X Chemistry Acid Bases Salts

Chemistry
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Acids, Bases and Salts
"Sour fruits contain various

amounts of citric acid."
1. Introduction
The chemicals which we come across are usually categorised as acids, bases
and salts.
Earlier this classification was based on different taste of chemicals. THE
Acids were first recognized as substances that taste sour. Vinegar tastes SPOT P
sour because it is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Citric acid is responsible LIGHT
for the sour taste of a lemon. Acids are responsible to digest food
Bases, sometimes called alkalis, are characterised by their bitter taste and in the stomach, dissolve rock , to make
fertilizer, dissolve your tooth enamel
they are soapy to feel. Most hand soaps and commercial preparation for to form cavities.
unclogging drains are highly basic.
Substances having taste similar to that of common salt are called salts.
However, some substances have very unpleasant taste and even may be
poisonous. Usually salts are prepared by chemical reaction between acids
and bases.
Now, the question arises – how to test that the given substance is an acid
or a base without tasting it?
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Chemistry\3._Acids Bases and Salts\Theory
In this chapter, we shall discuss the common characteristics of acids and

bases and their chemical nature. We shall also discuss how salts are produced
and important applications of some of these salts.
2. Acids
According to Arrhenius theory, "An acid is a substance which when dissolved
in water, ionizes and releases hydrogen ions [H+(aq)] in solution".
Example,
(i) HCl(aq) ¾¾® H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen ion Chloride ion
or HCl(g) + H2O(l) ¾¾® H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
(ii) H2SO4(aq)¾¾® 2H+(aq) + SO2– 4 (aq) Fig.1 Svante Arrhenius (1859 – 1927)
Sulphuric acid Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion
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Classification of acids
THE (a) On the basis of their source, acids are of two types.
SPOT P (i) Mineral acids / Inorganic acids
LIGHT They are generally obtained from minerals or rocks.
Basicity of an acid is determined by For example,
number of hydronium ions (H3O+ /
H+(aq)) produced per molecule of an Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
acid on ionisation. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
(ii) Organic acids
They are generally obtained from plants and animals.
For example,
Formic acid (HCOOH)
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)
Citric acid (C6H8O7)
(b) On the basis of basicity, acids are of three types.
(i) Monobasic acids
THE
SPOT P One molecule of acid gives one hydronium ion.
For example, HCl, HBr, etc.
LIGHT (ii) Dibasic acids
The term "acid" is derived from the One molecule of acid gives two hydronium ion.
latin word "acidus" meaning sour to
taste. For example, H2SO4, H2CO3, etc.
(iii) Tribasic acid
One molecule of acid gives three hydronium ions.
For example, H3PO4, citric acid (C6H8O7), etc.
(c) On the basis of their strength, acids are of two types.
(i) Strong acid
They undergo complete ionisation in aqueous solution.
For example, HCl, H2SO4, etc.
Add acid to water !
Not water to acid ! !
THE
SPOT P H Cl H +
H+
Cl–
LIGHT H Cl Cl
–
Hydrogen ion do not exist as H+ ions

in solution, they attach themselves to Cl–
the polar water molecules to form H Cl Cl– H+
H Cl H +
hydronium ions (H3O+ or H+(aq))

H+ + H2O ® H3O+.
HCl H+ and Cl—
100% ionization
Fig.2 Strong acids completely dissociate in water.
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(ii) Weak acid
They undergo incomplete ionisation in aqueous solution.
For example, CH3COOH, HCOOH, etc.
THE
Acetic acid SPOT P
Not as strong as inorganic acids
(vinegar) LIGHT
Bases which completely dissolve in
O water are called alkalis, example
|| NaOH, KOH, etc. "All alkalis are
R–C–O–H bases but all bases are not alkalis".
Citric acid
Formic acid
THE
Fig.3 Organic acids are weak acids.
(d) On the basis of concentration of the acid.
SPOT P
(i) Concentrated acid : They contain less amount of water and more
LIGHT
amount of acid. Acidity of a base is determined by
(ii) Dilute acid : They contain large amount of water and less amount the number of hydroxyl (OH—) ions
produced per molecule of a base or
of acid.
alkali on complete dissociation in
3. Bases water.
According to Arrhenius theory "Those substances which give hydroxide or
–
hydroxyl ion (OH ) in their aqueous solution are called bases".
For example, (i) NaOH(aq) ¾¾® Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Sodium hydroxide Sodium ion Hydroxyl ion
(ii) KOH(aq) ¾¾® K+(aq) + OH–(aq)
THE
Potassium hydroxide Potassium ion Hydroxyl ion
Classification of bases SPOT P
(a) On the basis of acidity, bases are of three types. LIGHT
(i) Mono acidic bases Strength of an acid does not depend
Produce one hydroxyl (OH–) ion per molecule. upon the concentration of an acid, but
on the concentration of hydronium ion.
For example, NaOH, KOH, etc.
(ii) Diacidic bases
For example, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, etc.
(iii) Triacidic bases
For example, Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, etc.

(b) On the basis of strength, bases are of two types.
(i) Strong bases
They undergo complete ionisation in aqueous solution. THE
For example, NaOH, KOH, etc.
(ii) Weak bases
SPOT P
They undergo incomplete ionisation in aqueous solution. LIGHT
For example, NH4OH, Al(OH)3, etc. Bases like NaOH and KOH have
corrosive nature i.e. they are caustic,
(c) On the basis of concentration, bases are of two types.
so known as caustic soda and caustic
(i) Concentrated bases potash respectively.
They contain less amount of water and more amount of base.
(ii) Dilute bases
They contain large amount of water and less amount of base.
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CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 1
1. Identify strong and weak acids as well as strong and weak bases from the
THE following. H2CO3, HNO3, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH4OH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl.
SPOT P 4. Indicators
LIGHT Indicator as the name suggests, indicates the nature of particular solution
whether acidic, basic or neutral. Apart from this, indicator also represents
Carbonic acid (H2 CO 3) turns blue
the change in nature of the solution from acidic to basic and vice-versa.
litmus to pink which shows it is a
Depending upon the property of the indicator, we have the following two
weak acid.
types of acid-base indicators :
(1) Indicators showing different colours in acidic and basic medium.
Examples, Litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange.
(2) Indicators giving different odour in acidic and basic medium / olfactory
indicators.
THE Examples, Onion extract, vanilla and clove oil.
SPOT P BUILDING CONCEPTS 1
LIGHT What causes indicators to show different colours in acids and bases?
Litmus is the most commonly used
Explanation
indicator in the lab. Indicators undergo some structural changes in the presence of acids or bases
which causes them to show different colours.
5. Chemical properties of acids and bases
(1) Action of indicators
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 1
THE
SPOT P Aim
To test acids and bases in the laboratory using colour change
LIGHT acid-base indicators.
Indicator Change in acidic Materials required
medium Watch glass, test tube, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric caid, acetic
Blue litmus paper Blue to Red acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,
Methyl orange Orange to red magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, red and blue litmus solution,
Phenolphthalein Remains phenolphthalein solution, methyl orange solution.
colourless
Method
Turmeric paper No change in
colour (i) Collect the following samples from the science laboratory-hydrochloric
acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), acetic acid
(CH3COOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2],
potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], and
ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH).
(ii) Put a drop of each of the above solutions on a watch-glass and test
with a drop of the following indicators.
THE
SPOT P Red litmus solution, Blue litmus solution, Phenolphthalein solution,
Methyl orange solution.
LIGHT Observation
Indicator Change in basic The changes observed are as follows :
medium Red Blue Methyl
Phenolphthalein
Sample solution litmus litmus orange
solution
Red Litmus Red to Blue solution solution solution
Methyl orange Orange to Hydrochloric acid (HCl) No effect Red Colourless Red
yellow Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) No effect Red Colourless Red
Phenolphthalein Colourless to pink Nitric acid (HNO3) No effect Red Colourless Red
Turmeric paper Yellow to red Acetic acid (CH3COOH) No effect Red Colourless Red
brown Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) Blue No effect Pink Yellow
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Blue No effect Pink Yellow
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Blue No effect Pink Yellow
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Blue No effect Pink Yellow
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) Blue No effect Pink Yellow
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Conclusion
Acids turn blue litmus red but have no effect on red litmus.
Bases turn red litmus blue but have no effect on blue litmus.
Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic medium and turns pink in basic medium.
Methyl orange is yellow in basic medium and red in acidic medium.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 2 THE

Aim SPOT P
To test acids and bases using olfactory indicators. LIGHT
Materials required
Aqua regia is a mixture of conc. HCl
Plastic bag, chopped onion, strips of clean cloth, dilute HCl solution, dilute and conc. HNO3 in 3 : 1 ratio. It can
NaOH solution, test tube, vanilla essence, clove oil. dissolve noble metals like Ag, Au and
Method Pt.
(i) Take some finely chopped onion in a plastic bag along with some strip
of clean cloth. Tie up the bag tightly and leave overnight in the fridge.
The cloth strips can now be used to test for acids and bases.
(ii) Take two of these cloth strips and check their odour.
(iii) Keep them on a clean surface and put a few drops of dilute HCl solution
on one strip and a few drops of dilute NaOH solution on the other.
(iv) Rinse both cloth strips with water and again check their odour.
(v) Note your observations.
(vi) Now take some dilute vanilla essence and clove oil and check their odour.
(vii) Take some dilute HCl solution in one test tube and dilute NaOH
solution in another. Add a few drops of dilute vanilla essence to both
test tubes and shake well. Check the odour once again and record
change in odour, if any.
(viii) Similarly, test the change in the odour of clove oil with dilute HCl and
dilute NaOH solutions and record your observation.
Observation
Onion, vanilla essence and clove oil loses their smell in bases but does not
change their smell in acids.
Conclusion
A substance whose smell varies when it is mixed with an acidic or basic
solution, can be used as an acid base indicator (called olfactory indicator).
(2) Reaction with metals
(i) Dilute acids like dilute HCl and dilute H2SO4 react with certain active
metals to evolve hydrogen gas.
Metal + Dilute acid ¾® Metal salt + Hydrogen
Lets discuss the following activity to understand the reaction between
acid and metal.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 3 THE

Aim SPOT P
To study the reaction of acids with metals. LIGHT
Materials required Metals which can displace hydrogen
Test tube, dilute H2SO4, zinc granules, soap solution, test tube stand, cork, from dilute acid are known as active
delivery tube, candle. metals. For example : Na, K, Zn, Fe,
Ca, Mg, etc.
Method
(i) Take about 5 ml of dil. H2SO4 in a test tube and add a few piece of
zinc granules to it.
(ii) What do you observe on the surface of zinc granules?
(iii) Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution.
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Delivery tube
Stand
Burning of H2 gas
with a pop sound
Candle
Test tube
THE
SPOT P Dilute sulphuric
acid
H2 gas
bubbles
Soap bubble
LIGHT Zinc granules
filled with H 2
Copper, mercury and silver do not

react with dil HCl or H2SO4. Soap
solution
Fig.4 Reaction of zinc granules with dilute
sulphuric acid and testing H2 gas by burning.
Now answer
(i) Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution?
(ii) Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble. What do you observe
when burning candle is brought near the gas bubbles?
(iii) Are the observation in all the cases the same or different?
Observation and discussion
Bubbles are formed in the soap solution indicating that some gas is evolved
during the reaction between the metal and the acid. The gas burns with
a popping sound showing that the gas evolved is hydrogen. The same
observation is found in all the cases.
Reaction involved : Zn(s) + dil H2SO4 ¾¾® ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Conclusion
The active metal like zinc displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and the
THE remaining part of the acid combines with the metal to form the
SPOT P corresponding salts.
More examples, (i) 2Na(s) + 2HCl(dil) ¾¾® 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
LIGHT (ii) Fe(s) + H2SO4(dil) ¾¾® FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
The nature of a salt is found by certain (ii) Metals like zinc, tin and aluminium react with strong alkalies like NaOH
chemical tests. The method is called
(caustic soda) and KOH (caustic potash) to evolve hydrogen gas.
"Qualitative Analysis".
Consider the following activity.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 4
Aim
To study the reaction of a base with metal.
Materials required
Test tube, granulated zinc, NaOH solution, burner.
Method
(i) Place a few pieces of granulated zinc metal in a test tube.
(ii) Add 2 mL of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) solution and warm the contents
of the test tube.
(iii) Repeat the rest of the steps as in previous activity and record your
observation.
Observation
It is observed that metals like zinc react with strong base like NaOH, KOH,
etc. to liberate hydrogen gas and form the corresponding salt.
THE For example,
SPOT P Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
Zinc Sodium hydroxide
¾® Na2ZnO2(aq) +
Sodium zincate
H2(g)
Hydrogen
LIGHT Conclusion
Non metals do not react with dilute Some metals react with bases to liberate hydrogen gas.
acids as they do not displace Some more examples,
hydrogen from acids. (i) 2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2O(l) ¾® 2NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2(g)
Sodium meta aluminate
(ii) Sn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ¾® Na2SnO2(aq) + H2(g)
Sodium stannite
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(3) Reaction of acid with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen
carbonates
All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give
a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water.
Metal carbonate/Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid
THE
¾¾® Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Lets discuss the following activity.
SPOT P
LIGHT
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 5
Egg-shell also conta in calcium
Aim carbonate as the main constituent.
To study reaction of metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates with acids. Hence they react with the acids.
Materials required
Test tubes, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, dilute HCl
solution, lime water.
Method
(i) Take two test tubes. Label them as A and B.
(ii) Take about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in test tube A and
about 0.5 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) in test tube B.
(iii) Add about 2 mL dilute HCl to both the test tubes.
(iv) Pass the gas produced in each case through lime water (calcium
hydroxide solution)
Observation
It is observed that carbon dioxide gas is evolved in each case which turns
lime water milky. THE
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾® 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) ¾¾® NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
SPOT P
Ca(OH)2 + CO2(g) ¾¾® CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
LIGHT
Lime Carbon Calcium carbonate Organic tissues like skin, etc. get
completely corroded by alkalis such
water dioxide (White ppt.)
as NaOH & KOH.
On passing excess CO2, the solution becomes clear due to conversion of
insoluble CaCO3 into soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate.
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ¾¾® Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Calcium hydrogen carbonate
(Soluble in water)
Conclusion
All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a
corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water.
One more example,
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(dil) ¾¾® CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(4) Reaction of acid and base with each other
Whenever a solution of acid is treated with a solution of base, salt and
water are formed as the products. This reaction is known as
THE
P
neutralisation reaction. In general, a neutralisation reaction can be

written as : SPOT
Acid + Base ¾¾® Salt + Water LIGHT
The reaction is called neutralisation because the salt which is formed The complete neutralisation of an acid
is generally neutral towards litmus. Thus, neutralisation may be defined solution by a base and vice versa is
as : "The reaction between acid and base present in aqueous solution indicated by the sudden change in
to form salt and water." the colour of the indicator present. This
is called end point. It implies that H+
Neutralisation reaction ions of the acid have completely
According to Arrhenius theory, an acid when dissolved in water gives H+ reacted with OH— ions of the base to
ions. Similarly, a base when dissolved in water gives OH – ions. Neutralisation form H2O which is neutral.
is the combination between H+ ions of the acid with OH– ions of the base
of form H2O.
+ + +
H
144 (aq) + Cl – (aq)
42444 3 + Na
144 (aq) + OH – (aq)
42444 3 ¾¾® Na
144 (aq) + Cl – (aq)
42444 3 + H2 O
HCl (aq ) NaOH(aq ) NaCl (aq )
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pH
THE
SPOT P
LIGHT
Uses of some common mineral
acids :
HCl : in textile industry as bleaching
agent.
H3PO4 : used in antirust paints and
fertilizers.
HNO 3 : used in manufacture of
explosives and fertilizers. Fig.5 On complete neutralisation, the solution results is neutral with pH = 7.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 6
Aim
To study the reaction between acids and bases, i.e. neutralisation reaction.
Materials required
Test tube, dilute NaOH solution, phenolphthaein solution, dilute HCl
solution.
Method
(i) Take about 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and add two
drops of phenolphthalein solution.
(ii) Note the colour of the solution.
(iii) Add dilute HCl solution to the above solution drop by drop.
(iv) Note the change in colour of the reaction mixture.
(v) Now add a few drops of NaOH solution to the above mixture.
Now answer
(i) What is the colour of the NaOH solution on adding phenolphthalein?
(ii) What change in colour takes place on adding dilute HCl?
(iii) Does the pink colour of phenolphthalein reappear on adding NaOH?
(iv) Why do you think this has happened?
On adding phenolphthalein to NaOH solution, the colour becomes pink.
On adding dilute HCl solution dropwise, finally the pink colour disappears
and the solution again become colourless. On adding NaOH, pink colour
reappears because the medium becomes basic again.

Conclusion
THE Acid and base react together to form salt and water
SPOT P Acid + Base ® Salt + Water
LIGHT The reaction is called neutralization reaction.
The saliva produced in the mouth by Some more examples,
salivary glands is of alkaline nature. (i) HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) ® KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
It also partially neutralises the acid
(ii) HCl(aq) + NH4OH(aq) ® NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
present in the mouth.
(5) Reaction of metallic oxides with acids
A metal oxide react with dilute acids to form salt and water.
Metal oxide + acid ® Salt + Water
This can be explained with the help of following activity.
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ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 7
Aim
To study the reaction of metal oxides with acids. THE
Materials required SPOT P
Beaker, copper oxide, dilute hydrochloric acid. LIGHT
Method CO2, SO2, SO3 are non metallic oxide.
(i) Take a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker and add dilute They are acidic in nature.
hydrochloric acid slowly while stirring.
(ii) Note the colour of the solution.
Now answer
What has happened to the copper oxide?
Observation nad discussion
It is observed that the colour of the solution become blue-green and the
copper oxide dissolves.
The blue green colour of the solution is due to formation of copper (II)
chloride in the solution.
Conclusion
Metal oxides react with the acids to form salt and water.
Metal oxide + Acid ¾® Salt + Water
CuO + 2HCl ¾® CuCl2 + H2O
Copper (II) Hydrochloric Copper (II) chloride Water
THE
oxide acid (Blue-green)
This shows that metal oxides are basic in nature. SPOT P
Some more examples LIGHT
(i) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾® CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) H2S gas is weakly acidic in nature
(ii) MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¾® MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) but NH3 gas is basic in nature.
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 1
1. Strong acids : HNO3, HCl
Weak acids : H2CO3, CH3COOH
Strong bases : NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
Weak bases : NH4OH
(6) Reaction of a Non-Metallic oxide with a base
Acids react with metal oxides but base react with non-metallic oxide
to form their respective salts and water.
Base + Non-metallic oxide ¾® Salt + Water
We have already discussed under acids that metal carbonates and metal
hydrogen carbonates react with acids to form carbon dioxide. On passing
the CO2 gas evolved through lime water [Ca(OH)2], lime water turns
milky.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) ¾® CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(White ppt.)
THE
Since this is similar to the reaction between a base and an acid, we
can conclude that non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
SPOT P
Some more examples,
LIGHT
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) ¾® Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) Some of the non-metal oxides are also
neutral i.e. they do not react with base
Sodium hydroxide Carbon dioxide Sodium carbonate Water
Ex. NO, CO and N2O
2KOH(aq) + CO2(g) ¾® K2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Potassium hydroxide Potassium carbonate
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Comparison between properties of acids and bases
Acids Bases
(i) Sour in taste. (i) Bitter in taste.
THE
SPOT P (ii) The properties are due to
the presence of hydrogen ion
(ii) The properties are due to the
presence of hydroxide ion (OH–)
LIGHT (H+) in water solution of an acid. in water solution of a base.
All acids and bases produce ions in (iii) Turns blue litmus to red. (iii) Turns red litmus to blue.
aqueous solution. (iv) Aqueous solution conducts (iv) Aqueous solution conducts
electricity. electricity.
(v) Reacts with active metals like (v) Does not react with metals
Na, K, Ca and Zn to give except with Zn, Al and Sn.
hydrogen gas.
(vi) Acidic properties disappear (vi) Basic properties disappear when
when react with bases react with acids (Neutralization).
(Neutralization).
(vii) Reacts with carbonates to give (vii) Absorbs carbon dioxide to form
carbon dioxide. carbonate.
(viii) Frequently corrosive to skin. (viii) Frequently corrosive to skin and
slippery in nature.
(ix) The pH value is less than (ix) The pH value is greater than
7 at 25°C (room temp.). 7 at 25°C (room temp.).
6. What do all acids and all bases have in common?
In general, all acids have similar chemical properties. We have seen that
all acids generate hydrogen gas on reacting with metals, so hydrogen seems
to be common to all acids.
All acids produce hydrogen ions [H+ (aq)] when dissolved in water.
For example, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH, etc.
Similarly all bases produce hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water.
For example, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH, etc.
F Since the ions are the carriers of charge, therefore tendency to conduct
electric current is the common characteristic of all acids and bases when
dissolved in water.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 8
Aim
To study the conduction of electricity by aqueous solutions of acids and bases.
Materials required
Beaker, solution of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nails,
cork, battery, bulb, switch.
Method
THE (i) Take solution of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid,
SPOT P etc.
LIGHT (ii) Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in a 100 mL beaker.
If a solution does not contain ions, it (iii) Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt battery through a
will not conduct electricity. bulb and a switch.
(iv) Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the current.
(v) Repeat with dilute sulphuric acid.
(vi) Repeat the experiment separately with glucose and alcohol solutions.
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6 V battery Bulb
Switch
THE
Beaker SPOT P
LIGHT
Deliques cence :
Nail Certain crystalline substance when
Dilute HCl solution exposed to atmosphere absorb
moisture and change into solution.
Rubber cork The absorption of moisture from air
by crystals to form a solution is called
Fig.6 Acid solution in water conducts electricity. deliquescence.
Sodium hydroxide, potassium
Now answer
hydroxide, calcium chloride, etc. are
(i) What do you observe on passing electric current? deliquescent substances.
(ii) What do you observe in case of glucose and alcohol solution?
(iii) Does the bulb glow in all cases?
The bulb is found to glow in case of acids but not in case of glucose and
alcohol solutions.
Conclusion
As electric current is carried through the solution by ions, this shows that THE
acids dissociate in the solution to produce H+ (aq) ions but substances like
glucose and alcohol do not dissociate to give H+ ions and hence are not acidic.
SPOT P
Thus, H+ ions are responsible for the acidic properties. LIGHT
If we repeat the same activity using alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, calcium Hygroscopic Substances :
hydroxide etc, similar results will be observed. As bases also produce ions Certain substances absorb water
in water i.e. OH–(aq) ions, they are also electrically conducting in nature. from the atmosphere without under-
What happens to an acid or a base in a water solution? going change in physical state. Such
The acidic behaviour of acids is due to the presence of hydrogen ions [H+ substances are known as
(aq)], in them. The acids produce hydrogen ions only in the presence of water. hygroscopic substance.
So, in the absence of water, a substance will not form hydrogen ions and Anhydrous sodium carbonate,
hence will not show its acidic behaviour. anhydrous copper sulphate,
This can be well illustrated with the following activity. concentrated sulphuric acid are
examples of hygroscopic substances.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 9
Aim
To test that dry HCl gas is not acidic but its aqueous solution is acidic.
Materials required
Test tube, NaCl, concentrated sulphuric acid, moist blue litmus paper.
Method
(i) Take about 1 g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube and set up the
apparatus.
(ii) Add some concentrated sulphuric acid to the test tube.
(iii) Test the gas evolved successively with dry and wet blue litmus paper.
THE
Moist litmus paper
SPOT P
Delivery tube
LIGHT
Cork H (aq) = H3O+
+
Conical flask containing
concentrated H2 SO4 or
Test tube
Aq. hydrogen ion = Hydronium ion
Test tube
Sodium chloride
Fig.7 Preparation of HCl gas.

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Now answer
(i) In which case does the litmus paper change colour?
(ii) On the basis of the above activity, what do you infer about the acidic
character of (a) dry HCl gas (b) HCl solution?
THE
SPOT P Observation and discussion
Dry blue litmus paper does not change colour but wet blue litmus paper
LIGHT changes its colour to red.
On dilution strength of acid or base Conclusion
decreases. Dry HCl gas is not acidic but HCl solution is acidic. This is because in the
presence of water, HCl dissociates to give H+ ions.
HCl(g) + H2O(l) ® H3O+ or H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Hydronium ion Chloride ion
Hydrogen ions cannot exist alone but they exist after combining with water
molecules. Thus, hydrogen ions must always be shown as H+ (aq) or
hydronium ion (H3O+). H+ + H2O ® H3O+
Similarly when a base is dissolved in water, it forms OH– (aq) ion.
H2 O
NaOH (s) ¾¾¾ ® Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq).
Bases generate hydroxide (OH–) ions in water. Bases which are soluble in
water are called alkalis. All bases do not dissolve in water.
As we have seen that all acids generate H+ (aq) ions and all bases generate
OH– (aq) ions, this explains the formation of H2O(l) during neutralisation reaction.
Acid + Base ® Salt + water
HX + MOH ® MX + HOH
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ® H2O(l)
What happens when water is mixed with an acid or a base?
Mixing of acid or base in water is called dilution and the acid or the base
is said to be diluted. During dilution, concentration of ions (H3O+/OH–) per
unit volume decreases. This process is generally exothermic in nature, which
produces heat. Heat produced may be harmful because it may cause the
Fig.8 Warning sign displaye d on mixture to splash out and cause burns. Moreover, the glass container may
containers containing concentrated also break due to excessive local heating. So, precautions are recommended
acids and bases. during dilution of an acid or bases.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 10
Aim
To test that dilution of a strong acid like H 2SO4 and strong base like NaOH
is exothermic.
Materials required
Beaker, water, concentrated H2SO4, NaOH pellets.
Method
(i) Take 10 mL water in a beaker.
(ii) Add a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 to it and swirl the beaker slowly.
(iii) Touch the base of the beaker.
(iv) Repeat the above activity with NaOH pellets.
Caution
Add sulphuric acid into water for dilution and not water into sulphuric acid
THE
SPOT P as other wise the solution may splash out and cause burns.
Now answer
LIGHT (i) Is there a change in temperature in the two cases?
Add acid/base to water, not water (ii) Is this an exothermic or endothermic process?
to acid/base. Observation and discussion
In both cases, the temperature is found to rise.
Conclusion
Dilution of concentrated H2SO4 with water as well as dissolution of NaOH
in water is exothermic.
12
Chemistry
ALLEN
Precaution needed for dilution
During dilution small quantity of acid or base should be added in water with
stirring. Heat evolved in this case will be quite slow.
If water will be added to the container containing acid or base, large amount
of heat will be produced immediately, which may be harmful.
THE
7. How strong are acid or base solution? SPOT P
Acids and bases may be either strong or weak. We can compare their LIGHT
relative strengths on the basis of the Arrhenius theory. According to this pH is simply a number which indicates
+
theory, more the number of H ions released by acid in water, stronger is the acidic or basic nature of a solution.
–
the acid. Similarly, more the number of OH ions released by base in water,
stronger is the base.
+
Acids and bases on dilution with water, decrease the concentration of H (aq)
–
or OH (aq) ions in the acidic and basic solution respectively.
+ –
If we find quantitatively, the amount of H (aq)/OH (aq) ions present in a
solution, we can judge how strong an acid or a base is?
We can do this with the help of a universal indicator, which is a mixture
THE
of several indicators. The universal indicator shows different colours at
different concentration of hydrogen ions or pH values in solution. SPOT P
pH Scale LIGHT
S.P.L. Sorenson, a Danish chemist in 1909 introduced the concept of
+ Higher the hydronium ion
measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions (H (aq)] in a particular solution. concentration, lower is the pH value.
The 'p' in pH stands for 'potenz' in German, meaning power.
On the pH scale we can measure pH from "0" (very acidic) to 14
(very alkaline).
100 10–1 10–2 10–3 10–4 10–5 10–6 10–7 10–8 10–9 10–10 10–11 10–12 10–13 10–14 +
[H3O ]
Increase in acidic Increase in basic

THE
character character
SPOT P
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
LIGHT
The concentration of H+ (aq) and OH–
(aq) ions in pure water is 1x10–7 mol
Neutral litre–1 each and equal to each other
Fig.9 pH scale that makes its pH = 7.
(i) Solutions with pH = 0-3 are strongly acidic, with pH = 3–5 are
moderately acidic while with pH = 5–7 are weakly acidic.
(ii) Solution with pH = 7–9 are weakly basic, with pH = 9–12 are
moderately basic while with pH = 12–14 are strongly basic.

(iii) If pH = 7, then the solution is neutral.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 11
THE
Aim
To test the pH values of some solutions.
SPOT P
Materials required
LIGHT
+ –x
pH paper, given solutions in table. If [H ] = 10 M, then pH = x e.g If
+ –3
[H ] = 10 M then pH = 3 It shows
Method
acidic nature.
(i) Test the pH values of solution given in following table.
(ii) Record your observations.
Now answer
(i) What is the nature of each substance on the basis of your observations?
13
CBSE : Class X
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Observations
Colur of Approximate Nature of
THE S.No. Solution
SPOT P 1
pH paper
Saliva (before meal) Light green
pH value
7.4
substance
Basic
LIGHT 2 Saliva (after meal) Yellow 5.8 Acidic
Mathematically pH is expressed
3 Lemon juice Red 2.3 Acidic
as pH = – log10 [H+] Colourless aerated
4 Red-orange 3 Acidic
drink
5 Carrot juice Yellow 6 Acidic
Yellowish
6 Coffee 5 Acidic
orange
7 Tomato juice Orange 4.1 Acidic
8 Tap water Light green 7.4 Basic
9 1M NaOH Dark violet 14 Basic
10 1M HCl Dark red 0 Acidic
Conclusion
Solutions with pH < 7 but close to 7 are weakly acidic, solutions with
pH << 7 are strongly acidic, solution with pH > 7 but close to 7 are weakly
basic, solutions with pH>>7 are strongly basic.
THE
SPOT P Soft &
diet Soaps &
LIGHT drinks
Blood
detergents
pH
The pH of human blood varies
between 7.36 to 7.42. It is
maintained by the soluble hydrogen
carbonates and carbonic acid
present in blood. These are known Acid pH scale Alkaline
as 'buffer'. In general, the role of
Fig.10 pH of some common substances.
different buffer is to help in controlling
the pH of solution. Table : pH Value of Some Common Substances
Solution pH Value Solution pH Value
1 M Hydrochloric acid 0 10 M HCl 1.0
1 M Sodium hydroxide 14.0 0.1 M Sodium
hydroxide 13.0
Gastric Juice 1–3 Lemon juice 2.2–2.4
Vinegar 2.4–3.4 Tomato juice 4.0–4.4
Saliva (before meals) 6.5–7.5 Saliva (after meals) 5.8
Coffee 4.5–5.5 Soft drinks 3.0
Blood 7.4 Eggs 7.8
Toothpaste 8.0 Baking Soda
Solution 8.5
Washing Soda Solution 9.0 Pure Water 7.0
8. Importance of pH in every day life

(1) Plants and animals are pH sensitive
The pH plays an important role in the survival of animals, including
human being. Our body works well within a narrow pH range of 7.0
to 7.8. The aquatic animals, like fish can survive in river water with
in a narrow range of pH change.
Fig.11 Red blood cells can exist only For example, when the pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called
over a narrow range of pH. acid rain. Acid rain can lower the pH of river water to such an extent
and make it so acidic that the survival of aquatic animals becomes
difficult or may even kill the aquatic animals.
14
Chemistry
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(2) Soil pH and plants
The growth of plants in a particular soil is related to its pH. Actually,
different plants prefer different pH range for their growth. It is therefore,
quite important to provide the soil with proper pH for their healthy
growth. Plants require a specific pH for their growth. If the soil is too
acidic or too basic the plants grow badly or do not grow at all.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 12
Aim
To test the pH of the soil in the backyard of our home.
Materials required
Test tube, water, soil, pH paper.
Method
(i) Put about 2 g soil in a test tube and add 5 mL water to it.
(ii) Shake the contents of the test tube.
(iii) Filter the contents and collect the filtrate in the test tube.
(iv) Check the pH of this filtrate with the help of universal indicator paper.
Now answer
What can you conclude about the ideal soil pH for the growth of plants in
your region? Fig.12 For goldfish to survive, the
Observation and conclusion pH of the water must be carefully
controlled.
The ideal soil pH should be close to 7, i.e., neither very acidic nor very alkaline.
Treatment of acidic or basic Soil
The pH of acidic soil can reach as low as 4 and that of the basic soil can
go up to 8.3. Chemicals can be added to soil to adjust its pH and make
it suitable for growing plants.
If the soil is too acidic, then it is treated with materials like quicklime (calcium
oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate). All
these materials are bases and hence react with the excess acid present in
soil and reduce its acidity. If the soil is too basic (or too alkaline) then its
alkalinity can be reduced by adding decaying organic matter (manure or
compost), which contains acidic materials.
Soils with high peat content or iron mineral or with rotting vegetation tend
to become acidic.
(3) Importance of pH in our digestive system
As we know our stomach produces gastric juice which contains large
amount of hydrochloric acid (pH about 1.4). The acid so produced does
not harm the stomach walls, but kills germs and bacteria which enter
in our digestive system along with food, thus in a way it protects us from
diseases and helps in digestion. Sometimes excess of acid is produced
in the stomach due to overeating or eating spicy foods. This stage is called
acidity. To get relief from this pain, we take tablets known as antacids.
These are weak bases which neutralise the excess of acids.
For example, Magnesium hydroxide(milk of magnesia) Mg(OH)2 Fig.13 "Milk of Magnesia" commonly
(4) pH change as the cause of tooth decay used as antacid.
Generally, the pH in the mouth is more than 7, as the saliva produced
in the mouth is basic in nature. However, when we take food, some
food particles remain in the mouth after eating and bacteria present
in the mouth produce acids by degradation of food particles.
This acid lowers the pH in the mouth, tooth decay starts when the pH
of acid formed in the mouth falls below 5.5 and the enamel get corroded.
The bacteria present in the mouth break down the sugar that we eat
into acids. Lactic acid is one of these. The formation of these acids causes
decrease in pH. The acids react with calcium phosphate and the enamel
coating slowly breaks.
15
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
Therefore, to prevent tooth decay, it is advised to clean the mouth and use
toothpastes which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth. It neutralise
the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
THE (5) Self defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare
SPOT P The sting of the honey bee contains formic acid, this acid causes a lot
of irritation and pain. The pain can be reduced by applying baking
LIGHT soda paste on the affected region as the acid gets neutralised.
Some flowering plants carry their own In plant kingdom, nettle (Bichu Booti) is a herbaceous plant which
'built in pH indicators'. For example,
grows in wild. The nettle leaves have stinging hair. When a person
the flowers of a hydrangea bush are
blue in colour when grown in an happens to touch the leaves of a nettle plant accidently, the stinging
acidic soil. If it is alkaline in nature, hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid (HCOOH) into the skin of
the flowers become pink. the person causing burning pain. The nettle sting, being acidic can be
neutralised by rubbing baking soda on the skin. Nature provides
remedy for the nettle sting in the form of a 'dock' plant, which often
grows besides the nettle plants. The leaves of dock plant contain some
basic chemicals which neutralises methanoic acid.
Some naturally occurring acids
Natural source Acid Natural source Acid
Vinegar Acetic acid Sour milk (Curd) Lactic acid
Orange Citric acid Lemon Citric acid
Tamarind Tartaric acid Ant sting Methanoic acid
Tomato Oxalic acid Nettle sting Methanoic acid
9. Salts
Salts are the ionic compounds consisting of two parts, one part carrying
a positive charge called positive ion or cation and the other part carrying
a negative charge called a negative ion or anion.
Some common salts
1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) 2. Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
3. Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 4. Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
5. Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) 6. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
7. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 8. Aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3]
9. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
Formation of salts
Salts can be prepared by many reactions. Some of these are-
(1) By neutralisation of acids and bases. For example,
NaOH + HCl ¾® NaCl + H2O
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Water
hydroxide acid chloride

(2) By action of metals on acids. For example,
Zn + H2SO4 ® ZnSO4 + H2()
Zinc Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate Hydrogen
(3) By action of acids on metal carbonates and bicarbonates. For example,
CaCO3 + 2HCl ® CaCl2 + H2O + CO2()
Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Water Carbon dioxide
carbonate acid chloride
Fig.14 Nettle plant.
(4) By action of metals on alkalis. For example,
heat
2NaOH + Zn ¾¾¾® Na2ZnO2 + H2()
Sodium Zinc Sodium Hydrogen
hydroxide zincate
16
Chemistry
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Families of salts
Salts are generally formed by reaction between an acid and base. And on the
basis of kind of acid and base used they contain specific cation or anion. So
we can divide salts in different families on the basis of cation or anion present.
The salts having the same positive radical (or cation) or negative radical
(or anion) are said to belong to the same family.
Or we can say, salts can be classified into different families based on the
common ion present.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 13
Aim
Write the formulae of the salts and to identify their acids and bases and
their families.
Method
(i) Write down the formulae of the salts given below : (1) Potassium sulphate
(2) Sodium sulphate (3) Calcium sulphate (4) Magnesium sulphate Fig.15 A digital pH meter.
(5) Copper sulphate (6) Sodium chloride (7) Sodium nitrate
(8) Sodium carbonate (9) Ammonium chloride.
(ii) Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained.
(iii) Salts having the same positive or negative radicals belong to the same
family. For example, NaCl and Na2SO4 belong to the family of sodium
salts. Similarly, NaCl and KCI belong to the family of chloride salts.
Now answer
How many families can you identify among the salts given in this activity?
Observation and Conclusion
THE
S.No.
1
Salt
Potassium sulphate
Formula
K2SO4
Acid
H2SO4
Base
KOH
SPOT P
2 Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 H2SO4 NaOH LIGHT
In a salt, total positive charge is equal
3 Calcium sulphate CaSO4 H2SO4 Ca(OH)2 to total negative charge, so that the
4 Magnesium sulphate MgSO4 H2SO4 Mg(OH)2 salt as a whole is electrically neutral.
5 Copper sulphate CuSO4 H2SO4 Cu(OH)2

6 Sodium chloride NaCl HCl NaOH
7 Sodium nitrate NaNO3 HNO3 NaOH
8 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 H2CO3 NaOH
9 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl HCl NH4OH
Families
(i) On the basis of common acids.
Sulphates = K2SO4, Na2SO4, CaSO4, MgSO4, CuSO4
Chlorides = NaCl, NH4Cl

Carbonates = Na2CO3 THE
(ii) On the basis of common bases
Sodium salts = Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2CO3
SPOT P
Potassium salts = K2SO4 LIGHT
Calcium salts = CaSO4 Positive ion is generally a metal ion,
Magnesium salts = MgSO4 the most common exception is
+
Copper salts = CuSO4 ammonium ion NH 4.
Ammonium salts = NH4Cl
NaCl (sodium chloride) and Na2SO4 (sodium sulphate) belong to the
family of sodium salts because both contain the same radical (or cation),
that is Na+. These may be called sodium salts.
Copper sulphate (CuSO4) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) belong to the
family of sulphates because both contain the same acid radical
(or anion), that is sulphate (SO42–).
17
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 2
1. A student dipped a strip of pH paper in distilled water taken in a tube.
As expected, the pH paper acquired green colour. He then dissolved a
THE pinch of common salt in the same tube. What will be the expected change
SPOT P in colour of the pH paper?
LIGHT BUILDING CONCEPTS 2
Salts convert into ions on dissolution
in water.
What will happen when egg shell is placed in conc. HNO3?
Explanation
Egg shell contains calcium carbonate as its main constituent. When dipped
in concentrated HNO3 calcium carbonate reacts to evolve CO2. As a result
egg shell slowly dissolves.
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 (conc.) ¾® Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
pH of salts
Depending upon the nature of acid and base which react to form the salt.
OR
The nature of acid and base produced when salt reacts with water, the salts
can be classified into the following four types.
(1) Salts of strong acid and strong base. (Neutral salts)
For example, NaCl
NaCl + H2O ¾® NaOH + HCl
THE Sodium chloride Water Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid
SPOT P (strong base) (strong acid)
Hence, the acid and the base produced neutralize each other completely,
LIGHT so pH = 7.
Metal sulphides are formed by the (2) Salt of strong acid and weak base. (Acidic salt)
complete displacement of ionisable For example, NH4Cl
hydrogen ions of H2S. For example, NH4Cl + H2O ¾® NH4OH + HCl
Ca(OH)2 + H2S ¾® CaS + 2H2O Ammonium Water Ammonium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid
Thus, metal sulphides are salts. chloride (weak base) (strong acid)
Here, pH < 7.
(3) Salt of weak acid and strong base (Basic salt)
For example, Na2CO3
Na2CO3 + 2H2O ¾® 2NaOH + H2CO3
Sodium carbonate Water Sodium hydroxide Carbonic acid
(strong base) (weak acid)
Here, pH > 7.
(4) Salt of weak acid and weak base (Neutral salts)
For example, CH3COONH4
CH3COONH4 + H2O ® CH3COOH + NH4OH

Ammonium acetate Water Acetic acid Ammonium hydroxide
(Weak acid) (Weak base)
Here pH » 7.
THE ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 14

SPOT P Aim
LIGHT To find the pH of the given salt solutions.
· Neutral salt pH = 7 Method
· Acidic salt pH < 7 (i) Collect the following salt samples :
· Basic salt pH > 7 (a) Sodium chloride (b) Potassium nitrate
(c) Aluminium chloride (d) Zinc sulphate
(e) Copper sulphate (f) Sodium acetate
(g) Sodium carbonate (h) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
18
Chemistry
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(ii) Check their solubility in water (use distilled water only).
(iii) Check the action of these solutions on litmus and find the pH using
a pH paper.
THE
(iv) Report your observations in a tabular form.
Now answer SPOT P
(i) Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral? LIGHT
(ii) Identify the acid or base used to form the salt. Efflorescence :
Certain hydrated crystalline salts
Solubility Action on Acid Base when exposed to atmosphere lose
Salt Formula pH
in water litmus used used their water of crystallisation
Sodium chloride NaCl Soluble No action 7 HCl NaOH spontaneously and change into
amorphous powder.
Potassium nitrate KNO 3 Soluble No action 7 HNO 3 KOH
This process is called efflorescence
Aluminium chloride AlCl3 Soluble Turns red <7 HCl Al(OH)3 and the substances exhibiting
efflorescence are called efflorescent
Zn(OH)2 substances.
Zinc sulphate ZnSO4 Soluble Turns red <7 H 2SO4
or ZnO For example : Washing soda
(Na 2 CO 3 .10H2O), Glauber's salt
Cu(OH)2
Copper sulphate CuSO 4 Soluble Turns red <7 H 2SO4 (Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O), Blue vitriol
or CuO (CuSO4. 5H2O).
Sodium acetate CH 3COONa Soluble Turns blue >7 CH3COOH NaOH
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Soluble Turns blue >7 H 2CO3 NaOH

Sodium hydrogen
NaHCO3 Soluble Turns blue >7 H 2CO3 NaOH
carbonate
10. Chemicals from common salt

Sodium chloride (Common salt / table salt)
We know that hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide combine with each
other to form sodium chloride (NaCl) which in common language is also
known as common salt. This is the salt which you sprinkle on your salads
and use in your kitchens. Common salt is an ionic compound of sodium and
chlorine (Na+Cl–)n.
The main source of common salt (sodium chloride) is the sea water. Sea
water contains about 3.5% of soluble salts, the most common of which is
sodium chloride (2.7 to 2.9%). Saline water of inland lakes, such as Sambhar
lake in Rajasthan is also a good source of common salt. Sodium chloride
is also found as rock salt. Beds of rock salt were formed when lakes/seas
dried up in past.Common salt act as raw material for making various
materials of daily use. Let us discuss some of them.
(i) Sodium hydroxide
Commercially , sodium hydroxide is also called caustic soda because of

its corrosive action on animal and vegetable tissues.
Chlor-alkali process for obtaining sodium hydroxide

When we pass electricity through a solution of sodium chloride, commonly
Fig.16 Sodium chloride is an
called brine, it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide according to the
important symbol in our struggle for
following equation: freedom. Remember Mahatma
Electric
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ¾¾¾¾ ® 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g) Gandhi's Dandi March !
Current
On electrolysis, chlorine gas is formed at anode and hydrogen at cathode,

sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode. All these products
are commercially important.
19
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
Salt solution
THE
SPOT P
LIGHT
The process of production of sodium
hydroxide from sodium chloride is
known as chlor-alkali process
HYDROGEN
CHLORINE
because of products formed – chlor Produced Produced
for chlorine and alkali for sodium
NaOH
at at
hydroxide.
cathode anode
Uses Uses Uses

(As fuel, for (In water treatment, (In the manufacture
manufacturing swimming pools, of soap and detergents,
ammonia for and manufacturing paper making,
fertilizers) PVC, disinfectants, and artificial fibres)
CFCs, pesticides)
Hydrogen and chlorine combine Chlorine and sodium hydroxide

to give hydrochloric acid combine to give bleach
Uses Uses
(In cleaning steel, in the preparation (In household bleaches,
THE of ammonium chloride, medicines) and bleaching fabric)
SPOT P Fig.17 Products of chlor-alkali process.

LIGHT (ii) Bleaching powder
Sodium hydroxide is manufactured Chemically, bleaching powder is generally represented by the formula,
in a specially designed cell known
CaOCl2 (called, calcium oxychloride).
as Castner-Kellner cell.
We know that chlorine is produced during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium
chloride (brine). This chlorine gas is used for the manufacture of bleaching
powder. Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry
slaked lime [Ca(OH)2]. Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2, though
the actual composition is quite complex.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ¾® CaOCl2 + H2O
Slaked lime Bleaching powder
The solution is milky because some unreacted lime is still present. The plant
generally used for the manufacture of bleaching powder is known as

'Hasenclever's plant'.
Uses of bleaching powder
(a) For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching
THE
SPOT P wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes in
laundry.
LIGHT (b) As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries.
Bleaching powder is also known as (c) For disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
chloride of lime.
(d) In rendering wool unshrinkable.
(e) In the manufacture of chloroform.
(f) In laundry for bleaching washed clothes.
20
Chemistry
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(iii) Baking soda
The chemical name of baking soda is sodium hydrogencarbonate or sodium
bicarbonate. Baking soda (or sodium bicarbonate) is represented by the
formula NaHCO3. The soda commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty
crispy pakoras is baking soda. Sometime it is added for faster cooking. It
THE
is produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.
In laboratory, baking soda can be prepared by passing excess of CO2
SPOT P
gas through the saturated solution of sodium carbonate. As a result, sodium
LIGHT
Anhydrous sodium carbonate
hydrogen carbonate is formed. It gets precipitated due to supersaturation. (Na2CO3) is generally called soda ash.
The precipitate is separated, washed and dried without heating.
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ¾® 2NaHCO3 (ppt.)
On commercial scale, NaHCO3 is formed as an intermediate product,
when washing soda is prepared by Solvay process or ammonia-soda
process. In this method a solution of sodium chloride (called "brine") saturated
with ammonia is allowed to react with CO 2, sodium hydrogen carbonate
& ammonium chloride are formed.
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NH3(g) ® NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s)
Common salt Ammonium Sodium hydrogen
chloride carbonate
It can be used to neutralise an acid because it is mild non-corrosive base
due to the presence of HCO3– ion.
The following reaction takes place when it is heated during cooking.
Heat
2NaHCO3(s) ¾¾¾® Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Uses of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
(a) For making baking powder which is a mixture of baking soda (sodium
hydrogen carbonate) and a mild edible acid like tartaric acid. When
baking powder is mixed with water, the following reaction takes place.
NaHCO3 + H+ ¾® CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of the acid
From acid
Carbon dioxide so produced during the reaction is responsible for
Fig.18 Baking soda can be used to
making the bread and cake to rise making them soft and spongy.
neutralise formic acid present in red
(b) As an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid ant's sting.
in the stomach and provides relief.

(c) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguisher.
BUILDING CONCEPTS 3
Why do we feel a burning sensation in the stomach when we overeat? What
is the medicine used called?
Explanation
Burning sensation is due to excess HCl produced in the stomach. The medicine
used to neutralise it, is called antacid. For example, milk of magnesia.
21
CBSE : Class X
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(iv) Washing soda (sodium carbonate)
The chemical formula of washing soda is Na2CO3·10H2O (sodium carbonate
decahydrate). Washing soda is manufactured by Solvay process. This
process is also known as ammonia soda process. The raw materials
THE
SPOT P needed for the process are sodium chloride, lime stone (CaCO3) and
ammonia (NH3). The reactions involved are
LIGHT
Step-I
Since one of the source of washing
soda is ashes of plants, it is NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NH3(g) ¾® NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s)
sometimes called soda ash. Common salt Ammonium Sodium
chloride hydrogen
carbonate
The CO2 required in this reaction is obtained by heating limestone.
Heat
CaCO3(s) ¾¾¾ ® CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Limestone Quicklime
Step-II
Dry sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated strongly to produce sodium
carbonate.
Heat
2NaHCO3(s) ¾¾¾® Na2CO3 (s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Anhydrous sodium
carbonate (soda ash)
Step-III
Washing soda (Na2CO3·10H2O) is obtained by recrystallisation from a
saturated solution of soda ash (Na2CO3).
Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) ¾® Na2CO3 (aq) ¾¾¾¾¾
crystallisation
® Na2CO3·10H2O
(Anhydrous Water Washing soda
sodium carbonate)
Uses of washing soda
(a) Washing soda (or sodium carbonate) is used for washing clothes (laundry
purposes).
(b) Washing soda is used for softening hard water.
(c) Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is used for the manufacture of detergents.
(d) Sodium carbonate is used for the manufacture of many important
compounds, such as borax (Na2B4O7), hypo (Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), etc.

(e) Sodium carbonate is also used in paper, glass, soap and paint industries.
THE CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 2

SPOT P 1. There will not be any change in the colour of the pH paper because NaCl
LIGHT is a neutral salt.
Anhydrous calcium sulphate
(CaSO4) is also known as dead burnt 11. Are the crystals of salts really dry?
plaster. Crystals of some salts contain certain amount of associated water.
The water associated with the crystal (or molecule) of any salt is called water
of crystallisation.
The salt containing water of crystallisation are called hydrated salts.
22
Chemistry
ALLEN
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 15
Aim
To test the presence of water of crystallisation in copper sulphate crystals.
Materials required
Boiling tube, copper sulphate crystals, burner, water, test tube holder.
Method
(i) Heat a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry boiling tube.
(ii) Note the colour of copper sulphate after heating.
(iii) Observe the water droplets in the boiling tube.
(iv) Add 2-3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate obtained Fig.20 Raw gypsum, an important
after heating. constituent of cement.
Test tube holder

Water Boiling tube
droplets
Copper sulphate
crystals
Burner
Fig.19 Removing water of crystallisation.

Now answer
(i) What do you observe on heating blue copper sulphate crystals?
(ii) Is the blue colour of copper sulphate restored on adding water?
Blue coloured copper sulphate crystals on heating leave behind white
anhydrous copper sulphate and water droplets are seen in the upper cooler
parts of the boiling tube. On adding 2-3 drops of water to the white residue,
blue colour reappears.
Conclusion
Copper sulphate crystals on heating lose water to form white anhydrous
copper sulphate which can combine again with water to form blue coloured
copper sulphate crystals.
Water of crystallisation
It is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of
a crystalline salt. For example,
Blue vitriol CuSO4.5H2O Green vitriol FeSO4.7H2O

Glauber's salt Na2SO4.10H2O White vitriol ZnSO4.7H2O
THE
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.½H2O)
Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O SPOT P
LIGHT
Plaster of Paris is hemihydrate (hemi means half and hydrate means water)
In India, large quantities of gypsum
of calcium sulphate. Its molecular formula is CaSO 4 .½ H 2 O or are found in Punjab and Rajasthan.
(CaSO4)2.H2O.
In Plaster of Paris one molecule of water is shared by two formula units
of CaSO4 as,
CaSO4–H CaSO4
Or H2O
CaSO4–H–O CaSO4
23
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
Preparation of plaster of paris
Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) in a kiln at
373K (or 100°C).
373K,(100°C)
2[CaSO4.2H2O](s) ¾¾¾¾¾
heat
® (CaSO4)2.H2O(s) + 3H2O(g)
Gypsum Plaster of Paris
or
THE
SPOT P CaSO4.2H2O(s)
373K,(100°C)
¾¾¾¾¾
heat
® CaSO4. 1 H O(s) + 3 H O(g)
2
2 22
LIGHT Gypsum Plaster of Paris
During the preparation of Plaster of Paris, temperature should be
Gypsum slows down the rate of quick
setting of cement water paste.
controlled carefully. Otherwise, anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO4) will
be formed. Anhydrous calcium sulphate does not set into hard mass when
mixed with water. So, if temperature is not controlled carefully, the Plaster
of Paris obtained will have poor setting property.
More than
CaSO4.2H2O(s) ¾¾¾¾373 K
¾
® CaSO4(s) + 2H2O(g)
Dead burnt plaster
Properties of Plaster of Paris
(1) Plaster of Paris is a white, odourless powder.
(2) At ordinary room temperature, Plaster of Paris absorbs water and
a large amount of heat is liberated.
(3) When mixed with a limited amount of water (50% by mass), it forms
a plastic mass, evolves heat and quickly sets to a hard porous mass
within minutes. This is called the setting process.
During setting, a slight expansion in volume occurs. It is due to this
that it fills the mould completely and gives sharp impression. The
reaction during process is
1 3
CaSO4. H2O(s) + H O(l) ® CaSO4.2H2O(s)
2 2 2
Plaster of Paris Water Gypsum (Hard mass)
Uses of plaster of paris
(1) Plaster of Paris is used in making casts and patterns for moulds and
statues.
(2) Plaster of Paris is used as cement in ornamental casting and for making
decorative materials.
THE
SPOT P
LIGHT
Gypsum on heating gives Plaster of
Paris, on the other hand Plaster of
Paris on hydration gives gypsum.
Fig.21 Ornamental castings made from POP.
(3) Plaster of Paris is used as a fire proofing material and for making
chalks.
(4) Plaster of Paris is used in hospitals for immobilising the affected part
in case of bone fracture or strain.
(5) Plaster of Paris (POP) is used to fill small gaps on walls and roofs.
24
Chemistry
ALLEN
NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One 4. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric
of them contains distilled water and the other two acid to produce effervescence.
contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write
respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one
of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
Ans. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ® CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Ans. Step 1- Let us mark the three test tubes as A, B
5. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic character in
and C.
aqueous solution while solutions of compounds like
Step 2- A drop of the solution in test tube A is put
alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
on the red litmus paper. Same is repeated with Ans. HCl and HNO3 dissociate in the presence of water
solution B and C. If either of them changes the to form hydrogen or hydronium ions.
colour of red litmus to blue, then it is basic. Although aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol
Therefore, out of three, one is eliminated. contain hydrogen, these cannot dissociate in water
Step 3- Out of the remaining two, any one can be to form hydrogen or hydronium ions. Hence, they
acidic or neutral. Now a drop of basic solution is do not show acidic character.
mixed with a drop of each of the remaining two 6. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct
solutions separately and then a drop of each solution electricity?
is put on the red litmus paper. Ans. Acids dissociate in aqueous solutions to form ions.
If the colour of red litmus turns blue, then that These ions are responsible for conduction of
electricity.
solution is neutral and if there is no change in colour,
7. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the
then that solution is acidic.
dry litmus paper?
This is because acidic and basic solutions neutralise
Ans. Acid do not ionize in the absence of water to liberate
each other. Hence, we can distinguish between the
H3O + which shows acidic nature of a solution.
three types of solutions. Therefore, dry HCl gas does not change the colour
2. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept of the dry litmus paper because it does not contain
in brass and copper vessels? H+ ions.
Ans. Curd and other sour substances contain acids. 8. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that
Therefore, when they are kept in brass and copper the acid should be added to water and not water
vessels, the metal reacts with the acid to liberate to the acid?
hydrogen gas and harmful products, thereby Ans. It is recommended that the acid should be added
spoiling the food. to water and not water to the acid because the
3. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts process of dissolving an acid in water is exothermic.If
with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will water is added to acid, since large amount of acid
is present, a large amount of heat is generated.
you test for the presence of this gas?
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Chemistry\3._Acids Bases and Salts\Exercise
Therefore, the mixture splashes out and causes

Ans. Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts
burns.
with a metal.
9. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+)
For example,
affected when a solution of an acid is diluted ?
Step 1- Take few pieces of zinc granules and add Ans. When an acid is diluted, the concentration of
5 ml of dilute H2SO4. hydronium ions (H3O+) per unit volume decreases.
Step 2 - Shake it and pass the gas produced into This means that the strength of the acid decreases.
a soap solution. The bubbles are formed in the soap 10. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–)
solution. These soap bubbles contain hydrogen gas. affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution
Test for hydrogen gas. The evolved hydrogen gas of sodium hydroxide?
can be tested by bringing a burning candle near the Ans. The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) would
soap bubbles. Hydrogen gas burns with a pop increase when excess base is dissolved in a solution
sound. (Refer Active Chemistry 2.3). of sodium hydroxide.
25
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
11. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution 19. Write an equation to show the reaction between
A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Plaster of Paris and water.
Wh ich solution has more hydrogen ion Ans. The chemical equation for the reaction of Plaster
of Paris and water can be represented as-
concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one
1 1
is basic? CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O ¾¾® CaSO4.2H2O
2 2
Ans. A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, Plaster of Paris Water Gypsum
while greater than 7 indicates a basic solution. 20. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
Therefore, the solution with pH = 6 is acidic and (1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 10
has more hydrogen ion concentration than the Ans. (4) 10
solution of pH = 8 which is basic. 21. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a
gas that turns lime-water milky. The solution contains
12. What effect does the concentration of H+(aq) ions
(1) NaCl (2) HCl (3) LiCl (4) KCl
have on the nature of the solution?
Ans. (2) HCl
Ans. If the concentration of H+ ions is increased, the 22. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be
solution becomes more acidic. If the concentration completely neutralised by 8 mL of a given solution
of H+ ions is decreased, the solution becomes less of HCl. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of
acidic or more basic. NaOH, the amount of HCl solution (the same
13. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions ? If yes, then solution as before) required to neutralise it will be
(1) 4 mL (2) 8mL (3) 12 mL (4) 16 mL
why are these basic?
Ans. (4) 16 mL
Ans. Yes, a basic solution also has H +(aq) ions. However, 23. Which one of the following types of medicines is used
their concentration is less as compared to the for treating indigestion?
concentration of OH–(aq) ions which makes the (1) Antibiotic (2) Analgesic (3) Antacid (4) Antiseptic
solution basic. Ans. (3) Antacid
14. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer 24. Write word equations and then balanced equations
would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime for the reaction taking place when -
(1) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
(2) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium
or chalk (calcium carbonate)? ribbon.
Ans. If the soil is acidic and improper for cultivation, then (3) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium
to neutralise the acidity of the soil, the farmer would powder.
treat the soil with quick lime or slaked lime or chalk. (4) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
15. What is the common name of the compound Ans. (1) Sulphuricacid + Zinc ® Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
CaOCl2? H2SO4 (aq) + Zn(s) ® ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
(2) Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium ® Magnesium
Ans. The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is
chloride + Hydrogen
bleaching powder. 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) ® MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
16. Name the substance which on treatment with (3) Sulphuric acid + Aluminium ® Aluminium
chlorine yields bleaching powder? sulphate + Hydrogen
Ans. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], on treatment with 3H2SO4 (aq) + 2Al(s) ® Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3H2(g)
chlorine, yields bleaching powder. (4) Hydrochloric acid + Iron ® Ferric chloride +
Hydrogen
17. Name the sodium compound which is used for

6 HCl(aq) + 2Fe(s) ® 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
softening hard water.
25. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also
Ans. Washing soda (Na 2CO 3 .10 H 2O) is used for contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
softening hard water. Describe an activity to prove it.
18. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen Ans. Acitivity
carbonate is heated? Give the equation of the Method
reaction involved. Step 1- Two nails are fitted on a cork and are kept
in a 100 mL beaker.
Ans. When a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate is
Step 2- The nails are then connected to the two
heated, sodium carbonate and water are formed terminals of a 6-volt battery through a bulb and a
with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas. switch.
2NaHCO3 ¾¾
D
® Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 Step 3- Some dilute HCl is poured in the beaker
and the current is switched on.
Sodium Sodium Water Carbon Step 4- The same experiment is then performed
hydrogen carbonate carbonate dioxide with glucose solution and alcohol solution.
26
Chemistry
ALLEN
Observations : It is observed that the bulb glows 30. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH
in the HCl solution but does not glow in the glucose will change as it turns into curd ? Explain your answer.
solution and alcohol solution. Ans. The pH of milk is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH
Result : HCl dissociates into H+ (aq) and Cl–(aq) ions. will reduce because curd is acidic in nature. The
These ions conduct electricity in the solution which acids present in it decrease the pH.
results in the glowing of the bulb. On the other hand, 31. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda
the glucose solution and alcohol solution do not to fresh milk.
dissociate into ions. Therefore, it does not conduct (a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from
electricity. (Refer to Active Chemistry 3.8 for figure). 6 to slightly alkaline?
Conclusion : From this activity, it can be concluded (b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
that all acids contain hydrogen but not all compounds Ans. (a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk from
containing hydrogen are acids. 6 to slightly alkaline because in alkaline
Though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they condition, milk does not set as curd easily.
are not categorised as acids. (b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual milk,
26. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, acids produced to set the curd are neutralised
whereas rain water does? by the base. Therefore, it takes a longer time
Ans. Distilled water is a pure form of water and is devoid for the curd to set.
of any ionic species. Therefore, it does not conduct 32. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof
electricity. Rain water, being an impure form of container. Explain why?
water, contains many ionic species such as acids and Ans. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof
therefore, it conducts electricity. container because Plaster of Paris, a powdery mass,
27. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absorbs water (moisture) to form a hard solid known
absence of water? as gypsum.
Ans. Acids do not show acidic behaviour in the absence 33. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two
of water because there are no hydrogen ions examples.
available for conduction of electricity. Acids Ans. A reaction in which an acid and base react with each
dissociate in the presence of water to give free other to give a salt and water is termed as
hydrogen ions. It is the hydrogen ions that are
neutralisation reaction. In this reaction, energy is
responsible for the acidic behaviour.
evolved in the form of heat.
28. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with
For example,
universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and
(i) NaOH + HCl ® NaCl + H2O
9, respectively. Which solution is
Base Acid Salt Water
(a) neutral (b) strongly alkaline
(ii) During indigestion (caused due to the production
(c) strongly acidic (d) weakly acidic
of excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach),
(e) weakly alkaline?
we use an antacid (generally, milk of magnesia,
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-
Mg(OH) 2 which is basic in nature). The
ion concentration.
antacid neutralises the excess of acids and thus,
Ans. (a) Neutral – Solution D with pH 7
gives relief from indigestion.
(b) Strongly alkaline – Solution C with pH 11
Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl ® MgCl2 + 2H2O
(c) Strongly acidic – Solution B with pH 1
(d) Weakly acidic – Solution A with pH 4 34. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking
(e) Weakly alkaline – Solution E with pH 9 soda.

The pH can be arranged in the increasing order of Ans. Two important uses of washing soda and baking soda
the concentration of hydrogen ions as 11 < 9 < 7 are as follows
< 4 < 1. (1) Washing soda
29. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in (a) It is used in glass, soap, and paper industries.
test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added (b) It is used to remove permanent hardness of
to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added water.
to test tube B. In which test tube will the fizzing occur (2) Baking soda
more vigorously and why? (a) It is used as baking powder. Baking powder is
Ans. The fizzing will occur strongly in test tube A, in which a mixture of baking soda and a mild acid known
hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added. This is because HCl as tartaric acid. When it is heated or mixed in
is a stronger acid than CH3COOH and therefore, water, it releases CO2 gas that makes bread or
produces hydrogen gas at a faster speed due to cake fluffy.
which fizzing occurs. (b) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
27
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 1
Interview with hydrochloric acid 3. Nitric + Zinc ® _______ + _______

You are about to be interviewed as if you are acid hydroxide
hydrochloric acid. Place your answers in the spaces HNO3 + Zn(OH)2 ® _______ + _______
below. 4. Sulphuric + Calcium ® _______ + _______
1. What's the short version of your name, that is, your acid hydroxide
formula? H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 ® _______ + _______
________________________________________ 5. Hydrochloric + Calcium ® _______ + _______

acid hydroxide
2. What's your pH number?
HCl + Ca(OH)2 ® _______ + _______
________________________________________
6. Sulphuric + Ammonium ® _______ + _______
3. Are you a strong or a weak acid? acid hydroxide
________________________________________ H2SO4 + NH4OH ® _______ + _______
4. What can be added to you to make you turn red Multiple choice questions
in colour? 1. According to Arrhenius, acid gives
–
________________________________________ (1) H+ in water (2) OH in water
–
5. Where are you found in the human body and what (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) OH in acid medium
do you do there? 2. Which of the following statements is true for acids?
________________________________________ (1) Bitter and change red litmus to blue

(2) Sour and change red litmus to blue
6. Where else are you used in everyday life?
(3) Sour and change blue litmus to red
________________________________________
(4) Bitter and change blue litmus to red
7. Can anything neutralise a strong acid like you? If
3. Which of the following is not a strong acid?
so, what?
(1) H2SO4 (2) CH3COOH
________________________________________
(3) HNO3 (4) HCl
8. What would you do if you come in contact with a
4. Which of the following is not a mineral acid?
metal such as magnesium?
(1) Hydrochloric acid (2) Citric acid
________________________________________
(3) Sulphuric acid (4) Nitric acid
9. What would you do if you come in contact with
5. Which among the following is not a base?
calcium carbonate?
(1) NaOH (2) KOH
________________________________________
(3) NH4OH (4) C2H5 OH

Neutralisation equation
6. Which one of the following can be used as an acid-
ACID + BASE ® SALT + WATER base indicator by a visually impaired student?
Complete the following equations in both words and (1) Litmus (2) Turmeric
formulae. (3) Vanilla essence (4) Petunia leaves
1. Hydrochloric + Sodium ® Sodium + Water 7. Noble metals can be dissolved in
acid hydroxide chloride (1) Conc. HNO3 (2) Conc. HCl
HCl + NaOH ® _______ + _______ (3) Conc. H2SO4 (4) Aqua-regia
2. Nitric + Sodium ® Sodium + Water 8. Which of the following is strongest acid?
acid hydroxide nitrate (1) HCl (2) CH3COOH
HNO3 + NaOH ® _______ + _______ (3) H2CO3 (4) H3BO3
28
Chemistry
ALLEN
9. Sodium hydrogencarbonate when added to acetic 15. Which of the following statements is not correct?
acid evolves a gas. Which of the following statements (1) All metal carbonates react with acid to give a salt,
are true about the gas evolved? water and carbon dioxide.
(i) It turns lime water milky. (2) All metal oxides react with water to give salt and
acid.
(ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter.
(3) Some metals react with acids to give salt and
(iii) It dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
hydrogen.
(iv) It has a pungent odour.
(4) Some non metal oxides react with water to form
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (i), (ii) and (iii) an acid.
(3) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (4) (i) and (iv) 16. During the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas on
10. Which of the following substance will not give carbon a humid day, the gas is usually passed through the
dioxide on treatment with dilute acid? guard tube containing calcium chloride. The role of
(1) Marble (2) Limestone calcium chloride taken in the guard tube is to
(3) Baking soda (4) Lime (1) absorb the evolved gas
11. What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed (2) moisten the gas
with a solution of a base in a test tube? (3) absorb moisture from the gas
(i) The temperature of the solution increases generally. (4) absorb Cl– ions from the evolved gas
(ii) The temperature of the solution decreases. 17. Which of the following phenomena occur, when a
(iii) The temperature of the solution remains the small amount of acid is added to water?
same. (i) Ionisation (ii) Neutralisation
(iv) Salt formation takes place. (iii) Dilution (iv) Salt formation
(1) (i) only (2) (i) and (iii) (1) (i) and (ii) (2) (i) and (iii)
(3) (ii) and (iii) (4) (i) and (iv) (3) (ii) and (iii) (4) (ii) and (iv)
12. An aqueous solution turns red litmus solution blue.
18. Which of the following is/are true when HCl (g) is
Excess addition of which of the following solution
passed through water?
would reverse the change?
(1) It does not ionise in the solution as it is a covalent
(1) Baking powder
compound.
(2) Lime
(2) It forms salt.
(3) Ammonium hydroxide solution
(3) It gives both hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in the
(4) Hydrochloric acid
solution.
13. If a few drops of a concentrated acid accidentally
(4) It forms hydronium ion in the solution due to
spills over the hand of a student, what should be
combination with water.
done?
19. Which of the following are present in a dilute
(1) Wash the hand with saline solution.
aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid?

(2) Wash the hand immediately with plenty of water
(1) H3O+ + Cl– (2) H3O+ + OH–
and apply a paste of sodium hydrogencarbonate.
(3) Cl– + OH– (4) unionised HCl
(3) After washing with plenty of water apply solution
20. Calcium phosphate is present in tooth enamel. Its
of sodium hydroxide on the hand.
nature is
(4) Neutralise the acid with a strong alkali.
(1) basic (2) acidic
14. Which of the following method is not used in pre- (3) neutral (4) amphoteric
paring a base?
21. To prevent tooth decay we are advised to brush our
(1) Burning of metal in air. teeth regularly. The nature of the tooth paste
(2) Adding water to a metal oxide. commonly used is
(3) Reaction between an acid and base. (1) acidic (2) neutral
(4) Heating metal carbonates. (3) basic (4) corrosive
29
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
22. Which of the following statements is correct about 29. Which of the following gives the correct increasing
an aqueous solution of an acid and of a base? order of acidic strength?
(i) Higher the pH, stronger the acid (1) Water < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid
(ii) Higher the pH, weaker the acid (2) Water < Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid
(3) Acetic acid < Water < Hydrochloric acid
(iii) Lower the pH, stronger the base
(4) Hydrochloric acid < Water < Acetic acid
(iv) Lower the pH, weaker the base
30. Common salt besides being used in kitchen can also
(1) (i) and (iii) (2) (ii) and (iii) be used as the raw material for making
(3) (i) and (iv) (4) (ii) and (iv) (i) washing soda (ii) bleaching powder
23. The pH of the gastric juices released during digestion (iii) baking soda (iv) slaked lime
is
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(1) less than 7 (2) more than 7 (3) (i) and (iii) (4) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(3) equal to 7 (4) equal to 0 31. Identify the correct representation of reaction
24. Which of the following is acidic in nature? occurring during chloralkali process.
(1) 2NaCl(l) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(l) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
(1) Lime juice (2) Human blood
(2) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(aq) ® 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)
(3) Lime water (4) Antacid
+ H2(g)
25. Equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and sodium
(3) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(aq)
hydroxide solutions of same concentration are mixed
+ H2(aq)
and the pH of the resulting solution is checked with
a pH paper. What can be the colour obtained? (4) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2(g)
+ H2(g)
(1) Red (2) Yellow
32. Milk of magnesia is an
(3) Green (4) Blue
(1) acid (2) antacid
26. Which of the following is a basic salt?
(3) alkali (4) rock salt
(1) SnCl2 (2) NaCl
33. Which of the following is represented by the formula
(3) NH4Cl (4) CH3COONa NaHCO3?
27. Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is a salt (1) Sodium carbonate (2) Baking soda
of (3) Sodium acetate (4) Washing soda
(1) strong acid and strong base 34. One of the constituents of baking powder is sodium
hydrogencarbonate, the other constituent is

(2) weak acid and weak base
(1) hydrochloric acid (2) tartaric acid
(3) strong acid and weak base
(3) acetic acid (4) sulphuric acid
(4) weak acid and strong base
35. Which of the following salts does not contain water
28. A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed of crystallisation?
to settle. The clear supernatant solution turns the
(1) Blue vitriol (2) Baking soda
pH paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following
would change the colour of this pH paper to (3) Washing soda (4) Gypsum
greenish-blue? Fill in the blanks
(1) Lemon juice (2) Vinegar 1. Th e properties of ______ are due to t he

hydrogen ions it produces in aqueous solution.
(3) Common salt (4) An antacid
30
Chemistry
ALLEN
2. A water soluble base produces ______ ions in so- 4. The acidity of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is 3.
lutions.
5. Efflorescence is the process of heating a salt.
3. An indicator changes its ______ with change of the
6. Aqueous ammonia is acidic in nature.
nature of the solution.
4. Phenolphthalein gives a ______ colour when added 7. The aqueous solution of sodium chloride is acidic.
to sodium hydroxide solution. 8. Soda ash is hydrated sodium carbonate.
5. Blue litmus turns red when added to ______ 9. The right temperature for heating gypsum during
solution. the manufacture of Plaster of Paris is 273 K.
6. A farmer treats the soil of his field with lime when 10. Plaster of Paris can be stored in any type of
the soil has ______ nature. containers (open or closed or air tight).
7. The pH of an acidic solution is ______ than 7.
Match the column
8. Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of ______
produces hydrogen at cathode, chlorine at anode 1. Match the chemical substances given in Column (I) with
and sodium hydroxide in the solution. their appropriate application given in Column (II).
9. Hydrated copper sulphate contains five molecules
Column-I Column-II
of ______ of crystallization.
10. (a) NaCl + H2SO4 ¾¾ (1) Bleaching powder (i) Preparation of glass
D
® ______ + HCl. (2) Baking soda (ii) Production of H2 and
(b) 2P + 5H2SO4(conc.) ¾¾ Cl2
D
® ______ +2H2O + 5SO2. (3) Washing soda (iii) Decolourisation
(4) Sodium chloride (iv) Antacid
(c) 3Fe + 4H2O ¾® .............+ H2
(d) Fill in the missing data in the following table 2. Match the acids given in Column (I) with their correct
Salt obtained from source given in Column (II).
Name of the salt Formula Base Acid Column-I Column-II

(i) Ammonium NH4Cl NH4OH –
(1) Lactic acid (i) Tomato
chloride (2) Acetic acid (ii) Lemon
(3) Citric acid (iii) Vinegar
(ii) Copper – – H2SO4
(4) Oxalic acid (iv) Curd
sulphate
(iii) Sodium NaCl NaOH – 3. Match the important chemicals given in Column (I)
chloride with the chemical formulae given in Column (II) :
(iv) Magnesium Mg(NO3)2 – HNO3 Column-I Column-II

nitrate (1) Plaster of Paris (i) Ca(OH)2

(v) Potassium K2SO4 – – (2) Gypsum (ii) CaSO4.1/2 H2O
(3) Bleaching Powder (iii) CaSO4.2H2O
sulphate (4) Slaked Lime (iv) CaOCl2
(vi) Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Ca(OH)2 –
4. Match the following columns :
True/False Column-I Column-II

1. Litmus (indicator) is obtained from nettle plant. (1) Bleaching powder (i) Sodium bicarbonate
2. An indicator is a substance by which one can (2) Baking soda (ii) Sodium carbonate
(3) Washing soda (iii) Calcium oxychloride
identify an acidic and basic solution. (4) Plaster of Paris (iv) Calcium sulphate
3. Oxalic acid is present in bee sting. hemihydrate
31
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
Crossword puzzle
Complete the puzzle using the clues about chemical reactions shown below.
1
2 3
4 5
7
8
9 10 11
12
13 14
15 16
17 18
19
20
21 22 23
24
25
Across Down
1. Name of acid in softdrink.[8] 1. Many household ____ products are bases.[8]
3. Chemical containing hydroxide ions.[4] 2. Indicator made from lichens.[6]
4. Chemical that is corrosive, has a sour taste and a 3. Chemical that neutralises an acid.[4]
pH less than 7.[4] 5. Chemical that changes colour in acids and bases.[9]
6. Neutral substances have this pH.[5] 8. Common indicator used in liquid or paper form.[6]
7. Alkalis have a pH ______ than 7.[4] 10. Soluble base.[6]
9. Acid and base neutralise to form ____ and water.[4] 12. Common name for sodium hydroxide is ____
soda.[7]
11. Household bases are suitable for ____.[8]

14. Common name for calcium hydroxide.[9]
13. Chemical with a soapy feel and pH more than 7. [6]
16. Distilled water has this pH.[5]
15. Acids change blue litmus paper ____.[3]
17. Acids have a pH that is ____ than 7.[4]
18. Sulphuric acid turns litmus paper ____.[3]
20. ____ rain is an environmental problem in industrial
19. Salt has this pH.[5] areas.[4]
21. Alkalis turn ____ paper blue.[6] 23. Reacts with a metal to form hydrogen gas and a
22. Carbon dioxide and water form ____ acid.[8] salt.[4]
24. Measure of amount of hydrogen ions released in

25. Stomach acid.[12]
solution.[2]
32
Chemistry
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY
Interview with hydrochloric acid
1. HCl 2. Below 7 3. Strong acid 4. Blue litmus solution
5. In stomach, help in digestion
6. Household cleaning products (like: drain cleaner), also in production of gelatin and leather processing.
7. Yes, strong base like NaOH 8. Liberate H2 gas
9. A big fizz will result because of evolution of CO2
Neutralisation equation
1. HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O 2. HNO3 + NaOH ® NaNO3+ H2O
3. 2HNO3+Zn(OH)2 ® Zn(NO3)2+ 2H2O 4. H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 ® CaSO4 + 2H2O
5. 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 ® CaCl2 + H2O 6. H2SO4 + 2NH4OH ® (NH4)2SO4 + H2O
Multiple choice questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans 1 3 2 2 4 3 4 1 2 4 4 4 2 3 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans 3 2 4 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 4 4 4 1 3
Que. 31 32 33 34 35
Ans 4 2 2 2 2
Fill in the blanks
1. an acid 2. hydroxide(OH–) 3. colour 4. pink
5. an acidic 6. acidic 7. less 8. sodium chloride
9. water 10. (a) NaHSO4 (b) 2H3PO4 (c) Fe3O4
(d)
Salt obtained from
Name of the salt Formula Base Acid
(i) Ammonium chloride NH4Cl NH4OH HCl
(ii) Copper sulphate CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 H2SO4
(iii) Sodium chloride NaCl NaOH HCl
(iv) Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 Mg(OH)2 HNO3

(v) Potassium sulphate K2SO4 KOH H2SO4
(vi) Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Ca(OH)2 HNO3
True/False
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False
6. False 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. False
Match the column
1. (1) ® (iii) ; (2) ® (iv) ; (3) ® (i) ; (4) ® (ii) 2. (1) ® (iv) ; (2) ® (iii) ; (3) ® (ii) ; (4) ® (i)
3. (1) ® (ii) ; (2) ® (iii) ; (3) ® (iv) ; (4) ® (i) 4. (1) ® (iii) ; (2) ® (i) ; (3) ® (ii) ; (4) ® (iv)
33
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
Crossword puzzle
1
C A R B O N I C
L
2 3
E L B A S E
4 5
A C I D A I
6
N T S E V E N
7
I M O R E D
8
N U I L
9 10 11
G S A L T C L E A N I N G
12
C L A T
13 14
A L K A L I T M
U A I O U
15 16
S L M R E D S S
17 18
T I E L R E D
I 19
W S E V E N V
A 20
C S E A
21 22 23
L I T M U S C A R B O N I C
24
P E C I
25 D
H Y D R O C H L O R I C
D
34
Chemistry
ALLEN
EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions 7. When zinc metal is treated with a dilute solution of
1. Name the acids present in (i) vinegar (ii) lemon (iii) a strong acid, a gas is evolved, which is utilised in
orange. the hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas evolved.
Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved
2. Which is a stronger acid and why? HCl or and also write a test to detect the gas formed.
CH3COOH
8. Name the gas evolved when dilute sulphuric acid
3. Name the gas which is liberated at cathode during react with sodium carbonate. Write the chemical
the electrolysis of mineral acid. equation for the reaction involved.
4. How alkalis differ from bases? Explain. 9. What happens when nitric acid is added to egg
5. Why does copper not react with dil. H 2SO4 or dil. shell?
HCl? 10. Name the acid present in ant sting and give its
6. Name the metals which are soluble only in aqua chemical formula. Also give the common method
regia. to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant
sting.
7. Which type of acid & base forms only the normal
salts? 11. Why do we not categorise metal oxides as salts while
we categorise metal sulphide as salts?
8. What will happen to the concentration of [H+] ions
in a solution if NaOH is added to water? 12. A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and
(ii) a base in two separate beakers. She forgot to
9. When concentrated acid is diluted, does the pH get
label the solutions and litmus paper is not available
higher or lower?
in the laboratory. Since both the solutions are
10. Name a salt (prepared by using sodium chloride) colourless, how will she distinguish between the two?
which does not contain water of crystallization.
13. What does pH stand for? What does a pH scale
Short answer type questions indicate?
1. Write down the molecular formula for : Sulphuric 14. What happen when electric current is passed
acid, Nitric acid, Phosphoric acid, Carbonic acid. through brine? Give reaction.
2. Differentiate between : 15. In one of the industrial processes used for

manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas X is formed
(i) Strong acid and weak acid
as by product. The gas X reacts with lime water to
(ii) Concentrated base and dilute base give a compound Y which is used as a bleaching
3. What are strong and weak acids? In the following agent in chemical industry. Identify X and Y giving
list of acids, separate strong acids from weak acids. the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, 16. What happens when crystals of washing soda are
formic acid, sulphuric acid. left open in dry air. What is this named as?
17. How would you distinguish between baking powder
4. Select the formulae of acids, bases and salts from
and washing soda by heating?
the following list :
18. Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating
NaCl, NaOH, H 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , Ca(OH) 2 ,
gets converted into another salt B which itself is used
CuSO4.5H2O, H2SO4,H2CO3, HCl, NaHCO3,
for removal of hardness of water and a gas C is
Na2CO3.10H2O, Al(OH)3, KCl.
evolved. The gas C when passed through lime water,
5. How can you prepare acid-base indicator at home? turns it milky. Identify A, B and C.
6. What will be the action of the following substances 19. How is Plaster of Paris obtained ? What reaction is
on litmus paper? involved in the setting of a paste of Plaster of Paris?
Dry HCl gas, Moistened NH3 gas, Lemon juice, 20. A blue salt becomes white on heating. With the help
Carbonated soft drink, Curd, Soap solution. of a reaction explain the change in colour.
35
CBSE : Class X
ALLEN
Long answer type questions 9. A sanitary worker uses a white chemical having
1. With reference to Active Chemistry 2.3, what would strong smell of chlorine gas to disinfect the water
happen if following changes are made? tank.
(a) In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc (i) Identify the compound.
dust is taken in the test tube. (ii) Write the chemical equation for its preparation.
(b) In stead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute (iii) Write its uses.
hydrochloric acid is taken.
10. For making cake, baking powder is taken. If at home
(c) In place of zinc, copper turnings are taken. your mother uses baking soda instead of baking
(d) Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute powder in cake,
sulphuric acid and the tube is heated. (a) how will it affect the taste of the cake and why?
2. Identify the compound X on the basis of the reactions
(b) how can baking soda be converted into baking
given below. Also, write the name and chemical
powder?
formulae of A, B and C.
(c) what is the role of tartaric acid added to baking
+Zn
A + H 2(g) soda?
Compound +HCl
B + H 2O
X +CH 3COOH 11. A metal carbonate X on reacting with an acid gives
C + H 2O
a gas which when passed through a solution Y gives
3. While constructing a house, a builder selects the carbonate back. On the other hand, a gas G
marble table tops for the kitchen where vinegar and that is obtained at anode during electrolysis of brine
juices of lemon, tamarind etc., are more often used is passed on dry Y, it gives a compound Z, used for
for cooking. Will you agree to this selection and why? disinfecting drinking water. Identity X, Y, G and Z.
4. (a) What will you observe when dil. HCl is added 12. A compound of sodium is used in kitchen to make
to a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker? pakoras crispy. It is also used to remove acidity in
stomach.
(b) Aqueous solution of HCl shows acidic charac-
ter. But the aqueous solution of glucose fails to (i) Identify the compound.
do so. Why? (ii) State how it is manufactured.
(c) Why curd and sour substances should not be
(iii) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on
kept in brass and copper vessels?
this compound.
5. Dry HCl gas does not affect a dry blue litmus paper,
(iv) Write its uses.
whereas it changes a moist blue litmus paper to red.
Explain. 13. A sulphate salt of Group 2 element of the Periodic
Table is a white, soft substance, which can be
6. What is the pH scale? How can you know, if the

moulded into different shapes by making its dough.
given sample is acidic, basic or neutral from its pH
When this compound is left in open for some time,
value?
it becomes a solid mass and cannot be used for
7. A dry pellet of a common base B, when kept in moulding purposes. Identify the sulphate salt and
open absorbs moisture and turns sticky. The why does it show such a behaviour? Give the reaction
compound is also a by-product of chloralkali process. involved.
Identify B. What type of reaction occurs when B is
treated with an acidic oxide? Write a balanced 14. What is plaster of paris? How is it prepared? Give
chemical equation for one such solution. the chemical equation.
8. Discuss chlor-alkali process for manufacturing so- 15. Comment on the statement : Are the crystals of salts
dium hydroxide. really dry?
36

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Chemistry

"Sour fruits contain various

In this chapter, we shall discuss the common characteristics of acids and

Hydrogen ion do not exist as H+ ions

hydronium ions (H3O+ or H+(aq))

For example, Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, etc.

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 2 THE

acid and metal.

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 3 THE

Copper, mercury and silver do not

neutralisation reaction. In general, a neutralisation reaction can be

reappears because the medium becomes basic again.

Fig.7 Preparation of HCl gas.

Increase in acidic Increase in basic

moderately basic while with pH = 12–14 are strongly basic.

8. Importance of pH in every day life

hydroxide acid chloride

5 Copper sulphate CuSO4 H2SO4 Cu(OH)2

Chlorides = NaCl, NH4Cl

CH3COONH4 + H2O ® CH3COOH + NH4OH

THE ACTIVE CHEMISTRY 14

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Soluble Turns blue >7 H 2CO3 NaOH

10. Chemicals from common salt

Commercially , sodium hydroxide is also called caustic soda because of

Chlor-alkali process for obtaining sodium hydroxide

On electrolysis, chlorine gas is formed at anode and hydrogen at cathode,

Uses Uses Uses

Hydrogen and chlorine combine Chlorine and sodium hydroxide

SPOT P Fig.17 Products of chlor-alkali process.

generally used for the manufacture of bleaching powder is known as

in the stomach and provides relief.

compounds, such as borax (Na2B4O7), hypo (Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), etc.

THE CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 2

Test tube holder

Fig.19 Removing water of crystallisation.

Blue vitriol CuSO4.5H2O Green vitriol FeSO4.7H2O

CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Chemistry\3._Acids Bases and Salts\Theory

Therefore, the mixture splashes out and causes

17. Name the sodium compound which is used for

(e) Weakly alkaline – Solution E with pH 9 soda.

Interview with hydrochloric acid 3. Nitric + Zinc ® _______ + _______

________________________________________ 5. Hydrochloric + Calcium ® _______ + _______

________________________________________ (1) Bitter and change red litmus to blue

(3) NH4OH (4) C2H5 OH

aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid?

hydrogencarbonate, the other constituent is

(1) Lemon juice (2) Vinegar 1. Th e properties of ______ are due to t he

Name of the salt Formula Base Acid Column-I Column-II

chloride with the chemical formulae given in Column (II) :

(iv) Magnesium Mg(NO3)2 – HNO3 Column-I Column-II

nitrate (1) Plaster of Paris (i) Ca(OH)2

True/False Column-I Column-II

1. Name of acid in softdrink.[8] 1. Many household ____ products are bases.[8]

3. Chemical containing hydroxide ions.[4] 2. Indicator made from lichens.[6]

7. Alkalis have a pH ______ than 7.[4] 10. Soluble base.[6]

11. Household bases are suitable for ____.[8]

22. Carbon dioxide and water form ____ acid.[8] salt.[4]

24. Measure of amount of hydrogen ions released in

Interview with hydrochloric acid 3. Nitric + Zinc ® _ + _

____________________________________ 5. Hydrochloric + Calcium ® _ + _____