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Referring to all the aspects discussed, we consider that the potential of green NPs is a long way from
being fully explored. The merits of physical methods are high speed and no use of toxic chemicals,
purity, uniform size, and shape, whereas their demerits include less productivity; high cost; exposure
to radiation; require high energy, temperature, and pressure; less thermal stability; high amount of
waste, high dilution; difficult size and shape tunability; and less possibility in stability. Reduction of
metal ions with biogenic sources was fast at ambient pressure condition ( Tran et al., 2013 ). The
synthesized biogenic nanoparticles quality is significantly affected by exposure period ( Darroudi et
al., 2011 ). The shape, size and adsorption capacity of the nanoparticles play a significant function in
determination of the nanoparticle properties. Progress is constantly being made and researchers have
identified new suitable organisms for NP synthesis, taking into account the extremely large diversity
of our biosphere. Furthermore, the concentration of gold NPs in the test tube exposed to the highest
light intensity was almost double compared to that maintained at low light after 3 h of exposure.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Osuntokun et al. proposed that the
synthesis of zinc oxide, mediated by Brassica oleracea extract, involved two steps. Recently, PtNPs
have garnered a steadily growing interest for different biomedical applications such as antimicrobial
agents, anticancer agents, targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, photoablation therapy, bioimaging,
and biosensing. The working principle of the DLS involves screening the elastic scattering intensity
of light from the Brownian motion of the sample. Completely “green” synthesis and stabilization of
metal nanoparticles. Synthesis of PtNPs using various parts of biological templates and their sizes
and shapes. A few plant species are used for the synthesis of PtNPs including Azadirachta indica,
Diospyros kaki, Ocimum sanctum, and Pinus resinosa. Ecofriendly green biosynthesized of metallic
nanoparticles: Bio-reduction mec. The other mechanism states distortion of the helical structure of
bacterial DNA due to the interaction of NPs and interruption of internal and external cellular
mechanisms. 2.2. Microbial Synthesis of NPs In addition to the plant-mediated synthesis, several
microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and viruses are also reported to synthesize
various metal NPs. A detailed toxicological study of the NPs on plants and animals is necessary for
expanding its application in diverse fields. As shown in Fig. 2, mostly accepted mechanism is based
on the presence of enzyme “nitrate reductase”. 107,109,110,112,115 The enzyme converts nitrate
(NO 3 ? ) to nitrite (NO 2 ? ). He started his career as an Assistant Professor at Vidyasagar
University, India, in 2014; he then moved to Raiganj University, India, in 2017, as a full time
Assistant Professor. GSH is a tripeptide consisting of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine units and
is an omnipresent antioxidant present in the human and plant cells. Since April 2016 he has been
Associate Professor at the same university. Nanoparticle synthesis for plant byproducts for
biomedical applications has vast potential. Later they have successfully adsorbed amphotericin B
over the previously formed biogenic AgNPs surface. 234 They observed a enhanced parasites
activity of amphotericin B adsorbed silver nanoparticle (IC 50 value 2.43 ?g ml ?1 ) than biogenic
nanoparticle (IC 50 value of 4.2 ?g ml ?1 ) against Leishmania tropica 234 at promastigotes stage.
The extract from different plant parts and species in the presence of metal salts results in the
production nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes, compositions, and activities, as indicated in
Figure 7. Bacteria can catalyze different reactions due to their enzymes and can produce inorganic
nanoparticles ( Iravani, 2014 ). Therefore, there is a need for more studies to evaluate and understand
the actual plant dependent mechanisms. This is a grossly unexplored field and requires much more
research investment to fully utilize the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via biological
entities. Regarding exposure time, the reaction starts within the first 5 min in a high-intensity light
source, and there is evidence that the formation of NPs cannot be completed in less than half an
hour. Household production of sorghum beer in Benin: technological and socio-economic aspects.
Plant-mediated synthesis of platinum nanoparticles and its bioreductive mechanism. This method is
mainly used for synthesis of gold NPs. 3.3. Chemical Methods Chemical synthesis of NPs follows
the bottom-up approach. The use of microorganisms for large-scale biosynthesis of NPs lacks
feasibility compared with plants, which require less time for reaction completion. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
Shah M, Fawcett D, Sharma S, Tripathy SK, Poinern GEJ. The fact that agitation speed can increase
the reaction rate is also supported by the study of Selvakumar et al., in which a silver NP synthesis
was based on the molecules found in the leaves of Acalypha hispida. Semiconductor materials such
as CdS and ZnS are of particular interest to the electronics industry and green chemistry based
methods for their synthesis have been extensively investigated. The cell death was verified by
epifluorescence microscopy, as well. Understanding the mechanisms of NPs access into the body,
their function at cellular level, and their influences on public health is the call of the hour. In this
context, the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs with different shapes has been compared. The
introduction of phosphate group at the second position of the cyclic ring of the molecule is effective
against oxidation. The synthesis occurs within the cell cytosol, due to its high reductive capacity. The
synthesis of palladium NPs prepared via a methanolic extract of Eryngium caeruleum took place in
60 min, while the ethanolic extract-mediated synthesis needed 100 min to be completed. Green
synthesis of NPs uses the reducing potential of the compounds within living organisms. Plants and
microorganisms are cosmopolitan, accessible and safe-handling resources. Each biological entity has
varying degrees of biochemical processing capabilities that can be effectively used to synthesize
particular metallic or metallic oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and
Disease (JCDD). Chemical preparation involves synthesis of metal NPs in a chemical solution, and
various chemical reactions and chemical compositions are used for these purposes. Hence, the recent
advancements using NPs in food preservation and packaging may be used to overcome the
disadvantages of the biopolymer-based packaging technologies. The produced particles were found
to be quasi-spherical and single crystalline nanoaggregates with an average size between 20 and 110
nm. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). Cu nanoparticles can be
synthesised using stem latex of Euphorbia nivulia (Common milk hedge). The small size and large
surface area of these NPs give them an advantage over the conventional fertilizers. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). The top down approach starts with a material of
interest, which then undergoes size reduction via physical and chemical processes to produce
nanoparticles. Several techniques such as physical, chemical, and biological have been adopted for the
treatment of wastewater. Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Bioenergy Applications Neha
Srivastava (Editor), Manish Srivastava (Editor), P. K. Mishra (Editor), Vijai Kumar Gupta (Editor).
Drugs or other active compounds can be loaded on the engineered nanoparticles for effective targeted
transfer to particular sites in an organism. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of
interest. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript
enabled. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Green and controlled synthesis of
gold and platinum nanomaterials using vitamin B2: density-assisted self-assembly of nanospheres,
wires and rods. Importantly, all these factors can be potentially controlled via biological mediated
production. Preferential end-to-end assembly of gold nanorods by biotin-streptavidin connectors.
Silver NPs of different sizes, i.e., 20 or 40 nm (Ag20Pep and Ag40Pep) were analyzed in THP-1-
derived human macrophages through their cellular uptake.
Dameron et al. (1989) called yeast cells as semiconductor crystals or quantum semiconductor crystals
as they have the ability to synthesize semiconductor nanoparticles such as cadmium and lead sulfide.
Ahmad et al. also showed the physico-chemical and morphological changes in AgNP-treated cells by
zeta potential and SEM analyses. 142 Further, they investigated whether the intracellular content of
cells would leak into the environment due to the AgNP-induced cell wall and membrane damage.
NPs and their derived nanomaterials are finding wide application in various sectors such as food,
agriculture, cosmetics, medicines, etc. At nanoscale, particles display better catalytic, magnetic,
electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, and biological properties. Several NPs can penetrate inside
the nuclear envelop, and they play an important role in inducing genotoxicity. The intensity of
radiation and frequency of the spectrum are plotted, and a unique spectrograph is used to compare
with international standards and identify the molecules. International strategy for nanotechnology
research. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current
knowledge regarding the synthesis, including physical, chemical, and biological and toxicological
effects of PtNPs on human health, in terms of both in vivo and in vitro experimental analysis. The
scattered beams reflected by any crystal form many diffraction patterns. Journal of Pharmaceutical
and BioTech Industry (JPBI). PtNPs have been synthesized using leaf extract from Barleria prionitis.
Spectroscopy based techniques such as UV-vis, DLS, XRD, EDS, FT-IR, and Raman are considered
indirect methods of determining data related to composition, structure, crystal phase, and properties
of nanoparticles. They could summarize the process by the following steps: The metals such as
copper, silver, gold, zinc, titanium, iron, and nickel result in the formation of their metal oxides by
phytochemicals. Self-assembly of cinnamic acid-capped gold nanoparticles. The heavy metals,
organic compounds, insecticides, fertilizers, industrial effluents, and sewage are the principal
environmental contaminants. Various characteristics of NPs affecting their toxicity are size, nature,
reactivity, mobility, stability, surface chemistry, aggregation, storage time, etc. Subscribe to receive
issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. The knowledge of the sequence of
proteins is useful for the understanding of the capping mechanism. As a result, numerous pesticides
have been prohibited by state or international governments. For instance, Ipomea carnea plant
extracts produce NPs with an average size of 50 nm ( Figure 11 ). In this method, various
morphologies of gold nanoplates such as triangle, truncated triangle, and hexagonal nanoplates with
uniform size were synthesized successfully ( Figure 5 ). Further, PtNPs can be exploited proper
functionalization different reducing agents. The synthesized NPs were highly stable, and the
catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol was promising as a one-step process. HR-TEM micrograph of
platinum nanoparticles produced by fungi ( Ganoderma spp.). FT-IR spectroscopy is used to detect
the residues on the surface and the functional groups—such as flavonoids, phenols, and
hydroxyls—which bond with the surface of the nanoparticles throughout the process of the synthesis
for an effective reduction and stabilization. 6. Antibacterial Activity of Flower-Derived NPs NPs
should come in contact with the bacterial cells to show the antibacterial function. Zinc oxide
nanoformulations is an important biomedical and cosmetic product. In comparison with
microorganisms, the plant approach is more advantageous since it does not need any special,
complex, and multi-step procedures such as isolation, culture preparation, and culture maintenance.
For example, beet juice is used as a reducing and capping agent for the preparation MNPs such as
Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd nanoparticles, which are capped with organics by the fast microwave-supported
green procedure. Among the phytochemicals used in the green synthesis of NPs, eugenol is one of
the terpenoids that has proved to be helpful in the production of NPs. Nano-sized powders and
nanocochleates are used for increasing absorption and delivery of nutrients without altering the taste,
flavor, and color of the food products.