Engineering Drawing Manual (1) - 5-139

Technical Drawing Manual Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1: Introduction to the principles of drafting technology 3
Module 2: Some important construction techniques 32
Module 3: Orthographic projection 40
Module 4: Isometric Drawing 67
Module 5: Sectional Drawing 81
Module 6: Assembly Drawing 93
Module 7: Chemical Drawing symbols 107

Module 1 – Introduction to the principles

of drafting technology
1.1 Module Outcomes
At the end of this module the learner will:

 MO 1.1: be familiar with the field of technical drawing,
 MO 1.2: understand the graphic language, and
 MO 1.3: be familiar with information on drawings in a given context.
1.2 Assessment Criteria
1.2.1 Discuss the field and nature of engineering drawing.

1.2.2 Apply the layout and paper size correctly.
1.2.3 Use and take care of drawing equipment correctly.
1.2.4 Construct and complete a title block correctly.
1.2.5 Write according to the SANS0111 lettering code.
1.2.6 Know and apply the various line types and thicknesses on a drawing.
1.2.7 Use scales and border lines for different sizes of paper.
1.2.8 Dimension a view correctly.
1.2.9 Know and apply abbreviations and component terms correctly.
1.3 Theoretical Background
1.3.1 The graphic language.
The acquisition of the skills of drafting equips the person involved in the engineering industry with the
necessary tools to transfer design ideas onto paper. New ideas for machines, structures, or systems must
exist in the mind of the technician, technologist, engineer or designer before it can become a reality. This
idea is usually placed on paper (or as an image on a computer screen). The technician, technologist,
engineer and drafter must understand how to read and "write" in the drafting language. Everyone on the
engineering and design team must be able to communicate quickly and accurately in order for his or her
organisation to be competitive in the local and world market. Like carpenters learning to use the tools of
their trade, engineers, technologist’s designers, and drafters must learn the tools of technical drawing. While
CAD (computer aided drafting) has replaced traditional drafting tools, for many design teams, the basic
concepts of the graphic language remain the same. Those learners who can become proficient in graphic
communication will succeed and add value to their later engineering career life.
For technical people to communicate with each other by means of drawings, certain standards and
procedures are to be agreed upon on an international basis. This holds far-reaching implications for the
engineering industry that concerns itself with technical drawings in terms of the following:
 Standard procedures,
 Standard rules and regulations,
 Standard symbols, and
 Standard drawing systems.
The International Standards organisation (ISO) describes in the finest detail all the rules, regulations and
standard practices that pertain to technical drawings. In South Africa, these standards have been adopted
and recorded in the SANS 0111 PART 1: 1990 code of drawing practice. This course is designed strictly
around these SANS codes.
The old days of fine-line drawings and of shading and "washes" are gone forever; artistic talent is no longer
a prerequisite to learning the fundamentals of the graphic language. Instead, today’s engineer must be able
to make and read correctly graphical representations of engineering structures, designs, and understand data
relationships. This means that the individual must understand the fundamental principles of the language
and be able to execute the work with reasonable skill (which is penmanship). Graphics learners often try to
excuse themselves for inferior results (usually caused by lack of application) by arguing that after graduation
they do not expect to do any drafting at all. Such learners presumptuously expect, immediately after
graduation, to be accomplished engineers concerned with bigger things. They forget that their first
assignments may involve working with drawings and possibly revising drawings, either on a board or on a
computer, under the direction of an experienced draftsman. Entering the engineering profession via graphics
provides an excellent opportunity to learn about the product, the company operations, and the supervision of
others. Also, the days of dedicated drawing offices full of drafting personnel are rapidly becoming a thing of
the past. In advanced economies engineers are increasingly doing their own drafting.
1.3.2 Exercise I:- (formative assessment MO 1.1; AC 1.2.1)
Discuss the field and nature of engineering drawing in class (using the details of chapter 1.3 as guidelines).
1.4 Paper Sizes
Drawing sheets are available in various standard sizes, ranging from A0 to A6. The measurements are as
follows:
a) A0 = 841mm x
1189mm
b) A1 = 594mm x 841mm
c) A2 = 420mm x 594mm
d) A3 = 297mm x 420mm
e) A4 = 210mm x 297mm
f) A5 = 149mm x 210mm
g) A6 = 105mm x 149mm
(The paper type should be of 80 g, 100 g or 120 g quality and of a smooth texture.)
1.5 The Correct Use Of The Drawing Equipment
1.5.1 The A3 drawing board
(i.) Attach an A4 page:

(a) In landscape on a portable (b) In portrait on a portable (c) In landscape on a drawing table.
drawing board. drawing board.
It is important that the paper is secured and stable on the drawing board/table so that it does not move while
you are drawing on it. Use the clamps provided or masking tape. This goes towards ensuring that lines
remain parallel when using your instruments. Also use the T-square to align the paper before securing it.
Position the page more towards the top of the board to leave space for the overlap of the ruler.
(ii.) Attach an A3 page:

(d) On a portable drawing board. (e) On a drawing table.
Use extra masking tape if the paper is not secure enough. Paper that is too loose becomes a problem
especially when you need to erase.
(iii.) Drawing horizontal lines:

(f) On a portable drawing board. (g) On a drawing table.
Since speed and repeatability is important, you are strongly encouraged to adapt the method depicted above.
(iv.) Drawing vertical lines:

(h) The preferred method on a (i) A not so efficient method (j) On a drawing table.
portable drawing board. on a portable drawing board.
Note: depicted in drawings (h.) and (j.) the set-square has been turned back to front. This constitutes bad
practice as dirt will easily be transferred onto the drawing paper. Drawing (h) would be understood as the
preferred method for a right-handed draftsman and (j.) for a left-handed.
(v.) The use of drawing instruments to draw lines in 15° increments:

(k) Lines at 15° from horizontal: (l) Lines at 30° from horizontal: (m) Lines at 45° from horizontal:
(n) Lines at 60° from horizontal: (o) Lines at 60° from horizontal: (p) Lines at 75° from horizontal:
These are the preferred methods for drawing the common angle lines (i.e. they are more efficient than using
a protractor).
1.5.2 The Eraser And Erasing Shield
Erasers are of a soft or hard type and are found either in a solid rubber block or
in a clutch type. Lines are erased using a soft eraser. To erase in small areas, or
protect areas not to be erased, an erasing shield is used. An erasing shield is a
thin piece of metal with various sizes and shapes of holes cut in it. The part of
the drawing to be erased is exposed through a hole in the erasing shield and the
surrounding area is shielded.
1.6 Borders and Title Blocks.
1.6.1 BORDERS AND TITLE BLOCKS
The following are the acceptable borders for paper sizes as prescribed by the SANS 0111 code for drawing
practice:
 A4 = 10 mm border
 AO = 20 mm border
1.6.2. TITLE BLOCKS
Companies generally have title blocks and borders pre-printed on drawing sheets to reduce drafting time and
cost. Some companies use an adhesive title block so that one standard title block can be attached to any size
drawing sheet. These title blocks may also be a cost saving practice as pre-printed blocks and borders are a
little more expensive. Drawing sheet sizes and sheet format items such as borders, title blocks, zoning,
revision columns, and general note locations have been standardised so that the same general relationship
exists between engineering drawings from companies across the country. Each company may use a slightly
different design, although the following basic information is located in approximately the same place on
most engineering drawings:
The title block is placed in the lower right corner. It contains some or all of the following information:
 Company name,
 Confidentiality statement (that the drawing is confidential and the property of the company),
 Unspecified dimensions and tolerances,
 Sheet Size,
 Drawing Number,
 Part Name,
 Material,
 Scale,
 Drawn by:,
 Checked by:,
 Approved by:,
 Revision Column. Upper left corner, over or adjacent to the title block,
 Revision symbol, number or letter,
 Description,
 Drafter,
 Checker and approver, and
 Date.
Examples of typical title blocks as recommended by the ISO standards:

(a.) An A3 drawing sheet
(b.) An A4 drawing sheet

(c.) We will use the following to create our own title Block:
The detail for the title block with dimensions will be applied to both A4 and A3 drawings, whether created
in portrait or landscape. Note, when filling your name into the title block, it is the surname only which is
important.
1.6.3. ENLARGED VIEW OF THE DETAILS OF THE TITLE BLOCK:

1.7 Lettering
Drawings invariably need dimensions and notes and if these are added in a careless and haphazard manner,
then a very poor overall impression will be given. Remember that technical drawings are the main type of
communication between the originator and the user, between consultants and clients, the sales person and
customer, the designer and the machine operator. A neat well executed technical drawing helps to establish
confidence. The professional drafter also takes considerable pride in his work and effort and thought is
needed for high standard lettering.
1.7.1. The acceptable types and sizes for lettering are discussed below:
Character spacing: 1,5mm.

Space between lines: half to full height of letters
Space between words: same as height of letter
Character height: The standard letter sizes are 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 (millimetres). The minimum useful
height for handwritten engineering characters drawing is 5 mm since smaller letters than this will become
distorted during copying. All dimension numerals, notes and other lettered information should be the same
height except for titles, drawing numbers, and other captions. Other standard and recommendable letter
sizes, titles and sub-titles, for example, may be 5 mm to 7 mm high. The character height of lower case
letters should be 0.6 times that of uppercase letters.
HINT: Keep your pencil perpendicular to the paper when doing lettering. This will prevent the tip from
breaking continuously.
We will use 5 mm and 7 mm lettering for simplicity.

The following information can be helpful in improving ones technique:

 Lettering may be vertical or slanted to the right, according to the preference of the drafter. The aim
is to produce clear and unambiguous letters, numbers and symbols.
 If slanted lettering is used, the slope should be approximately 75°-80° from the horizontal.
Legibility is important. The characters should be capable of being produced at reasonable speed and
in a repeatable manner. Choose one style, but don’t mix and match both styles as different styles on
the same drawing spoil the overall effect.
 Use single stroke characters.
 All strokes should be of consistent density.
 The spacing around each character is important to ensure that ‘filling in’ will not occur during
reproduction.
 Lettering should not be underlined since this impairs legibility.
 On parts lists or where information is tabulated the letters or numerals should not be allowed to
touch the spacing lines.
 All drawing notes and dimensions should remain legible on reduced size copies and on the screens
of microfilm viewers.
 Capital letters are preferred to lower case letters since they are easier to read on reduced size copies
of drawings. Lower case letters are used only where they are parts of standard symbols, codes or
abbreviations.
 When producing a manual drawing the drafter should take care to select the proper grade of pencil
for lettering. The pencil should be sharp, but with a round point, which will not injure the surface.
Mechanical pencils (clutch pencils) save time and give consistent results since no re-sharpening is
necessary.
1.7.2. Exercise II:- (formative assessment MO 1.2; AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4/1.2.5)
Draw borders and a completed title block on a blank piece of paper. Stick down your page on a drawing
board, draw the lines according to the correct use of drawing equipment and letter the title block
according to SANS0111 code of lettering.
1.7.3 Exercise III:- (formative assessment MO 1.2; AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4/1.2.5/1.2.6)
Instructions:
Draw suitable light guidelines, either 7 mm or 10 mm apart, on a page as prepared in exercise II, and
practise the lettering in this height according to the SANS0111 standard:
(A.) copy the table presented in (1.7.1.). Writing each upper case letter with the corresponding lower
case letter immediately next to it.
(B.) copy (and memorise) the following sentences:
 PROVIDE A SPACE BETWEEN THE WORDS EQUAL TO THE LETTER HEIGHT.
 THE SPACE BETWEEN SENTENCES IS TWICE THE LETTER HEIGHT.
 CORRECT SPELLING AND GRAMMAR RULES APPLY TO DRAWINGS.
 LETTERS FROM TWO CONSECUTIVE LINES NEVER TOUCH.
 CONSTRUCTION LINES ARE SO FAINT THAT THEY ARE NOT VISIBLE
BEYOND ARMS LENGTH.
1.8 Line types
1.8.1. The various line types
Line-types used
The types of lines for engineering drawings recommended by the SANS 0111 code for drawing practice are
shown below. Two line thicknesses are recommended: thick: 0.7 mm wide; and thin: 0.3 mm wide. The
rule for line thickness is that thick lines should be approximately two to three times as wide as thin lines. (A
0.5 and 0.3 mm pencil width combination is less ideal but also acceptable).
The Figure above shows the different types of lines and their relevant applications.
Line-type (A)
The borders of a drawing, the title block, as well as visible outlines of the object are drawn in continuous
thick lines. They should be the most prominent lines on the drawing.
Line-type (B)
The hidden outlines of the object are represented by lines made up of short thin dashes. The dashes and the
gaps between them must be consistent in length and approximately to the proportions shown in the figure.
At corners and tangent points of arcs, dashes should meet.
Line-type I
The continuous thin line is used for dimension lines, projection lines, leaders for notes, hatching or section-
lining, the outlines of adjacent parts and revolved sections, and fictitious outlines.
Line-type (D)
Continuous irregular lines show the limits of partial views and sections when the line is not an axis. These
lines are thin and are drawn freehand.
Line-type (E)
Thin chain lines are used as centre lines and show axes of symmetry. Thin chain lines also show the
extreme positions of moveable parts. These comprise long dashes alternating with short dashes, not dots,
proportioned approximately as shown in the figure. The lengths of the long dashes and their spacing may be
extended for very long lines. (Cutting planes for sections are represented by chain lines, thick at their ends
and at changes of direction, thin elsewhere. Thick chain lines indicate surfaces which have to meet specific
requirements. The lengths of the parts of these lines and the spacing between them should be similar to
those of thin chain lines). All chain lines must begin and end with a long dash. Centre lines should extend
beyond the feature to which they refer for a short distance only, unless required for dimensioning. They
should not be drawn through the spaces between views and must not end at another line of the drawing.
Also they must cross each other at solid parts of the lines (not at the gaps).
1.8.2. General Rules for Line Work
All lines (except construction lines, which need a separate discussion) should be dark, bold, uniform, of
consistent density, homogenous thickness and confident. When lines of different types coincide, the
following takes preference:
 a visible outline takes precedence over any other type of line, and
 a dashed line takes precedence over a chain line.
Construction lines are line which are needed to assist with construction (such as complicated shapes), but
because they are not part of the final product, they are to be drawn so faint that beyond a distance of 1 m (i.e.
one arms length) the line is not visible anymore.
1.8.3. Exercise IV:- (formative assessment MO 1.2; AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4/1.2.5/1.2.6.)
(A.) Copy the following extract from the SANS0111 codes on a page as prepared in exercise II, using
the correct lettering of chapter (1.7.1):
(B.) Copy on an adequately prepared drawing sheet the following border lines, lettering and line types.
1.8.4. Good and poor practice of line types:

General rule CORRECT INCORRECT
examples examples
1. All chain lines should start and
finish with a long dash.
2.1 Centre lines should preferably
cross one another at the long-dash
portions;
2.2 an intersection on the short dash is
also tolerable;
2.3 however a cross in empty space
should not occur.
3. Centre lines should extend only a
short distance beyond the feature,
unless required for dimensioning,
etc.
4. A centre line should not terminate
at another line.
5. A centre line should not extend

through the spaces between views.
6. Where angles are formed in chain

lines, long dashes should meet or
cross at the intersections.
7. Arcs should join at tangent points.
8. Dashed lines should start and end

with dashes in contact with the
hidden or visible outline.
9. Dashed lines should meet or cross
with dashes at the intersection.
10. If a dashed line meets a curved

line tangentially, it should be with
solid portions of the lines.
1.9 Scales
A drawing scale is expressed in the following format:

Scale [dimension on drawing] : [true object dimension]
For example: Scale 1:2 means half full size, Scale 1:5 means one-fifth full size, and Scale 2:1 means twice
full size. Drawings should be prepared to an appropriate scale, preferably one of those recommended from
the codes, reproduced below. The scale used should be clearly indicated on the drawing.
Category Recommended scales

Enlargement  50:1 20:1
10:1 5:1 2:1
Full size 1:1
Reduction 1:2 1:5 1:10
1:20 1:50 1:100
1:200 1:500 
If, for a special application, there is a need for a larger enlargement scale or a smaller reduction scale than
those shown in the table, the recommended range of scales may be extended in either direction, provided
that the required scale be derived from a recommended scale by multiplying by a multiple of 10. In
exceptional cases where, for functional reasons, the recommended scales cannot be applied, intermediate
scales may be chosen.
1.10 DIMENSIONING
Techniques for dimensioning drawings are considered under this heading. Wherever possible, dimensions
are placed outside the outlines of views drawn. This is achieved by drawing projection lines or extension
lines from points on the view and placing a dimension line between them.
(a.) Dimension lines

(b.) Arrowheads
(c.) Extension lines
(d.) Centre line extended
(e.) Centre line as axis of symmetry
(f.) Datum line
1.10.1. Dimension line
This is a thin, solid line, terminated by an arrow which indicates the direction and extent of the dimension.
The numerals or letters are written centrally above the unbroken dimension line (and clear of their dimension
lines). If more than one dimension line flanks a view, their spacings should be uniform (aprox 1½ times the
letter height – or more if space is available. This calls for prudent planning before views are positioned).
Numerals should be placed so that they may be read from the bottom or from the right-hand side of the
drawing. Dimensions are normally expressed in millimetres unless otherwise indicated. The decimal point
should be bold and placed on the base line of the numbers. Dimensions of less than unity should be
preceded by zero, e.g. 0.6 mm. Efficiency suggests that a dimension should appear only once and not be
repeated on other views. This again calls for prudence as in so doing dimensions can be easily omitted on
complicated shapes – with serious consequences. Dimensions relative to a particular feature should be
placed in one view, which shows the relevant features most clearly (rather than spread over several views).
1.10.2 Arrowheads
Arrowheads are approximately 5 mm long and 1 mm wide.

Draw them freehand and do not fill them in, since all else is
counterproductive to your time-management. Arrowheads
are to be uniform in size and style throughout the drawing – irrespective of the size of dimension.
1.10.3. An extension line
This is a thin, solid line that extends from the view to which the
dimension refers. Extension lines should (wherever possible) be
projected so that the dimension can be placed outside the view. The
extension line meets the dimension line at right angles. A gap of
4 mm between the view and the extension line is required, and should
extend 2 mm beyond the arrowhead.
The crossing of projection and dimension lines with other lines should be kept to a minimum.
An acceptable practice whereby extension lines are projected from extension lines is shown above.
1.10.4. A centre line
This is a thin, dark line composed of alternate long and short dashes and is used to represent axes of
symmetry and centres. Centre lines are commonly used as extension lines in locating holes and other
features. When used in this manner, centre lines cross over other lines of the drawing without a gap. Centre
lines always end on a long dash.
1.10.5. A datum
This is a reference line on the drawing from which a component is dimensioned. In practice, a datum is any
functional surface or axis used for manufacture, inspection, location, or assembly purposes. (On machine
components, to ensure the required accuracy of measurement, the datum surfaces are machined to the
required degree of finish).
1.10.6. Method of dimensioning common features
(a) Diameters:
Use the symbol Ø when dimensioning a diameter.
Dimensions should be placed in the most appropriate view for

clarity. Dimensions of diameters may be placed outside the
component.
Use one of the acceptable methods shown.

(b) Radii
The dimension line for a radius is drawn

to pass through the centre of, or is in line
with the centre of the arc. An arrowhead
is placed on the dimension line where it
touches the arc.
(c) Holes
Suitable methods of production (e.g. drill, tap, ream,

punch, etc.) may be specified when dimensioning
holes.
1.10.7. Exercise V:- (formative assessment MO 1.3; AC 1.2.7./1.2.8.)
Copy the front view to a scale 1:2 on an adequately prepared page (i.e. as per exercise II) and
dimension it correctly.
1.11. Engineering Terms and abbreviations
1.11.1 Abbreviations of engineering terms:
TERM & ABBREVIATION TERM & ABBREVIATION
Centres CRS Diameter DIA

Centre line CL Diameter ø
Radius R or r Internal diameter ID
Drawing DRG Outside diameter OD
Maximum MAX Material MATL
Assembly ASSY Minimum MIN
Across flats A/F Hexagon HEX
Across corners A/C Head HD
Typical TYP Hexagon head HEX HD
Countersunk CSK Chamfered CHAM
Countersunk head CSK HD Counter-bore C’BORE
Pitch circle diameter PCD Angle degrees DEG
Figure FIG Cheese head CH HD
Required REQD Number NO
Specification SPEC Sheet SH
Standard STD Square SQ
Long LG Undercut U’CUT
Listed overleaf is a list of technical terms, describing components and their features, that learners will
encounter and need to understand in the Mechanical Engineering Drawing subject.
1.11.2. Technical terms
Item Description
No.
1. A flange is a projecting thin disc on pipes or couplings joining two shaft ends together.
2./3. A key-way is a groove in a shaft or a hub machined to accommodate a corresponding key.
4. A key is a piece of shaped metal which is inserted in a shaft and a hub to prevent relative movement between
those two parts.
5. A taper is a gradual change in diameter of a component along its length.
6. A shaft is a cylindrical rotating rod upon which parts are fixed, used for transmission of motion.
7. A shoulder is a sudden change in diameter
8. A square on a shaft is a length of the shaft with a square cross-section
9. A bush is a plain bearing supporting a rotating shaft and can easily be replaced when worn out.
10. A web is a thin flat part connecting heavier parts of a component; it is usually parallel to the bosses, bores,
shafts, etc.
11. A bore is a cylindrical hole along a tube or a boss.
12. A boss is an enlarged protruding round part of a casting, used to accommodate a hole.
13. A collar is a separate ring of rectangular section or an integral part of a shaft used for axial location.
14. Spokes are rods radiating from the hub to the rim of a wheel.
15. A rim is the outer part of a wheel.
16. A hub is the inner part of a wheel.
17. A pulley is a small wheel with a flat or grooved rim to carry a belt, rope, etc.
18. A rib is a thin part used to support or strengthen heavier parts of components; it is usually perpendicular to the
bosses.
19. A bracket base is the bottom part of a projecting support, usually fixed to a flat surface.
20. A fillet is an internal corner of a casting, etc. which is curved to assist the flow of molten metal during casting
and also to make the corner stronger by reducing stress concentrations.
21. A table is the flat top on which working components can be fixed.
22. A slot is an elongated hole or groove.
23. A spot-faced surface is a flat circular surface concentric with a hole, used for seating screw heads, etc.
24. A counterbored hole is a hole, part of which is of larger diameter and flat-bottomed to conceal screw heads,
etc.
25. A lug is a projection from a casting, etc., used for fastening and adjusting purposes.
26. A countersunk hole is a hole, part of which is conical to receive screw heads.
27. A dowel is a headless cylindrical pin used for precise-location purposes.
28. A blind-drilled hole is a hole which does not pass completely through the component.
29. A tee groove or tee slot is a long aperture used to accommodate fixing bolts, preventing them from turning.
30. A chamfer is a surface produced by bevelling square edges.
31. A recess is a shallow hole to suit the shape of a spigot or a similar matching part.
32. A spigot is a projection which fits into a corresponding recess and is used for precise-location purposes.
1.11.3. More Technical Terms

Term Picture Drawing convention
i. A screw has an externally threaded shank with a head on
one end.
ii. A nut (usually hexagonal) has an internal thread.
iii. A washer is a disc with a hole in it, used with a bolt.
iv. A bolt is a screw, (washer) and a nut assembly.
v. A stud is an external thread (without head)
vi. An internal screw thread is a drilled and tapped hole.
vii. A screw-thread assembly is an assembly where a stud is

inserted into a threaded hole.
viii. A square on a shaft and a flat on a shaft are some

features of shafts.
ix. A splined shaft in full view.
x. A splined hole in full view.
xi. Diamond shaped knurling on a pin
xii. A spur or helical gear
xiii. A helical compression spring and a helical tension

spring.
xiv. A rolling bearing on a shaft allowing near frictionless

rotation of the shaft.
xv. A split pin (cotter pin) is inserted through holes and
slots and its ends opened to prevent inadvertent rotation.
xvi. An external circlip and internal circlip locates

components against the shoulder of shafts.
1.11.4. Exercise VI:- (formative assessment MO 1.3; AC 1.2.9.)
With reference to the drawing below, name the numbered items.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.12 General Construction Exercise VII:- Summative Assessment
 Draw the Border and title block on an A4 sheet of paper (in portrait) for each exercise (MO 1.2; AC
1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4).
 Copy each object, taking specific care of the different line types, lengths and spacing of lines, as well as line
densities (MO 1.2; AC 1.2.3./1.2.6.).
 The correct use of your instruments and the quality of your measurement will determine the accuracy of the
meeting points (MO 1.2; AC 1.2.3./1.2.6.).
 Plan the laying out of your drawing, choose a suitable scale, include titles and the correct dimensions (MO 1.3;
AC 1.2.8./1.2.9.)
Exercise A Exercise B
Exercise C Exercise D
1.13 General Construction Exercise VIII:- Summative Assessment
 Draw the Border and title block on an A4 sheet of paper (in portrait) for each exercise (MO 1.2;
AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4).
 Copy each object, taking specific care of the different line types, lengths and spacing of lines, as well as line
densities (MO 1.2; AC 1.2.3./1.2.6.).
 The correct use of your instruments and the quality of your measurement will determine the accuracy of the
meeting points (MO 1.2; AC 1.2.3./1.2.6.).
 Plan the laying out of your drawing, choose a suitable scale, and include titles and the correct dimensions
(MO 1.3; AC 1.2.8./1.2.9.).
Exercise A
Exercise B
[All dimensions follow from the bolt diameter (øD) and length (L)].
1.14 From this chapter onwards
In all ensuing chapters it will be an automatic requirement that all drawings will be
constructed on paper with a border and completed title block. When drafting, take specific
care of the different line types, lengths and spacing of lines, as well as line densities. Always
plan the laying out of your drawing correctly. Choose a suitable scale; include hidden detail
and the correct dimensions unless otherwise instructed.
1.15 Learner self-reflection table for General Construction

I am able to:
Assessment Criteria If No, comment:
1.2.1 Discuss the field and nature of Yes/No

engineering drawing.
1.2.2 Apply the layout and paper size Yes/No

correctly.
1.2.3 Use and take care of drawing Yes/No

equipment correctly.
1.2.4 Construct and complete a title Yes/No

block correctly.
1.2.5 Write according to the SANS0111 Yes/No

lettering code.
1.2.6 Know and apply the various line Yes/No

types and thicknesses on a
drawing.
1.2.7 Use scales and border lines for Yes/No

different sizes of paper.
1.2.8 Dimension a view correctly. Yes/No
1.2.9 Know and apply abbreviations and Yes/No

component terms correctly.
Module 2 – Some important construction

techniques
2.1 Module Outcomes
At the end of this module the learner will:

 MO2: be able to draw using numerous important construction techniques.
2.2.1 Construct an ellipse.

2.2.2 Construct geometrical figures by applying various principles of tangency.
2.2.3 Complete drawings in a prescribed time.
2.3 Some important construction techniques I

Construct an ellipse (where the major and minor axes are given)
using the four centre method.
(a) Draw the major axis xx and (b) Draw a circle at C tangent to xx and yy. (c) Draw arcs from centres M and
minor axis yy. Draw a rectangle to From A draw a construction line tangent to N, each one starting at a dashed
these dimensions. Bisect angles A this circle. Mark the intersections with the line and stopping at the next
and B to intersect at C. x-axis and y-axis as points M and N dashed line. Thicken the required
respectively. line and erase the rest.
2.3.2. Exercise IX:- (formative assessment MO 2; AC 2.1.1.)
Construct the following objects (choose suitable scales and do not insert the dimensions).
(A.) (B.)
(C.) (D.)
(E.)
2.4 Some important construction techniques II:

Drawing a line parallel to another.
(a) Draw a line ab (b) Draw two arcs at distance (c) Draw a line tangent to
R from line ab. the two arcs.
2.4.1. Application of above principle: Chamfer an obtuse angle to radius R

(a) Draw the lines ab (b) Construct two lines parallel and at (c) Draw an arc to (d) Thicken only
and ac, meeting at an distance R to ab and ac. radius R with centre the required lines
angle. at intersection. and erase the rest.
2.4.2. Exercise X:- (formative assessment MO 2; AC 2.1.2.)
Construct the following objects. (Do not insert the dimensions).

(A.) (B.)
2.5 Some important construction techniques III

Drawing an arc tangent external to two arcs
(a) Draw two arcs A&B. (b) Add two arcs of radius R to each arc (c) C is the centre for the
A&B. Draw arcs tangent to these arcs with required arc with radius R.
centres at A&B to intersect at C. Thicken the required lines
and erase the rest.
2.5.1. Exercise XI:- (formative assessment MO 2; AC 2.1.2.)
Copy the following objects. (Do not insert the dimensions).

(A.) (B.)
2.6 Some important construction techniques IV

Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs and enclosing them.
(a) Draw two circles A & B with (b) Draw two arcs; centre A (c) The centre of the intersection
consecutive radii r1 & r2. of lengths R-r1 and centre B becomes the centre of arc R. Thicken
of length R-r2. the required lines and erase the rest.
2.6.1. Exercise XII: - (formative assessment MO 2; AC 2.1.2.)
Copy the following objects. (Do not insert the dimensions).

(A.) (B.)
2.7 Tangency construction Exercises XIII:- Summative Assessment

 Construct the following objects (MO 2; AC 2.2.2.).
 Insert the dimensions correctly. (MO 1.3; AC 1.2.8.).
 Complete the drawings in less than 30 min each (MO 2; AC 2.2.3.).
Exercise A Exercise B
Exercise C Exercise D
Exercise E Exercise F
2.8 Tangency construction Exercises XIV:- Summative Assessment

 Construct the following objects (MO 2; AC 2.2.2.).
 Insert the dimensions correctly. (MO 1.3; AC 1.2.8.).
 Complete the drawings in less than 30 min each (MO 2; AC 2.2.3.).
Exercise G Exercise H
Exercise I
Exercise J
2.9 Learner self-reflection table for important Construction Techniques

I am able to:
2.9.1 Construct an ellipse (for a given Yes/No

major and minor axis).
2.9.2 Construct geometrical figures by Yes/No

applying the principles of
tangency (either external or
internal tangents).
2.9.3 Manage time by completing the Yes/No

summative assessment (i.e.
exercises A to I in less than 30
min each.
2.9.4 Apply all teachings from Yes/No

module 1 to that of this module:
 correctly use the drawing equipment;
 correctly construct and complete a
title block and border lines;
 apply line types and line quality
correctly;
 letter to SANS standards;
 correctly manipulate and use scales;
 correctly dimension the drawing; and
 apply abbreviations correctly.
Module 3 – Orthographic projection
3.1 Module Outcomes
At the end of this module the learner will be able to:

 MO 3: apply two conventions for presenting an object in two-dimensions:
3.2.1 Construct a drawing of a component according to the 1st angle orthographic projection method.
3.2.2 Construct a drawing of a component according to the 3rd angle orthographic projection method.
3.2.3 Complete drawings in a prescribed time.
3.3 Background
The word ‘orthographic’ means ‘drawing

at right angles’. In this case objects are
projected at right angles to the paper. The
paper is theoretically placed in three
different planes, at right angles to one
another (see diagram). This is
comparable to the x, y and z Cartesian
axes. In such a manner, a 3-dimensional
object can be adequately represented on
paper (which is only 2-D). Two methods
concern us which are 1st angle projection
and 3rd angle projection. These names are
derived from the scientific analogy that
the object is placed within the paper
which is folded to form either the first quadrant or the third quadrant (of the Cartesian axes). It is then
important also to understand at which corner the paper is cut and then folded into a coplanar surface.
Since learners battle to understand the scientific analogy, it is easier to think in terms of the origin of these
methods:
 1st Angle projection is derived from rolling an item into its different views. This method is popular
in the industrialised countries of Europe and the Far East.
 In 3rd angle projection the items are placed on the side with the same name (e.g. the left hand view is
placed on the left side of the front view). This method is popular in the ex-commonwealth
countries.
Also note that in opening the paper into a coplanar surface, all views will also project from one another. The
projections will always be relative to the chosen front view.
3.4 Methods Of Projection
Either first angle projection or third angle projection should be used, and the method of projection used
should be clearly indicated, by means of a symbol adjacent to the scale or by means of a note prominently
shown on the drawing. Where a particular view is not projected in accordance with the system generally
adopted on the drawing, or where there is any doubt as to which system of projection has been used for a
view, a note should be added, with an arrow to indicate the direction of viewing.
3.4.1 Summary of 1st angle orthographic projection
Designation of views:
A - Front view
B - Left view A, B, C are the primary views (i.e. the first choice), and
C - Top view d, e, f are the secondary views (2nd choice).
d - Rear view
e - Right view
f - Bottom view
First Angle Projection

In first angle projection, with reference to the chosen front view A, the other views should be arranged as
follows:
a) top view C, is placed below;

b) left view B, is placed on the right;
c) right view e, is placed on the left;
d) bottom view f, is placed above; and
e) rear view d, is placed on either the far left or the far right, as convenient.
3.4.2 Summary of 3rd angle orthographic projection
Designation of views:
A - Front view
b - Left view
C - Top view A, C, E are the primary views (i.e. the first choice), and
d - Rear view b, d, f are the secondary views (2nd choice).
E - Right view
f - Bottom view
Third Angle Projection

In third angle projection, with reference to the chosen front view A, the other views should be arranged as
follows:
a) top view C, is placed above;
b) left view b, is placed on the left;
c) right view E, is placed on the right;
d) bottom view f, is placed below; and
e) rear view d is placed on either the far left or the far right, as convenient.
3.4.3 Examples of the use of orthographic projection in various industries:
Example of 1st angle projection for the vehicle industry
Example of 3rd angle projection for component manufacture
Example of 3rd angle projection as applied to architecture

3.4.4 Projection symbols
Every drawing must have one symbol on it indicating to the reader how the drawing was compiled.
The symbol is derived from the following shape and sizes:
Symbol for 1st angle orthographic projection: Symbol for 3rd angle orthographic projection:
3.4.5 Correct and poor projection practice
All views will project from one another and therefore they are in line to one another. The projections will
always be relative to the chosen front view.
Correct projection Incorrect
3.4.6 Number Of Views
The number of views used should be restricted to the minimum necessary for clarity.
3.4.7 Auxiliary Views
Components with an inclined part or face may have an auxiliary view projected to show the true shape of the
inclined part. The direction of viewing is shown by an arrow (identified by a letter when necessary).
Whenever possible, a view of an inclined face should be shown in line with the direction of view (only when
this is not possible, the view may be placed elsewhere). This is illustrated by view A in example 3.4.7.
3.5 Example of 1st Angle orthographic Projection
3.5.1 Example: Study the solutions to this example.

(If you understand the solution, then exercises 3.5.2.; 3.5.3.; and 3.5.4. may be omitted.)
Draw the three main views in 1st angle projection using the front view as indicated:
Solution:
3.5.2. Exercise XV: - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
 Identify the correct planes. The left hand column shows an item in isometric view. The right hand column
shows the corresponding major views in 1st angle projection. Peruse these drawings and identify the correct
planes in the orthographically projected views, with the corresponding letter shown in the isometric view (as
demonstrated in the front view of exercise a.).
 This exercise should not take you more than 15 minutes.
 (If you understand example 3.5.1., then exercises 3.5.2., 3.5.3. and 3.5.4. may be omitted.)
(a.)
(b.)
(c.)
(d.)
3.5.3. Exercise XVI: - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
 Identify the correct corners. The right hand column shows an item in isometric view. The right hand column
shows the corresponding major views in 1st angle projection. Peruse these drawings and identify the correct
corners in the orthographically projected views, with the corresponding letter shown in the isometric view (as
demonstrated in the front view of exercise a.).
 This exercise should not take you more than 15 minutes.
(a.)
(b.)
(c.)
(d.)
3.5.4. Exercise XVII: - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
 Choose the correct 1st angle orthographic views associated with each isometric view.
A. B. C.
Front
view
Left
view
Top
view
Front D. E. F.
view
Left
view
Top
view
Front G. H. I.
view
Left
view
Top
view
Front J. K. L.
view
Left
view
Top
view
Front M. N. O.
view
Left
view
Top
view
3.5.5. Exercise XVIII (a): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
 From the given pictorial view, draw in 1st angle orthographic projection the three main views (i.e. front view, side view and top view). Use the
orientation for the front view shown. Use the grid and assume a block size to be the same in the pictorial as well as the 1st angle view.
 Include all hidden detail.
 Complete this exercise in less than 8 minutes.
3.5.5. Exercise XVIII (b): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
3.5.5. Exercise XVIII (c): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
3.5.5. Exercise XVIII (d): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
3.5.5. Exercise XVIII (e): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
3.5.5. Exercise XVIII (f): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
3.5.6. Exercise XIX : - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
 Draw the Border and title block on a suitable sheet of paper for each exercise.
 Draw to a suitable scale the three main views in 1st angle projection. (Include the hidden detail).
 Insert the dimensions and the projection symbol.
 Complete each exercise in less than 20 minutes.
Exercise A.
Exercise B.
3.5.7. Exercise XX : - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.1/3.1.3.)
 Draw the border and title block on a suitable sheet of paper for each exercise.
 Draw to a suitable scale the three main views in 1st angle projection. (Include the hidden detail).
Exercise C.
Exercise D.
3.6.1. Exercise XXI (a): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
 From the given pictorial view, draw in 3rd angle orthographic projection the three main views (i.e. front view, right hand view and top view). Use the
orientation for the front view shown. Use the grid and assume a block size to be the same in the pictorial as well as the 3rd angle view.
3.6.1. Exercise XXI (b): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)

3.6.1. Exercise XXI (c): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
3.6.1. Exercise XXI (d): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
3.6.1. Exercise XXI (e): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
3.6.1. Exercise XXI (f): - (formative assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
3.6.2. Exercise XXII : - (Summative Assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
 Draw the Border and title block on a suitable sheet of paper for each exercise.
 Draw to a suitable scale the three main views in 3rd angle projection. (Include the hidden detail).
Exercise A.
Exercise B.
3.6.2. Exercise XXIII : - (Summative Assessment MO 3; AC 3.1.2./3.1.3.)
 Draw the border and title block on a suitable sheet of paper for each exercise.
 Draw to a suitable scale the three main views in 3rd angle projection. (Include the hidden detail).
Exercise C.
Exercise D.
3.7 Learner self-reflection table

I am able to:
3.7.1 Construct a drawing of an object Yes/No

in 1st angle orthographic
projection.
3.7.2 Construct a drawing of an object Yes/No

in 3rd angle orthographic
projection.
3.7.3 Manage time by completing each Yes/No

exercise in less than 30 min.
3.7.4 Apply all teachings from Yes/No

modules 1 & 2 to that of this
module:
correctly;
 correctly dimension the drawing;
 apply abbreviations correctly; and
 applying the principles of tangency.
Module 4 – Isometric Drawing
4.1 Module Outcomes

 MO 4: construct drawings in a pictorial view.
4.2.1 Construct a circle in isometric view.

4.2.2 Construct a drawing of a component in isometric view.
4.2.3 Show an understanding of orthographic projection by constructing an isometric view.
4.2.4 Complete drawings in the prescribed time.
4.3 Background
Isometric drawing is a method of producing a pictorial view of an object. However, many more methods of
pictorial projection methods exist (e.g. axonometric drawing, oblique drawings and perspective drawing).
Pictorial drawings are generally used for illustrating purposes, but are seldom used when constructing an
object. It is for this reason that these drawings are seldom dimensioned.
4.4 Method
A drawing is drawn relative to the three Cartesian axes: the x-axis 30°, the y-axis 150° and z-axis 90°, all
from the same horizontal. The true dimensions of the object are plotted on these axes (which represents
some distortion as only the z-axis dimension is represented accurately in this way). However this distortion
is tolerated. Extensive use of the 30º/60º set-square is made to draw objects in this module.
The isometric axes Presenting a cube in isometric drawing
Due to this distortion, angled lines are non-isometric lines and can only be drawn by plotting their end points
and joining them. Similarly, all circles are presented as ellipses in isometric views.
4.5 Construct an ellipse (four–centre method for Isometric drawings)

(a) Choose the x-y plane in (b) Join the corners and (c) Draw arcs from centres A & B
which to draw the ellipse. Draw intercepts as shown. Note the and M & N. Thicken the required
the centre-lines of the circle and points A & B and points M & line and erase the rest.
inscribe it with a cube with sides N; they are the centres for the
the size of the diameter. (These four arcs from which the
dimensions are true as they are ellipse is constructed.
parallel to the axes).
4.5.1. Exercise XXIV: - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.4)
(A.) (B.)
 Construct circles of diameter 100 mm in the isometric  Construct a disc of OD 90 mm, ID 50 mm and
views, in the x-y, x-z and y-z planes (as shown). width 30 mm (as shown).
 Complete the exercise in less than 40 minutes.  Complete the exercise in less than 40 minutes.
4.6 Construct angled lines

Angles can only be drawn if they are perpendicular to the line of sight.
(a) Faintly draw the rectangular outlines. (b) Plot the end points of the (c) Since the purpose of most lines is
These dimensions will be true (since they angled lines. Join the end only to aid in the construction of the
are in the direction of the Cartesian axes). points. object, they should be erased.
4.6.1. Exercise XXV: - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.2/4.2.4)
(A.) (B.)
 Construct an octagon in the isometric view.  Construct the hexagonal object shown.
 Complete the exercise in less than 20 minutes.  Complete the exercise in less than 20 minutes.
4.7. Exercise XXVI : - (Summative Assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.4)
 Copy each isometric object to the indicated scale.

 Draw the border and title block on a suitable sheet of paper.
 Do not show any hidden detail or dimensions.
Exercise A. (Scale 1:1) Exercise B. (Scale 1:1)
Exercise C. (Scale 2:1) Exercise D. (Scale 1:1)

4.8.1. Exercise XXVII (a): - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.3/4.2.4)
 Sketch the isometric view from the given 1st angle orthographic projection. Use the given grid and assume the block sizes to be the same in the pictorial as
in the 1st angle view.
 Exclude all hidden detail.
4.8.1. Exercise XXVII (b): - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.3/4.2.4)
 Sketch the isometric view from the given 1st angle orthographic projection. Use the given grid and assume the block sizes to be the same in the pictorial
as in the 1st angle view.
4.8.1. Exercise XXVII (c): - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.3/4.2.4)
4.8.1. Exercise XXVII (d): - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.3/4.2.4)
4.8.1. Exercise XXVII (e): - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.3/4.2.4)
4.8.1. Exercise XXVII (f): - (formative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.3/4.2.4)
4.9 Exercise XXVIII : - (summative assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.4)
 Draw the isometric view from the given views in 1st angle orthographic projection to an appropriate scale.
Exercise A. Exercise B.
Exercise C. Exercise D.
4.10 Exercise XXIX : - (Summative Assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1/4.2.2/4.2.4)
 Draw the isometric view from the given views in 1 st angle orthographic projection to an appropriate scale.

I am able to:
4.11.1 Construct a circle in isometric Yes/No

view.
4.11.2 Construct a drawing of a Yes/No

component in isometric view.
4.11.3 Show an understanding of Yes/No

orthographic projection by
constructing an isometric view.

exercise in the prescribed time.
4.11.5 Apply all principles from Yes/No

modules 1 & 2 to this module;
which are:
correctly;
 apply the principles of tangency
correctly.
Module 5 – Sectional Drawing
5.1 Module Outcomes

 MO 5: section orthographic views.
5.2.1 Construct full-sectional views of objects drawn in orthographic projection.

5.2.2 Construct half-sectional views of objects drawn in orthographic projection.
5.3 Background
Sectional drawing is a technique used to improve the visualisation of an object. A cutting plane is chosen
and the cross-sectional view of that cutting plane is then shown - in hatched form.
Objects with little interior detail can be represented satisfactorily in orthographic projection by exterior
views, the interior construction being shown by hidden detail lines. When the interior detail is more
complicated, the hidden detail lines may be confusing and difficult to interpret correctly. In such cases the
object is imagined to be cut by a plane, and the part of the object between the viewing eye and the plane is
removed. This exposes the interior detail which can then be shown by full lines instead of hidden detail
lines. This resulting view is a sectional view or a section. Strictly, a sectional view includes all visible lines
behind the section plane, while a section shows only what appears on the cutting plane. Section lines are
just a symbol because they indicate an imaginary cutting plane and as such are drawn with thin lines.
5.4 Method
The diagram shows the front and left-hand views of a

coupling half. The left hand view has a lot of hidden detail
and is therefore confusing to interpret.
In such a case more clarity is achieved by showing a sectional

view in order to reveal interior features. A cut through the
entire section is termed a full sectional view.
The sectional view is obtained from choosing an imaginary cutting

plane through the object. The position of the cutting plane is
indicated by a chain line on an appropriate view in orthographic
projection. The chain line has its ends thickened and arrows
indicating the direction in which the section is viewed. These arrows
and letters are larger than those used for dimensioning.
The object is viewed from the direction of the cutting

plane. Hidden detail lines turn into solid outlines. To
indicate that a drawing (or part of a drawing) is a
sectional view, the portion which is cut is hatched at
45° to the axis or main outline. Hatching lines are
thin and uniformly spaced over the section.
Note that the cutting plane needs not be a straight line. Every change of direction of this cutting plane is
indicated by a thickening of the chain line. A view which is only half sectioned is called a half sectional
view.
5.5 Various aspects of sectioning
5.5.1 Hidden detail

No hidden detail is shown on a sectional view.
5.5.2 Angle of Section Lines
Section lines should preferably always be

drawn at 45°, except in cases where the outline
of the part are close to 45°. In such cases the
section lines should be drawn at some other
angle.
5.5.3 Adjacent Parts
When the cutting plane cuts two or more

adjacent parts, the direction or spacing of the
section lines should be changed to indicate the
separate pieces.
5.5.4 Full Sections
When the cutting plane cuts right across the view, the
resulting section is called a full sectional view.
5.5.5 Half Sections

When the cutting plane cuts half way across the view leaving the other half as
seen from the outside, the resulting section is called a half sectional view. The
view shown is the top half sectioned above the centre line. This is generally
applied to symmetrical sections. When the hatching touches the centre line, the
centre line is changed to a continuous line as in this example.
5.5.6 Part Section
When a full or half section is not necessary, a particular interior detail may be
exposed by a part section
5.5.7 Exceptions
When the cutting plane passes longitudinally through solid parts that have no interior detail, these parts are
not sectioned, for example: bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, keys, cotters, pins, shafts, spokes, gears, ball-bearings,
solid shafts and ribs.
Incorrect Correct
(Never section a web) Show web
Cut longitudinally
On the other hand, if the rib is

cut transversely, as illustrated,
the rib will be sectioned as
shown.
Show web
Cut transversely
5.5.8. Good and poor practices
(a) Common mistakes for the interpretation of section AA:
(b) Common mistakes for the section lines:
Irregular spacing Spacing too close Poor accuracy Lines too thick
Wrong Wrong Wrong Wrong

Correct
5.6 Example
Study the following problem with solution
(a.) Problem statement:
The figure shows a front and top view of a simple bearing.
Construct in first angle orthographic projection the following three
views of the bearing:
 The front view;
 The full-sectional side view on section AA;
 The half-sectional top view on BB with the left half in
section.
(b.) Pictorial view:

Notice that in each case the arrowheads indicate the direction in which the portion remaining is to be looked
at (i.e. the portion between the viewer and the cutting plane is removed).
(c.) Solution:
5.7 Exercise XXX : - (Summative Assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1./4.2.2./4.2.4.)
 Complete the sectional drawings as described in less than 40 min for each exercise.
The figure below shows a front and top view in The figure below shows a front view and a top view of an
third angle projection, of a slotted guide. insulator bracket in third angle projection.
Draw full size, in third angle projection, the Draw, to a scale 1:2, the following views of the bracket in third
following views of the guide: angle projection:
(a.) the front view; (a.) the front view;
(b.) a full-sectional side elevation on view (b.) a full-sectional side view on BB;
AA; (Include dimensions, projection symbol, scale and title).
(Include dimensions, projection symbol, scale and
title).
5.8 Exercise XXXI : - (Summative Assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1./4.2.2./4.2.4.)
The figure shows a front and top view of a The figure shows a front and left view of a shaft guide in first angle
coupling half in first angle projection. projection.
Draw in half scale, in first angle projection, the Draw full size, in first angle projection, the following views of the
following three views of the item: guide:
(a.) the front view; (a.) the front view;
(b.) a half-sectional side elevation on view (b.) a sectional side elevation on view DD;
CC; (Include dimensions, projection symbol, scale and title).
(Include dimensions, projection symbol, scale
and title).
Exercise E.
The figure shows a front and top view of a shaft

guide in first angle projection.
Draw full size, in first angle projection, the
following views of the guide:
(a.) the front view;
(b.) a sectional side elevation on view
EE;
(Include dimensions, projection symbol, scale
and title).
5.9 Assembly sections
Adjacent parts in assembly sections are cross-hatched at different angles and/or spacing so that they are
more easily identified. Also, if a part in an assembly section is separated by some distance, the section lines
are still drawn in the same direction.
When the cutting plane passes longitudinally through solid parts that have no interior detail, these parts are
not sectioned, for example: bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, keys, cotters, pins, shafts, spokes, gears, ball-bearings,
solid shafts and ribs. These items are more easily recognised by their exterior features.
5.9.1 Assembly sections
Example: assembly of a pipe flange Note: bolt and washers are not sectioned
5.9.2 Screws and Nuts
The diagram shows the

approximate metric
standards for drawing a
hexagon head screw and a
hexagonal nut. The
diameter D and shank-length
L define the bolt size;
For example M6x50 reads:-
A screw of standard metric
pitch of diameter 6 mm and
shank length of 50 mm.
Cut-away view of the assembly
An assembled view in isometric projection

Exploded view items to be assembled
5.10 Exercise XXXII : - (Summative Assessment MO 4; AC 4.2.1./4.2.2./4.2.4.)
The drawing shows a half sectional front view and an outside top view of a FOOTSTEP BEARING PEDESTAL in
1st angle orthographic projection. Using 1st angle orthographic projection, draw:
a) a full sectional front view on XX,
b) a half sectional left view on YY, and
c) the outside top view
(Dimensions need not be shown).


I am able to:
5.11.1 Construct full sectional views of Yes/No

objects drawn in orthographic
projection.
5.11.2 Construct half sectional views of Yes/No

objects drawn in orthographic
projection.

exercise in the prescribed time.

which are:
correctly;
correctly.
Module 6 – Assembly Drawing
6. Module Outcomes

 MO 6: assemble mechanical components into an assembly drawing
7. Assessment Criteria
6.7.1 Construct an assembled drawing from individual component drawings.

6.7.2 Construct a sectional drawing of assembled views from component drawings.
8. Background
As the name suggests, an assembly drawing is a drawing which represents the various parts of a machine in
their working position. Components drawings generally, by themselves, do not serve much of a function. In
most cases they need to be placed with other components to be of any use – visually this is achieved by
means of an assembly drawing.
Individual parts are identified by means of part numbers. The numbers are placed inside
a circle with an arrow
touching the item or a dot
positioned on the
component.
The parts list is an itemized list of the various

parts of the design. The list is placed against
the title block, starting with the heading and
then numbering the item numbers from the
bottom upwards. This is done so that later editing and additions may simply be added to the top of the list.
9. Worked examples
The drawing below shows all the component drawings (in 1st angle projection) that make up a Clapperbox.
Enlarged view of Clapper-box with tool A shaping machine identifying the position of a Clapper-box
A pictorial view showing the fitment of each component
An assembly drawing of an outside right and front view and a full-sectional left view
A drawing assembly of an overhead crane [courtesy Condra Cranes (Pty) Ltd]

A drawing assembly of a Drill Rig Rod Clamp assembly [courtesy Gold Fields Ltd]
6.5.1 Exercise XXXIII : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The 22 mm T-fitting is used to for plastic high pressure water piping. The 22
mm OD pipe (not shown) receives the recessed nut and compression ring. This
pipe is pushed into the T-fitting. The recessed nut is screwed over the
compression ring onto the T-fitting, compressing the compression ring to a
watertight seal over the pipe.
Draw a half sectional assembly drawing (in less than 70 min). Use a scale of 2:1. Include a title block,
important dimensions and a materials list.
6.5.2 Exercise XXXIV : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure shows details of a PISTON. Draw Items Description Qty Material
an assembly drawing, to a scale 1:2, of a full 1 Small-end bush 1 White Metal
sectional front view (i.e. on the cutting plane 2 Gudgeon pin 1 Mild Steel
of the piston) in less than 70 min. 3 Piston 1 Aluminium Alloy
4 Connecting rod 1 Cast Steel
5 Piston ring 2 High Carbon Steel
6.5.3 Exercise XXXV : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure shows details of a Control Handle. Draw an

Items Description Qty Material
assembly drawing of the left hand view (section YY) to a 1 Body 1 Cast Iron
scale 1:1. Section only the body. 2 Handle 1 Mild Steel
Construction time is less than 70 3 Pivot Stud 1 Mild Steel
min. 4 Collar 1 Phosphor Bronze
[The assembly consists of a 5 Pin 1 HT Steel
handle, which may be moved to 6 (not shown) M8 Screw 1 Mild Steel
either side of its normal vertical position, about a pivot stud which passes through the
central hole in the body. The pivot stud is secured at the back of the body by a collar
through which a 2 mm pin is passed. The handle may be locked in any position by a M12
screw (not shown) which passes through the slot in the body.]
6.5.4 Exercise XXXVI : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure shows details of a pillar bearing. Draw an assembly

drawing of the front view to a scale
1 Body 1 Cast Iron
1:1 in less than 70 min. Section all
2 Cap 1 Cast Iron
items in the assembly, to the right of
3 Bearing half 2 Phosphor Bronze
the centre line A-A. The complete
4 Stud 2 Mild Steel
parts list is as follows:
5 Hexagon nut 2 Mild Steel
6 Pin 1 Mild Steel
6.5.5 Exercise XXXVII : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure shows details of a Drill Jig. Make an assembly Items Description Qty Material
drawing of the full-sectional front view on plane XX to a scale 1 Base 1 Mild steel
1:1 in less than 70 min. 2 Top plate 1 Mild steel
[The assembly consists of 3 Guide block 1 Mild steel
4 Work piece 1 Mild steel
components which are joined into
5 Guide bush 1 Mild steel
a jig (items 1 to 8, excluding item
6 Locking screw 1 Nickel-chrome
4), used to clamp a work piece (4).
steel
The jig is utilized to accurately
7 M16 Bolt 1 Mild steel
drill a hole into the work piece (4)
8 Guide pin 2 Silver steel
(indicated by position Y). The
guide block (3) is located on the base (1). The top cover (2) in turn is located on top of the guide block (3).
The base (1), guide block (3) and the top cover (2) are connected to one another by means of two guide pins
(8) and secured by means of a M16 bolt (7). A drill guide bush (5) is positioned into the top plate (2). The
work piece (4) is placed between the guide block (3) and the stop block of the base (1). A locking screw (6)
screwed through the stop block of the base is used to lock the work piece (4) into position.
6.5.6 Exercise XXXVIII : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)

The figure shows details of a Cable Trolley. Draw
1 Body side plates 2 Mild steel
a full-sectional
2 Cable wheel 2 Cast steel
assembly drawing
3 Bearing bush 2 Graphite impregnated
of the left hand copper
view (section AA) 4 Pivot bolt 3 Ni-steel
to a scale 1:1 in less 5 M22 Nut 6 HT Steel

6 Suspending bracket 1 Cast steel
than 70 min.
[The assembly consists

of two side plates,
between which are
positioned the cable
wheels and the
suspending bracket. The
two cable wheels are
positioned at the two
upper holes and the
suspension bracket at the
lower hole. The three
pivot bolts pass through
the side plates and the
cable wheels, as well as
through the side plates
and the suspending
bracket. The graphite
bearing bushes are
inserted between the
pivot bolts and the cable
wheels to allow easy
rotation. The bearing
bolts are fastened by six
nuts to fix the side
plates].
6.5.7 Exercise XXXIX : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure shows the details of a Trolley Parts list:

Wheel. Draw a full sectional front view of Item Description Qty
the assembly (with the section plane passing 1 Bracket 1
2 Base 1
through the centre line of the pulley).
3 Dolly wheel 1
4 M 18 Screw 1
5 Bush 1
6 M 18 Screw 1
7 M 18 Nut 2
6.5.8 Exercise XL : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure shows details of a Milling Jig. Draw a sectional front Items Description Qty Material
view (i.e. along centre line AA) of the 1 Base plate 1 Cast Iron
assembled components to a scale 1:1 2 Body 1 Mild Steel
in less than 70 min. 3 Cap 1 Mild Steel
4 Clamping ring 1 Mild Steel
[The figure below shows the views of
5 Cap screw 4 HT Steel
a milling jig in first angle projection.
6 Collet 1 Mild Steel
The jig is used to hold a special bolt
7 Key 1 Mild Steel
(not shown) during a machining
8 Taper ring 1 Mild Steel
operation in which a square head is
milled on the end of the bolt. The component to be machined is gripped in the collet (item 6) which is
firmly held in
the body (items
2 & 3) of the jig.
The body is
secured to the
base (item 1) by
means of the
clamping ring
(items 4 & 5) but
is free to rotate
into one of four
possible
positions in
which it can be
locked by a pin
(not shown)
which engages
in mating holes
drilled in the
body and
clamping ring].
6.5.9 Exercise XLI : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
The figure overleaf shows details of a Hydraulic Cylinder in first angle orthographic projection. It consists
of the following components:

1 Cylinder 1 Mild steel
2 Front cylinder cover 1 Cast steel
3 Rear cylinder cover 1 Cast steel
4 (not shown) Gasket 2 Copper
(120 ID, 138 OD, 2 mm thick)
5 Piston rod 1 Nickel chrome steel
6 Piston 1 Mild steel
7 Piston seal ring 2 Neoprene
8 Fork 1 Cast steel
9 Gland nut 1 Mild steel
10 (not shown) Piston rod seal 1 Neoprene
(40 ID, 60 OD, 28 mm thick)
11 (not shown) M30 Nut 1 Mild steel
12 Studs (ø 14 mm) 4 Nickel chrome
13 (not shown) M14 nut 8 Mild steel
The cylinder (1) is enclosed by the front cylinder cover (2) and the rear cylinder cover (3). Two copper
gaskets (4) (not shown) seal off the cylinder and the covers. The piston rod (5) fits into the piston (6) onto
which two piston seal rings (7) fit back to back in the grooves.
This whole assembly fits into the cylinder with the piston rod protruding towards the right so that the fork
(8), which screws on to the piston rod (5), is 10 mm away from the gland nut (9). The gland nut secures the
piston rod seal (10) (not shown) into the gland in the rear cylinder cover. A standard M30 nut (11) (not
shown) secures the piston to the piston rod. Four studs (12), with eight M14 nuts (13) (not shown) bolt the
two cylinder covers (2) & (3) onto the cylinder (1).
Draw a full-size full-sectional view of the assembled cylinder as seen from the front view in less than 70
minutes. Insert 6 overall dimensions only. Show a title block, item numbers and a parts list.

I am able to:
6.6.1 Construct an assembled drawing Yes/No

from individual component
drawings.
6.6.2 Construct a sectional drawing of Yes/No

assembled views from
component drawings.

exercise in less than 70
minutes.

which are:
correctly;
correctly.
Module 7 – Chemical Drawing symbols

and Basic Circuits
7.1 Module Outcomes

 MO 7: draw chemical flowchart and process diagrams.
7.2.1 Know and understand the various process plant symbols.

7.2.2 Be able to use the symbols to construct flowcharts and process plant circuits.
7.3 Scope
Graphical symbols for use in flow and piping diagrams for process plant are defined in BS1553.
7.3.1 Symbols used in conjunction with other symbols

Mechanical Direction of Equipment
linkage rotation penetration (fixed)
Weighing Stirring Equipment

device device penetration
(removable)
Electric Fan Boundary line
device
Vibratory Access Point of change
loading point
device
Spray Equipment Discharge to
device branch (e.g. atmosphere
a flange)
7.3.2 Heat transfer equipment

Heat exchanger Double pipe type
Shell and tube Heating/cooling coil
Air blown cooler Fired boiler
Plate type
7.3.3 Vessels and tanks

Open Storage sphere: Fluid contacting
tank: vessel (basic symbol):
Clarifier Gas holder Fluid contacting

or (basic symbol): vessel (distribution
settling details may be
tank: shown):
Sealed Simple pressure Reaction or

tank: vessel: absorption vessel
(basic symbol):
Covered Knock-out drum: Reaction or

tank: absorption vessel
(where it is necessary
to show more than
one layer):
Tank Tray column: Autoclave

(with (basis symbol):
fixed
roof and
draw-
off
sump):
Tank Tray column: Autoclave
with trays are
floating numbered from
roof: bottom upwards;
at least the 1st
and last trays
should be shown.
7.3.4 Pumps and compressors

Rotary pump, fan or Positive Centrifugal
compressor displacement compressor
(basic symbol): pump (axial flow):
(Basic symbol):
Centrifugal pump Axial flow fan: Reciprocating

(submerged suction): compressor
(basic symbol):
Positive displacement Centrifugal Ejector/injector

rotary compressor (basic symbol):
pump/compressor: (basic symbol):
7.3.5 Solid Handling

Size reduction: Kneader: Rotary filter, film
dryer or flaker:
Gyratory Ribbon Cyclone and

breaker: blender: hydroclone
(basic symbol):
Roll crusher: Double cone Cyclone and

blender: hydroclone:
Ball mill Filter Centrifuge

(pulverizer): (basic symbol): (basic symbol):
Mixer Filter press Centrifuge

(basic symbol): (basic symbol): (horizontal peeler
type):
7.3.6 Drying
Drying oven: Rotary drier: Belt
drier:
Rotary kiln: Spray dryer:

7.3.7 Bulk Materials Handling

Belt conveyor: Screw conveyor: Elevator
(basic symbol):
7.3.8 Prime Movers

Electric motor: Turbine
or (basic symbol):
7.3.9 Pipelines and valves

Pipeline (major Pipeline Pipe bore
flow line – (minor flow change:
drawn 0.7 mm line – drawn
thick) 0.3 mm thick)
Pipe crossing Pipe crossing Point of
(unconnected): (connected): measurement:
In-line valve: Valve (screw Actuated

type) valve:
Flow restrictor Flow restrictor Non-return
(fixed): (variable): valve:
Useful definitions:
Boundary line: A line which defines the edges of a plant or device.

Conveyor: A device which uses a belt running on rollers to transport material.
Heater: A device used to raise the temperature of other fluids
Fan: A device with rotating blades providing ventilation.
Filter: A device which removes impurities from a fluid
Flow restrictor: A device which can vary the flow of fluids
Flow restrictor (variable): A device which can vary the flow of fluids.
Motor: A device which provides rotary power.
Piston: A cylindrical device driven up and down in a cylinder.
Pipe lines: Any extended line of conduits for transporting fluids.
Stirring device: A device providing agitation or mixing.
Valves: A device for controlling the passage of a fluid through a pipe.
Vessels & tanks: A hollow chamber which can contain fluids.
A typical process plant which is more easily represented in symbolic form

7.4.1 Exercise XL : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
Copy the process flow-diagram on to a formal drawing and explain, in essay form, your understanding of the
process. (Time limit: 1½ hours).
7.4.2 Exercise XLI : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)
7.4.3 Exercise XLII : - (Summative Assessment MO 6; AC 6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3)

I am able to:
7.5.1 Know and understand the Yes/No

various process plant symbols.
7.5.2 Be able to use the symbols to Yes/No

construct process plant circuits.

exercise in less than 70
minutes.

which are:
correctly;
correctly.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
6 5 4 3 2 1
A A-A ( 1 : 2 )
D D
5
C C
3
1
B B

A
PARTS LIST
ITEM QTY DESCRIPTION
1 1 Small-end bush
2 1 Gudgeon pin
3 1 Piston
4 1 Connecting rod
5 2 Piston ring
Designed by Checked by Approved by Date Date
A A
ftekweme
Piston assembly
University of Johannesburg Edition Sheet
1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
A A-A ( 1 : 2 )
1
D D
3
7
5
4 6
C 2 C
B B
PARTS LIST

1 2 Frame plate
2 1 Hook
3 1 M12 bolt
4 2 M8 bolt
5 1 Wheel
6 2 M8 nut
7 1 M12 nut
A A
ftekweme
Crane coupling assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
7 A-A ( 1 : 2 )
5 4
2
C 6 C
1
8
A A
B B
PARTS LIST

1 1 Base
2 1 Top plate
3 1 Guide block
4 1 Work piece
5 1 Guide bush
6 1 Locking screw
7 1 M16 bolt
8 2 Guide pin
A A
ftekweme
Drill jig assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
C C
C C-C ( 1 : 2 )
B B

C

A A
ftekweme
Sectional Drawing
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D A-A ( 1 : 2 ) D
C C
B B
PARTS LIST
A A ITEM QTY DESCRIPTION

1 1 Collet
2 1 Key
3 1 Body
4 1 Taper ring
5 1 Base plate
6 1 Cap
7 1 Clamping ring
8 4 Cap screw
A A
ftekweme
Milling jig assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
A-A ( 2 : 1 )
D D
C C
B B

A A PARTS LIST
1 1 T- fitting
3 3 M30 nut
5 3 Compression ring
A A
ftekweme
Water piping assembly

University of Johannesburg
Edition Sheet
1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
2
1 5
C C
B B

PARTS LIST
1 1 Bracket
2 1 Pin
3 1 Nut
4 1 Shaft
5 1 Key
A A
ftekweme
SHAFT ASSEMBLY
1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
A A-A ( 1 : 1 )
7
D D
3
5 2
C C
1
A
B B
PARTS LIST

1 1 Fork stand
2 1 Fork
3 1 Roller
4 1 Axle cap
5 1 M6 srew
6 1 Axle
7 1 Pin
A A
ftekweme
Cable roller assembly

Assemblycblerollerproj 1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
1 7
5
C C
2 3
B B
PARTS LIST

1 1 Base
2 1 Pin
3 1 Roller
4 1 Bush
5 1 M10
6 1 Spacer
7 1 M16 nut
A A
ftekweme
Guide bracket assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
4
2
D D
1
C C
B B
PARTS LIST

1 2 Bracket
2 1 Roller
3 2 Bush
4 1 Spindle
5 1 Base
6 4 M10 stud
7 4 M10 nut
A A
ftekweme
Double bracket assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
A-A ( 1 : 1 )
A 2
D D
C 4 C
3
B B
A

PARTS LIST
1 1 Body
2 1 Handle
3 1 Pivot stud
4 1 Collar
5 1 Pin
A A
ftekweme
Control handle assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
4
D D
3 2
C C
5
1
B B

PARTS LIST
1 1 Bracket
2 1 Fork
3 1 M20 bolt
4 1 Strut end
5 1 M20 nut
A A
ftekweme
Strut assembly
University of Johannesburg
Edition Sheet
1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
5
5 A-A ( 1 : 2 )
A
6
D D
4
2
C C
3
A
B B

PARTS LIST
1 2 Body side plates
2 3 Pivot bolt
3 1 Suspending bracket
4 2 Bearing bush
5 2 Cable wheel
6 6 M22 nut
A A
ftekweme
Cable trolley assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
3
2
4
C C
B B

PARTS LIST
1 1 Bracket
2 1 Pin
3 2 Bush
4 1 Pulley
5 1 M16 nut
A A
ftekweme
Wall-mounted pulley assembly

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
5
C 1 C
4
B B

PARTS LIST
1 1 Bracket
2 1 Pulley
3 1 Bush
4 1 Pin
5 1 Shoulder pin
A A
ftekweme
Pulley assembly
1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
C C
B B

A A
ftekweme
First angle orthographic projection

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
B B-B ( 1 : 2 )
C C
B B B

A A
ftekweme
Sectional view of an insulator bracket

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
E-E ( 1 : 1 )
C C
B B

E

A A
ftekweme
Sectional view of a shaft guide

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
D D
C C
B B

A A
ftekweme
First angle orthographic projection

1/1
6 5 4 3 2 1

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Technical Drawing Manual Page 2

Module 1: Introduction to the principles of drafting technology 3

Module 2: Some important construction techniques 32

Module 3: Orthographic projection 40

Module 4: Isometric Drawing 67

Module 5: Sectional Drawing 81

Module 6: Assembly Drawing 93

Module 7: Chemical Drawing symbols 107

Module 1 – Introduction to the principles

1.1 Module Outcomes

At the end of this module the learner will:

1.2 Assessment Criteria

1.2.1 Discuss the field and nature of engineering drawing.

1.3 Theoretical Background

1.3.1 The graphic language.

1.3.2 Exercise I:- (formative assessment MO 1.1; AC 1.2.1)

1.4 Paper Sizes

1.5 The Correct Use Of The Drawing Equipment

1.5.1 The A3 drawing board

(i.) Attach an A4 page:

(ii.) Attach an A3 page:

(iii.) Drawing horizontal lines:

(iv.) Drawing vertical lines:

(v.) The use of drawing instruments to draw lines in 15° increments:

1.5.2 The Eraser And Erasing Shield

1.6 Borders and Title Blocks.

1.6.1 BORDERS AND TITLE BLOCKS

1.6.2. TITLE BLOCKS

Examples of typical title blocks as recommended by the ISO standards:

(b.) An A4 drawing sheet

1.6.3. ENLARGED VIEW OF THE DETAILS OF THE TITLE BLOCK:

Character spacing: 1,5mm.

We will use 5 mm and 7 mm lettering for simplicity.

The following information can be helpful in improving ones technique:

1.7.2. Exercise II:- (formative assessment MO 1.2; AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4/1.2.5)

1.7.3 Exercise III:- (formative assessment MO 1.2; AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4/1.2.5/1.2.6)

1.8 Line types

1.8.1. The various line types

1.8.2. General Rules for Line Work

1.8.3. Exercise IV:- (formative assessment MO 1.2; AC 1.2.2/1.2.3/1.2.4/1.2.5/1.2.6.)

1.8.4. Good and poor practice of line types:

5. A centre line should not extend

6. Where angles are formed in chain

7. Arcs should join at tangent points.

8. Dashed lines should start and end

10. If a dashed line meets a curved

A drawing scale is expressed in the following format:

Category Recommended scales

(a.) Dimension lines

1.10.1. Dimension line

Arrowheads are approximately 5 mm long and 1 mm wide.

1.10.3. An extension line

1.10.4. A centre line

1.10.6. Method of dimensioning common features

Use the symbol Ø when dimensioning a diameter.

Dimensions should be placed in the most appropriate view for

Use one of the acceptable methods shown.

The dimension line for a radius is drawn

Suitable methods of production (e.g. drill, tap, ream,

1.10.7. Exercise V:- (formative assessment MO 1.3; AC 1.2.7./1.2.8.)

1.11. Engineering Terms and abbreviations

1.11.1 Abbreviations of engineering terms: