Republic of the Philippines

Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE – CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
2ND SEMESTER AY 2021-2022

UNIT II
INTEGRAL TECHNIQUES
(METHODS OF INTEGRATION)
 MODULE 3

METHODS OF INTEGRATION
Integration Involving Quadratic Expressions, Algebraic Substitution, Integration of Rational
Functions of sin x and cos x, Integration by Parts and Integration of Rational Fractions

The purpose of this unit is to develop the methods of evaluating integrals which can not be
evaluated directly by any of the standard formulas listed in the past unit 1. Such methods involve
the various techniques of transforming the expression to be integrated into a form which can be
evaluated by a standard formula.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

1. Evaluate such integral expressions by using different methods of integration.

2.7. Integration Involving Quadratic Expressions

Consider now the problem of evaluating an integral which take the general form;
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
or
𝑓(𝑥)

where 𝑓(𝑥) is a quadratic expression in x. The process of completing the square is an important aid
in evaluating this type of integral. By completing the square, the quadratic expression is
transformed into the sum or difference of two squares. Then the appropriate standard formula can
be pick up from our list of formula (section 2.6) to finally evaluate the integral in question.

EXAMPLE 2.14: Evaluate ∫

SOLUTION: By completing the square, we get

4𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 5 = (4𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 9) + 16
4𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 5 = (2𝑥 + 3) + 16
Hence,
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟑
∫ = ∫( )
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan + 𝑐 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝒄
𝟖 𝟒

SF1
EXAMPLE 2.15: Evaluate ∫ √5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION: By completing the square, we get
5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 = 5 − (𝑥 + 4𝑥)
5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 = (5 + 4) − (𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4) = 9 − (𝑥 + 2) SF6
Hence,
𝒙 𝟐 𝟗 𝒙 𝟐
∫ √5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 9 − (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = √𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒓𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Next, consider the integral of the form,

( ) ( )
∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥 or ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )

where g(x) is linear in x and f(x) is quadratic in x. To evaluate this type of integral, we must be able
to reduce it to a form for which a standard integration formula can be applied. Consider the
following example,

EXAMPLE 2.16: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: Note that if we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5, then we see that du = (2x + 2) dx, this leads us to
the "trick" of writing the numerator 2x + 9 into the form (2x + 2) + 7. Thus

( )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥

=∫
( )
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥 SF1
)
𝟕 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐

TRY THIS!

1. ∫
( )
2. ∫
( )
3. ∫ √

4. ∫ √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥
2.8. Algebraic Substitution

A method known as integration by substitution was introduced in unit I. That method

involves a change of variable, say, from x to u. However, we recall that the integrals given are such
that they can be evaluated without expressing them explicitly in terms of the new variable. In our
present study, we shall deal with the integrals of irrational functions (or with irrational integrands)
and the situation is such that we find it necessary to express the given integral in terms of the new
variable. We shall note that by substituting a new variable, the irrational integrand is transformed
to one that is rational. Since the substitution involves only algebraic terms, this method is commonly
known as Algebraic Substitution.

The algebraic substitution to be made depends on the irrational integrand under

consideration. In fact, no general rule can be given to accomplish the rationalization of the
integrand. In this section, we shall illustrate some types of algebraic substitutions.

AS1. When the integrand contains fractional powers of x only, use the substitution

𝑧 = √𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 =𝑥

Where n is the least common denominator of the fractional expressions of x.

EXAMPLE 2.17: Evaluate ∫

√ √

SOLUTION: Since √𝑥 = 𝑥 /
and √𝑥 = 𝑥 /
, then 𝑛 = 6. Hence, we let 𝑧 = √𝑥 or 𝑥 = 𝑧 . Then

𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑧 𝑑𝑧, √𝑥 = 𝑧 , and √𝑥 = 𝑧 . Thus

∫ =∫ = 6∫
√ √

= 6∫ 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 1 − 𝑑𝑧

=6 − + 𝑧 − ln|𝑧 + 1| + 𝑐
𝟑 𝟔 𝟔
= 𝟐√𝒙 − 𝟑 √𝒙 + 𝟔 √𝒙 − 𝟔 𝐥𝐧 √𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄

AS2. If the integrand contains fractional powers of a + bx only, use the substitution

𝑧 = √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

where n is the least common denominator of the fractional expressions of a + bx.

EXAMPLE 2.18: Evaluate ∫(4𝑥 + 3)√1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: Let 𝑧 = √1 + 2𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑥. Then 𝑥 = and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑧. Therefore,

∫(4𝑥 + 3)√1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 + 3 (𝑧) • 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

= ∫(2𝑧 + 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧

= + +𝐶
(√ ) (√ )
= + +𝐶
(𝟏 𝟐𝒙)𝟑/𝟐 (𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟏)
= +𝑪
𝟏𝟓

AS3. If the integrand contains the expression, 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) , where m, n, p, and q are integers
(n, q > 0) and if = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟,

𝑧 = √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

EXAMPLE 2.19: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 √1 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLITION: Here we see that m = 3 and n = 2. Since = = 2, which is an integer, then let
√
𝑧 = √1 + 4𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 1 + 4𝑥 . Solving for x, we get 𝑥 = . Then 𝑑𝑥 =
√

Hence,
√
∫ 𝑥 √1 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑧)
√

= ∫(𝑧 − 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧

= − +𝐶

(√ ) (√ )
= − +𝐶
𝟑
𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟐 (𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝟏)
= +𝑪
𝟏𝟐𝟎
 AS4. If the integrand contains the expression, 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) , where m, n, p, and q are integers
(n, q > 0) and if + = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, use the substitution

𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

EXAMPLE 2.20: Evaluate ∫ ( ) /

SOLITION: If we write

(1 + 𝑥 ) /
( ) /
=𝑥

then the right member of the equation takes the form

𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)
and we see that 𝑚 = −2, 𝑛 = 4, 𝑝 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 4. Since + = + = −1, an integer,

then we let 𝑥 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑥 . Solving for x, 𝑥 = (𝑧 − 1) /

and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑧. Therefore,

∫ ( ) /
= ∫( ) / ( ) / ( )
= ∫ ( ) / ( )

= − ∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝟏/𝟒
𝟏 𝒙𝟒
= −𝑧 + 𝐶 =− +𝑪
𝒙

AS5. Reciprocal Substitution: Some integrals with irrational integrand may be evaluated by
letting 𝑥 = .

EXAMPLE 2.21: Evaluate ∫ ( ) /

by letting 𝑥 = .

SOLUTION: Since 𝑥 = , then 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑧. Hence,

∫ ) /
=∫ =∫ =∫(
( ( / ) ( ( / ) ) / ( / )( ( / )) / ) /

/
= ∫(𝑧 + 1) 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = − • + 𝐶 = −(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐶

𝟏/𝟒
𝟏 𝒙𝟒
=− +𝑪 Equal to the answer
𝒙
from example 2.20.
 AS6: If the integrand contains the expression

√𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥
Use the substitution

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥 = (𝑧 − 𝑥)

AS7: If the integrand contains the expression

(𝑎 + 𝑥)(𝑏 − 𝑥)

Use the substitution

(𝑎 + 𝑥)(𝑏 − 𝑥) = (𝑎 + 𝑥) 𝑧

TRY THESE!

1. ∫ /
𝑑𝑥
/
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ √
𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1 = (𝑧 − 𝑥)
 4. ∫ √
𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 = (3 + 𝑥) 𝑧

2.9. Integration of Rational Functions of sin x and cos x

To integrate a rational function involving sin x, cos x, or both sin x and cos x, we shall use the
substitution;
𝑥
𝑧 = tan
2
It can be shown that the substitution given by the 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 , formula implies that

1−𝑧
cos 𝑥 =
1+𝑧
2𝑧
sin 𝑥 =
1+𝑧
2 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 =
1+𝑧

The substitution of cos 𝑥 = , sin 𝑥 = or both and of 𝑑𝑥 = will tranform the original
integal involving f(cosx), f(sinx), f(sinx, cosx) into an integral that is rational in z. Consider the
following example.

EXAMPLE 2.22: Evaluate ∫

SOLUTION: Substituting the given equations to the given integral,

∫ =∫

𝒙
=∫ = ln|𝑧 + 1| + 𝐶 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝑪
𝟐

EXAMPLE 2.23: Evaluate ∫

SOLUTION: Substituting the given equations to the given integral,

∫ sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥+3 = ∫ =∫ =∫ =∫

( )

/
=∫ =∫ = arctan +𝑐
( ) √ √ /
 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏
𝟐
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
√𝟕 √𝟕
2.10. Integration by Parts

Suppose u and v are differentiable functions of x.

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑑𝑢

This method is specifically helpful when the integrand is a product of two kinds of function such as
the following:
1. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 algebraic and exponential

2. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 algebraic and trigonometric

3. ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Exponential and trigonometric

4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 algebraic and logarithmic

Two general rules can be stated:

1. The part selected dv must be readily integrable
2. Integral of v du must no be more complex than integral of u dv.

Here are the priorities in choosing u;

1. LORAGYTHMIC
2. INVERSE
3. ALGEBRAIC
4. TRIGONOMETRIC
5. EXPONENTIAL

EXAMPLE 2.24: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥. Hence,

∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥(− cos 𝑥) − ∫(− cos 𝑥)(𝑑𝑥) = −𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 2.25: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 . Hence,

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 − ∫ 𝑒 (𝑑𝑥) = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 2.26: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 ln|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = . Hence,

𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝑥 ln|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑥 −∫ = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟗

EXAMPLE 2.27: Evaluate ∫ 4𝑥 cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑣 = cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = − sin (2 − 3𝑥). Hence,

( ) ( )
∫ 4𝑥 cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 − −∫ − (4𝑑𝑥)

( )
=− + ∫ sin(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝟒𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 𝟑𝒙) 𝟒
=− + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟗

TRY THESE!
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫

3. ∫ 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ ( )
THANK YOU!!!