MASONRY diameter should have a minimum

1. Explain the meaning of Course, and mortar cover of 5/8 in. (16 mm) on
Wythe used in masonry exterior faces and 1/2 in. (13 mm)
construction. on interior faces.
Course - a horizontal layer of 5. Estimate the amount of mortar
brick in the plane of the wall. required for the brick wall of Problem
Wythe - a vertical section one 3 if the joint between wythes is 5 ⁄8
brick thick. in. (16 mm). Assume 25% mortar
2. Describe how masonry units should waste.
be stored at a construction site. 6. Find the maximum safe unsupported
Concrete masonry units should height of a 6-in. (150-mm) solid brick
be stored and laid in a dry wall if the design wind load is 15
condition. lb/sq ft (0.72 kPa).
3. Why and how should masonry walls 7. In what situations might the methods
be protected before the building roof for reinforcing concrete block walls
is put in place? illustrated in Figure 14–15 be
Masonry walls should be needed?
protected before the building roof At the top of the wall, a concrete
is put in place because of: bond beam (A) is created by filling
- Weather protection - a U-shaped block (called a lintel
unprotected masonry walls block or beam block) with
are vulnerable to weather reinforced concrete. Vertical
elements. reinforcement is provided by
- Thermal expansion and placing reinforcing steel in some
contraction - masonry of the block cores and filling
materials expand and these cores with concrete (B).
contract when the Additional horizontal
temperature changes. reinforcement is obtained from
- Construction debris - reinforcing steel placed in the
materials, tools, and mortar joints (D). This type of
equipment can cause construction is appropriate for
accidental damage to the areas of high design loads, such
masonry walls. as earthquake and hurricane
- Mortar curing - masonry zones.
walls require sufficient 8. How long after initial mixing may
time for the mortar to cure mortar be used before discarding?
and gain strength. Mortar should be discarded 2 1/2
4. What minimum mortar cover is h after initial mixing
required for a No. 3 rebar located
near the exterior face of a reinforced
concrete masonry wall exposed to
weather?
Masonry reinforcement not
exceeding ¼ in. (6 mm) in
MASONRY
1. What are the ten terms applied to the
components of a brick wall? Define each
term.
Course - Horizontal layer of Brick in the
plane of the wall
Stretcher - a horizontal layer of brick in the
top course
Wythe - a vertical section which is one brick
thick
Header - brick placed with its long axis
perpendicular to the direction of the wall.
Bed joint - horizontal layer mortar on which
bricks are being placed.
Head joints - vertical mortar joints between
brick ends
Collar joint - vertical joint between brick
wythes
Troweled joint - formed by cutting off excess
mortar with the trowel and then compacting
the joint with the tip of the trowel.
Tooled joint - formed by using a unique tool
to compact and shape the mortar in the
joint, they are the most watertight joint
Raked joint - used for architectural design or
appearance but are challenging to make
completely watertight.
2. Define each principal mortar type
(types M S N O PM and PL)
Type M - high strength mortar used for
whenever high compressive strength and
durability is required
Type S - medium-high strength mortar used
for general purposes
Type N - medium strength mortar used for
general purposes, should not be used below
natural grade line
Type O - low strength mortar used for
non-load bearing partitions and fireproofing
Type PM and PL - used for reinforced
masonry
3. Differentiate each type of pattern bond
of brick masonry
Running bond- uses only a stretcher course
in which head joints are centered over
stretchers.
Common bond- uses only a header course
every fifth, sixth, and seventh interval. It
also provides structural bonding between
wythes.
English bond- alternates between headers
and stretchers in which headers are
centered on stretchers.
Flemish bond- alternates between stretcher
and headers in which headers are centered
over stretchers
Stack bond- mostly used for architectural
purposes, however horizontal reinforcement
must be applied to provide lateral bonding.
4. What masonry cavity walls are made
up of and what are the advantages over a
single bonded masonry wall?
Masonry cavity walls are made up of two
masonry wythes that have an open air
space of 2 in or more and they are tied with
metal ties. The advantages of cavity walls
are that they offer greater resistance to
moisture, better thermal and acoustic
insulation, and excellent fire resistance.
5.) What are brick cavity walls?
They combine an exterior and interior wythe
of brick, with an structural clay tile, or
concrete masonry.
6.) Explain the usage of RBM
RBM is a reinforced brick masonry in which
they are reinforced with steel to offer greater
strength
7.) What is a utility wall and compare it to
a cavity wall?
It is a masonry bonded wall constructed of
utility brick, utility walls are not as water
resistant compared to cavity walls, however
when constructed properly, they resist water
penetration far better than cavity walls.
8. Compare Bond beams and Lintels
A bond beam is a continuously reinforced
beam of concrete or masonry designed to
provide additional strength and to prevent
cracking in a masonry wall. At the same
time, Lintels are short beams of wood, steel,
stone, or reinforced brick masonry that are
used to span openings in masonry walls.
9. Compare and contrast Control Joints
and Flashing
Expansion joints are used to permit
differential movement between wall sections
caused by shrinkage cracking from
foundation and floor slabs, temperature and
moisture changes, and foundation
settlement. Flashing consists of impervious
layers used to seal out moisture or to direct
any moisture that does penetrate back to
the outside. Control joints are used at
window and door openings while flashing is
used in vertical sections like in parapet
walls.
10. Differentiate solid concrete block and
hollow block?
Solid concrete block must have at least 75%
of its cross sectional area made up of
concrete while hollow block must have more
than 25% of its cross sectional area empty,
and has a core area of 40% to 50% of its
cross section
11. Why do you need to use a bonding
agent on a concrete block?
When a concrete block is laid without mortar
joints, a bonding agent must be applied to a
stacked concrete block to ensure that the
block has structural strength and resistance
to water penetration.
12. What is Reinforced Concrete
Masonry?
When masonry is reinforced with concrete,
it provides additional strength and prevents
cracking.
13. What is ashlar masonry?
These are commonly used to identify
masonry of any material which uses
rectangular units larger than brick laid in a
pattern.
14. Give at least 2-3 materials used in
Concrete masonry and define each
Stone Veneer - held in place with ties
embedded in mortar joints
Shaped Stone - used for window sills,
lintels, parapet coping caps, and wall
panels.
15. What are the five steps in estimating make the masonry units not fit for
the number of bricks required for a construction.
masonry wall?
19. What is masonry grout and self
Calculating the area of the wall, calculating consolidating grouts?
the surface area of the brick, dividing the
wall area by surface area of the brick, thus Masonry grout is a fluid mixture of cement,
multiplying the quantity by the number of water, and sand or cement and water while
wythes and its wall thickness and adding an consolidating grouts uses a super
amount for waste. plasticizing admixture to produce an
extremely fluid grout capable of easily filling
16. Why must masonry walls be small gaps in a masonry unit.
designed to safely resist all expected
walls, including dead, live, and wind 20. What are the weather protection for
loads? concrete masonry units? During hot
weather, what are the recommendations
To ensure safe structural design, when the to reduce the effects?
building is erected, the design should also
determine the support requirements of the
loads during construction.

17. What is the proper procedure of

removing braces of a masonry wall?

Shores, forms, and bracing must not be

removed until the mortar has the sufficient
strength to carry all construction loads.
Concentrated loads should not be applied to
a masonry wall or column until 3d
construction.

17. What are Harsh mortars? and what

hash mortars produce?

Harsh mortars produced by sand having

insufficient fines while excess fines will
result in having good workability but lower
strength and high porosity.

18. Why should concrete masonry units

be stored and laid in a dry condition?

Because of moisture, the masonry units

might develop shrinkage cracking and will
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
1.) Explain the term blocking as used
in steel construction.
- Blocking is the name applied to
notching beams to provide the
necessary clearance when beams
connect to columns or other beams.
2.) Identify the maximum fabrication
tolerance of a steel column in
terms of depth, width, and length
and squareness.
3.)
- - Destructive testing: This is used
4.) When erecting a steel building
structure, what is the maximum
height that the erection deck can be
above the highest completed
permanent floor?
- The erection deck cannot be more
than 8 stories.
5.) What advantages do tension
control bolts have over
conventional steel bolts in making
bolted steel connections?
- Tension control bolts incorporate a
torque control groove so that the
stem breaks off under a specified
torque, therefore, Tension control
bolts offer several advantages over
conventional steel bolts in making
bolted steel connections. They
provide precise and consistent
tightening, enhancing safety and
structural integrity. The installation
process is simplified, saving time.
Though they may have a higher
initial cost, tension control bolts can
lead to long-term cost savings by
reducing maintenance and repair
expenses. Overall, tension control
bolts are a preferred choice for their
precise tensioning, safety benefits,
time efficiency, and potential cost
savings.
6.) Briefly describe 5 methods for
determining the quality of welds
in structural steel connections.
- Visual Inspection: It is the quickest,
easiest, and most widely used
inspection method. However it
requires the use of highly trained
and experienced inspection
personnel.
primarily in welder qualification
procedures. It is also used to
determine the actual strength of
welds.
- Radiographic inspection: This
method involves producing an X-ray
picture of the weld. When it is
executed properly it can detect a
defect as small as 2% of the joint
thickness.
- Ultrasonic inspection: This method
uses high-frequency vibration to
detect defects. The nature of the
signals that are reflected back from
the weld gives an indication of the
type, size, and location of any
defect.
- Liquid-penetrant inspection: This
involves spraying the weld with a
liquid penetrant, drying the surface,
and then applying a developing
liquid. This method is inexpensive
and easy to use but can only detect
flaws on an open surface.
7.) What is the yield strength of type
A36 steel?
- 36ksi (36000lb/sq in or 248.2MPA)
 8.) Describe the Characteristics of
Series LH open-web steel joists.
- The characteristics of Series LH
open-web steel joists are, they have
a span upto 96 ft with a maximum
depth of 48 in, and this type of joist
are formed by built-up steel
members in which they are
lightweight open trusses that are
strong and economical.
9.) Describe how high-strength steel
bolts may be identified
- To identify high-strength steel bolts
ASTM has prescribed special
markings for high-strength bolts. To
identify high-strength steel bolts in
the Philippines, there are a few key
methods: checking for markings
indicating grade or strength,
verifying certification or test reports
from manufacturers, considering the
reputation of suppliers, and ensuring
compliance with recognized
standards. Consulting with experts is
advised for accurate identification
and selection of high-strength steel
bolts in construction projects.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Predictions)
1.) How do you plan large and
complex projects
Advanced planning includes divisioning the
steel and planning shipping and erection
procedures.
2.) Explain the process of steel
construction
There are three major procedures in which it
is advanced planning, steel fabrication, and
delivery to the job site, and field operations.
3.) Explain the process of Divisioning
It is the process of dividing a structure into
units called divisions in which are used to
schedule the fabrication and delivery of
structural steel members to the job site.
4.) How do you plan erection
procedures?
The type of equipment utilized and the
procedures to be followed are determined
by the type of structure being erected and
the anticipated site conditions.
5.) How do you plan shop
fabrications?
The size and weight of large members must
be checked against plant capacity,
transportation size, weight limits, and the
capacity of erection equipment.
6.) What is field operations?
It includes receiving and unloading, sorting,
inspecting, storing, and erecting the steel.
7.) Briefly explain the term “yarding”
It is the process of unloading steel to a
temporary storage area and then moving it
from storage to the point of erection.
8.) What are the common mistakes in
unloading steel at a job site and
how do you mitigate such
mistakes?
Structural steel members are often
carelessly handled during unloading at a job
site. Some may throw them off the truck or a
railcar and stack them up in a manner that
will distort the member. In unloading
trusses, double slings must be used to
avoid bending the member.
9.) Explain the process of shaking
out
It is the process of sorting it out by
identifying each member, and storing it in
such a manner that it can be easily obtained
during erection.
10.) In a work site, how do you
store steel before erecting it?
It should be stored off platforms, skids, or
other supports, and protected from dirt,
grease, and corrosion.
11.) Briefly describe the
characteristics of weathering
steel?
It is a type of steel that develops a
protective oxide coat on its surface upon
exposure to the elements so that painting is
not required for protection against most
corrosion.
12.) Mention and briefly explain the
3 types of joists
Open - web steel joists (K, LH, and DLH) -
Lightweight open trusses that are strong
and economical, mostly used in supporting
floors and roofs of buildings.
Bar joists - diagonal members consist of
steel bars.
Joist Girders - similar to open-web steel
joists, however they are designed to to
support panel point loads.
13.) Compare and Contrast the 3
types standard-open web steel
joists
Series K - Series K are parallel chord joists
that span up to 60 ft with a max depth of 30
in.
Longspan Joists (LH) - LH joists are
available with parallel chords or with the top
chord pitched one way or two ways. LH
joists span up to 96 ft with a max depth of
48 in.
Deep Longspan Joists (DLH) - DLH joists
are available with parallel chords or with the
top chord pitched one way or two ways.
DLH joists span up to 144 ft with a max
depth of 72 in.
The three series are designed to support
uniform loads.
14.) How do you design a
castellated steel beam?
They are created by standard rolled shapes
by shearing one side and then joining two
sections together to create the shape.
These have a deeper and have a higher
strength/weight ratio than standard rolled
sections.
15.) Enumerate the crews of the
procedure of steel erection, and
briefly explain them.
Raising Crew - it lifts the steel member into
position and makes temporary bolted
connections that will hold the member safely
in place.
Fitting Crew - brings the member into proper
alignment and tightens enough bolts to hold
the structure in alignment until final
connections are made.
Fastening Crew - Makes the final Lifelines and Safety belts - Standard
connections, to meet specifications requirements where potential fall exceeds 2
requirements. stories

16.) What does OSHA mean by the

term structural integrity?

The ability of a structure to safely stand up

during erection and has prescribed safety
measures to ensure structural integrity. An
example would be that the erection deck
cannot be more than 8 stories above the
highest completed permanent floor.

17.) What are the two bolted

connections and briefly describe

Interference - body or interference- fit bolts -

Bolts that are driven into place and use
oversize shanks to prevent turning during
tightening.

Tension control bolts or Tension set bolts -

Bolts that incorporate a torque control
groove so that the stem breaks off under a
specified torque.

18.) Explain the usage and

purpose of bolt-tension calibrator

To calibrate both impact wrenches and

hand-indicator torque wrenches.

19.) Cite and explain the OSHA’s

regulations on PPE
Hardhats and Gloves - Standard
requirements for steel erection
Eye protection - requirements for welders,
cutting, and chipping operations.
Temporary Floors and Scaffolds -
Employees working above ground level
provide protective measures against fall.
20 - IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND
PERFORMANCE
1. What is Productivity?
- The output of construction
goods and services per unit
of labor input. Such a
definition ignores the
contribution of technology
and capital investment.
2. Explain the Tools for Better
Management.
- Management is responsible
for planning, organizing, and
controlling the work. If these
management responsibilities
were adequately carried out,
there would be few cases of
idle workers waiting for job
assignments, tools, or
instructions. The scope of
management responsibility is
excellent, and the techniques
for efficiently carrying out
these responsibilities are
varied and complex.
3. What is WORK IMPROVEMENT?
- It is one of the primary tools
for improving construction
productivity.
- The scientific study and
optimization of work
methods.
4. What are the techniques of Work
Improvement?
- Work simplification
- Motion and time study
- Work study
- Methods analysis
- Human factors also play an
essential part in productivity.
- Workers’ physical capacity,
site working conditions,
morale, and motivation
- Other techniques available to
assist the construction
manager in improving
construction productivity and
cost-effectiveness include
network planning methods,
economic analyses, safety
programs, quantitive
management methods,
simulation, and the use of
computers.
5. Explain PREPLANNING
- A detailed planning of work
equipment and procedures
before the start of work.
6. Explain TIME STUDIES
- Time studies are used to
collect time data relating to a
construction activity for the
purpose of either statistical
analysis or of determining
the level of work activity.
7. Explain WORK SAMPLING
- It is the name for a time
study conducted to
determine the level of activity
of an operation.
8. What are the types of work
sampling? Explain each type.
- The types of work sampling
performed to determine labor
utilization and effectiveness
include field ratings and
5-min ratings.
- Field ratings are used to
measure the level of activity
of a large workforce. Each
worker is observed and
instantaneously classified as
either working or nonworking
at the selected random
times.
- The number of working
observations divided by the
 total number of observations
yields the activity level.
- Another type is a 5-min
rating - it is used primarily to
measure the level of activity
of a crew.
9. What is used for recording time
studies?
- Traditionally, it is made using
stopwatches and data
sheets, and there is growing
use of time-lapse
photography and video
time-lapse.
10. What is the use of FLOW PROCESS
CHARTS?
- It traces the flow of material
of work through a series of
processing steps (classified
as operations, transportation,
inspections, delays, or
storage).
11. What is the next step after preparing
a flow process chart?
- It should be analyzed and
revised to reduce the number
of operations, movements,
storage, delays, and the
control factor to a minimum.
12. Explain LAYOUT DIAGRAMS
- It's a scaled diagram that
shows the location of all
physical facilities, machines,
and materials involved in a
process.
- Layout diagrams assist in
reducing the number of
material movements and the
distance between operations.
- The objective is to position
the materials and machines
so that the shortest possible
path can be used without
creating traffic conflicts or
safety hazards.
13. What is a FLOW DIAGRAM?
- Flow diagram is similar to a
layout diagram but also
shows the path followed by
the worker and the material
being recorded on a flow
process chart.
- Flow process charts, flow
diagrams, and layout
diagrams must be studied
together for maximum benefit
and must be consistent with
each other.
14. What is a CREW BALANCE
CHARTS?
- A crew balance chart uses a
graphical format to document
the activities of each member
of a group of workers during
one complete cycle of an
operation.
- Sometimes referred to as
multi-man charts. Charts
showing crew activities and
machine utilization are called
man-machine charts or
multi-man-and-machine
charts.
15. Give five worker demotivators.
- Disrespectful treatment of
workers
- Lack of sense of
accomplishment
- Nonavailability of materials
and tools
- Necessity to redo work
- Confusion about the project
16. Give five worker motivators.
- Good relations between
crafts
- Good worker orientation
programs
 - Good pay - Forms the basis for
- Enjoyable work managers to issue
- Well-planned projects. instructions to subordinates.
17. Briefly discuss the influence of - Establishes the planned
human factors on construction sequence for using
productivity. personnel, materials,
- It is important to remember machines, and money.
that people are essential to 3. During Construction
the construction process. - Enables the manager to
Workers who are fatigued, prepare a checklist of key
bored, or hostile will never dates, activities, resources,
perform at an optimum level etc.
of effectiveness. - Provides a means for
evaluating the effect of
16 - PLANNING AND SCHEDULING changes and delays.
1. Explain PLANNING and - Serves as the basis for
SCHEDULING evaluating progress
- PLANNING must be done to - Aids in coordinating
perform any function with resources
minimal wasted time and 4. After completion of Construction
effort. - Permits a review and
- SCHEDULING is utilized for analysis of the project as
many phases of the carried out.
construction process, from - Provides historical data for
master planning through improving future planning
facility construction to facility and estimating.
operation and maintenance. 5. What are the SCHEDULING
- SCHEDULE is nothing more PRINCIPLES?
than a time-phased plan. - Establish a logical sequence
- SCHEDULES are used as of operations
guides during the - Do not exceed the available
performance of an operation resources' capabilities
to control the pace of - Provide for continuity of
activities and permit the operations
operation completion at the - Start project controlling (or
desired or required time. critical) activities early.
2. Before starting PLANNING AND 6. How important is the accuracy of
SCHEDULING scheduling?
- Provides an estimate of the - The accuracy of an estimate
time required for each portion of the time it will take to
of the project and the total perform a construction
project. operation is a function of the
- Establishes the planned rate kind of work involved and
of progress
 prior experience in doing that
sort of work.
7. Planner’s work
- The planner must thoroughly
understand the nature of the
work to be performed and the
relationship between the
various work items making
up the project.
8. Explain BAR GRAPH METHOD
- The bar graph or bar chart
schedule is a graphical
schedule relating the
progress of work items to a
schedule.
- Gantt charts, developed by
Henry L. Gantt
9. What schedule form is widely used
in construction work?
- Bar graph schedule is still the
most widely used schedule
form found in construction
work because it is an easily
understood format.