Difference between heat engine and heat pump

A heat pump is a device that removes heat from a cold body and transfers it to a hot body.

A heat engine is a device that transforms thermal energy into mechanical energy.
What is Jet Propulsion?
What is Jet?
 Jet (fluid)
A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium,
usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice.

Jets can travel long distance without dissipating.

Jet fluid has higher momentum compared to the surrounding fluid

medium.
 Jet (fluid)

A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected

into a surrounding medium from orifice. A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a
surrounding medium, usually from nozzle
What is Propulsion?
 Propulsion

Propulsion means to push forward or drive an object forward.

A propulsion system is a machine that produces thrust to push an object forward.

What is Jet Propulsion?
 Jet propulsion
Jet propulsion is the propulsion of an object in one direction, produced by ejecting a jet
of fluid in the opposite direction. By Newton's third law, the moving body is propelled in the
opposite direction to the jet.

Reaction engines operating on the principle of jet propulsion.

1.Jet engine used for Aircraft propulsion,

2. Pump-jet used for Marine propulsion,

3.Rocket engine and plasma thruster used for Spacecraft propulsion.

 Types of Reaction Engine
Rocket Engine
Jet Engine & Pump-jet
Plasma Thruster

Aircraft Propulsion Spacecraft Propulsion Marine Propulsion

Fluid used to in the jet propulsion
1.Water,

2.Steam or combustion gases can be used to propel a body in a fluid.

But there are limitations in the choice of the fluid when the bodies are to be
propelled in the atmosphere.
 Only two types of fluids for jet propulsion

1. Heated and compressed Atmospheric Air – admixed with the products of combustion produced by
burning fuel in that air can be used for jet propulsion.

➢ The thermochemical energy of the fuel is utilized for increasing the temperature of the air to the desired
value. The jet of this character is called a thermal jet.

➢ The jet propulsion engine using atmospheric air is called air breathing engines.

2. jet of gas produced by the chemical reactions of fuel and oxidizer.

➢ Each of them is carried with the system itself. The fuel-oxidant mixture is called the propellant.

➢ No atmospheric air is used for the formation of the jet but the oxidant in the propellant is used for generating the
thermal jet.A jet produced in this way is known as rocket jet.

➢ The equipment wherein the chemical reaction takes place is called a rocket motor.

➢ The complete unit including the propellant is called a rocket engine.

Classification of Jet propulsion Engines
Classification of propulsion systems
 Gas Turbine
or
Combustion turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous flow
internal combustion engine.
The main parts common to all gas turbine engines form the power-producing
part (known as the gas generator or core) and are, in the direction of flow:
● a rotating gas compressor
● a combustor
● a compressor-driving turbine.
Illustration of working of gas turbine engine
 Factors which affect the performance of gas turbines

The two main factors which affect the performance of gas turbines are
1.The efficiencies of various components
2.Turbine working temperature
The higher they are made, the better is the all-round performance of the plant.

It was, in fact, low efficiencies and poor turbine materials which caused the failure of a number of early
attempts.

For example, in 1904 two French engineers built a unit which did little more than turn itself over, with compressor
efficiency of about 60% and the maximum gas temperature of about 740 K. The overall efficiency of the gas
turbine cycle mainly depends upon the pressure ratio of the compressor. The development of science of
aerodynamics and that of metallurgy made it possible to employ very high pressure ratios (20:1) with an
adequate compressor efficiency (85-90%) and high turbine inlet temperatures, up to 1500 K.
 Combustion systems proposed

Two possible combustion systems were proposed:

1. at constant-pressure

2. at constant-volume.
 1.constant-volume cycle
Theoretically, the thermal efficiency of the constant-volume cycle is higher than that
of constant-pressure cycle. However, constant-volume combustion involves mechanical
difficulties requiring valves to isolate the combustion chamber from the
compressor and turbine.

Thermal efficiency------ higher

But

Mechanical difficulties requiring valves to isolate the combustion

chamber
 2.Constant-pressure cycle
constant-pressure gas turbine, combustion is continuous and valves are not necessary.
It was soon accepted that the constant-pressure cycle had the greater possibilities for
future development.

Combustion is continuous

Valves are not necessary