DE/TD PROJECTS

This is a 3rd-year project as a DESIGN ENGINEER PROJECT which

is to be completed at the end of 6th S.E.M i.e. at the end of the 3rd year.
This help student to develop their ideas and perspective to think
differently along with their studies. In this semester i.e. the 5 th S.E.M
decision regarding what is to be completed involves several steps such
as brainstorming, cost estimation, the feasibility of the project,
applicable raw material, etc.. The following flow chart shows steps to
be followed in the DE/TD project.
 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
1. REALIZATION OF NEED
• The design process starts with a need stated by sponsors.
• Society, Community, Group or Individual feels the need for a
device, machine or structure.
• Certain objectives are to be achieved (Performance, Cost,
Time).
• A need may be recognized or realized.
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
• Designer's problem statement
• Problem should be stated in the most general way  State
what is to be achieved – but NOT how to achieve it
• Problem statement should NOT suggest any solution, e.g.
1. there exists a need to cross the river
2. there exists a need to clean dirty clothes
3. there exists a need for cool drinking water
3. NEED ANALYSIS
(A) Analyze in detail what is to be done –
what is to be accomplished?
what are the existing devices or methods of doing this?
how will the proposed device be better? (it will save time / labor, it will
be cheaper, it will be more efficient, ...)
will there be a demand for the device?
who will be the users? their likes, dislikes and needs?
will the device meet the needs of potential users?
(B) Identify Objectives:
what will be the wants of the users?
– ease of operation
– performance requirements
– safety
– appearance
– reliability
– ease of use (ergonomic requirements)
– lightness
– portability
– comfort in use
– durability
– floor space requirement
(C) Activity Analysis:
identify inputs and outputs of the system
desirable and undesirable inputs and outputs
restrictions on inputs, outputs and system (environmental) ‘
musts and must nots
interaction between subsystems and components
interaction between system and environment (desirable / undesirable),
e.g. Computer Room COMPUTER ROOM computers printers plotters
humans dust (undesirable) programs printouts plots waste material
subsystem: printer, ... (undesirable) component: power cable,
connecting cables, ... Find relative importance of objectives / wants
(D) Target Objectives and Design Specifications:
identify desirable objectives (WANTS) (performance, cost, time, ...)
identify restrictions on input and output use trade off of objectives.
(E) Develop the general philosophy of design
4. GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS
(DESIGN CONCEPTS)
Analyze in detail what is to be accomplished
Various steps for achieving it
what are the different functions
how to do them
what physical devices will effectively accomplish these functions
how was it done before
how was the manual operation done
can it be mechanized
what will be the difficulties
how can these difficulties be overcome
think of as many ways as possible of accomplishing the functions Use
DESIGN METHODS to create IDEAS
Brain Storming
Check Lists
Morphological Analysis Rules for Brain Storming
Idea hunting by groups
Group is formed of 5 – 10 persons from connected fields
 Leader puts the problem before the group
 Ideas may be given by all members, 'wider the better'
 Leader should prevent members from passing comments (impossible,
impractical, ...)
 write down all ideas
 combine ideas for improvement  quantity is wanted  sum up ideas
and list / tabulate them
5. SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY
1. Check all Ideas for Feasibility, one by one
a. Physical Realizability
– will it work under the circumstances, when made?
– can this be developed into a successful design?
– what is the probability (of success) under the constraints of time and
money?
– what are the sub problems
– can these be solved satisfactorily? b. Technical Feasibility
– are any natural laws being violated? – will the expected performance
levels be adequate
– can it be made with the talent, skill, facilities, knowhow, and
machinery available?
– is the raw material available easily and continuously?
– are the MUSTS satisfied?
– can it be serviced, replaced, repaired easily?
– is it foolproof?
– is there adaptability to change?
c. Social Acceptability
– is it easy to use?
– will it be acceptable to the body and minds of the people (ergonomic
considerations)
– does its use produce pollution, noise, harmful effects, bad smell, etc.?
– will society accept it?
– is it safe for the users?
d. Economic Viability
– what will be the cost?
– will it have economic advantage for users? will there be demand for
it at the cost stated?
– will it earn profits?
e. Financial Feasibility
– what resources are needed for its design, development, and
manufacture on commercial basis?
– can it be made under the constraints of available finance?
2. Eliminate ideas and concepts which are impossible and having
Low Physical Realizability
Poor Technical Feasibility  Socially unacceptable  Too high a cost
Poor economic viability
High and unobtainable finances
3. Find UTILITY of the remaining concepts
4. Find the best solution based on of high Physical Realizability and
high UTILITY
6. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
 System Conceptualization
– think of the physical systems required to accomplish different
functions as per the finally selected design concept
 System Synthesis
– interconnection between subsystems
 Compatibility Analysis – each subsystem should be compatible with
other subsystems
 Sensitivity Analysis
– response of system to changes in parameter (e.g. change of one
parameter may affect total system)
 Formal Optimization
– For best design, for best performance
 Simplification – minimum number of parts, compact design
7. DETAILED DESIGN
Sketch mechanisms for different functions
– determine shape, size of parts on the basis of function, strength,
production requirements, ...
– assembly requirements
– design for economical production of parts, ease of assemble, ease of
operation, ease of use, ease of cleaning, maintenance, repair and
replacement, ease of packing, shipping, ease of availability of parts and
components, pleasing appearance
Prepare drawings
– assembly drawing to show all parts and their interconnections
– construction details
– detailed drawings
8. FABRICATION AND TESTING
Prepare operation sequence for fabricated parts
assemble the prototype and test
 NEEDS AND PROBLEMS
S.No. Need And Problems Rating
out of 10
1. The problem is due to insects and mosquitoes 5
around dustbins causing infection and diseases.
2. The problem is due to excess humidity in the room 7
due to rain causing difficulty in breathing and
sweating.
3. Sometimes need to charge of phone and a source 6
of light becomes more due to the unavailability of
electricity. Usually for soldiers and trackers.
4. Air conditioners consume a lot of energy in the 6
form of electricity causing a high electricity bill.
5. Sometimes the water tank gets filled and comes 4
out of the tank resulting in a lot of water waste.
6. Unnecessary use of electricity even when it is not 7
needed. This results in a waste of energy and high
electricity bills.
7. Sometimes an accident occurs with a bike and 8
information is not able to reach family members.
8. Electricity is not available to all areas of the 5
country but needs to purify and cool water is
necessary.
9. It is difficult for farmers to protect their crops 8
from animals and insects as it is not possible to
look after crops every time.
10. It is difficult to stop water leakage in taps in 6
summer or in the case of a hot water supply due to
the expansion of the tap due to temperature.
11. It is difficult for students to cool water in the 8
hostel and to keep food in summer.
12. Sometimes need for oxygen and medical facilities 7
for patients and an ambulance may not contain all
the facilities.
 SOLUTION DISCUSSION ON EACH PROJECT
1. Insect-Killing Dustbin: Develop a dustbin with an integrated insect-
killing mechanism, such as UV light traps or insect-repelling substances.
2. Humidity Control in Rooms: Install humidity control systems like
dehumidifiers or humidifiers to maintain the desired humidity level.
3. Energy Harvesting Shoes: Create shoes with built-in energy-harvesting
technology, such as piezoelectric generators, to convert kinetic energy
into electrical energy
4. Solar-Powered Air Conditioning: Install solar panels to generate
electricity for air conditioning systems, making them more energy-
efficient.
5. Water-Tank Automatic Switch-off Smart: Implement a smart water
tank control system that monitors water levels and automatically shuts
off the water supply when the tank is full.
6. Home Energy Management: Use a smart home energy management
system to monitor and control energy usage, including lighting, heating,
and appliances.
7. Smart Helmet: Develop a helmet with built-in communication,
navigation, and safety features for various applications, such as cycling
or construction.
8. Solar-Powered Water Purification: Use solar power to operate water
purification systems, such as UV or reverse osmosis, to provide clean
drinking water.
9. Crop protection system: Crop protection can be achieved by the use of
a laser around the boundary of the field.
10. Portable ECG machine: EGC machine which includes all needs with
a quantity that will be sufficient for the patient to reach the hospital on
time.
11. Thermoelectric Peltier cooling module system: This is to be used to
create a small refrigerator or cooling device.
12. Water tap sealing material: Such material is to be used which will
be expanded more as compared to the material of taps. Material like
rubber or fibers or metal with high expansion coefficient then steel tap.
 PHYSICAL REALIZABILITY

1. Insect-Killing Dustbin: The creation of such a dustbin is physically

possible but may be costly as per the requirement of the instrument
and may be not feasible for a common user. Who can survive this
problem by other methods like using insect-killing drugs and poison,
etc..
2. Humidity Control in Rooms: According to the discussion the
creation of this device may not be possible at this level of
knowledge. The creation of such a device also needs knowledge of
computer science with electronics and environmental studies.
3. Energy Harvesting Shoes: This may be physically possible but
may result in a large size of shoes. The large size of shoes will not
be good for the user. Providing one service with consequences in
motion will not be a good idea.
4. Solar-Powered Air Conditioning: This is possible to execute in a
reason where excess availability of sunlight is possible. But the cost
of installation and making and also maintenance is high. For the
execution of this project, a high cost is needed which is out of the
scope of the budget.
5. Water-Tank Automatic Switch-off Smart: The physical
realizability of a water tap sealing material depends on its
compatibility with the specific conditions of the tap, such as
temperature, pressure, and the type of water being used. Rejection
reasons could include material durability, resistance to corrosion, or
potential health concerns if the material interacts with the water. It's
crucial to ensure the chosen material meets safety standards and
environmental regulations.
6. Home Energy Management: The physical realizability of Home
Energy Management systems can be influenced by various factors,
including technology limitations,infrastructure constraints, and
economic considerations. For instance, the integration of renewable
energy sources may face challenges due to intermittent energy
generation. Additionally, outdated or incompatible home systems
can hinder effective implementation. Economic factors, such as the
cost of advanced technologies, may also contribute to rejection.
Overall, the rejection
 reasons often stem from a combination of technical, infrastructure,
and economic barriers.

7. Smart Helmet:
Creating a physically realizable smart helmet involves integrating
various technologies such as sensors, communication modules, and a
user interface. Challenges may arise in terms of size, weight, power
consumption, and user comfort. Achieving a balance between
functionality and practicality is crucial for widespread adoption.
Additionally, cost constraints and regulatory compliance can be
limiting factors in the development and acceptance of smart helmets.

8. Solar-Powered Water Purification:

The physical realizability of solar-powered water purification is
feasible, utilizing solar energy to drive processes like distillation or
photovoltaic systems for water treatment. Rejection reasons may
include limitations in efficiency, scalability, or cost-effectiveness in
certain contexts.

9 Crop protection system:

A physical crop protection system for cattle could involve fencing
or barriers to prevent access to crops. Selection criteria may include
durability, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to local terrain.
Consider materials resistant to weather and wear, balancing
effectiveness with minimal environmental impact.

10 Portable ECG machine:

The physical realizability of a portable ECG machine can be
influenced by factors such as size, power consumption, and sensor
accuracy. Rejection reasons might include technical limitations, cost
constraints, or challenges in maintaining signal quality during
mobility.

11 Thermoelectric Peltier cooling module system:

The physical realizability of a thermoelectric Peltier cooling module
system depends on factors like material properties, efficiency, and
application requirements. Selection involves considering thermal
conductivity, electrical conductivity, and cost. Optimal choices
 balance performance and practical constraints for effective
temperature control

12 Water tap sealing material:

The physical realizability of a water tap sealing material depends
on its compatibility with water pressure, temperature, and
durability. Common rejection reasonsinclude susceptibility to
corrosion, degradation, or inability to withstand required conditions.
 FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY
Assessing the financial feasibility of each idea would involve considering
factors such as market demand, production costs, potential revenue
streams, and competition.
1. Insect-Killing Dustbin: Could have demand, but costs for insect-
killing technology may impact feasibility.
2. Humidity Control in Rooms: Depends on market demand; initial
costs may be a consideration.
3. Energy Harvesting Shoes: Potential demand for sustainable energy
solutions; manufacturing costs and market competition are key
factors.
4. Solar-Powered Air Conditioning: High initial costs but potential
long-term savings; market demand and efficiency are crucial.
5. Water-Tank Automatic Switch-off Smart: May appeal to water
conservation; feasibility depends on production costs and market
interest.
6. Home Energy Management: Growing demand for energy-efficient
solutions; costs and competition are factors.
7. Smart Helmet: Safety-conscious market may drive demand;
production costs and competition matter.
8. Solar-Powered Water Purification: Potential for areas with limited
clean water access; costs and efficiency are vital.
9. Crop Protection System: Agriculture tech demand; feasibility relies
on effectiveness and affordability.
10. Portable ECG Machine: Healthcare demand may support
feasibility; regulatory aspects and production costs need
consideration.
11. Thermoelectric Peltier Cooling Module System: Niche
market; costs, efficiency, and potential competitors are important.
12. Water Tap Sealing Material: Potential for water
conservation; costs and market adoption are factors.
 TOP FOUR PROJECTS ACCORDING TO
FEASIBILITY

1. Crop Protection System: Agriculture tech demand; feasibility relies

on effectiveness and affordability.
2. Thermoelectric Peltier Cooling Module System: Niche market;
costs, efficiency, and potential competitors are important.
3. Smart Helmet: Safety-conscious market may drive demand;
production costs and competition matter.
4. Water Tap Sealing Material: Potential for water conservation;
costs and market adoption are factors.
 TOP TWO PROJECTS ACCORDING TO
FEASIBILITY

Crop Protection System: laser security alarm

Laser : 50rs
3.7 battery : 90rs
5v solar panel : 40rs
Reflecting fibre ;- 100rs
BC547 transistor :- 5rs
1K ohm :- 1rs
Wires :- depends on area (probably 50-100rs)
Buzzer :- 20rs
LED light :-5rs
LDR :- 6rs
Green paper :- 5rs

Enclosure charges :- 150rs

Approximately total cost of security alarm is :- 500-600rs.

Thermoelectric Peltier Cooling Module System: The feasibility of a
Thermoelectric Peltier Cooling Module System depends on several factors,
including the cost and availability of its components.
Components:
Peltier Modules: These are the core components responsible
for the cooling effect. The cost can vary based on the size and
efficiency of the modules. Cost:- 200rs-600rs
Heat Sinks: Essential for dissipating heat generated by the
Peltier modules. The cost depends on the material and design,
with more efficient heat sinks generally being pricier. Cost:-
145rs
Thermal Interface Materials (TIM): These materials
enhance heat transfer between the Peltier modules and heat
sinks. Costs vary based on the type and quality of the TIM
used. Cost:-50rs
Power Supply: The system requires a power source. The type
and capacity of the power supply will impact costs.Cost:-
450rs
Temperature Sensors and Control System: To regulate the
cooling process, temperature sensors and a control system are
necessary. Costs depend on the complexity and precision
required.Cost:- 50rs-100rs
Enclosure and Casing: Protecting the components and
ensuring efficient heat exchange may involve additional costs
for a suitable enclosure.Cost:- 300

Approximately total cost of thermoelectric peltier cooling

module system will be 2000rs.
 .

TOPIC NAME:- SECURITY LASER ALARM

FOR FARMERS

PROBLEM:- CROP IS DESTROYED BY

ANIMALS.
SOLUTION:- TO PROTECT CROP, WE
DESIGN A SECURITY ALARM FOR
FARMERS
 INTR0DUCTION

In the ever-evolving landscape of agriculture, farmers

face a myriad of challenges, and one persistent
concern is safeguarding their precious harvests from
the intrusion of animals. From mischievous critters to
larger wildlife, the threat of crop damage poses a
significant risk to farmers' livelihoods. In response to
this age-old problem, modern technology has come to
the aid of agriculture, offering innovative solutions to
protect fields and crops.

One such cutting-edge solution gaining popularity

among farmers is the Laser Security Alarm system. This
advanced technology combines the precision of lasers
with the reliability of alarm systems to create a
formidable defense against unwanted animal
intrusions. The Laser Security Alarm not only serves as
a deterrent but also provides farmers with a proactive
means of protecting their crops, reducing losses, and
ensuring a bountiful harvest
 COMPONENTS USED

1) LASER LIGHT
2) 5mm RED LIGHT
3) 5mm LDR
4) GREEN PAPER
5) 3.7V BATTERY
6) 5v SOLAR PANEL
7) REFLECTING FIBRE
8) BC547 TRANSISTOR
9) 1k OHM
10) THURMOCOL OR PLYWOOD
11) WIRES
12) BUZZER
 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

LASER LIGHT :- "Laser" stands for "Light Amplification by

Stimulated Emission of Radiation." It is a device that emits
light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

(FIG. 1)

LDR:- LDR stands for "Light Dependent Resistor." It is a

type of resistor whose resistance changes with the amount
of light falling on its surface. LDRs are also known as
photoresistors or photocells.

(FIG. 2
BATTERY:- A 3.7V battery typically refers to a lithium-ion
(Li-ion) or lithium-polymer (Li-Po) rechargeable battery
with a nominal voltage of 3.7 volts.

(Fig 3)

SOLER PANEL:- A solar panel, also known as a photovoltaic

(PV) panel, is a device that converts sunlight into electrical
energy. Solar panels are a key component of solar
photovoltaic systems.

(Fig. 4)
REFLECTING FIBRE:- Optical fibers are typically made of
glass or plastic and are used for transmitting light signals
over long distances.

(Fig. 5)

BC547 TRANSISTOR:- The BC547 is a general-purpose NPN

bipol ar junction transistor (BJT) commonly used in
electronic circuits for amplification and switching purpose

FIG. 6
BUZZER:- A buzzer is an electronic device that produces
sound, typically a buzzing or beeping noise. Buzzers are
commonly used in various applications for alerting,
signaling, and indicating events

(Fig. 7)

RED LIGHT:- "Red light" can refer to light in the red part of
the electromagnetic spectrum, typically with longer
wavelengths than those of blue or green light.

GREEN PAPER:- We use green paper for making crop

symbols in the field.

(Fig. 8)
 Circuit diagram

(FIG. 9)
CONSTRUCTION:-

1) Firstly, fix the transistor and connect the LDR

to transistor.
2) Now, we have to connect the resistor to
transistor.
3) Connect the positive terminal of LED light to
resistor and negative terminal to transistor.
4) Connect one terminal of buzzer to junction
point of resistor and light and second terminal to
junction point of transistor and light.
5) Connect positive terminal of battery to positive
terminal of LED light and negative terminal of
battery to negative terminal of transistor.
6) After having a proper connection , buzzer
produce a sound.
7) To stop that sound , we have to connect laser
light.
8) Cut the thermocol and set all the components
on thermocol.
9) Arrange the reflecting fibre for reflection of
light so that our security alarm works.
10) Our alarm is ready for working
 Working

the laser emitters continuously emit laser beams

across the monitored area.

The laser detectors/receivers are aligned to receive the

laser beams. These detectors are usually equipped
with sensors that can detect changes in the intensity of
the received light.

Under normal conditions, when the laser beams are

not interrupted, the detectors receive a
consistent signal

If someone or something crosses the laser beams and

interrupts the path, the detectors register a change in
the received signal.

the control unit processes the signals from the

detectors. It distinguishes between normal
fluctuations (e.g., due to weather conditions) and an
actual intrusion.

if the control unit determines that there is a breach, it

activates the alarm or notification system.

And then it alert the farmer.

 Advantages

Security alarms can detect the presence of predatory

animals in the vicinity. Farmers receive early warnings,
allowing them to take preventive measures to protect
livestock, such as moving animals to secure enclosures.

Some animals, such as deer or wild boars, can cause

significant damage to crops. Security alarms can help farmers
detect the presence of these animals early on, enabling them
to implement measures to deter or repel them.

Farmers can use customizable sensors to detect specific

types of animal threats. For example, motion sensors or
infrared sensors can be adjusted to identify the size and
movement patterns of animals, minimizing false alarms
caused by non- threatening wildlife.

By receiving timely alerts about the presence of animals in or

near the fields, farmers can respond quickly to prevent or
minimize crop losses caused by grazing or trampling.

Security alarms can enhance the safety of livestock by

alerting farmers to potential threats from predators. This
enables farmers to take immediate action to secure animals
in barns or other protected
 Disadvantages

Security systems, especially those with intricate sensors and

components may regular maintenance to ensure optimal
performance. This can add to the operational costs and may
be challenging for farmers with limited resources or technical
expertise.

The initial cost of installing a comprehensive security alarm

system. especially one tailored to detect specific animal
threats, can be relatively high. This may pose a financial
barrier for some farmers.

Many security systems rely on a stable power supply. In rural

areas. where power outages can be more common,
dependence on electricity may pose a challenge. Battery-
powered or solar-powered alternatives may help mitigate this
issue.

Extreme weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow, or

dense fog can affect the performance of certain security
sensors. Fog, in particular, can scatter laser beams.
impacting the accuracy of laser-based security systems.

Some security systems may have limitations in terms of the

coverage area, especially in expansive agricultural
landscapes. Farmers with large properties may need to invest
in multiple systems to adequately cover their entire land.
 Conclusion

In conclusion, implementing security alarm systems

for farmers offers a myriad of advantages in enhancing
the safety. protection, and overall efficiency of
agricultural operations. These systems provide early
detection of potential threats, serving as a crucial line
of defense against intruders, both human and animal.
The ability to customize sensors, integrate with other
technologies, and enable remote monitoring ensures a
tailored approach to the unique challenges faced by
farmers.

However, it's essential for farmers to be aware of

potential disadvantages, such as false alarms,
maintenance requirements, and the initial cost of
implementation. These drawbacks emphasize the
importance of selecting a well-suited security system,
maintaining it regularly, and considering factors like
the local environment and wildlife population.