Physical Geography of Andhra Pradesh

Detailed Notes for Physical
Geography of Andhra Pradesh

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Geographical location of Andhra pradesh
Introduction:
This is one of the south Indian states and is positioned in the coastal
area towards the south eastern part of the country. Because of its
location in the merging area of the Deccan plateau and the coastal
plains, the state has got varied physical features. Being ruled by some
of the famous dynasties in the historical times, this south Indian state is
said to have a rich cultural heritage. Historically known as the “Rice
Bowl of India”, this state has got a number of places of visit that are of
historical importance. Andhra Pradesh occupies fifth position in terms
of area.
The state is sprawled in an area of approximately 2, 76, 754 sq kms.

Location of this state lies between 77Â° and 84Â° 40` North latitude
and 12Â° 41` and 22Â° East longitude. This state shares boundary with
Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in north, in east with Bay of Bengal,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to its south and in west, Maharashtra flanks
the border. For smooth administration of this state, it has been divided
into twenty three districts. There are three prominent regions as per
geographical aspects, and these are Telangana, Kosta or Coastal Andhra
and Rayalseema. To the west of Deccan Plateau Ghats, Telangana
region lies. From Western Ghats, Godavari River and Krishna River
originates and flow eastwards towards Telangana region and finally
pours into Bay of Bengal. Amidst ranges of Eastern Ghats, Coastal
Andhra occupies coastal plain region.
This region runs along the length of Andhra Pradesh State and Bay of
Bengal. On its south east, Rayalseema region is located close to the
Deccan Plateau, and it lies within Pennar River Basin. The low lying
Erramala hills, separates the state from Telangana region and Eastern
Ghats separates it from Coastal Andhra.


Area:
• At the time of formation – 160,205 km2

• Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest state in the country in terms of geographical
area with 162,760 sq km (after merging 7 mandals of Khammam District in AP)
• Coastal Andhra – 95.47 thousand sq.km
• Rayalaseema – 67.29 thousand sq.km
• Andhra Pradesh shares 4.96 % of Indian territory
• Largest district – Ananthpur 19,130 sq.km
• Smallest district – Srikakulam 5,837 sq.km
Seven mandals included in Andhra Pradesh:
• Kukkanur
• Velerupadu
• VR Puram
• Chinthanur
• Koonavaram
• Bhadrachalam (excluding Bhadrachalam temple)
• Burgampadu
Forests:-
• Area – 34,572 sq.km as per forest records

• 58% of total geographical area
According to Socio Economic Survey 2015-16:-
• Forest Area – 36914.78 Sq. Kms

• Very Dense Forest – 651.25 Sq. Kms
• Moderate Dense Forest Area – 11810.22 Sq. Kms
• Scrub Forest – 9241.77 Sq. Kms
• Non-Forest : 3900.49 Sq. Kms

Coastline:–
Andhra Pradesh also boasts of the second longest coastline in India, which stretches
upto 970 km. The long coastline has been unofficially divided into three geographic
regions, known by the names of Kosta, Telangana and Rayalaseema respectively.
Andhra Pradesh possesses many hills that run intermittently, separating the state into
western and eastern (coastal) Andhra. The hill ranges like Simhachalam, Annavaram,
Srisailam and Tirumalai-Tirupati, have become the integral geographical part of state’s
life and history. Godavari and Krishna are the two major rivers that pass through this
state. The basins of these rivers and their tributaries cover almost 75% of the state
territory. Apart from these major rivers, there are around 17 other rivers and streams
flowing through Andhra Pradesh. The state also observes substantial topographical
variations, due to thick forest in the north east, beaches next to the Bay of Bengal,
plane paddy lands in the coastal plains and the barren boulder-spotted region near
Hyderabad
Regions:-
The state includes the eastern part of Deccan plateau as well as a considerable part of
the Eastern Ghats. The entire state is divided into the following 3 distinct regions:
• Telangana Region
• Rayalaseema Region
• Coastal Andhra Region
The northern side of the Deccan plateau is marked as the Telangana region, while the
southern side is known as the Rayalaseema region. River Krishna separates these two
regions from each other. The other rivers flowing through the state are Godavari and
Penner. The coastal area of the state is mostly formed by the deltas of these rivers of
Andhra Pradesh. Depending on their geographical location, the climate of the
respective regions is featured with considerable variations.


The summer season in this state, generally, stretches from the month of March to June.
The coastal areas have got comparatively high temperature than the other parts of the
state. The average temperature ranges from 20° C to 41° C. The summer is followed by
the monsoon season, which starts during July and continues till September, when the
heavy rainfall is received by the state from the south west monsoon. The north east
monsoon contributes to around one third of the annual rainfall. This monsoon, usually,
occurs during the months of October and November. Featured by tropical rains, this
season plays a vital role in the identification of the nature of the state’s climatic
conditions. The period in between November and February is said to be the winter
season in Andhra Pradesh. The winter temperature is not too cold and ranges in between
12° C to 30° C.
Geology:-
Geologically the state consists of igneous,metamorphic & sedimentary formations.

Peninsular Geneissic Complex consisting of Archaean Group covered by complex
group of Gneisses and Schists. The Precambrian Sedimentary formation of the
Cuddapah Super Group, Pakhal Super Group and Kumool Group are found in
Kurnool, Cuddapah, Ananthapur, Chittoor, Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Krishna
and Khammam Districts. The Bhima’s are found in the western part of Rangareddy
District, the Gondwana Super Group in Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar and
Adilabad Districts. The Deccan Traps are found in Rangareddy, Nizamabad, Medak
and Adilabad Districts. Outcrops of Tertiary formations are found in East and West
Godavari and Vishakapatnam Districts and the Quaternary sediments as thick blankets of
alluvium are found in the river valleys, deltas and along the East Coast.
The State of Andhra Pradesh abounds in a variety of mineral deposits with about
48 minerals, some of which are unique in nature like that of Barytes, Chrysotile Asbestos
and Green Quartz. Most of the mineral deposits are related to the nature and
composition of the country rocks in which they occur and also the geological
structure.The Dharwar Schists and the associated Gnesisses and Granite contain a
large variety of metallic ores such as Gold, Manganese, Chromite, Copper, Iron Ore,
Bauxite and Wolframite. Deposits of non-metallic minerals like Diamond, Apatite,
Corundum,Feldspar, Garnet, Quartz, Green Quartz, Amethyst, Graphite, Kyanite and
Mica are also found in them.

These Archaean Group of rocks is a storehouse for different varieties of Gneisses,
Charnockites, Granites, Anorthosites, Dolerite Gabbro, Khondalites,
Quartzites,Granulites, Migmatites, Lyptenites, Syenites and Crystalline Limestone
which are useful in building, cutting and polishing industry. The Copper and Lead ores.
Barytes, Clays, Red-ochres, Asbestos, Haematite,Steatite and Diamond are the
important mineral deposits found within the Cuddapah,Kurnool and Pakhal Groups.
Some of the rocks within this group, particularly the Quartzites, Limestone, Marble,
Dolomite, Slates and Sand Stones are good building stone and are found in significant
quantities. The Gondwana group contains vast deposits of Coal and Refractory
Clays like Fire Clay and Ball Clay. The Pleistocene formations occurring both on-
shore and off-shore contain oil and natural gas.
The recent formations comprising of Alluvium. Sand and Soils yield good Brick
Clays and Sand for building and other purpose. The coastal heavy sands contain
rich llmenite, Rutile, Monazite, Zircon, Gamet and other minerals. Andhra Pradesh is
gifted with a vast and varied decorative/dimensional stones viz, Granites,
Limestone Slabs, Marble, Slate, Phyllite, Quartzite etc. Globally known for exclusive and
unique Chimakurthy Black Galaxy Granite and other varieties like Warangal Jet
Black, Khammam Black, Srikakulam Blue and White, Karimnagar Tan Brown,
Ananthapur Chilly Red. Chittor Kuppam Green etc.
The Granite varieties of Andhra Pradesh confim to the highest international standards
and provide excellent uniformity, consistency and have been used in several well
known buildings all over the world. Various colours of Limestone Slabs from Tandur,
(Rangareddy District),Betamcharla (Kurnool District), Tadipatri (Ananthapur District),
Macherla (Guntur District), Mudimanikyam (Nalgonda District) are well known for
flooring and paneling purposes within the country and are also being exported to
many countries. Slate and Phyllites in various shades of colours from Prakasam, Guntur
and Nalgonda Districts are used as decorative stones and are being exported to various
countries.

Disaster Risk Profile:
Andhra Pradesh is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods and droughts. A

moderate to severe intensity cyclone can be expected to make landfall every two
to three years. About 44 percent of the state is vulnerable to tropical storms and
related hazards. In India, the cyclones develop in the pre-monsoon (April to May)
and post-monsoon seasons (October to December), but most of them tend to form in
the month of November. Cyclones on the east coast originate in the Bay of Bengal, the
Andaman Sea or the South China Sea, and usually reach the coastline of Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal, which are the most vulnerable to these
types of hazards. Two of the deadliest cyclones of this century, with fatalities of
about 10,000 people in each case, took place in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh during
October 1971 and November 1977 respectively. The super cyclone of Odisha in 1999
caused large scale damage to life and property. Along the Andhra coast, the section
between Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is the most prone to storm surges.
Vulnerability to storm surges is not uniform along Indian coasts. The following segments
of the east coast of India are most vulnerable to high surges
• North Odisha, and West Bengal coasts.

• Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam.
• Tamil Nadu coast, south of Nagapatnam.
The states bordering the Arabian Sea on the west coast are not completely safe either, as
Kerala, Gujarat -and to a lesser extent Maharashtra -are also prone to cyclones.
With a frequency of four cyclones per year, one of which usually becomes severe,
the Bay of Bengal accounts for seven percent of the annual tropical cyclone
activity worldwide. Despite this relatively low percentage, the level of human and
property loss that cyclones cause around the Bay is very high. Once the cyclones enter
the mainland, they give way to heavy rains which often translate into floods, as it
was the case with the damaging cyclone-induced floods in the Godavari delta, in
August of 1986. Many drought prone areas adjacent to coastal districts in eastern
maritime states are thus vulnerable to flash floods originated by the torrential rains
induced by the cyclonic depression.

In addition to cyclones and its related hazards, monsoon depressions

over the north and central areas of the Bay of Bengal move until
reaching north and central India, including portions of Andhra Pradesh,
bringing heavy to very heavy rains and causing floods in the inland
rivers between June and September. In Andhra traditionally, the flood
problem had been confined to the flooding of smaller rivers. But the
drainage problem in the coastal delta zones has worsened, multiplying the
destructive potential of cyclones and increasing flood hazards. A critical
factor is maintenance of irrigation systems. On several occasions, deaths
have been caused by breaches in tanks and canals as well as over-flooding
caused by silting and growth of weeds.


Andhra Pradesh: Relief and Structure
Andhra Pradesh has varied topography. It varies from the hills of Eastern
Ghats and Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal.
Two main river of Andhra Pradesh;Krishna and Godavari, flows through the state.
The state has two regions Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema.
The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The coastal
plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna,
and Penna rivers.
The Eastern Ghats are not continuous and each section of this their own name. The
Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state’s geography. The Kadapa
Basinformed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The
Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast.
Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use.
The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions, where average rainfall is very low. In
this region dry conditions prevails and droughts are more recurrently
occurring. Lambasingi (or Lammasingi), a village in the Chintapalli Mandal
of Visakhapatnam district is situated at 1000 meters above the sea level. It is the only
place in South India which has snowfall and is also nicknamed as Kashmir of Andhra
Pradesh. Throughout the year the temperature here ranges from 0°C to 10 °C.
Geographically, Andhra Pradesh can be divided into following categories:
• Deccan Plateau
• Central Plateau
• Eastern Highland
• East Coastal Plains

• Deccan Plateau-> the western part of Andhra Pradesh comes under Deccan
Plateau region. It has semi arid climatic conditions. Ananthapur and Kurnool
districts are under this region.
• Central Plateau-> Cuddapah, Prakasham and Guntur district comes under central
plateau. It his highland with low to high vegetation cover.
• Eastern Highland-> This region run parallel to Eastern Ghat. Eastern highland gets
good rain through retreating and winter cyclones from Bay of Bengal.
• East Coastal Plain: These plain is often called Circar in this region. These coastal
plains form large deltas from Godavari and Krishna river. Many irrigation project
and navigation project are being setup in this region. This area consists of major
ports like Vishakhapatnam. Lake Pulicat is brackish water lake on the eastern
coastal plains.


Climate of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is situated on the south eastern coast of India and is the eighth largest
state in India. Hyderabad is the capital of both Andhra Pradesh as well as Telangana but
it remains the de jure capital for Andhra Pradesh.
The state is planning to make Amravati its new capital. It is a beautiful state which is rich
in culture and heritage. There are beautiful palaces, museums, beaches in the state.
Andhra Pradesh has varied topography. It is bordered by Telangana, Orissa and
Chhattisgarh in north , Bay of Bengal in east, Tamil Nadu in south and Karnataka in
west. It has the second largest coastline in India. It also has two important rivers flowing
through it, Godavari and Krishna. Andhra Pradesh has often been called the food bowl
of the south.
Climate of Andhra Pradesh can be referred to as tropical. There are three main seasons
in the state i.e. monsoon, summer and winter and there is also short spring season.
There is little or no discrepancy in weather in different areas of the state since the state
is close to rivers, seas and hills. Moderate climate is experienced in the plateau region in
comparison to the coastal belt and low valleys.
Summer season starts from March and continues up to mid June that allows the
temperature to increase up to 42 degree maximum. In various regions, variation in
maximum temperature is from 23°C to 28°C and a variation can be seen in minimum
ranges from 10°C to 12°C. Hot summers are experienced in coastal plains, and at times,
temperature reaches at 42 degree centigrade at some places. Temperate climate is
enjoyed by plateau residents where cool summers and cold winters are experienced.
A degree of relief can be enjoyed when pre-monsoon showers hit state somewhere
around the middle of June, but only drawback of this time is that there is a rise in
humidity. Monsoon arrive in the state in the month of July and stays till September but
sometimes in October, November and December, heavy rainfall can be experienced.
Southwest monsoon winds offer maximum rainfall at times reaching up to 55 inches
maximum.

In regions closer to coast, rainfall is heavy but in northern and western plateau regions,
meager rainfall is observed. During October and November, heavy rainfall occurs due to
north east monsoon winds. From October till February, winter season is experienced by
state and this time of year is quite enjoyable and pleasant. Mild winters are enjoyed,
and temperature does not go below 16 degree.
Seasons of the State

Andhra Pradesh has four distinct seasons like whole of India.Summer season from
March till June , And thereafter Monsoon Season from July to September and then
winter season from October to February and then Spring Season
Summer Season
In Andhra Pradesh, summer season lasts from March till June. Level of moisture is quite
high during this time. Summer temperatures in coastal plains’ region are higher in
comparison to the remaining state. Temperature during summer months oscillates
between 20 degree centigrade and 40 degree centigrade. In some places, temperatures
rise to about 45 degree on a sunny day.
Monsoon Season
Tropical rains occur in the state of Andhra Pradesh during months of July till September.
Heavy rainfall is experienced during this time. The total rainfall’s one third is received
through North eastern monsoons. In mid June, pre monsoon showers hit state bringing
a relief from the scorching heat but at the same time humidity increases. From July till
September, monsoon season continues, but from October to December, heavy
downpour is experienced. For maximum rains in the state, southwest monsoon winds is
considered to be responsible.
In the region located close to coast, heavy rainfall occurs in comparison to plateau
regions, especially in west and north regions getting lesser rainfall. Heavy showers are
experienced in October and November months, in coastal regions.
Winter Season
From October to February, state experiences winter season. Since there is a vast
expanse of the coastal belt in this state, winters are not too excruciating.

Spring Season
A very short spring season also occurs in March and April. During this season, new
leaves are sprouted by dry tree or plant branches and the whole atmosphere looks
colorful and vibrant. Similarly, New Year is signified by Ugadi, and this is time when one
must let bygones be bygones and look forward to an exciting and glorious beginning.
Agro-Climatic Zones:-
Based on the climate parameters i.e., rainfall and temperature, the State is broadly
divided into 9 distinct Agro-Climatic Zones. The agriculture planning for each zone is
supported with the research and recommendations of a Regional Agriculture Research
Station of ANGRAU set up within the particular zone.
In an attempt to plan the agricultural operations in much more focused way, these 9
agro climatic zones have been divided into 322 farming situations, which are unique in
terms of microenvironment and need specific practices under each situation.

Climate Change in the State

Climate change has adverse effects on whole of India and Andhra is no different when
comes to climate change. As state is adversely effected by the climate change. Due to
coastal area and agricultural economy , state has large impact of climate change.
Cyclones also hit the state aggravating the conditions of the state. Major Climate
Change issues for the State arise in the agriculture sector and for the long coastline.
Agriculture is severely affected by variability in rainfall and temperature patterns, while

rising sea levels and extreme events of marine origin, such as cyclones pose problems
for the coastal areas. Besides these, other critical areas of concern are food security,
increasing number of climate vulnerable habitats (like slums or village dwellings) and
climate vulnerable infrastructure (like roads and bridges which may be washed away by
floods). The State Action Plan for Climate Change(SAPCC) has been designed around the
existing policies of the State Government by taking into consideration ongoing
programmes and schemes being implemented at the State level, as well as the National
Action Plan for Climate Change(NAPCC).
Objectives of State Action Plan for Climate Change (SAPCC)

• Inclusive and sustainable development of the State that protects the vulnerable
sections of society from adverse effects of CC
• Improved ecological sustainability
• Provide a framework to undertake actions that deliver benefits for growth and
development while mitigating and adapting to CC
• Prioritize adaptation/mitigation options for the State and identify financing options
• Engineering new and innovative policies/mechanisms to promote sustainable
development.

The climate change strategy and action plan have been based on 5 main
guiding principles
• The strategy is focused around supporting the objective of the Central Government
on NAPCC, inclusive growth and ensuring economic sustainability for the long term.
Actions would be undertaken which deliver benefits for growth and development,
while mitigating climate change and ensuring ecological sustainability.
• Initiate process to mobilize significant investments. An estimation of additional
resource requirements and exploration of existing and new carbon finance
potential has to be carried out.
• Mobilize people/institutions to work towards integrated solutions. This would
involve building broader stakeholder engagement to widen perspectives and
involvement in implementation. Considering governance and institutional contexts,
appropriate institutional arrangements and building capacities have to be ensured,
keeping in view the coordination between departments, stakeholders and
integration with regular planning and budgetary processes.
• Harness the wealth of expertise and knowledge already available in the State and
the country on climate change. Investment in knowledge and research is essential
to reduce climate related uncertainty and improve knowledge about appropriate
responses.
• Contribute towards developing the State. State specific issues have to be
considered and prioritized while creating appropriate enabling environment for
implementation of NAPCC at State level.
• Success and sustainability of the investments are of critical importance. All of the
thrusts of Andhra Pradesh’s development framework show vulnerabilities to
climate change. Adaptive measures will be necessary to ensure their long term
resilience and sustainability in the face of climate change. In order to effectively
align Andhra Pradesh’s developmental objectives with the sustainability agenda,
this strategic action plan aggregates findings across sectors, and addresses them in
an integrated manner which reflects the national priorities articulated through the
NAPCC.

Soils of Andhra Pradesh
The State is endowed with a wide variety of soils having less fertile coastal sands to highly
fertile and productive deltaic alluviums of major river basins developed from different
parent materials. The major soil groups are red and laterite, black, alluvial and coastal
soils occupying 66, 25, 5 and 3 per cent of the total area, respectively.
Red soils
The red soils include red sandy soils (Dubbas and coarse chalkas), red earth with loamy
subsoil (medium and fine chalkas) red loamy soils (shallow to moderately deep), red
loamy soils deep to very deep and red soils with clayey sub soils. These soils are in
general, rapidly to moderately permeable with good drainage conditions. Soils are
neutral in reaction (pH 6.5 to 7.5) and non saline. The clay minerals consist of a mixture
of kaolinite and illite with low to medium Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). They are prone
to erosion.
Red sandy soils
These coarse soils have an effective depth ranging from 20 to 60 cm indicating that they
are shallow to moderately deep. The pH of the soils varies from 6.5 to 7.5 and these are
non saline. The soils are rapidly permeable with intensive leaching exhibited under heavy
irrigation or high intensity rain fall conditions. The clay content is usually < 15 per cent .
These soils have low base exchange capacity and are poor in fertility.
Red earths
These soils show a loamy or clay sub soils. The soils with the former usually exhibit pH
ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 and occur on the elevated regions nearer to hills , hill ranges and
on sloping terrains. These are non saline and have low CEC. The surface drainage is good
to excessive. The soils vary in depth ranging from as low as 8 to 75 cm (shallow to
moderately deep). The red earths with clayey subsoil show rapid permeability at surface
while the subsoil is moderately permeable. pH of these soils is ranging from 6.5 to 8.0
and these soils show more CEC than the ones with loamy sub soil. The effective depth of
these soils ranges from 30 to 75 cm.

Red loamy soils
Based on depth, these soils are shallow to moderately deep red loamy soils and deep to very
deep red loamy soils. The former usually have depth ranging from 20-39 cm and occur where
the area was subjected to severe erosion. The surface coarse texture favor easy drainage while
the subsoil is denser tending to show more clay with depth. The latter category exhibits
variation in drainage viz., well drainage with light textured sub soil and moderately well to well
drainage with clayey subsoil.
Laterite soils
Laterite soils are deep (0.9 to 1.8 m) to very deep (> 1.8 m), medium to fine textured with clay
subsoil and rapidly permeable and well drained. These soils are formed under conditions of high
rainfall with alternate wetting and drying period. The leaching of the bases leads to
development of soil acidity with soil reaction (pH ) values as low as 4.0 to 5.0, in a general pH
range of 4.0 to 6.0. Soils are non saline. The soils have very low CEC and ,hence, are poor in
fertility.
Black Soils
These soils have a local name as regur. Deep black soils (Vertisols) have high clay content (30- 60
per cent or more) and , hence, are slowly permeable and ill drained. They exhibit an effective
depth of over 180 cm. The pH ranges between 8.0 to 9.0. These soils are usually non saline at
surface but salt content increases with depth. The soils exhibit high base exchange capacity due
to high clay content. Moderately deep soils are loamy to clay loamy with clay sub soil,
moderately drained, neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction (pH 7.0 to 8.5), non saline but
have higher salt content than red soils. These soils are also having similar fertility characteristics
as above.
Deltaic alluvium
These soils occurring in major river deltas have finer fraction ranging from 60 to 70 per cent.
They are very deep (> 1.8 m) and lack of profile development. Drainage is a main constraint in
these soils. Water table occurs within 5 cm depth coming up to ground level in basins. These
soils are neutral to alkaline (pH 7.0 to 9.0) and marginal to highly saline. Clay mineral
composition shows wide variations. The CEC of soils is usually high and, hence, they are
productive. Taxonomically, these are Entisols and Vertisols.

Coastal soils
These are very deep (1.8 to 5.0 m and above), coarse textured with sandy sub soil,
belonging to the order Entisols. The soils are rapidly permeable, neutral in reaction (pH
6.5 to 7.5) with sub soil salinity due to shallow water table and low CEC due to very low
clay contents.
Salt affected soils
It is estimated that about 1 per cent of the total area of the state is under the problem
soils like saline, saline-alkali and non saline alkali soils mainly occurring along the sea
coast, streams and are usually interspersed in black, red and alluvial soils.
Saline soils
These soils occupy considerable area in coastal districts of the state with salts contents
exceeding even 0.2 per cent reaching a high concentration of even more than 4.0 per
cent. The soils have low Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) of less than 15. The pH is
around 7.0 and seldom goes beyond 8.5.The high water table can cause moist conditions
at the surface.
Saline – alkali soils
These soils are also occurring in the coastal districts and in some hinterland areas along
the stream sides. The pH ranges from 8.0 to 10.0 while the salt content was found
ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 per cent or even above. The water table is usually shallow
showing not only high salt contents but also the presence of alkali carbonates.
Non saline alkali soils
Though the pH values are similar to the above category, the salt content generally is low.
The ESP values exceed 15.These soils have poor physical conditions and exhibit even
water logging due to dispersion of clay clogging the pores. Though depending upon the
salt content, the saline soils can be of some fertility value, the other two categories
exhibit poor fertility and physical conditions affecting the crop production seriously.
Management of these soils requires implementation of technologies generated so far
specific to the given type of problem soil to improve its productivity

Andhra Pradesh vegetation and Forest
The total notified forest area of the State is 36914.69 Km2 , which is 22.73 % of the
geographical area. They include Reserved, Protected- and Un-classed forests. The
Kadapa has the highest notified forest area of 5041.26Km2 and the Krishna has the
lowest notified forest area of 664.28 Km2 in the State. As regards the ratio of notified
forest to geographical area, Vishakhapatnam District has the highest with 41.50 % and
Krishna is the lowest with 7.38 %. As per Champion and Seth’s classification the Forests
of State fall under Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest, Littoral Swamp Forest, Dry
Teak Forest, Dry Red Sanders Bearing Forest, Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest, Dry
Deciduous Scrub, Dry Savannah Forest, Hardwickia Forest, Dry Bamboo Brakes, Souther
Thorn Forest, Dry Scrub Forest, Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest types.
Protected Area:
The State has 16 Protected Areas – 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 3 National Parks and one
Tiger Reserve. NagarjunaSagar–Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR) is the biggest Tiger
Reserve of India. Out of 36914.77 Km2 of notified forest area, 8137.08 Km2 is included
in the PA network.
Community Forest Management:
There are 4,419 VanaSamrakshanaSamities (VSSs) or Joint Forest Protection Committees
(JFPCs) in the State. An area of 8426.11 Km2 of notified forests, which is 22.8 % of the
forest area, is under Community Forest Management (CFM).
Forest Cover:
The forest cover in the State based on the interpretation of IRS P6 LISS-III 2012 data
(September 2012 – March 2013) is 23399.95 Km2 , which is 15.24% of the Geographical
area. In terms of the forest canopy cover density classes the State has 651.25 Km2 of
Very Dense Forest, 11810.20 Km2 of Moderately Dense Forest and 10938.50 Km2 of
Open Forest. The area of the Scrub is 9241.79 Km2 , Non-Forest 3900.52 Km2 and Water
Bodies 372.51 Km2 .

The vegetation types met within Andhra Pradesh are
TROPICAL SEMI-EVERGREEN FORESTS (moist deciduous forests mixed with evergreen
elements)
This type of forests occur in a localised manner in small pockets in valleys near the
banics of perennial streams and hills at about 800 m where the climatic conditions are
favourable with plenty of humus and moisture in the soil. Found in in Visakhapatnam
district, Borra blocks of Vijayanagaram district Tekkali and Pathapatnam of Srikakulam
district.
Tropical moist deciduous FORESTS :

This type occurs in region with a rainfall of 1015 mm and above at an altitude of 610
mts. These forests can be subdivided into three categories for the sake of convenience.
• Northern tropical moist deciduous forests (sal forests)-This type of forest is found
in srikakulam district. In the sal forests Shorearobusta predominates.
• South Indian tropical moist deciduous forests-These forests are found in parts of
Gudem, Rampa agency, parts of West Godavari district, between Rollapenta and
Bairluty (Pig. 6b), Gundlabrahmeswaram (Nallamalais) in Kurnool district and
Talakona in chittoor district.
• Southern tropical moist deciduous riverian forests-Along the courses of rivers and
streams in the plains# where alluvial soil is deposited# there are many
predominantly exclusive to these areas. It generally forms a very narrow belt along
tne banks; sometimes it may extend to tnehigner elevations.

DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS :
In this type of forests# the trees oeyin to shed their leaves by about Decemoer and
between February and May the forest looks very open and at times eyesoriny# but no
area is completely leafless at any one time of the year. Flowering and fruiting are
generally far advanced oefore the first flush of new leaves appears with the
conventional showers in April – May. These forests are widely spread in almost all tne
districts of the state.
DRY SAVANNAH FORESTS :
This kind of forests, formed as a result of intense biotic interference, are scattered
tnrouyhouttne state, Tne stunted trees are Emblicaofficinalis, Phoenix humilis,
Pterocarpusmarsupium, Terminaliacneoula.
DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS :
This type of forests occur in coastal and plains areas with a rainfall of 635 mm and
below at an altitude of less than 244 m and on impoverished soils witn practically no
oryanic matter and where the top soil is practically non existent. This type of forest
occurs in Poolbayh, Velagada of vijayanayaram district, Madugula range of
Visakhapatnam, TeKKali and Pathapatnam of srikakulam.
TROPICAL EVERGREEN SCRUB FORESTS :
This type of forest is met within almost all drier parts of Andhra Pradesh like the
districts of Anantapur.
The main species in tnis forest are Acacia chundra, Albizlaatnara. Balanitesaegyptiaca,
Anisochiluscarnosus etc.
LITTORAL AND TIDAL SWAMP MANGROOVE FORESTS
These are spread over an area of 3,173 Sq.Km constituting 4.93% total forest area of the
state. They occur in the coastal districts of srikaxulam, visakhapatnam. East Godavari,
West Godavari, Krishna, Prakasam, Guntur (Fiy. 9) and Nellore. Mangrove forests are
located near the esturies of Krishna and Sodavari rivers.

Andhra Pradesh: Wildlife and Ecotourism
Wildlife of Andhra Pradesh is very rich and the various sanctuaries and national parks
protect it. These are good source of ecotourism in the Andhra Pradesh.
Ecotourism have potential in Andhra Pradesh due to various wildlife sanctuaries and
national parks.
National parks of Andhra Pradesh
Total
Area (In
S. No. Name of National Park State km²)
1 Sri Venkateswara National Park 1989 353.62
2 Rajiv Gandhi National Park 2005 2.4
3 Papikonda National Park 2008 1012.86

Wildlife Sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh
S.No. Name of Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) Year Area (in km²)
1 Coringa WLS 1978 235.7
2 GundlaBrahmeswaram WLS 1990 1,194.00
3 Kambalakonda WLS 2002 71.39
4 Koundinya WLS 1990 357.6
5 Kolleru WLS 1953 308.55
6 Krishna WLS 1989 194.81
7 NagarjunaSagar-Srisailam WLS 1978 3568.09
8 Nellapattu WLS 1976 4.59
9 Pulicat Lake WLS 1976 500
10 Rollapadu WLS 1988 6.14
11 Sri Lankamalleswara WLS 1988 464.42
12 Sri PenusilaNarasimha WLS 1997 1,030.85
13 Sri Venkateswara WLS 1998 172.35

Bird sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh
Bird sanctuaries attracts bird watchers and lovers from all over the world .
• Atapaka Bird Sanctuary
It is also known as Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the largest freshwater lake
located in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The sanctuary falls under Kaikalur
Forest Range. It is one of the Ramsar convention wetland sites, spread over an area of
308.55 km2 (119.13 sq mi).
• Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries
It is located in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. Every year, over 3,000 pelicans and
painted storks visit from Siberia to these villages during September and stay until
March.
Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary

It is a famous 481 km2 Protected area in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh state.
Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish-water ecosystem in India. Central location is:
13°34′N 80°12′E. 327.33 km2 is managed by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Departmentand
153.67 km2 is managed by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. 108 km2 is national park
area

Andhra Pradesh Natural Hazards
Andhra Pradesh is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods and droughts. A moderate to
severe intensity cyclone can be expected to make landfall every two to three years. About
44 percent of the state is vulnerable to tropical storms and related hazards. In India, the
cyclones develop in the pre-monsoon (April to May) and post-monsoon seasons (October
to December), but most of them tend to form in the month of November.
Two of the deadliest cyclones of this century, with fatalities of about 10,000 people in each
case, took place in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh during October 1971 and November 1977
respectively. The super cyclone of Odisha in 1999 caused large scale damage to life and
property.
Along the Andhra coast, the section between Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is the most
prone to storm surges. Vulnerability to storm surges is not uniform along Indian coasts.
Many drought prone areas adjacent to coastal districts in eastern maritime states are thus
vulnerable to flash floods originated by the torrential rains induced by the cyclonic
depression. In addition to cyclones and its related hazards, monsoon depressions over the
north and central areas of the Bay of Bengal move until reaching north and central India,
including portions of Andhra Pradesh, bringing heavy to very heavy rains and causing
floods in the inland rivers between June and September.
Flood
Inadequate capacity of the rivers to contain within their banks the high flows brought down
from the upper catchment areas, following heavy rainfall, leads to flooding. Central and
coastal Andhra Pradesh spans mainly major river basins of Godavari, Krishna and minor
river basins of Nagavali and Vamsadhara on the north and Pennar in the south. The Passage
of storms/ cyclones in quick succession over a river basin invariably leads to severe floods.
The problem is exacerbated by factors such as silting of the riverbeds, reduction of the
carrying capacity of river channels, beds and banks leading to changes in river courses,
obstructions to flow due to landslides, synchronization of floods in the main and tributary
rivers and retardation due to tidal effects. The flood problems of deltaic regions are
attributed to various causes like flatter slope of drains and back flow due to tides.

Cyclones
Some of the factors responsible for vulnerability of the state to cyclone are:
1. Almost half of the storms in the Bay of Bengal become severe cyclones often
accompanied by storm surges.
2. Low lying areas along the coast are vulnerable to extensive flooding and deep
inland sea water incursion.
3. High concentration of population, infrastructure and economic activities along the
coast.
4. Lack of proper maintenance of the flood protection and irrigation systems, drains,
embankments etc.,
5. The major impact of cyclones can be broadly categorised as below: Loss of lives,
injuries and other health consequences such as epidemics, and post traumatic
stress disorders (PTSD)
• Loss of habitat
• Loss of cattle and damage to crops and agricultural fields
• Damage to public utilities
• Disturbance and damage to the ecosystem
Draught
Drought Prone Districts: Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur& Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Medak,
Rnagareddy and Nalgonda 20 times drought in 40 years, 10 times drought in 20 years. 5
times drought in 10 years, 3 times drought in last 5 years Major Drought Years (1997,
2001, 2002 & 2004). 2002-03 has been the worst year of drought State GDP severely
affected due to recurring drought

Tsunami
Andhra Pradesh with coastline of 1,030 K.Ms, is the second largest in the country next
only to Gujarat State and the longest on the East Coast of India. The total coastal area
spreads over 92,906 Sq. KMs. in nine coastal districts which have population of 2.87
Crores. On the morning of 26.12.2004 Tsunami tidal waves ranging from 2 to 6 metres
high lashed the Andhra Pradesh coast. The major brunt of the tidal waves was along the
coast of Nellore, Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, East Godavari, and West Godavari Districts.
Many people on the beaches as well as close to the coast were washed away and
otherwise affected. The tidal waters entered the villages along the coast inundating
large number of villages. In all 380 coastal villages with a population of 2,11,670 were
affected by this calamity. Overall damages across the State was estimated to be Rs
317.16 Crores. The largest damages was in fisheries.
Earthquake
3 major earthquake events experienced in state: Vizianagaram (1917-5.5 RS), Ongole
(1967-5.4 RS), Bhadrachalam (1969-5.7 RS)
EARTHQUAKE CONTINGENCY PLAN BASICALLY INCLUDES:
• Seismic activity in India;

• Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh;
• Action Plan for earthquake in AP;
• Visuality of earthquake situation;
• Actions during earthquake;
• Recovery and rehabilitation after earthquake;
• Non-numerical advisory design; and Retrofitting to Earth Quake proof;

Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (AP SDMA):-
Under the provisions of Disaster Management Act 2005, The Andhra Pradesh Disaster
Management Rules 2007 were issued. As part of the rules, the Government of Andhra
Pradesh has constituted Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (AP
SDMA). AP SDMA will be the chief nodal agency for disaster management at the state
level. The APSDMA will have two distinct objectives.
• Development and updating of plans and strategies to handle any type of Disaster at
various levels as Pre-Disaster efforts.
• Undertake projects for restoration and strengthening of infrastructure damaged by
Disasters during Post-Disaster scenario.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):-
Under the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Rules 2007, besides
setting up State Disaster Management Authority (SMDA), district level District Disaster
Management Authority (DDMA) under the chairmanship of the District Collector is
mandated. The composition of the DDMA consists of 1. The Collector and Magistrate of
the district, who is the Chairperson, ex officio;
2. Chairperson of the ZillaParishad of the district, as Co-Chairperson

3. Superintendent of Police of the district, ex officio;
4. Chief Executive Officer of the District Authority is the Joint Collector of the District,
ex officio; who is also be Member and Convener
5. Project Director, District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) of the district, ex officio
6. Chief Executive Officer of the ZillaParishad of the district, ex officio; and
7. District Medical and Health Officer of the district, ex officio;

ANDHRA PRADESH: DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by
the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the
topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks,
and the gradient of the land.
Major rivers flowing in Andhra pradesh
(1) Godavari :The Godavari River rises in northwestern Maharashtra state in the
Western Ghats range, only about 50 miles (80 km) from the Arabian Sea, and flows for
most of its course generally eastward across the broad plateau of the Deccan (peninsular
India). After traversing central Maharashtra it enters northern Telangana state northwest
of Nizamabad and continues through a broad valley and, for a short stretch, forms the
border with Madhya Pradesh state to the north. The river then turns southeastward for
the last 200 miles (320 km) of its course, flowing through a gap in the Eastern Ghats
ranges and then across Andhra Pradesh state before reaching the Bay of Bengal. There it
empties via its two mouths: the Gautami Godavari to the north and the Vasishta
Godavari to the south.
Within the state of Andhra Pradesh, it flows through hilly terrain of the Eastern
Ghats known as the Papi hills which explains the narrowing of its bed as it flows through
a gorge for a few km, only to re-widen at Polavaram. Before crossing the Papi hills, it
receives its last major tributary Sabari River on its left bank. The river upon reaching the
plains begins to widen out until it reaches Rajamundry. Arma Konda or Jindhagada Peak
(1,680 m (5,510 ft) above msl) located near Paderu is the highest peak in the Godavari
river basin as well as in Eastern Ghats.
After crossing Rajahmundry, the Godavari splits into two branches which are called
Vriddha Gautami (Gautami Godavari) and Vasishta Godavari. Again the Gautami branch
splits into two branches namely Gautami and Nilarevu. Similarly the Vasishta splits into
two branches named Vasishta and Vainateya. These four branches which join the Bay of
Bengal at different places, are forming a delta of length 170 km (110 mi) along the coast
of the Bay of Bengal and is called the Konaseema region. This delta along with the delta
of the Krishna River is called the Rice Granary of South India.

(2) Krishna river : The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in terms of water inflows
and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is
almost 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) long. The river is also called Krishnaveni. It is a major
source of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.Krishna
enters Andhra Pradesh near Deosugur in Raichur district and meanders through
Mehbubnagar, Kurnool, Guntur and Krishna districts. The river merges into the Bay of
Bengal at Hamasaladeevi. Two dams, Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar are constructed
across the Krishna River. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is world’s tallest masonry dam (124
meters).
(3) Penna river

The Penna is a river of southern India. The Penna rises on the hill of Nandi Hills in
Chikballapur District of Karnataka state, and runs north and east through the state of
Andhra Pradesh to empty into the Bay of Bengal. It is 597 kilometres (371 mi) long, with
a drainage basin covering 55,213 km2 , 6,937 km2 in Karnataka and 48,276 km2 in
Andhra Pradesh.
The Kolar Plateau forms the divide between the Penna watershed and those of
the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penna drains the northern
portion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka.
The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of
the Penna’s watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of the
Penna basin. The upper watershed of the Penna includes Cuddapah District, central and
eastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool District, northwestern Chittoor
District. The main tributaries of the Penna are the Jayamangali, Kunderu
and Sagileru from the north, and the Chitravathi, Papagni and Cheyyeru from the south.
The Penna then flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats ranges onto the plain
of Coastal Andhra, flowing through Nellore city before it empties into the Bay of
Bengal at a place called Utukuru, 15 km east of Nellore.

(4) vedavathi river : The Vedavathi is a river in India. It rises from the Western Ghats and
flows through the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh . The Vedavathi is also called
the Hagari in parts of Andhra Pradesh. Two rivers, the Veda and Avathi, arise in the
eastern part of the Sahyadri Hill range, flow east, and join concert near Pura to form the
Vedavathi.The river has a cultural significance, with the people along the belt of the
Hagari depending entirely on the river for most of their needs. Bhairivani Tippa Reservoir
is built across this river.
(5) Tungabhadra river : The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows
through the state of Karnataka during most of its course, before flowing along the border
between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River along
the border of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
(6) Champavathi river : Champavathi is a small river which originates in the Eastern
Ghats at an altitude of 1,200 metres above mean sea level near Andra village and flows
eastwards and joins the Bay of Bengal near the village Konada. The river passes through
Gajapathinagaram, Nellimarla, Saripalli, Denkada, Palem and Natavalasa of Vizianagaram
district. The river has four main tributaries Eduvampula Gedda, Chitta Gedda, Pothula
Gedda and Gadi Gedda. The basin has a drainage area of 1,410 square kilometres. This
area is divisible into Hilly terrain (Madugula hills), Vizianagaram plains and Coastal plains.
Denkada anicut was constructed across Champavathi River in 1965–1968. The project is
located near Saripalli village, Nellimarla Mandal, Vizianagaram District to irrigate a total
ayacut of 5,153 acres.

(7) Palar : Palar is a river of southern India. It rises in Nandi Hills, India in Kolar district
of Karnataka state, and flows 93 kilometres (58 mi) in Karnataka, 33 kilometres (21 mi)
in Andhra Pradesh and 222 kilometres (138 mi) in Tamil Nadu before its confluence into
the Bay of Bengal at Vayalur about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Chennai. It flows as
an underground river for a long distance only to emerge near Bethamangala town, from
where, gathering water and speed, it flows eastward down the Deccan Plateau. The cities
of Ramanaickenpet, Vaniyambadi, Ambur, Gudiyatham, Vellore, Melvisharam, Arcot,Rani
pet Walajapet (Anaicut), Kanchipuram, and Chengalpattu are located on banks of Palar
River. Of all the total of seven tributaries, the chief tributary is Cheyyar River.
Palar river water from Palar anicut is diverted to the Poondi reservoir located
in Kosasthalaiyar River basin and to Chembarambakkam Lake located in Adayar
River basin. These two reservoirs are major water supply points to Chennai city. After
commissioning of the Telugu Ganga project to supply nearly 1000 million litres per day
of Krishna River water to the Chennai city, the dependence on Palar river water has
reduced drastically.

Major Lakes in Andhra Pradesh

Durgam Cheruvu
Durgam Cheruvu is mainly known as the ‘Secret Lake’. This lake is made of prehistoric
rocks and is the lake of its own. This lake is basically called as the Secret Lake because of
its presence hidden by the formation of rocks. This lake is just nearby the craft village of
Shilparamam at Madhapur. In order to attract the visitors, the maintenance of this lake
was done by the State Tourism Department in a very large scale. Here in this lake, visitors
also enjoying camping, trekking, pedal boating, water scooter riding etc.
Hussain Sagar
Hussain Sagar is one of the largest manmade beautiful lake just located in the center of
the city of Hyderabad. This lake is non natural and also had a capacity of holding the
water continuously. Just at the time period of Qutub Shah ruling, this lake was
constructed in year 1562 at the river Musi stream. This lake joined the city of
Secunderabad and Hyderabad identically. This is commonly called as Tank Bund.
Kambham Lake
Kambham Lake is located in the east region of the district of Godavari in Rajahmundry.
The other names of this lake are Kambhala Cheruvu and Kambham Vari Cheruvu. In year
185 to 1850, Mr. Kambham Narasingarao Pantulu constructed this.
Kolleru Lake
Kolleru Lake is created with the Godavari and Krishna deltas. This lake is considered to be
the biggest lake that holding a fresh water. From the Vijayawada, it is about 95 km far. In
the season of monsoon, this lake spreads over an area of 260 sq kms.

Physical Geography of Andhra Pradesh

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Detailed Notes for Physical

Geography of Andhra Pradesh

• Specially Prepared for APPSC Exams

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The state is sprawled in an area of approximately 2, 76, 754 sq kms.

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• At the time of formation – 160,205 km2

Seven mandals included in Andhra Pradesh:

• Area – 34,572 sq.km as per forest records

According to Socio Economic Survey 2015-16:-

• Forest Area – 36914.78 Sq. Kms

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Geologically the state consists of igneous,metamorphic & sedimentary formations.

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Disaster Risk Profile:

Andhra Pradesh is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods and droughts. A

• North Odisha, and West Bengal coasts.

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In addition to cyclones and its related hazards, monsoon depressions

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Geographically, Andhra Pradesh can be divided into following categories:

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Seasons of the State

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Climate Change in the State

Agriculture is severely affected by variability in rainfall and temperature patterns, while

Objectives of State Action Plan for Climate Change (SAPCC)

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Tropical moist deciduous FORESTS :

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1 Sri Venkateswara National Park 1989 353.62

2 Rajiv Gandhi National Park 2005 2.4

3 Papikonda National Park 2008 1012.86

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S.No. Name of Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) Year Area (in km²)

1 Coringa WLS 1978 235.7

2 GundlaBrahmeswaram WLS 1990 1,194.00

3 Kambalakonda WLS 2002 71.39

4 Koundinya WLS 1990 357.6

5 Kolleru WLS 1953 308.55

6 Krishna WLS 1989 194.81

7 NagarjunaSagar-Srisailam WLS 1978 3568.09