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Unit 01
Unit 01
Lift—opposes the downward force of weight, is produced by the dynamic effect of the
air acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the center of
lift.
• Our major concern is with the movement of a given airplane through the atmosphere,
insofar as it is responding to the four forces of flight.
• This movement is governed by a set of equations called the equations of motion.
• The four forces of flight-lift, drag, weight, and thrust, denoted by L, D, W, and T,
respectively for an airplane in level flight.
• The free-stream velocity Vα is always in the direction of the local flight of the airplane the
flight path is horizontal, and hence Vα is also along the horizontal.
• The airplane is moving from left to right, hence Vα is drawn pointing toward the left
since it is a flow velocity relative to the airplane.
• The airplane lift and drag are perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to Vα.
• Lift and drag are aerodynamic forces; L and D represent the lift and drag, respectively, of
the complete airplane, including the wing, tail, fuselage, etc.
• The weight always acts toward the center of the earth; for the level-flight case , W is
perpendicular to Vα.
• The thrust is produced by whatever flight propulsion device is powering the airplane.
• In general, T is not necessarily in the free-stream direction; where T is drawn
at an angle Є relative to the flight path.
• For the level-flight case, all four forces are in the same plane, namely, the
plane of the paper.
• This is also the longitudinal plane of symmetry for the airplane;the plane of
symmetry splits the airplane into two symmetric halves.
• Consider next the case of the airplane climbing ( or descending) along a
flight path that is angled to the horizontal.
• In general, the flight path is curved.
• At any given instant as the airplane moves along this path, the local,
instantaneous angle of the flight path, relative to the horizontal, is ϴ.
• Hence Vα is inclined at angle ϴ , which is called the local climb angle of
the airplane.
• As before, Land Dare perpendicular and parallel to Vα .
• Weight W, acts toward the center of the earth, and hence is perpendicular
to the earth's surface.
• For the airplane in climbing flight, the direction of W is inclined at the
angle ϴ relative to the lift.
• The vertical plane is still the plane of symmetry for the airplane.
Equations of motion
Thrust – to – weight ratio
Wing loading
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiOiVHUEYao
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzSZIVEQAnQ
Drag polar
lift-to – drag ratio
Thrust available and thrust required curves
• Thrust available
Thrust required curves
Power available and power required curves