M2 LESSON 1.

1
CELL STRUCTURES &
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
FUNCTIONS
CELL – Structural unit and - Made a simple and
functional unit of life and single – lens
performs all life processes microscope
- With magnification
EXAMPLES OF CELL
about 275X

ROBERT HOOKE

- DISCOVERED THE CELL

- COINED THE NAME
“CELL”
- USED CORK OF PLANT
- OBSERVED TINY BOXES
THAT LOOK LIKE THE
ROOMS IN
MONASTERY

Matthias Schleiden (1838),

German botanist viewed plant
parts under a microscope
discovered that plant parts are
made of cells.
Beneden, Fleming. Boveri, &
Straburger, elucidated mitosis
(nuclear division).

Ernst Ruska (1931) builds the first

transmission electron microscope.

Watson and Crick (1981), made their

first announcement of the double-helix
structure for DNA.

Lynn Margulis published Symbiosis

in Cell Evolution detailing the
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL endosymbiotic theory.
Hofmeister, illustrated
chromosomes in Tradescantia
pollen.
2 BASIC CELL TYPES
“Karyose" comes from a Greek
word which means "kernel," as in
a ‘kernel’ of grain. In biology, we
use this word root to refer to the
nucleus of a cell. "Pro" means
"before," and "eu" means "true,"
or "good." So "Prokaryotic"
means "before a nucleus,"
&"eukaryotic" means "possessing
a true nucleus."
PROKARYOTIC VS
EUKARYOTIC CELL
3 BASIC PARTS OF THE CELL
- PLASMA
MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEUS
CELL MEMBRANE – Also called
Plasma Membrane separates the cell
from its external environment
Envelope
- Covers and protects the cell
- Gives shape to the cell
Bilayer Phospholipid
- Phosphate layers: polar
heads; hydrophilic
- Lipid layers: non-polar tails;
hydrophobic
Semi-permeable
- Selects materials that pass
through it
- Regulates the movement of
materials
Fluid Mosaic Model
- Contains various materials or
molecules
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Proteins
CYTOPLASM
Also called protoplasm inside of the
cell
Living substance – contains the
organelles that perform all the
physiological properties of the cell
Gel-like Material
- Sol: semi-liquid
- Gel: semi-solid
Cytosol
 - 70% of the cytoplasm
- Mixture of cytoskeleton
filaments, dissolved
materials and water

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

- System of membranous
tubules and sacs
- Stores, separates, & serves as
cell's transport system
- It has two types, smooth ER
- w/c lacks ribosomes &
rough ER w/c has ribosomes
embedded in surface.
Circulatory System of the Cell
- Internal transport system
- Allows molecules in the cell
to move from one part to
another
Rough ER (rER)
- Lined with ribosomes
- For protein synthesis and
transport
RIBOSOMES
- Most common organelles in
almost all cells not
surrounded by a membrane
- It serves as the protein
production machinery for the
cell and are consequently
most abundant in cells that
are active in protein
synthesis, such as pancreas
and brain cells.
- The ribosomes in a
eukaryotic cell generally
have a Svedberg value of
80S and are comprised of 40s
and 60s subunits.
- Prokaryotic cells, on the
other hand, contain 70S
ribosomes, each of which
consists of a 30s and a 50s
subunit.

Smooth ER (Ser)

- No ribosomes
- Transports other materials
other than protein
Protein Micro-machines

- Sites for protein synthesis

 FREE RIBOSOMES
- Floating in the cytoplasm
- Size 70S
- In prokaryotes
Polysome / Polyribosome
- Group of 80s ribosomes
working together translating
mRNA to polypeptides
Attached Ribosomes
- Line the membranes of
endoplasmic reticulum
- Size 80S
- In eukaryotes
MITOCHONDIA
- Powerhouse of the cell
Large organelles second to nucleus and
chloroplasts
- Double-layered outer
membrane with inner folds
called cristae
ATP MANUFACTURER
- Manufacture energy
In the form of ATP
- Metabolize carbohydrate and
fatty acid to generate energy
SEMI-AUTONOMOUS
ORGANELLES
- Have own DNA, so can
produce by itself by dividing
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- Mitochondria act like a
digestive system to
breakdown nutrients to
produce energy rich
molecules
DOUBLE-MEMBRANE
ORGANELLES
- Smooth outer membrane
- Folded inner membrane
- Cristae: infoldings
GOLGI APPARATUS
- Also called Golgi complex or
Golgi body processing and
packaging plant, and
secretory vesicle
- A membrane structure found
near nucleus w/c is
composed of numerous
flattened layers of sacks
Cisternae
- Fused flattened sacs or folds
- Also called dictyosome
Transport Agent
- Involved in the distribution
of lipids around the cell
Protein Collector & Dispatcher
- Protein synthesized in the ER
packed into the vesicles and
fused with the Golgi body for
secretion via exocytosis
LYSOSOME BUILDER
- Lysosomes are vesicles with
protein enzymes pinched off
by Golgi body to the
cytoplasm
CENTRIOLES
- Organizing centers for
microtubule contain 2
bundles of microtubules at
right angle to each other
- Composed of nine tubes,
each with three tubules
- Paired cylindrical organelles
near nucleus
CELL DIVISION
- Form the spindle fibers for
the separation of
chromosomes
CENTROSOMES
- House the centrioles
LYSOSOME
- Tiny sac produced by Golgi
body
- An organelle first discovered
by the Belgian scientist
Christian de Duve, who also
discovered lysosomes.
- Digestive organelle for
proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates;
- Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal.
Digestive Plant
- Contains digestive enzyme to
help in the process of
digestion
Suicide Sac
- When the cell is damaged,
the lysosomes bursts,
releases enzyme and digests
own cell
Keeps the cell clean
- Also digest excess and worn-
out organelles and engulfed
bacteria or viruses.
PEROXISOME
- Formerly known as a
microbody
- It contains a variety of
enzymes, which primarily
function together to rid the
cell of toxic substances, & in
particular, hydrogen peroxide
(a commo by product of
cellular metabolism).
- These organelles contain
enzymes that convert the
hydrogen peroxide to water,
rendering the potentially
toxic substance safe for
release back into the cell.
Oxidative Organelle
- Contains enzymes that
oxidizes fatty acids and
amino acids
- By product is hydrogen
peroxide
Chemical Detoxification
- Oversees reactions that
neutralize free radicals which
cause cellular damage and
cell death
VACUOLE
- Storage bubbles found in the
cells membrane bound fluid
sac
Storage Sac
- Stores large amount of
various materials, like
organic and inorganic
molecules
Subordinate Role
- Assisting in exocytosis and
endocytosis
Transporting Agent
- Transports needed materials
into the cell via endocytosis,
and waste materials out of
the cell via exocytosis
CYTOSKELETON
- Complex network of
interlinking filaments or
tubules Cell Skeleton
- Aids movement of materials
in and out.
- supports cell and provides
shape
- Composed of microtubules
3 Structures:
1. Microfilaments:
- Contractile: made of actin
- For cell movement and
cytokinesis
- Smallest component of the
cytoskeleton at about 7
nanometers in diameter.
- Composed of G-actin protein
and are wound in a helical
shape.
-
2. Microtubules:
- Rigid, hollow tubes: made of
tubulin
- Maintain cell shape
- Form the centrioles (spindle
fibers)
- Are composed of alpha and
beta tubulin that form long,
hollow cylinders.
3. Intermediate Filaments
- Provide strength and support
- They are composed of
keratin and keratin-like
proteins which are tough and
resist tension.
- Are 8-12 nanometers in
diameter and are twisted
together in a cord shape.
-
CHLOROPLASTS
 - None in animal cells sites of
photosynthesis

Thylakoids

- Flattened membranous sacs

that contain chlorophyll

Grana

- Pile of thylakoids Nuclear Envelope

Stroma - Double membrane with
many pores
- Spaces in grana for the
- Controls the movement of
exchange of materials
material in and out the
FLAGELLA AND CILIA nucleus.

- For cell movement

Cilia – short, Hair-like, numerous in

number

Flagella

- Long
- Thread-like
- Fewer in number
NUCLEUS
- Normally the largest
organelle Brain of the cell.
- It appears as grayish body,
spherical, elongated or
variously flattened or lobed.
- Nucleoli, Function as
intermediates in protein
synthesis.
-
Chromosomes
- Houses the genes (DNA)
- Hereditary material: contains
instructions for traits and
characteristics
- Usually in the form of
chromatin
- Contains genetic information

Nucleolus

- Spherical body in the nucleus

for the synthesis of protein
 LEAF CELL – UNIT OF
HEREDITY

POLLEN CELL – UNIT OF

STRUCTURE

PLANT CELLS

 Cell walls almost

present
 Plastids occur in
cytoplasm
 Lysosomes not usually
evident
 Centrioles present only
in
cells of lower plant
forms
 Large vacuoles filled
with
cell sap

ANIMAL CELLS

 No cell walls present

outside
the cell membrane
RBC – UNIT OF  No plastids are found
REPRODUCTION  Lysosomes occur in
cytoplasm
SPERM CELL – UNIT OF  Centrioles always present
GROWTH  Vacuoles, if present, are
NEURON CELL – UNIT OF small and contractile or
FUNCTION temporary vesicles
 CELL THEORY cytoplasm of almost all cells, roughly
spherical, and bound by a single
1. All known living things are membrane.
made up of cells.
There are several types of microbodies,
2. The cell is structural and including lysosomes, but peroxisomes
functional unit of living are the most common.
things.

3. All cells come from pre-

existing cells.

4. Cells contain hereditary

information which is
passed from cell to cell
during cell division

5. All cells are basically the

same in chemical
composition.
6. All energy flow
(metabolism &
biochemistry) of life occurs
within cells.

A cell can be thought of as a “busy

factory," with different departments
each performing specialized tasks.

CELL WALL - Extracellular structure

surrounding plasma membrane w/c is
commonly found in plants;
The lipids that are present in the
Controls turgity ; provide protection
plasma membrane are called
& support for plants; It has primary
"phospholipids."
wall, middle lamella, secondary wall,
pits & plasmodesmata -These lipid layers are made up of a
number of fatty acid building blocks.
PLASMA MEMBRANE – Outer
The fatty acid that makes up this
membrane of cell that controls cellular
membrane has two different parts to it-
traffic;
a small water loving head- hydrophilic
 Fluid mosaic model. head.
 It is made up of two lipid
Hydro stands for water and philic
layers called a "bilipid"
means liking or loving. The other part
membrane.
of this fatty acid is a long water-
Microbodies are a diverse group of repelling or water hating tail.
organelles that are found in the
This tail is hydrophobic- Hydro
stands for water and phobic means fear

CYTOSOL - The least differentiated

part of the cytoplasm.

• It is the matrix in which

organelles. and membrane
systems are suspended and
biochemical events occur.

Do you know that?

• DNA is genetic material of

most living systems,
including eukaryotes and
prokaryotes
• Double Stranded DNA -
Only Natural Form
• Chromosomes of Eukaryotes
and Prokaryotes are double
stranded DNA
• RNA is Single Stranded
• RNA is Genetic Material in
Some Viruses
• RNA comes in 3 basic forms:
• tRNA (transfer RNA) =
adapter in protein synthesis -
matches codon to amino acid
• rRNA (ribosomal RNA) =
structural RNA in ribosomes
mRNA (messenger RNA) =
contains information for protein
synthesis