07-11-2023

Islamic University of Science &Technology

University Avonue1, Awantipora, Pulwama, JR K

Unit-VLecture-1

SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

ELE402C

Dr. Ahmed Sharique Anees

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Islamic University of Science & Technology
University Avenue I, Awantipora, Pulwama, J & K

Introduction toPower System

Protection

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What is System Protection?
System protection isthe art and science of detecting
problems with power
these components. system componentsand isolating
Problems on the power system include:
1.Short circuits
2.Abnormal conditions
3.Equipment failures
NERC defines the protection
system as:
" Protective relays, associated
voltage communication
and current sensing devices,
DCcontrol circuitry.
systems,
station batteries and

Protective relays monitor the current and/or voltage of the

power system to detect problems with the
Currents and voltages to relays are suppliedpower system.
via CT's and PT's.
Current Transfornmer (CT): Adevice which transforms the
current on the power system from large primary values to
secondary values. The secondary current safe
(as per the ratio) tothe primary current willbe proportional
Potential Transformer (PT): A device which transforms the
voltage on the power system from primary
secondary values, in a ratio proportional to values to safe
the primary value.
Purpose of System Protection
Protect the public
> Improve system stability
>Minimize damage to equipment
> Protect against overloads
> Employ relay techs and engineers
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Protection of Power System

POWer System comprises of three sections namely, Generation, Transmission and Distribution
>Each of the sectors employ costly power system
components
>Adequate protection needs to be provided at each section
Color KCy
Black Geeration
Substation
GitrensmisSIOn
Step bon
Bke: ransmission TranstoIner Custorer
Greer1: Dibuot 26kV and Bokv
Tran smission lnes
765, 500, 345. 230, and

Generating Stat on Finary CustTAr

13avi 4kV

Trarsmisslon Cuslomer Secondary Customer

120V ad 240V
Generatino 139kV cr 230%V
Step Up
Transtorrmer

What Components (Equipment) Do We Protect?

Generators

> Transformers

Lines

Buses

> Capacitors

Reactors
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What Components (Equipment) Do We Protect?

Generators Protection
Color Key: Substaion
Black: Generation Step DOwn Sbransmission
slue: Transmission Transfomer
Creer:Ditnbuion Transmlsslon llnes
765.500,345.230, and 138 kv CustoakV
26kv and

Generaüng Staton
Primary Customer
134ad aky

Transmission Customer Secondary Cusiomer

Generating
Step Jp
138kv or 230V 1.20V ax 240V
Transfomer

GeneratorsProtection

Three Gorges Dam in China

World's Largest Single Power Generating Station
22,000MW
26 Generators 8

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Generators Protectlon
" Faults that can develop in a Generator
A.Stator Winding Problems
1. Winding-winding short
2. Stator ground

Generators Protection
" Faults that can develop in aGenerator
B. Rotor Problems
1. Loss of field
2. Field ground
a. First ground
b. Second ground TROUBLE

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Generators Protection
" Faults that can develop in a
C. Other
Generator
Abnormal Conditions
1. Over/Under Frequency
2. Over Excitation
3. Reverse Power
4. Out of Step
5. Unbalance Current

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Generators Protection
" How Do We Protect the Stator?
A. Differential Protection (what goes in must come out)
1. Detects phase-phase faults
B. StatorGround Protection
1. 59N (95% of Stator)
2.Third Harmonic Voltage Method (100% of Stator)
3. Signal Injection (100% of Stator)
GSU

Poe Sety

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Generators Protection
" How Do We Protect the Rotor?
1.Loss of Field
a. Impedance
GSU

nywan

4ass ot F i d Rohay

2. Field ground
a. DC voltage relay (64F)

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Introduction to Power System Protection

to be Continued in Lecture-2

AnyQueries?

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