. Through the
use of text message monitoring, the illness risk associated with community opinions of the safety of
vaccines was determined. In addition, at the level of society, the interchange of electronic
vaccination data might bring about policy changes.
Using the knowledge gathered from program assessment to make improvements to
programs is the ultimate goal of program evaluation. As a consequence of a number of elements,
including community partners, those participating in the program, state and local governments,
federal programs, and various other stakeholders, it is advantageous to have a distinct method of
conveying the findings to each of these groups. According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), the objective of distribution is to promote complete transparency and unbiased
reporting (CDC, 2012). The following evaluative questions have been suggested:
1. How successful was the program, in your opinion?
2. Were the advertisement strategies that were used for the program successful?
3. Do you believe that the initiative was successful in educating the population?
4. Did the program achieve the results that were planned for it?
During the stage of improvement and maintenance, the goal of the assessment will be
defined by the questions that have been presented. During the maintenance stage, the evaluation
framework is working toward the goal of continuously improving quality and measuring
performance.
The assumption that the whole public would believe and accept scientific approvals of
particular vaccines and vaccination in general in general is not something that can be made. Even in
situations when the majority of caregivers are willing to receive vaccinations and are motivated to
follow with vaccination schedules, it is nevertheless possible for immunization programs to meet
pockets of resistance and rejection. According to Wilhoit Larson, Linabary and Long (2022), it is not
enough to simply provide information about vaccinations in order to convince these groups to
embrace immunization. Having knowledge regarding vaccination, despite the fact that it is essential,
does not inevitably result in acceptance of immunization. The effect of information on vaccination
behavior was influenced by socioeconomic status and political factors, which is a circumstance that
necessitates communication answers that are suitable for the local context (Wilhoit Larson, Linabary
& Long, (2022).
One of the limitations of the software is that the sample size is quite tiny, which reduces the
possibility of identifying any possible differences that may exist. The second element is the
availability of financial resources, as well as the little amount of time available for instructional
sessions. Third, there is a possibility that participants may get information from any number of extra
external sources, which will reduce the efficiency of the program. There is a possibility that the
software will have trouble evaluating knowledge. Fourth, the period of time during which
vaccinations were administered, as specified by the provider policy
The perinatal vaccination education program should be the primary focus of future efforts in
order to enhance the results of immunization services. Additionally, it is required to do further study
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in order to investigate the most effective time and substance of vaccine teaching and to design a
conventional school program.

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