RUFAIDA COLLEGE OF NURSING

SEMINAR ON
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MRS. JAHANARA RAHMAN MS. SHEREEN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR M.Sc. 1st year Nursing
RCON RCON
JAMIA HAMDARD JAMIA HAMDARD
 PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
IDENTIFICATION DATA
SUBJECT : Nursing Education
NAME OF THE TOPIC : Programmed instruction
NAME OF STUDENT TEACHER : Ms. Shereen
NAME OF SUPERVISOR : Mrs. Jahanara Rahman
GROUP : M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
SIZE OF GROUP : 18 student
METHODS OF TEACHING : Lecture cum discussion method
DURATION : 1 hour
AV AIDS : Pull Chart, flash cards, Hanging , Flannel board
DATE OF TEACHING : 03/01/2024
TIME OF TEACHING : 10:00 am – 11:00am
VENUE : M.Sc. nursing classroom 1st year, Rufaida College of nursing
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE : The group has some knowledge about Programmed instruction and apply it in the practice
of teaching practice.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Student point of view : After the class, students will be able to acquire knowledge about Programmed Instruction
Student teacher point of view: The student teacher will be able to help the student to learn by doing
To provide the situation to learn at his own pace
To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHING EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE LEARNING
ACTIVITY
1min
INTRODUCTION

Programmed
instruction or
programmed learning
is a learning in which
the student works
from the known to
unknown, from the
familiar to unfamiliar.

It is planned to control
the students responses
and to provide a
feedback to the
student in a pattern
designed to
accomplish maximum
transfer to learning.
The teaching machine
focusing so much
attention clearly and
specifically on the
importance of
reinforcement in the
learning process.

Programmed
instruction is self-
 sufficient. It is so very
well planned and
organized that when
once it is programmed,
it takes care of itself
and leads the learner
to successful learning
without the
intervention of the
teacher.

1/2min At the end of the ANNOUNCEMENT

class, student will Good afternoon to all,
be able to: I shereen student of
M.Sc. nursing 1st year
from Rufaida college
of nursing, Jamia
Hamdard. Today we
will discuss about the
Programmed
Instruction.

2min Define the DEFINITION Student teacher will be Define

Programmed able to explain the Programmed
instruction It is a kind of learning in which a ‘program’ take the place of tutor definition of instruction
for the student, and leads him through a set of frames of specified programmed
behaviours designed and sequenced to make it more probable that instruction by the
he will behave in a given desired way ( kochhar S.K. 1992) method of lecture cum
discussion
“The programmed instruction is a process of arranging material
to be learned in a series of small steps designed to lead a learner
through self- instruction from what he knows to the unknown of
new and more complex knowledge and principles”. According to
 American Writers.

Programmed instruction is a method of designing a

reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a
measurable consistent effect on behaviour of each acceptable
student --( Susan Markle,1969)

3min To explain the CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAMMED INSTUCTION Student teacher able to Define the
characteristics of explain the characteristics of
Programmed  .The subject matter is broken down into small steps called characteristics of programmed
instruction frames and arranged sequentially. Programmed instruction
 Frequent response of the student is required. Instruction by the
 There is immediate confirmation of right answer or method of lecture cum
correction of wrong answers given by the learner, i.e., 'self- discussion with the
correcting features.' help of chart
 The content and sequence of the frames are subject to actual
try out with students and are revised on the basis of data
gathered by the programmer, i.e., 'diagnostic features'
 Each student progresses at his own pace without any pace of
being exposed. To any humiliation in a heterogeneous class.
 The assumption about the learner is clearly stated in the
programmed learning material.
 The objective underlying programming is explicitly and in
operational terms so that the terminal behavior/ achievement
is made observable and measurable.
 An interaction is emphasized between the learner and the
program in programmed learning.
 In a programmed material, continuous evaluation is possible
by the record of the student's response.
 The strategy provides sufficient situation for teaching the
student to make discriminations among the range of
possibilities and to reduce generalization.
5min To list out the PRINICPLES OF PROGRAMMMED INSTRUCTION Student teacher list out List out the
Principles of the Principles of Principle of
programmed 1. Objectives Specification: Programmed programmed
instruction  The programmer should specify the objectives of the instruction by the instruction
programme in behavioural terms method of lecture cum
 The programmer identifies the terminal behavior, discussion
which the learner would be able to show at the
completion of the programme.
2. Empirical Testing:
The programmer after writing the initial draft of the
programme tries T out in three phases:
a. Individual try out: The first draft of the programme
is teting. The reaction of the individual in face to
face testing. The reaction of the individual are
recoded for each frame.
b. Small group try out: The programme is tested on 5-
10 representative students of the class for whom it is
developed.
c. Field try out: after modification on the observations
of small group, it is administered in actual classroom
conditions
3. Self – Pacing:
a. In programmed instruction, the learner decides the rate
at which he progresses through the programme.
b. He adjusts the pace of work to his own ability and
motivation level
c. He is not focused to work with the speed of other
students of the class.

4. Principle of Active Responding:

 a. A response must be made by the learner and induces
sustained activity.
b. The learner remains busy and active when he works
on a program.
c. A good program requires a thorough understanding
of the previous frames before moving to next frame.
d. Active responding on the part of the learner
involvement in the learning process is active.
5. Student testing:
a. The teacher can regularly assess the progress of his
students
b. He can find out the weakness of his progress and can
modify the weak portion of his program in the light
of performance.
c. The student can also continually evaluate his
performance on the program.

2min To list out the TYPES OF PROGRAMMING Student teacher list out List out the types
types of the types of of programming
programming Programming is planning and presenting instructional material. In programming by the
planning and presentation we follow the principles of programming. method of lecture cum
discussion
1. The linear
2. The branching
3. The mathetics
4. The computer assisted instruction

4min To explain the LINEAR OR EXTRINIC PROGRAMMING: Student teacher Explain the steps,
linear or extrinsic explain the linear or characteristics,
programming Prof. B.F. Skinner is the exponent of this type of programming. He extrinsic programming principle and
steps, was concerned with the shaping and conditioning of behavior. The steps, characteristics, limitation of the
Characteristics, primary objective is to bring the behavior of the learner under the principles and its linear program
Principles and its control of variety of stimuli through the use of easy steps, one at a limitation by the
limitation time. method of lecture cum
discussion with the
help of hanging chart
Characteristics of linear programming
 Learner are exposed to small amounts of information and
proceed from one frame or one item of information to the
next in an orderly fashion.
 Learners are informed immediately about whether or not
their response is correct
 Learner proceed at their own pace.

Steps in linear programme

a. Information is presented in small steps
b. The learner responds actively at each step
c. Immediate knowledge of result is given
d. Self-pacing by the student is possible
Example: progresses from frame one to frame two, three,
etc., in an alterable, preplanned sequences
1------2-------3-------4--------5
Sequences
This program does not provide for brancing for able or slow
learner.

Example of linear programming : Renal system

The kidneys are a pair of ………… shaped organs present in all

veretebrates. They remove waste products from the body, maintain
balanced electrolyte levels, and regulate blood pressure. Each
kidney weighs …………(g) in males and 115-155g inn females.
Response: Bean; Wastes, 125-170g

Principles of linear programming

  Principle of small steps
 Principle of active responding
 Conformation
 Principle of self-pacing
 Student testing/ evaluation

Limitations
1. Lack of motivation
2. Serial order learning
3. No freedom of choice
4. Tendency to guess
5. Use in limited areas

4min To discribe about BRANCHING OR INTRINSIC STYLE Student teacher What are the
the Branching or  The branching technology was developed by discribe the Branching Principle,
intrinsic Style Norman A Crowder’s (1990). It usually involves a or intrinsic Style technique and its
Principle, multi – choice format. Principle, technique Limitation of the
technique and its  The learner has been presented a certain amount of and its Limitation Branching or
Limitation information and they are given multiple choice intrinsic Style?
questions.
 The frames are not kept before the students in a
numerical sequence. The student’s answer
determines which frame he has to see next.

PRINCIPLES OF BRANCHING

o Principle of Exposition: here the whole concept is

presented to the student so that he can learn better the
complete information which is provided on the home page.
It serves two purposes – teaching and diagnosis
o Principle of Diagnosis: The weakness of the learner is
identified after exposition and hence we concept or not. If
 cannot learn what the causes are for it, then it can be
modified
o Principle of Remediation: if a learner choose wrong page
alternately, then the learner has to move to a wrong here
remedial instruction is provided and directed to return to
home page and he/she is asked to choose the right answer

Techniques of Branching Program

 Backward program
 Forward branching

LIMITATION:
 Guessing
 Difficulty in praising Branches
 Diagnostic may not suit the needs of individual learner
 Branching style cannot used below fifth class
 The cost of preparation of high, Audio visual equipment
needed is very costly
 The programme is unable to control the student
 There is no guarantee that the pupil has learned everything
the programme is intented to teach.

2min To discuss the MATHETICS PROGRAMMING Student teacher will Discuss the
mathetis discuss the Mathetics Mathetic
programming Used in industrial training field. Mathetics is Greek word: it means Programm by the Program?
the process of learning: to mathetics means- pertaining to learning. method of lecture cum
Gilbert developed this type: He developed an instructional model discussion
involving 3 stages to learn or teach the behavioural structure. These
stages are Demonstrate, Prompt and release
 To present material through backward fading of a
chain
 First the criteria response is demonstrated
 Backward fading the sequence is presented
 ‘Retrogressively’
 In mathetics programme the step size is as big as is
required
 The number of steps are as few as possible.
 The learner responds by writing down the answer or
performing the task
 Task completion is the reinforcement given

3min Discuss about the COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION Student teacher will What are the
types, advantage able to discuss the computer assisted
and role computer Computer programs are interactive and can illustrate a concept computer assisted instruction?
assisted instruction through attractive, sound, and demonstration. instruction by the
They allow students to progress at their own pace and work method of lecture cum
individually or problem solve in group. discussion with the
Computers provide immediate feedback, letting students know help of chart
whether their answer is correct.
Computer Aided instruction facilitates instant access to information
with infinite patience accuracy and its provides opportunity for
systematically organised maximum learning for all instruction
maximum learning for all learners.
It provides complete individualizing instruction

3min Discuss about the TYPES OF COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION Student teacher will Discuss about the
types of PROGRAMMES able to discuss the types, advantage
advantage and role computer assisted and role
computer assisted 1. Logo: This system was developed by Feurzeing and Papart instruction by the computer assisted
instruction at M.I.T. method of lecture cum instruction?
2. Stimulation discussion
3. Controlled Learning

ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION

 One to one interaction

  Great motivator
 Freedom to experiment with different options
 Self-pacing allow students to proceed at their own
pace
 Individual attention
 Self directed learning- students can decide when,
where, and what to learn
 Privacy help the shy and slow learner to learn

ROLE OF TEACHER IN COMPUTER AIDED

INSTRUCTION
 The computer aided instruction can compete
accurately and rapidly huge data.
 The teacher will be liberated from his routine duty

3min Student teacher will Explain bout the

EXPERTS NEEDED IN COMPUTER AIDED
To explain about able to explain the expert needed in
the expert needed expert needed in computer aided
1. Computer Engineer
in computer aided computer aided and its and its limitation
2. Lesson Writer
and its limitation limitation by the help
3. System Operator
of lecture cum
discussion
LIMITATION


Learning becomes too mechanical

Lack of infrastructure

It is prohibitively expensive

Overuse of multimedia may divert the attention from
the content
 May feel overwhelmed by the information and
resources available
3min Enlist the ADVANTAGES OF PROGRAMMED INSTUCTION Student teacher Enlist The Enlist the
 advantages of the advantages of advantages of
Programmed  Enables student to work at his own pace Programmed Programmed
Instruction  It helps to develop high efficiency Instruction by the Instruction
 It facilitates self- evaluation method of lecture cum
 It gives individual instruction discussion
 The student is actively involved
 The student proceeds as its own pace
 It permits mass teaching
 It can lead to high availability
 It decrease risk for patients and society
 The student is provided with immediate knowledge of
results
 The physical presence of teacher is not required

5min Describe the steps STEPS IN PROGRAMME WRITING Student teacher Describe the steps
in Programme describe the steps in in Programme
Writing Programme Writing Writing
1. PREPARATION: by the method of
The teacher should be thoroughly familiar with the topic and limit lecture cum discussion
the area to be dealt. by the method of
o The teacher should see that the topic is lecture cum discussion
suitable for the programme
o Preparation of content outline
o Defining the behavioural objectives should
stated in terms of instructional goals in
operational, Observable, Measurable terms to
facilitate the construction of program and its
subsequent evaluation
o Goals further analysed, finally decided the
component of goals are explained by
component behavior.
o Constructing a test for entering behavior
 2. PROGRAMME WRITING:
The content outline and analysis of behavioral objectives leads to
the terminal behavior through a series of instructional devices:
o The presentation of material in frame
o Ensuring the response of the student
o The complete record of the student’s written
response should be utilized later for revising the
programme
o Conformation or correction of students responses
o Using prompts to guide student responses
o Providing careful sequencing of the frame

3. TRY OUT AND REVISION

When the draft id ready, it should be tried out on several
persons and reeditied. The original frames should be typed and
their response given on the back page. It should be given to a
small group of student. The students make use of the typed
content and turn to the reverse side of the card confirmation
The original draft is edited once again. Tried out
further and final revision is prepared.

5min To list out the APPLICATION OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION IN Student teacher list out List out the
application of EDUCATION the application of application of
programmed programmed programmed
instruction in 1. For regular instruction instruction in instruction in
education 2. Enrichment of Curriculum education by the education
3. Remedial Instruction method of lecture cum
4. Industrial Application discussion
Lack of qualified instructor and lack of sufficient
time to the instructor
Assembling employees into classes is a problem
Employees work in shifts
 Employees work in a scattered location
5. Use in Military
6. Corresponding Courses
7. To improve Agricultural practice for Africulturists, the
programmed materials is prepared
8. To improve sanitary habits of masses
9. Nom-formal education
10. Use in bank
11. Modification of deviant behavior.
12. Vocational training and psychotherapy
13. Programmed instruction for exceptional, handicapped
children
14. Can be used to enrich the curriculum to cater to the needs of
gifted children

2min To enlist the PROBLEMS OF APPLICATION Student teacher enlist List out the
problems of The problem of quantity the Problem of problems of
application The problem of quality application application?
Shortage of good teachers in the country
Lack of good programmers
Resistance
Lack of funds, facilities
Individualized Instruction

SUMMARY

Today we discussed
about the Programmed
Instruction, that is
Introduction,
Definition,
Characteristics,
Principles, Types,
 limitation, Steps in
Programme writing,
Application of
Programmed
Instruction in
education and
Problems of
application.

CONCLUSION

Programmed
Instruction is more
effective than
traditional teaching
methods since
learners have to
receive thousands of
reinforcement. The
early programmed
instruction was often
delivered by some
form of ‘ teaching
machine’ but later it
brought the concept of
interactive text.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Textbook of Nursing Education
Author’s name: KP Neeraja
Jaypee brothers medical Publisher(P) LTD
Page no. : 267 to 276
 Comprehensive Textbook of Nursing
 education
Author’s name: Jaspreet Kaur Sodhi
Edition: 2nd edition
Page no. : 98 to 102