HUNGARIAN POLIS STUDIES Nr.

24

TIBERIUS IN ILLYRICUM

Contributions to the history of the Danubian provinces

under Tiberius’ reign
(14–37 AD)

TIBERIUS IN ILLYRICUM

BUDAPEST - DEBRECEN
HPS
24 2017

HPS-24-fedel.indd 1 2017.09.06. 15:32:51

 TIBERIUS IN ILLYRICUM

Contributions to the history of the Danubian provinces

under Tiberius’ reign
(14–37 AD)
 HUNGARIAN POLIS STUDIES (HPS)

Eötvös Loránd University

Dept. of Ancient History
H–1088 Budapest, Múzeum körút 6–8.

University of Debrecen
Dept. of Classical Philology and Ancient History
H–4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1.

Fax: + 36 52 512 900 / 22130

E-mail: nemeth.gyorgy@btk.elte.hu

Nr. 24

Editors

GYÖRGY NÉMETH
ÁDÁM SZABÓ

HU ISSN 1417-1708

2017
 TIBERIUS IN ILLYRICUM

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE DANUBIAN

PROVINCES UNDER TIBERIUS’ REIGN
(14–37 AD)

Edited by

PÉTER KOVÁCS

BUDAPEST – DEBRECEN
 Managing editors

Dániel Bajnok
Krisztina Csák
Viktor Konczi

© Authors

© Editors of HPS

Cover: Phalera from Burnum representing Tiberius

(Archaeological Museum in Zadar, inv. nr. A3001)
Photo by Ivan Čondić

ISBN 978-963-284-920-1

Printed by
KÓDEX KÖNYVGYÁRTÓ KFT.
Budapest
2017
 CONTENTS

Contents 5

Preface 7
Péter Kovács

Tiberius and his family on the epigraphic

monuments from Dalmatia 9
Dino Demicheli

The division of Illyricum in Tiberian era:

long term significance 41
Danijel Dzino

Veteran settlement in Illyricum

during the reign of Tiberius 55
Snezana Ferjanicić – Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

Gemmen aus der Zeit der Geburt Pannoniens 67

Tamás Gesztelyi

The first Sarmatians in the Great Hungarian Plain

(Some ideas on the Jazygian migration
into the Carpathian Basin) 85
Eszter Istvánovits – Valéria Kulcsár

Velleius Paterculus on Pannonia 103

Péter Kovács

The middle and lower Danube region

from Tiberius to Claudius 121
Miroslava Mirković

Augustus, Tiberius und die Daker 133

Eduard Nemeth

Tiberius in Strabo’s Geography:

echoes of his activities in Illyricum 139
Marjeta Šašel Kos

5
Contents

Zur Hypothese der mehrstufigen

Einverleibung Pannoniens 157
Zsolt Visy

Der Magdalensberg, Tiberius und Illyricum 167

Ekkehard Weber

Die ältesten Inschriften aus Carnuntum 177

Ingrid Weber-Hiden

Hungarian Polis Studies 192

6
 PREFACE

In January 2016, together with Bence Fehér we organised an interna-

tional conference, “Tiberius in Pannonia”, to commemorate Tiberius’
activities in Illyricum as Augustus’ military commander, his ascension to
the purple and the 2000th anniversary of the foundation of Pannonia
that can doubtless be regarded as one of his accomplishments during his
reign. The conference held with the support of the Károli Gáspár Univer-
sity of the Reformed Church in Hungary was attended by many of our
Hungarian, German, Austrian, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian and Roma-
nian colleagues. The present volume contains the edited versions of the
papers read at the conference as well as several papers that were not
read owing to problems of distance and other constraints. We strove to
select thematic papers for the conference that would cover the entire
territory of Illyricum, including the larger geographic unit of Illyricum
that extended from Raetia to the Black Sea, and would discuss various
archaeological and historic aspects (such as Magdalensberg, early
Carnuntum and the relation between Romans and Dacians), and would
also touch upon the relationship between Noricum, Illyricum, Moesia
and Tiberius’ activities in these regions. We welcomed the many
approaches to the subject, ranging from discussions of written sources
(Ptolemy and Velleius Paterculus) and the epigraphic material (such as
Vinicius’ controversial campaign and its inscription) to surveys of the
archaeological record (represented, for example, by glyptics). A new
work has convincingly demonstrated that the earliest archaeological rel-
ics of the Sarmatians, a new population appearing on the Hungarian
Plain, is bound to Illyricum by many strands. We are grateful to the
Károli Gáspár University for its assistance and financial support for
organising this conference.

Péter Kovács

7
ISBN 978-963-284-920-1 Tiberius in Illyricum
HU ISSN 1417-1708 HPS 24.
pp. 55–65.

VETERAN SETTLEMENTS IN ILLYRICUM

DURING THE REIGN OF TIBERIUS

SNEŽANA FERJANČIĆ – OLGA PELCER-VUJAČIĆ

Veteran settlements iussu principis were common features of imperial

policy towards discharged legionaries during the first century AD and in
the first decades of the second century AD. Former soldiers were granted
pieces of land as praemia militiae and their settlements on various sites in
the provinces were usually associated with the establishment of colo-
nies. This policy started under Augustus, who has founded such colonies
in both the western and eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, 1 and
subsided after the reign of Hadrian. 2 In certain instances, however, the
veteran settlement iussu principis was not related to the foundation of a
colony. In this paper, we shall discuss three such cases attested in Illyr-
icum during the reign of Tiberius. It seems that Augustus’ heir had allot -
ted land-grants to former legionaries on the territory of Scarbantia in
Pannonia and in the vicinity of Bigeste and, possibly, the falls of Roški
Slap in Dalmatia.
The chronological frame for veteran settlements on the territory of
Scarbantia is provided by Pliny. He mentions two towns in the deserta
Boiorum: the Claudian colony of Savaria and the Flavian municipium of
Scarbantia, styling it oppidum Iulium.3 The epithet Iulium should be con-
nected to a veteran settlement iussu principis under Tiberius, as was sug-
gested by E. Ritterling.4 Epigraphic evidence implies that settlers were
chosen among the soldiers discharged from the legion XV Apollinaris.
The unit was stationed in Illyricum Inferius, i. e. Pannonia, at the time,
but the exact site of its fortress remains uncertain (perhaps it was sta-
tioned in Vindobona or Carnuntum).5 Four monuments mentioning vet-
erans of XV Apollinaris were found in Sopron (RIU 162, 185, 194, 197).

1 R. Gest. div. Aug. 28: “Colonias in Africa, Sicilia, Macedonia, utraque Hispania, Achaia,
Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensi, Pisidia militum deduxi.”
2 On veteran colonies in general see: Neumann 1962, 1597–1609; Mann 1983, 56–68.
3 Plin. nat. 3, 146.
4 Ritterling 1924-1925, 1243. Cf. Ferjančić 2001, 122.
5 Ritterling 1924-1925, 1243, 1749; Mosser 2003, 144–145; Wheeler 2000, 271–273.

55
Snežana Ferjančić – Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

The funerary inscription of Q. Lurius Maxumus was discovered in sec-

ondary use, in the church at Répceszemere, to the southeast of the city
(RIU 213). Four monuments were set up before 39 AD, when the legion
XV Primigenia was established.6 The dating is suggested by the name of
the unit, given simply as legio XV (RIU 162, 194, 213). Since only one
legion with the number fifteen existed, it was not necessary to record its
full title. In the case of Salvius Aebutius, buried by his heir L. Lucillius
(RIU 194), the proposed dating is corroborated by the lack of cognomina,
which is common in epigrahic evidence before the middle of the first
century AD.7 The same applies to M. Vibius and his heirs L. Lartius and T.
Mursius (RIU 197). Cotonius Primus could also be considered as one of
the Tiberian settlers, under the presumption that his funerary stele was
erected under Claudius (RIU 185). 8 None of the five veterans of XV Apol-
linaris returned home after the honourable discharge from service.
Judging by their tribes, they were recruited in Italy or in the western
provinces. Salvius Aebutius (RIU 194) and L. Cotonius Campanus (RIU
194) from Pollia and Sex. Proculeius Rufus (RIU 162) from Lemonia were
probably Italians. No city outside Italy was inscribed into either one of
their tribes.9 Considering the data on the tribe Pupinia, Q. Lurius Maxu-
mus was recruited in Italy or in the town of Betterae in Gallia Narbonen-
sis (RIU 213).10 The origin of M. Vibius can be glimpsed by combining his
tribe with the data concerning the conscription of the XV Apollinaris
during the first half of the first century AD (RIU 197). Aniensis is recorded
as the tribe of several cities in Italy, as well as Forum Iulii in Gallia Nar-
bonensis, Caesaraugusta in Hispania Tarraconensis and Alexandria in
Troas.11 The bulk of recruits for the legion XV Apollinaris came from
Italian cities, while some were conscripted in Gallia Narbonensis as
well.12 Consequently, one might presume that M. Vibius was recruited in
Italy or in the aforesaid province. The easiest way to explain the pres-
ence of five veterans of the legion XV Apollinaris at Scarbantia is to
assume that they had participated in the Tiberian deductio.13

6 Ritterling 1924-1925, 1758; Le Bohec 2000, 69. According to Mosser 2003, 101 XV
Primigenia was established in 43 AD.
7 Bruun–Edmondson 2015, 15.
8 For the dating see: Mosser 2003, 258, ad n° 181.
9 For Pollia see: Vittinghoff 1971, 310. For Lemonia see: Kubitschek 1889, 271.
10 Kubitschek 1889, 271.
11 Kubitschek 1889, 270.
12 Ferjančić 2011, 134–139.
13 Cf. Ritterling 1924-1925, 1243; Ferjančić 2002, 120–121. Mann 1983, 32 refers to
Ritterling’s opinion and provides an alternative explanation by supposing that they
stayed where they had served.

56
 Veteran settlements in Illyricum during the reign of Tiberius

According to Mócsy, Tiberius had settled former auxiliaries in the

territory of Scarbantia. His assumption is based on two pieces of epi-
graphic evidence from Walbersdorf, to the northwest of the town. The
tombstone of Ti. Iulius Rufus from the ala Scubulorum was erected by his
daughter Iulia Rufilla (AE 1909, 198 = ILS 9137). C. Petronius, discharged
from the ala Gemelliana, was buried in Walbersdorf by his wife and
freedwoman Urbana. He originated from Mopsuestia in Cilicia (AE 1909,
200 = ILS 9138).14 Mócsy’s assumption should be accepted with a certain
amount of caution for a number of reasons. First, auxiliary veterans
rarely participated in iussu principis settlements. As far as we know, only
one such case is attested in epigraphic evidence. A veteran of the cohort
I classica, discharged under Nero, 15 was settled in Antium (CIL X 6672 =
ILS 2574: deductus Antio).16 Mócsy has dated both monuments from Wal-
bersdorf to the first half of the first century AD. 17 A more precise dating
was proposed by P. Holder. According to his opinion, both veterans were
discharged under Claudius and they died under Nero. 18 Consequently,
they should not be regarded as Tiberian settlers and their presence in
northwestern Pannonia should be explained in another way. They might
have remained in the area where they had served. The ala Scubulorum
was transferred from Moesia to Pannonia between 46 and 49 AD. 19 Since
the exact location of its fortress is not determined, 20 it seems conceivable
that it garrisoned the region of Scarbantia. The ala Gemelliana, stationed
on the upper Rhine in pre-Claudian times, left the province of Germania
Superior under Claudius.21 The tombstone of C. Petronius implies that it
might have been relocated to northwestern Pannonia, specifically to the
region of Scarbantia. Auxiliary regiments in the area were presumably
charged with protection of the Amber road, a vital trade route that con-
nected Aquileia in northern Italy with Carnuntum on the Danube.
A iussu principis type veteran settlement, in the vicinity of Bigeste,
the fort of the cohort III Alpinorum, 22 is attested by two identical inscrip-
14 Kraft 1951, 149, n° 311.
15 Holder 1980, 334, n° 3144.
16 On the possibility of auxiliary veterans participating in settlement iussu principis see:
Mócsy 1959, 88 and n. 42; Mirković 2007, 328; Mirković 2000, 370.
17 Mócsy 1959, 225, n° 114/1, 114/2.
18 Holder 1980, 276, n° 461; 288, n° 741. Cf. Lőrincz 2001, 195, n° 123 (ca. 50); 207, n° 165
(Nero).
19 Lőrincz 2001, 23.
20 Lőrincz 2001, 23 presumes that it garrisoned in Gorsium, stating that the site has
yielded stamped bricks of the regiment. However, stamped bricks should not be
taken as decisive evidence, since they could have been used as building material and
transferred from another site.
21 Speidel 1992, 173; Lőrincz 2001, 19.
22 Alföldy 1987a, 245.

57
Snežana Ferjančić – Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

tions found at Ljubuški. They were dedicated to the deified Augustus and
Tiberius by the veterans of the pagus Scunasticus (ILJug 113, 114). The
inscriptions provide valuable information on the deductio itself and its
site. It seems certain that the pagus Scunasticus, where the former sol-
diers had lived, was located in the vicinity of Bigeste and on the territory
of Narona. Tiberius bought the land allotments from Caesar’s colony. By
doing that, he continued the policy of his adoptive father. Augustus
obtained the land for veteran settlement by purchasing it from towns in
Italy and the provinces.23
Epigraphic evidence from Humac and its environs (Hardomilje,
Filovača and Čitluk) and Narona as well allows us to identify some of the
Tiberian settlers. It appears that the deductio encompassed veterans of
the legions VII and XV Apollinaris. Both units belonged to the army of
Illyricum. The first one was stationed in Tilurium in Dalmatia, 24 while
the garrison site of the second one remains undetermined (as we have
already stated above). To the ten inscriptions of the veterans of the
legion VII already adduced by modern scholars, 25 the tombstone of Q.
Valerius should be added, which was discovered in Hardomilje near
Bigeste in 2001 (AE 2003, 1330). All the monuments can be dated to the
first half of the first century AD. Judging by the name of the unit, given
as legio VII, they were set up before 42 AD. In that year, the legion
obtained the honorific titles Claudia pia fidelis because it had remained
faithful to Claudius during the revolt of Arruntius Scribonianus, legate of
Dalmatia.26 A more precise dating is possible in the case of six inscrip-
tions. Veterans attested on them have served longer than the standard
25 years: 33 years (CIL III 8487), 30 years (CIL III 8488), 29 years (ILJug
1921), 28 years (AE 2003, 1330), 27 years (AE 2000, 1174), 26 years (ILJug
1920). Such high stipendia might be explained in the following way. The
soldiers were retained in active service after the bellum Batonianum (6–9
AD), in order to ensure and strengthen Roman control over the rebelli-
ous areas of Dalmatia. After 9 AD, the Romans needed some time to
pacify the interior of the province and secure vital routes connecting the
Adriatic coast and its colonies with the valley of the Sava. Veterans
belonging to this group were probably discharged after the revolt of the
legions in Illyricum and on the Rhine in 14/15 AD. Tiberius’ policy
towards the dissatisfied soldiers included discharge of those who had

23 R. Gest. div. Aug. 16.

24 Wilkes 1969, 97.
25 CIL III 1813, 1818, 8487, 8488 = 6364, 8493 + p. 1475; ILJug 670, 1916, 1920, 1921; AE
2000, 1174 = Betz 1939, 66, n° 58. Cf. Wilkes 1969, 112-113; Alföldy 1987b, 304;
Ferjančić 2002, 109.
26 For the titles as criteria for the dating of inscriptions see: Wilkes 1969, 99, 451.

58
 Veteran settlements in Illyricum during the reign of Tiberius

been retained in service longer than usual. 27 The funerary inscription of

L. Riccius, from Pessinus in Galatia, can be dated with a fair amount of
precision to the time after 17 AD (CIL III 1818). It seems improbable that
he was recruited before 25 BC and the establishment of the province of
Galatia.28 If he was conscripted in 25 BC, at the age of 18 (the lowest age
required for joining the army29), he was born in 43 BC. Since he lived for
sixty years, he died in 17 AD.
Almost all of the veterans of legion VII settled at pagus Scunasticus
were recruited in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Eight of
them hailed from Asia Minor. L. Riccius and T. Varius were from Pessinus
in Galatia (CIL III 1818; ILJug 1921), L. Domitius Aquila and L. Herennius
from Mylias in Pisidia (CIL III 8487, 8488), L. Oppius was from Conana in
Pisidia (ILJug 1916), C. Licinius from Sinope in Bithynia and Pontus (AE
2000, 1174), Q. Valerius from Iconium in Cappadocia (AE 2003, 1330). M.
Sosius might have been recruited in Sebastopolis in Caria, or the hom-
onymous town in Pontus and Bithynia (CIL III 8493 + p. 1475). The
hometown of M. Livius was Alorus in Macedonia (ILJug 1920). The origin
of M. Heredius, inscribed in the tribe Palatina (CIL III 1813 + p. 1494) and
C. Valerius Dento (ILJug 670) could not be determined precisely. Judging
by the data on the recruitment of the legion VII during the first half of
the first century AD, they might have been conscripted in the East or
possibly in Italy.30
Ritterling considered P. Lastus Scaeva, from Florentia in Italy, as one
of Tiberian settlers.31 The veteran’s epitaph, erected according to his last
will for himself, his freedwoman and probably wife Lasta Apicula and his
freedmen P. Lastus Felix and P. Lastus Diodorus was found in Vid. Judging
by the name of the legion VII, containing the titles Claudia pia fidelis, it
should be dated after 42 AD (CIL III 1814). The sixty-year-old P. Lastus
Scaeva was discharged late in the reign of Tiberius or, more probably,
under Caius or Claudius. For instance, if his military service ended in 43
AD, he was born in 17 BC. Taking into account that he had served for 30
years and assuming that he had been recruited in 1 AD, when he was
eighteen years old, one comes to the conclusion that was discharged in
31 AD at the earliest. Consequently, P. Lastus Scaeva may not be regarded
as one of original settlers of the pagus Scunasticus. His presence in
Narona might be explained in several ways. He possibly participated in a

27 Alföldy 1987b, 306.

28 Mitchell, 1993, 61–69; Coşkun 2008, 133–164. See also Strobel 2000, 515–528.
29 Le Bohec 1990, 76.
30 On recruitment of the legion VII see: Wilkes 1969, 94, 106, 460–463; Mann 1983, 110–
111, Table 15.
31 Ritterling 1924-1925, 1243–1244.

59
Snežana Ferjančić – Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

Claudian deductio at Bigeste.32 On the other hand, he may have decided to

settle in Narona because the colony offered favourable conditions for the
return to the civilian way of life. His choice might even have been influ-
enced by the existence of a strong veteran community at pagus Scunasti-
cus. Finally, one must also consider the slight possibility that he
remained where he had served. Narona and Bigeste were situated on the
highway from Salona to Dyrrachium, built under Augustus and
Tiberius.33 During the second and third century AD the road was protec-
ted by stations of beneficiarii consularis situated in the colony and the
auxiliary fortress respectively.34 During the first century AD, however,
this particular section might have been guarded by legionary detach-
ments and P. Lastus Scaeva may have served in one of them.
It appears that veterans of the legion XV Apollinaris were among
the Tiberian settlers at pagus Scunasticus. The funerary inscription set up
by L. Gavius for himself, his brother M. Gavius and a freedman Hilarus
was found in the hamlet of Pivnice, in Hardomilje (AE 1979, 444). 35 It
belongs to the time before 39 AD, since the legion is called simply legio
XV. The dating is corroborated by the names of the veteran and his
brother – neither of them bear a cognomen. As we have already stated,
lack of cognomina is common for the time before the middle of the first
century AD. L. Gavius was from Verona in Italy and therefore he should
not be regarded as a veteran who had returned home after the honour-
able discharge from the army. The possibility that he stayed where he
had served seems slight, because there is no evidence of a detachment of
XV Apollinaris at Bigeste or its vicinity. The easiest way to explain his
presence at pagus Scunasticus is to presume that he was one of the veter-
ans settled there by Tiberius. The same applies to the other veteran of
XV Apollinaris attested in Pivnice (AE 1979, 445).36 His name is not
entirely preserved – his cognomen was probably Primus, and his gentili-
cium might have been Luc[ceius], Luc[ilius], Luc[ius] or Luc[retius].
Although his fragmentary funerary stele can only be dated to the first
century AD, i. e. to the time when the legion XV Apollinaris was in Pan-
nonia, it appears that it actually belongs to the same period as Gavius’
inscription. Consequently, he should be regarded as one of the Tiberian
settlers as well.37

32 Alföldy 1987b, 307–308.

33 Bojanovski 1974, 246–247.
34 Wilkes 1969, 126.
35 Bojanovski 1979, 42.
36 Bojanovski 1979, 46.
37 For the possibility that veterans of XV Apollinaris participated in the Tiberian
deduction cf. Mosser 2003, 235 ad n° 133; 259 ad n° 183. Alföldy 1987b, 312.

60
 Veteran settlements in Illyricum during the reign of Tiberius

According to Betz and Abramić, veterans were settled in the territ-

ory of Bigeste on two occasions. The first deductio took place during the
reign of Augustus, possibly in 14 BC, the year that saw mass discharges
with missio agraria. Veterans of the legion VII, attested in Bigeste and
Narona, received land allotments on that occasion. The Augustan deduc-
tio was followed by a new one under Tiberius. Its participants – veterani
pagi Scunastici – dedicated the two inscriptions found at Ljubuški (ILJug
113, 114).38 The assumption on planned veteran settlement in Bigeste
and its vicinity under Augustus seems unlikely. Veterans of the legion
VII, identified by Betz and Abramić as Augustan settlers, could not have
been discharged before 9 AD. The high stipendia in four instances suggest
that they were retained in service after the end of the bellum Batonianum
(6-9 AD). Consequently, it seems much more probable that they should
be regarded as Tiberian settlers. Furthermore, it seems improbable that
the Augustan deductio would yield inscriptions of individual settlers and
the Tiberian one only of the two dedications of the veterani pagi Scun-
astici.39 The two groups of inscriptions must be regarded as pertaining to
one case of planned veteran settlement that took place under Tiberius.
A veteran settlement in the valley of the river Titius (Krka) is
attested by epigraphic evidence from the area of Roški Slap. Three
inscriptions were carved into the living rock near the waterfalls (CIL III
2817, 2818 + p. 1626, 9885). The funerary inscription of A. Sentius was
discovered in Mratovo, to the northeast of Roški Slap, in secondary use,
in a grave at the church of St. Martin. It was transported there from
another site, presumably from the estate near Petra Longa in the valley of
Titius, mentioned in the text (CIL III 6418 = 9896). Adduced epigraphic
evidence testifies that the deductio at Roški Slap encompassed soldiers
discharged from the legion XI. Judging by the lack of the titles Claudia pia
fidelis, their inscriptions belong to the time before 42 AD (CIL III 2818 + p.
1626, 9885, 9896 = 6418). None of the veterans attested on them could be
counted among those who had returned home after the honourable dis-
charge from the army. Two of them were recruited in Italy: M. Frax-
sanius in Regium Lepidum in Aemilia (CIL III 9885) and A. Sentius in
Arretium in Etruria (CIL III 6418 = 9896). The hometown of T. Cillius was
Laranda in Lykaonia (CIL III 2818 + p. 1626). The easiest way to explain
the presence of these veterans in the valley of Titius is to assume that
they participated in a iussu principis type settlement. The planned settle-
ment is indirectly confirmed by the fact that A. Sentius was killed on his
estate located at the place called Petra Longa alongside Titius (CIL III 6418

38 Betz 1939, 11–12; Abramić 1950, 237.

39 Cf. Alföldy 1987b, 304–306.

61
Snežana Ferjančić – Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

= 9896). This clearly implies that veterans received land alottments in

the area. Petra Longa is identified with the modern site Duga Stina,
between Bogatić and Puljane on the left bank of the river Krka.40
It appears that Appinius Quadratus, veteran of the legion IV Mace-
donica, also participated in the planned settlement in the valley of the
Titius (CIL III 2817). His epitaph was incised into the living rock near
Roški Slap under Claudius or Nero. The name of the deceased veteran,
recorded in nominative, points to the reign of the Julio-Claudian dyn-
asty.41 Cognomen in the onomastic formula suggests a dating around or
after the middle of the first century AD. The home of Appinius Quad-
ratus was Faventia, in the region of Aemilia, in Italy. The legion IV Mace-
donica was garrisoned in Spain under Augustus and Tiberius. Its transfer
to the Rhine is connected to the preparations for Caius’ German cam-
paign in 39 AD.42 Considering his origin and the history of his unit, it
appears that Appinius Quadratus came to Dalmatia and the vicinity of
Roški Slap in the course of a deductio. It has recently been suggested that
his presence in the area is related to a planned veteran settlement in the
Flavian municipium of Scardona.43 As far as we know, the city has not
yielded epigraphic evidence pertaining to legionary veterans. Judging by
the date of his epitaph, it seems that Appinius Quadratus came to the
vicinity of Roški Slap somewhat earlier. He probably belongs to the same
group of settlers as the veterans of the legion XI. 44 Quadratus’ rank of
centurio veteranorum suggests that they were still fulfilling some military
role. They formed a vexillum veteranorum charged with protecting the
valley of the Titius, the shortest route between the legionary fortress of
Burnum and the Adriatic coast.45
The chronological frame for a planned veteran settlement in the
valley of Titius is provided by the epitaphs of M. Fraxsanius (CIL III 9885)
and T. Cillius (CIL III 2818 + p. 1626). Fraxsanius had served in the legion
XI for 25 years. He must have been discharged after 6 AD, when the term
of service was extended from 16 to 25 years.46 The decorations listed in
his epitaph (phalerae, torques and armillae) seem to provide a further ter-
minus post quem for the dating of his discharge. They were probably
awarded for some feat or feats performed during the bellum Batonianum

40 Grbić 2014, 88, ad n° 12.

41 Richier 2002, 100.
42 Ritterling 1924-1925, 1551: Gómez-Pantoja 2005, 111.
43 Richier 2002, 100.
44 Cf. Wilkes 1969, 111; Alföldy 1987b, 302; Ferjančić 2002, 116–117.
45 Cf. Wilkes 1969, 111. On vexilla veteranorum and the title centurio veteranorum see:
Keppie 2000, 239–248; Richier 2002, 92–101.
46 On the duration of military service see: Neumann 1962, 1598–1599.

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 Veteran settlements in Illyricum during the reign of Tiberius

(6–9 AD). Consequently, one might presume that he was discharged after
9 AD. In the case of T. Cillius, the high stipendia (38 years) suggests that
he was retained in the army after the insurgents were finally defeated.
Based on the adduced chronological data, modern scholars have con-
cluded that the planned veteran settlement in the valley of Titius
occured under Augustus, during or shortly after the Dalmatian-Panno-
nian revolt.47 However, one must also consider the possibility that the
deductio should be ascribed to Tiberius. The unusually high stipendia of T.
Cillius suggest that his service extended well beyond 9 AD and ended
during the reign of Augustus’ successor. The fact that Tiberius granted
land allotments to veterans on the territory of Scarbantia in Pannonia
and in the vicinity of Bigeste in Dalmatia seems to corroborate the pro-
posed dating.

Snežana Ferjančić
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
sferjanc@f.bg.ac.rs

Olga Pelcer-Vujačić
Historical Institute, University of Montenegro
Bulevar revolucije 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
olgapelcer@gmail.com

47 Wilkes 1969, 111; Alföldy 1987b, 303.

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Snežana Ferjančić – Olga Pelcer-Vujačić

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