HINH HOC 12 CAC KIEN THUC CAN NHO VE HINH HQC DE GIALTOAN HINH HQC 12 1. TSO GOC NHON TRONG TAM GIAC VUONG AB por ehia HUYEN) 2. cosa. = 8© (Ke chia HUYEN) BC BC Lsino. AB * AC. in 3.tana = = (DOI chia KE) 4. cota. = —~ (KE chia DOL) AC AB I, HE THUC LUONG TRONG TAM GIAC VUONG 1, BCT= AB" + AC’ (Dinh li Pitago)=>AB™ = BC’ - AC* . 3. AC? = CH.BC H ° H.CH 5.AB.AC=BC.AH 6. ILL. DINH Li COSIN P+ c?—2becosA 2. b’ TV. DINH Li SIN i as — h ~~ sinA sinB- sinC V.DINHLiTALET — MN//BC y N ) AM AN _MN b AM _ AN aaa AB ‘AC BC MB NC. VI. DIEN TICH TRONG HiNH PHANG 1. Tam gide thudm, oS= 52h b)S= Jp(p—a)(p—b)(p—c) (Céng thite Hé-réng) p tam gie) : a. 2. Tam gidie déu canh a: a) Duimg cao: h = ©) Durong cao ciing la during trung tuyén, durémg phan gidc, duémg trang tree 1 3. Tam gide vung: a) $= ab (a, bl 2.canh poe vung) b) Tam dudng tron ngoai tiép tam gidc la trung diém cua camh hayén 4. Tam giée vudng can (nia hinh vudng): a) S = —a? (2 canh géc vudng bing nhau) b) Canh huydn bing a2 2 5. Nita tam gide déu: A a) La tam gide vudng c6 mét géc bang 30° hoa 60° > Loo EN b) Duong cao ha tir dinh ciing 1 dudng trung tuy. 7. Hinh chie nhgt: = ab (a,b la cdc kich thuée) dudng phan giée, during trung true 1 & Hin thoi: $= duds (41 do 2 dong chéo)9. Hinh vuéng: a) S b) During chéo bing av2 10. Hinh binh hanh: $= ab (h: dong cao; a: canh day) A 11. Duong tron: a) C = 27 R (R: ban kinh dung tron) b) TR? (R: ban kinh dung tron) VII. CAC DUONG TRONG TAM GIAC Mw N 1. Ducing trung tuyén: G: li tong tim cha tam gide a) Giao diém cua 3 dudmg trung tuyén cua tam gide goi la trong tam 1 =-—BN e q 9 RG = BN; "RG =26N; + 2. Duong cao: Giao diém cia ciia 3 dudmg cao cha tam gide goi 1a trwe tam : 3. Diedng trung true a3 dudng trung true ctia tam gide 1a tam dicing tron ngogi tiép tam giée | 4. During phan gide: Giao diém cia 3 duong phan gis side VIII. HINH HQC KHONG GIAN 1. Hinh tie dign déu: Cé 4 mit la cac tam gide déu bang nhau. Chan dung cao tring véi tam cita day (hay tring véi trong tam cia tam gic day). Cée canh bén tao véi mat day cée gée bang nhau 2. Hinh chép déu: Co diy la da giac déu .C6 cdc mat bén la nhimg tam gidc can bing nhau, Chan durimg cao tring véi tém ca da giéc dy .Cac canh bén tao véi mit day céc gée bing nhau 3. Diong thing d vudng géc vdi mp(0): la tam dwong tron ngi tiép tam cciia tam gid dilasdib a) Dt d vudng gée véi 2 dt cit nhau cing nim trén mp(o.) Tite 1&: }aNb =d l(a) aboa (a) 1 (B) b) {(@)N(B)=a a L(x) aldc(p) ©) Dt d vudng gée visi mp( ct ) thi d vudng gée voi moi dt nim trong mp( cL ) 4. Gée © gitta dt d va mp(): d cat (1) tai O va AEd , [AHL(@) Néu He(a) S. Gée gitta 2 mp(o.) va mp(B ): (a) 0(B)= AB Néu )FM 1 AB;EM | AB EM (a),FMc(B) thi géc gitta (c.) va(B) 1a @ hay EMF = @ thi ge gitta d va (a) la @ hay AOH = @ 6. Khodng cich tir diém A dén mp(0.): Néu AH L(t) thi d(A. (a))=AH (vai H €(a)) Sid tich khGi Vane een ae 5 1. Thé tich khdi lang tru: = Bh (B: dign tich day; h: chiéu cao) 5 - 1 2. Thé tich khdi chop: “? Bh (dign tich day 1a da gid)Ti sé thé tich cha khéi chop: Nose, _ SA’ SB’ SC’ Veane ~=SA'SB'SC 4. Dién tich xq ctia hinh nén tron xoay: — Syq= TRI (R: bk dung tron; |: durdng sinh) ‘ 4s , 5. Thé tich cia khdi nén tron xoay V= Bh (dign tch day 1a dung trdn) 6. Dign tich xq cia hinh try tron xoay: —— Sqq=27RI (R: bk dung tron; |: durong sinh) 7. Thé tich ciia khéi try tron xoay: V = Bh = mR°h(h: chiéu cao khéi tra) 8. Dign tich cia m@t cau: S$ =4nR? (R: bk mat cau ) 3 ; 4 ; 9. Thé tich ciia khdi ndn tron xoay: Weg mR? (R: ban kinh mat edu) Hizb wy Hi oi Hub dy Hiab ebsp Hah Bing tyPHAN: HINH HQC TRONG KHONG GIAN WN. Trong khong gian v6i hé truc Oxyz cho (b,3b,:b,) vakeR 1) G£b=(a, £b,,a, +b,;a, +b.) 2) k= (ka,;ka, ;ka,) 4) |aj= Ja; +a; +a; 5) Tich cé huéng cita hai vecto @ va b la le al.((ee Jaa Jaya, - 1b, b, | |b.b, | |b,b, 6 {0} sida,b) a, =, na a, =b, a, =b, 8) @ cing phuong b oF 9) aifa.b) nay 51[6.5) 10) @, 5, é ding phing <> [a,b]e 11) GLb > a,b, +a,b, +a,b, =0 io ee ey =} faa.a€ AC| =0 hacer’ =| BAD] Aa | + Yn = 2 [BAC AD I. TOA DO DIEM: Trog khong gian Oxyz. cho A(x,39432,) Bley: ¥e32n) Vale -%,) 3) G latrong tim AABC, ta c6: 4) Gli trong tam tir din ABCD <> GA+GB+GC+GD=0 k. Tad: vkel 6) [la trung diém ciia doan AB thi: a2atte 278s pti 2 +2 2 HL MAT PHANG: 1) Gia sir mp (a) co edp VTCP la tee B=(b,30,3 . Nen c6 VIPT x: la,a,) a,a,| lava. a=[a,5]= (t: he ] |" |b, | |b, 2) Phuong trinh tng quat cia mp (cx) .c6 dang: Ax +By+Cz+D=0 Voi A? +B? +C? #0 ; trong do fi =(A; B;C)la VTPT cua mp (a) 3) Phuong trinh cfc mat phing toa dé:nhau: (a,):A\x+B,y+C,c+D, =0 P.tr ciia chim mp xéc dinh boi (ct, )va (a, ) la: MAx+ By +Cz+D,)+p(Ax+By+Cz+D,)=0 5) Cae van dé viét phuong trinh mit phing: Van Dé 1: Viét phuong trinh mit phing P.Phép: «Tim VIPT fi =(A; B,C) va diém di quaMo(%93.¥95%) © dang: A(x—x, + Bly—y, )+C(z-z, )=0 Van Dé 2: phuong trinh mit phang qua ba diém A, B,C P.Phip: © Tinh AB,AC © Mp (ABC) 6 VTPT la fi =[AB,AC| vaqua A © Két hut Van bé 3: Viét phuong trinh mp (c:) di qua A va vudng gée BC P.Phép: Mp (a) L BC. Nénc6 VTPT 1a BC qua A Cha §: Truc Ox chita 7 =(1;0;0) (0:10) © Truc Oz chita kK = (0;051) van bé 4: Viét phong tinh mp (8) 1a mat phiing trung trye iia AB. P.Phip: © Mp (B)L AB. Néncé VIPT la AB di qua Ti trung diém cia AB © Kétlujn, © True Oy chira Vin Dd 9:Viét phuong trinh mit phing () di qua giao tuyén cia hai mp («., ) v: * Di qua diém Mo Van Dé 5: Viét phuong tinh mp (B) di qua diém M,(x);.793 2, ) va song song voi mat phing (a): Ax+ By+Cz+D=0 P.phip: © (B)/(a). Nén phuong trinh (B) 6 dang: Ax+By+Cz+D/=0 * M,<(@)>D' © Kétluan Vn Dé 6: Viét phuong trinh mp (P) di qua hai diém A, B va vudng géc voi mp (Q) P.Phap: aa © Mp(P)cé cap VICP li: AB va VIPT cia (Q) la fig © Mp (P) c6 VIPT la fi = [B.A ha qua A © Kétluan. Vn Dé 7: Viét phuong trinh mp (a) di qua cdc diém 1A hinh chiéu cia diém M(x43¥y3%) trén ede truc toa a6. P.Phap:* Goi Mi, Mz, Ms lan Iwot la hinh chiéu cia dim M trén Ox, Oy, Oz. Thi Mj(%0:0;0) , Mz(Osyo:0) , Ms(0:0;X0) * Phuong trinh mp (ct) la: x a+ yz Van Dé 8: Viét phuong trinh mp (c.) di qua diém Mo va vung gée véi hai mat phing (P) va (Q). P.Phap: © (P)c6VIPTIA i, © (Qc6VTPTIA ii, + Mp (a) c6 VTPT 1a [f,,77,] va qua M, © Kétluan. P.Phap: Mp (a) di qua giao tuyén ca (cz, ) va (a, ) c6 dang: MAx+ By +C,c+D, )+p(A,x+ By +C,z M, <)> kk=ke D,)=0Ch A= > Két luda, *Song song vi mat phiing («,) : Ayx + Buy + Cz +D3=0 Mp (a) cé dang: (AA, +A,u)x+(B,2+B,p)y+(C,A+C,u)c+AD, +d, (a) C6 VIPT : fi, =(AA, + yA, ;AB, + UB, 3AC, + uC, ) C6 VIPT: fi, =(4,:B,:C,) Vi (a) (a,).Nén Giaitim A, 2A, +HA, _ 1B, + HB, As B, AC, +nC, Cc, *(a) vudng géc vai (a,) : Asx + Byy + Cyz +D3 = 0 Tacd: fi, Li, >i, zi, =0 Chon 4 => p Két ludi 9 Van Dé 1 P.Phap: . ‘* Xtc dinh tam I cia mat edu (S) : Viét phuong trinh m§t phang tiép dign cia mgt cau (S) tai tiép diém © Mat phiing (cz): Mp tiép dign c VIPT : IA phuong trinh tng quit. I II. BUONG THANG: 9 Phuong trinh during thing: i 1) Phuong trinh téng quat cia dudng thing: Ax+B,y+C,z+D, =0 A,x+B,y+C,2+D, =0 v6i Ay : By: Cy # Az: Bo: C2 2) Phuong trinh tham sé ciia duong thing di qua diém M, (x93 ¥93%) ¢6 VICP say) rex, tat aaa. yey tat (rer) zag tat 3) Phwong trinh chinh qua diém Mo e6 VTCP: ca duémg thing di (a,3a,3a,) a Voi Qui ude: Néu a) =0 thi x—x9=0 9 Van Dé 11: Tim VTCP cia dung thing téng quat. ik [Art By +C.2+D, P.Phap: ! (a,;a,3a,) va diém # Cin biét VICP My(Xoi¥oiZ EA + Viét phuong trinh tham sé theo céng thite (2) © Viét phuong trinh chinh tic theo céng thire 3) : ie phuong trinh tng quit. thi tir phuong trinh chinh tie , ta e6 phuong trinh tong quit: phuong trinh (@,34,3a, ) bing vin 48 11 - Cho mét an bang 0 Hode bang mét gia tri nao dé. Giai hé tim x, y => z diém thudc duéng thing - et ludn. 9 Vin Dé 13: Viét ptr duing thing A di qua diém M,(x,3y93z)) va vudng géc voi mit phang («): Ax+By+Cz+D=0~P.Phap: * Mp (a) co VIPT Ia i =(A; B,C) Duong thang A di qua diém Mo va c6 VTCP. Ri © Viét phuong trinh chinh tic => Ptr téng it 3 vin Dé 14: Viét phuong trinh hinh chiéu cia d trén mp (a) © Nén (B) cé cap VTCP 1a © VICP ciiad lad, va ii, 1a VIPT cia mit phang (a) © Mp (B) co VTPT ist, © Mp (8) di qua diém Mp ed © Viet phuong trinh tong quat cia Mp 6) {( © Phuong trinh dung thang d’: 9 Van Dé 15: Viét phuong trinh duong thang d qua diém M,(x,;y,;z,) va vuong g6e voi hai during A, va A, P.Phij © A, c6VICP i, * A, c6OVTCP ii, © dvudng géc vii A, va A,.Néndc6 vrcp lad, =[i,,, ] 9 Van Da 1 phuong trinh duong thing d di qua diém A va cit ca hai dwong A, va A. P.Phip: © Thay toa d@ A vao phuong trinh A, va A, =AeA,,AeA, ‘© Goi (P) la mat phing di qua diém A va chira A, © Goi (Q) i mit phing di qua diém A va chira A, (P): (2): phwong trinh duéng ca hai dwing A, va A,. © P.tr dudng thing d: { 9 Van De 17: thing d <(P) i P.Phap: © Goi A=A,A(P) ° Goi B=A,A(P) * Duong thang chinh la duéng thing AB 9 Van Dé 18: Viét phuong trinh duéng thing d // d, va cit ed hai dwimg A, va A,. P.Phap © Goi (P) i mat phing chita A, va (P) Md, Goi (Q) la mat phing chira A, va (Q)// di + d=(P)N(0) sacs ie a eee © Phuong trinh dug thing wong trinh duimg thing d te 9 Van Dé 19: Viet phuong trinh duong vudng géc chung cia hai duing thing chéo nhau A, va A,. P.Phip: © Goid, vad, an lugt i VICP cua A, va ii, ,] Goi (P) la mat phang chita A, va c6 mot VTCP la ¥. Nénc6 VIPT fa,.¥] => phuong trinh mit phing (P) Goi (Q) 1A mit phng chira A, vi c6 mot VTCP Ia #. Nén c6 VTPT Ia i, =[f,,¥] => phuong trinh mat phing (Q) Phuong trinh dudng vudng gée chung cia i (P) A, va A, : to) 9 Vin Dé 30: Viét phuong trinh dudng thing d vudng gée (P) va thing A, va A, P.Phap: © Goi () la mit phing chita A, va cé mot VICP 1a n, (VTPT ciia (P)) © Goi (B) 1a mat phang chita A, va cé mot VTCP lin, (VTPT cita (P)) © Duong thing d=(«)A(p) 9 Van Dé phuong trinh duong thing d di qua diém Mo vung goe voi duing thing A, va cit duing thing A, P.Phap: © Goi (a) 1a mat phing di quaMy va ‘vudng géc A, At hai duéng~~ «Goi (B) A mat phiing di qua diém My va chia A, © Dudng thing d =(a)n(8) § Van Dé 32: phuong trinh ding. thing d di qua sino diém cia dwong thing A va mit phing («) va dc(a),dLA PPh * Goi {A}=An(a) © Goi (B) la mat phing di qua A va vudng goc véi A . Nén (8) c6 VTPT la VICP ctia A Duong thing d=(a) 0) 1. Phuong trinh mat edu (S} 6 tam I (asbie ban kinh R 1a: (x-a)" + (y-b)' + (Z-c)" 2. Mat cau (S) cd phuongtrinh : x* + y°+z*- ax - 2by -2ez+d=0 voidk a+b’ +c? d>0 thi(S)c6: Tam Ifa; bs €) Ban kinh R= Va* +b? +c* -d 9 Van Dé 20: Viét phuong trinh mat clu © Xéc dinh tam (a ; b ; c) ca mat cdu © Ban kinh R * Viet phuong trinh mat cau $ Van Dé 21: Viet phuong trinh mat cau during kinh AB P.Phaj © Goi I la trung diem ctia toa d6 1 => 11a tam mi © Ban kinh R=>aB © Viet phuong trinh mat cau 9 Vin Dé 22: Viét phwong trinh mat cdu (S) c6 tim I(a ; b ; ¢) va tiép xtie voi («) Ax +By+Cz+D=0 P.Phaj * Mat ) £6 tm I va tiép xite voi Nén c6 ban kinh « R=d(L(a)) = © Viét phuong trinh mat cau din Dé phuong trinh mat cau 8 Van Dé 23: (S) ngoai tigp tir dign ABCD P-Phap: © Phuong trinh mat cau (S) c6 dang x+y? +2? -2ax - Qby-2ez+d * A,B,C, D thude (S). Ta cé hé phuong trinh © Giai hé phuong trinh tima, b, ¢, d © Kétluan § Van Dé 24: Lap phuong trinh mit cau di qua ba diém A, B, C cé tam nim trén phang Oxy © Goi I(x; ; yr; 0) la tam ciia mat cau, 1 (Oxy) © Tacé AP =Br=Cr cay, [AP =BI? * Tacé Hpt i Al P =>IA=R © GidiHpt +1 © Kétlujn 9 Van Dé 25: Tim tim, ban kinh cia mat edu (S): x7 +y? +27 +mx + ny + pz+q=0 © Vay (S) e6 tm li Ia; bse), Ban kinh R= Va? +b? +e? -d P.Phap 2: © Dua vé dang (x-a)" + (y-b)? + (z-c) Y. KHOANG CACH: 1) Khoang cach gitta hai diém 2) Khoaing céich tir diém Mo(%o ; yo ; 20) dén mat phang (a): Ax + By +Cz+D=0 [Ax +Byy + VA +B +0 3) Khoang cach tir diém M, dén duong thang a, ,(a))= ia +D| © Tim VICP cia duong thing dla @4) Khoang cach gitta hai duong thang chéo nhau A va A’ © Goi a vau' lan lugt la VICP cia Aya A © A diquadiém My, Mj ¢A’ eg MM; a(a,a’)= la, VIGO! 1. Goe gitta hai vecto a va b Goi @ 1a géc gitta hai vecto @ va 6 a ab a,b, +asby 5] Ja? +a? +43 fb} +b; +b3 2. Gée gitta hai durdng thing (a) va (b) Goi g la géc gitta hai dung thing (a) va (b) (0<@<90") : Dung thing (a) va (b) c6 VTCP fan lurgt li: Cos lab +a Va; +a; +a; fb; : 3. Géc gitta hai mat phing (a) va (a') (a): Ax+By+Cz+D=0 :Ax+Bly+Cz+D’ Goi la géc gitta hai mat phing (a) va (') Cos = |Aa' + BB! +cC'| 4. Géc gitta duéng thing (d) va mat phiing (): 66 VICP la i= (a,b, ©) (a): Ax+By+Cz+D=0 Goi @ 1a géc nhon giita (d) va (( [Aa+ Bb+Cd 9 Van Dé 26: Vj tri trong a 1. Vj tri twong déi cia hai dwing A va A’ b) A cit A’ = i a, 14,14, 4a za! za! (i -¥. d) Achéo NW > fia ua; #0 2. Vi tri twong déi gitra duing thing A va mat phing (a) Gia sir A cé6 VTCP Mo(Xo : yo : Za) (a): ax + By +Cz+D=0 P.Phij © Viét phuong trinh tham sé cua A ‘© Toa d06 giao diém ciia dudng thing A vamp (a) 1a nghigm cia hé phuong trinh, (a,,a;,a,) va di qua ie =xy +ayt (1) Y=Yo +a,t_(2) z=2, +a,t_(3) Ax + By+Cz+D=0_(4) © Thé (1), (2), (3) vao (4) ta duge phuong trinh (#) theo t @ Néu(%#) vo nghigm A//(a) © Néu (3) c6 nghigm tuy¥ thi Ac (ce) © Néu(#) c6 mGt_nghigm thi A cit (o.)tai mot diém thé vao (1), (2), (3) tim toa d6 giao diém 3. Vj tri twong déi cia hai mat phiing (a, ):Ax+B,y+C,2+D, =0 (a,):A,x+B,y+C,2+D, =0 P.Phip:4, Vj tri trong di gitta mp (a) va mat cdu (S) cé tim I, ban kinh R P.Phip: © Tinh dd, (a)) * Néuvd(l, (a))>R © Néud(l, (a) = * Névd(l, (a) A la tam dudng tron giao tuyén 5. Toa d@ giao diém cia duong thang A va mat cau (S) -Phaip: * Viet phuong trinh duéng A vé dang phuong trinh tham s6 * Thay vao phuong trinh mat cau (S) ta duge phurong trinh (3) theo t @ Néuptr(#) vénghiém => A khéng cat mat du (8) éu ptr (#) c6 nghigm kép => A cit (S) tai mot diém Néu ptr (#) 6 hai nghiém => A cat (S) tai hai diém. Thé t =... vao phuong trinh tham sé cla A => Toa dé giao diém 9 Van Dé 27: Tim giao diém H cia A va mp (a) va (a): Ax + By +Cz+D=0 P.Phap: © GoifH}=An(a) Toa diém H 1a nghiém cia hé phyong trinh x=x,+a,t_(I) 0 +a,t_(2) » +a,t_(3) y Ax+By+Cz+D=0_(4) ‘Thé (1), (2), (3) vao (4) ta durge phuong trinh, t Thé t= ...vdo (1), (2), (3) ta duge toa d6 diém H 9 Van Dé 28: Toa dé diém M! déi xirng cia M qua mit phiing( ) a PPh © GoiM’(' sy 37’) 1a M qua (a) © Goid la duéng thing di qua M va dL(a) Nénd.c6 VICP ta fi © Viét phuong trinh tham sé cia d + GoifH}=dn(a) * Toa d6 diém H la nghiém cia hé phuong trinh fs (a): © Vil la trung diém cia MM! => Toa 46 diém M! 9 Vin Dé 29: Tim toa d6 diém M’ di xtmg cia My qua dung thing d P.Phip: . Goi M(x! s 32!) © Goi (P) la mat phing di qua diém Mo va (P).id. Nén (P) nhan VTCP ctia d lam VTPT. © Goif}=dn(P) © M ladiém déi ximg cia Mo qua dudng thing d, Nén H li trung diém ctia doan MyM’ déi_ximg cla > Toa d6 diém H