Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Ilagan Campus

FUNDAMENTAL OF DEFORMABLE BODIES (EE 222)

LOAD CLASSIFICATIONS

Introduction

Strength of materials (Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies), also called mechanics of materials,

deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains. The theory began with the consideration of
the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two
dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and
plastic behavior of materials. In the mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an
applied load without failure or plastic deformation. The field of strength of materials deals with forces and
deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load applied to a mechanical member will induce internal
forces within the member called stresses when those forces are expressed on a unit basis. The stresses acting on the
material cause deformation of the material in various manners including breaking them completely. Deformation of
the material is called strain when those deformations too are placed on a unit basis.

Objectives

Classify the types of Loads.

DEFINITIONS
Mechanics - science describing the behavior of bodies under the action of forces.

Three Fundamental Areas of Engineering Mechanics

1. Statics - Devoted primarily to the study of the external effects of forces on rigid bodies
2. Dynamics - Devoted primarily to the study of the external effects of forces on rigid bodies
3. Strength of Materials / Mechanics of Deformable Bodies /Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies - Deals with the
relations between externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies.

External Effects of a Force

Development of forces at surfaces of contact between bodies

 Change in state of
motion of the body
Change in state of motion of the body

Internal Effects of a Force

 Deformation
 Development of internal
stresses
 Deformation
 Development of internal
stresses
Deformation
Development of internal stresses

Rigid Body - a body that does not deform under the action of forces.

Non-Rigid Body - a body that deforms under application of loads.

LOAD CLASSIFICATION
Types of Loads
A. According to Time

1. Static Load - gradual application of loads for which equilibrium is achieved at a very short time.

2. Sustained Load - load that is constant over a long period of time

3. Impact Load - impulsive and rapid application of loads

4. Repeated Load - successive application and removal of loads

B. According to Distribution

1. Concentrated Load - point load

2. Distributed Load - a load distributed along a line or a surface.

Distributed Load Concentrated Load

C. According to Location and Method of Application

1. Centric Load - load that pass through the centroid of the resisting section.

2. Torsional Load - load that twists a member

3. Flexural / Bending Load - load that is applied transversely to the longitudinal axis of the member.

4. Combined Loading - any combination of the first 3 above.

Types of Loads

1. Concentrated or Point Load is a load acting on a small elemental area. In practice, a load cannot be assumed to
act on a single point just like a contact made by a sharp needle. However, when a load is transferred through a roller
or a sphere on to the beam the contact will be through a point. In all other cases, the load is presumed to act on a
small restricted area of the beam. In general, the concentrated loads are vertical. In certain cases it can be inclined,
horizontal and act below the beam. If a load acts on small distance, then load can be assumed to be concentrated on
a point. This load is known as point load and denoted by letter “P”.
2. Distributed load If load acts on a considerable distance, then this type of load is known as distributed load. In
general, for comparison and calculations, distributed load is considered per unit length.

* Uniformly distributed load In uniformly distributed load, magnitude of load remains constant throughout the
length where load acts. Uniformly distributed load can be converted to point load by multiplying load with loading
length. This load is known as equivalent concentric load as it acts at the Centre of loading length.

*Non uniformly distributed load Here, load vary across the length. This is also known as uniformly varying load

There are two types of uniformly varying load

 Triangular load: As the name implies, this load acts in shape of triangle. Magnitude of load is zero at one end
and vary across the length in triangle shape.

 Trapezoidal load: This load acts in the shape of trapezoid. It is combination of uniformly distributed load and
triangular load.

3. Couple When two equal and opposite load acts on same span, their line of action are parallel to each other
and opposite direction, these loads create couple. This couple tries to rotate the span if there is any difference
in magnitude
Nature of load

 Tension & Compression

Point load can be tensile or compressive in nature. Tensile force tries to pull and compressive force tries to push the
components.

 Torsion
Output force generated by couple is termed as torque. Effect of this torque is known as torsion. Torsion is the result
of twisting of rod or bar about it axis due to applied couple.

 Bending
When two point load with same direction act at distance, it tries to bend the component. This effect is known as
bending.

Prepared by:

Engr. Jean Claude M. Benitez

Instructor