Fluid Mechanics

GROUP 1
A.) SYSTEM OF
UNITS
A. SYSTEM OF UNITS
The International System of Units (SI) is the
modern form of the metric system, which is the
world's most widely used system of
measurement. It is a coherent and standardized
system that facilitates communication and
ensures precision in scientific, technical, and
everyday measurements.
Primary units- are fundamental units that
form the basis for measuring various
physical quantities. These units are
independent and cannot be expressed in
terms of other units. In the International
System of Units (SI), there are seven
primary or base units:
Meter (m) for length
Kilogram (kg) for mass
Second (s) for time
Ampere (A) for electric current
Kelvin (K) for temperature
Candela (cd) for luminous intensity
Mole (mol) for amount of substance
 Quantity SI Units:
These are the units associated with
specific physical quantities.
For example:

Newton(N) is the SI unit for force

Joule (J) is the SI unit for energy
Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit for pressure
Dimension:
Dimension refers to the nature of a
physical quantity in terms of the base
quantities. Each base quantity has a
dimension, and these dimensions are
used to express and analyze physical
relationships in equations.
The dimensions of the seven base
quantities are:
Length [L] Temperature [Θ]
Mass [M] Luminous intensity [J]
Time [T] Amount of substance [N]
Electric current [I]
Derived Unit:
Derived units are created by
combining the base units using
mathematical operations. These units
express the quantities of physical
properties derived from the base units.
Examples include:

Velocity (m/s).
Acceleration (m/s²).
Force (N).
 B.) FLUID
MECHANICS AND
FLUID PROPERTIES
MECHANICS
PROPERTIES
Fluid Mechanics is the scientific study of fluids, encompassing
both liquids and gases, and their behavior under various
conditions.It explores how fluids flow, deform, and respond to
applied forces.
Physical Science that deals with the action of fluids at rest
motion
1. FLUID STATIC - at rest
2. FLUID DYNAMIC- in motion
 ?
is a substance that cannot maintain its own shape but takes the shape of its
container. Liquids and gases are both classified as fluids.
Fluids are generally divided into two categories:
1. Ideal Fluids- assumed to have no viscosity, incompressible, have
uniform velocity when flowing, no friction between moving layers of fluid
2. Real Fluids -exhibit infinite viscosities,non-uniform velocity distribution
when flowing, compressible, experience friction and turbulence in flow.
 (DESCRIBE THE STATE AND BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS.)

DENSITY PRESSURE
The mass per unit volume of a fluid. The force exerted per unit area within a fluid.

VISCOUSITY TEMPERATURE
The resistance of a fluid to deformation or flow. The degree of hotness or coldness of a fluid.

COMPRESSIBILITY
The ability of a fluid to change in volume under pressure.
 P= M / V
P= DENSITY
M= MASS metric: grams
FLUID SI: kg/ m^3
V= VOLUME
 P= P/ RT
P= DENSITY
P= PRESSURE OF GAS(PA,PSI)
R= GAS CONSTANT (207 1/KG *K= 1,7016 FT * LB / SLUG*NK
T= TEMPERATURE (K*)
V= 1 / M
 Y= W / V
Y= SPECIFIC WEIGHT
W= FLUID WEIGHT
V= VOLUME
 Y= PG
Y= SPECIFIC WEIGHT
P= DENSITY
G= STANDARD GRAVITY
 SG= P/ P H20
SG= SPECIFIC GRAVITY
P= GRAVITY
P H20 = DENSITY OF WATER
EXAMPLE
A reservoir of a glycerin
has a mass of 1,200 and
the volume of 0.952 cu.
m.
Finds its
(a) weight,
(b) density,
(c) unit weight,
(e) specific volume
NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY
 VISCOSITY

WATER ENGINE OIL HONEY PITCH

1= CENTIPOISE 500 12,000 23 B

= CENTIPOISE = CENTIPOISE = CENTIPOISE
 NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOUSITY
1.
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOUSITY
FLUIDS VS SOLIDS
NEWTONIAN VS NON NEWTONIAN
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOUSITY
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOUSITY
 CO EFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY FORMULA
F=uA(V/l)
unit: pa•s or kg/ m-s ^2 or Ns/m^2
VELOCITY GRADIENT
=V/L
unit: 1/s
 PROBLEM SET
KINEMATIC VISC OSITY
a.) Absolute viscosity in pa-s
b.) kinematic viscosity (v) in m^2/s and in
stokes
 PROBLEM SET
DYNAMIC VISC OSITY
A force of 1.9N is required to move the upper plate at a constant
speed of 0.25 m/s in the figure shown below. The area of the plates
is 0.5 m*2 and they are separated by a distance of 1cm.
(a) Calculate the coefficient of viscosity of the fluid between the two plates.
(b) Calculate the velocity gradient.
NON NEWTONIAN
NON NEWTONIAN
C. LIQUIDS VS.
GASSES
C. LIQUIDS VS. GASSES
1. Viscosity in Gasses
2. Viscosity in Liquids
 VISCOSITY IN
LIQUIDS
Liquids have higher viscosity than gases.
Viscosity in liquids is affected by factors
like temperature, pressure, and the nature
of the liquid.
An example of a liquid
with high viscosity is
honey. It is thick, and it
flows slowly.

On the other hand, water

is an example of a liquid
with low viscosity. It is
thin and it flows quickly.
So, if you pour honey and water at the
same time, you will notice that the honey
pours off more slowly than the water. This
is because honey has a higher viscosity
than water.
SLOWER FASTER
Another example is the motor oil. It is
designed to be thicker so it can
lubricate engine parts effectively under
high temperatures. This is why it flows
more slowly compared to many other
liquids.
In contrast, milk is an example of liquid
with low viscosity. It is much thinner and
flows easily, which is why it pours out of
a carton quickly.
So, if you were to pour motor oil and
milk at the same time, the motor oil
would flow out more slowly due to its
higher viscosity.
SLOWER FASTER
 PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
Though each fluid is different from others
in terms of composition and specific
qualities, there are some properties which
every fluid shares.
These properties can be broadly categorized under:
Kinematic properties: These properties help in
understanding the fluid motion. Velocity and
acceleration are the kinematic properties of the
fluids.
Thermodynamic properties: These properties help
in understanding the thermodynamic state of the
fluid. Temperature, density, pressure, and specific
enthalpy are the thermodynamic properties of
fluids.
Physical properties: These properties help in
understanding the physical state of the fluid such as colour
and odour.
A. MASS DENSITY
The density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of
the mass of the fluid to its volume. The density
of gases is dependent on pressure and
temperature, while the density of liquid remains
constant. The density of water is 1000 kg.m-3
while density of air is 1.225 kg.m-3
B. SPECIFIC WEIGHT
Specific weight is defined as the weight
possessed by the unit volume of a fluid.
Specific weight is dependent on acceleration
due to gravity as it changes from place to
place. The specific weight of water is 9.81 ×
1000 N.m-3.
C. RELATIVE DENSITY
Relative density is the ratio of
the density of a substance to
the density of a reference
substance, usually water. It is a
dimensionless quantity.
B. VISCOSITY
1. Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity
2. Kinematic Viscosity
WHAT IS VISCOSITY?
The viscosity of a fluid is a measurement
of its resistance to flow. The ratio of
shearing stress to velocity gradient in a
fluid is used to calculate viscosity.
Viscosity is measured in Poiseuille, a
SI unit of measurement (PI).

The newton-second per square

meter— (N s m-2) and the pascal-
second are the other units (Pa s.)

-[ML-1T-1] is the dimensional formula

for viscosity.
 TYPES OF VISCOSITY
1. Dynamic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity): This type of
viscosity is used to measure the fluid’s resistance to
flow when a force is applied to it. The term for this is
Dynamic Viscosity.
2. Kinematic Viscosity: This type of viscosity is used to
measure the fluid’s resistive flow under gravity’s
weight. Kinematic viscosity is the name given to this
measure of fluid viscosity.
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
Dynamic viscosity is a method of
measuring a fluid’s resistance to flow
when an external force is applied.
 FORMULA FOR DYNAMIC
VISCOSITY
Dynamic Viscosity Formula for the fluid will
specify its internal resistance to the flow due to a
certain shearing force. This is a type of tangential
force that occurs when two horizontal planes
contact. During the analysis of liquid behavior and
fluid motion near solid boundaries, viscosity is an
essential fluid characteristic.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: Shearing stress of 0.76 N per m2 in a fluid with a shear
rate of 0.5 per second. Which of these fluids does it match to based
on its dynamic viscosity? (Water dynamic viscosity = 1 Pa s, Air
dynamic viscosity = 0.018 Pa s and Mercury dynamic viscosity = 1.526
Pa s)

Given,

T = 0.76 N per m2 γ = 0.5 per second

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: With a shear rate of 0.35 s-1 and dynamic viscosity of
0.018 Pa s, what pressure is required to move a plane of fluid?

Given,

Shear rate = 0.35 s-1

Dynamic viscosity = 0.018 Pa s

 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
The kinematic viscosity v, expressed in square metres
per second, is obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
h by the density r expressed in kilograms per cubic
metre, of the liquid measured at the same temperature,

v = h/r.

The kinematic viscosity is usually expressed in square

millimetres per second.
FORMULA FOR KINEMATIC
VISCOSITY
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: Calculate the kinematic viscosity of a fluid
with absolute viscosity as 1 Ns/m² and density as 2.5
kg/m³.

Given:
μ = 1 Ns/m²
p = 2.5 kg/m³
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: Calculate the absolute viscosity of a fluid with
kinematic viscosity as 0.67 Ns/m² and density as 1.5
kg/m³.

GIVEN:
v = 0.67 Ns/m²
p = 1.5 kg/m³
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 3: Calculate the density of a fluid with kinematic
viscosity as 0.129 Ns/m² and absolute viscosity as 0.520
Ns/m².

GIVEN:
v = 0.129 Ns/m²
μ = 0.520 Ns/m²
 D. FORCES IN
STATIC FLUIDS
PASCAL’S LAW FOR PRESSURE AT A POINT

This law states that a change in pressure applied to an

enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all
portions of the fluid and the walls of its container.

Pascal’s law is also known as Pascal’s principle or

principle of transmission of fluid-pressure.

In 1653, Pascal law was stated by French

mathematician Blaise Pascal
 Pascal Law Formula:

P=F/A
Where P is the pressure transmitted
(pa/N/m^2)
F is the force applied (N)
A is the cross-sectional area. (m^2)
 Problem #1
GIVEN:
F= 200 N
A= 0.1 m2

ANSWER: P=2000 Pa
VARIATIONS OF PASCAL’S LAW
 PROBLEM #2
A pressure of 2000 Pa N/m2 is transmitted throughout a liquid column
due to a force being applied on a piston. If the piston has an area of 0.1
m2, what force is applied?
This can be calculated using Pascal’s Law formula.

GIVEN:
P = 2000P Pa N/m2
A = 0.1 m2 Substituting values,
we arrive at F = 200 N
APPLICATION OF PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE TO
HYDRAULIC LIFT
FORMULA OF PASCALS LAW:

P=F/A

FORMULA OF HYDRAULIC LIFT:

F1 is the force applied on the small piston

F2 is the force exerted by the weight on the large piston
A2 is the area of the small piston
A1 is the area of the large piston
DERIVATION OF FORMULA
PROBLEM #1
Suppose you have a hydraulic lift with a small piston of area 0.02 m^2
connected to a large piston of area 0.1 m^2. If a force of 500 N is applied
to the small piston, what force will be exerted by the large piston?
VARIATION OF PRESSURE VERTICALLY IN A
FLUID UNDER GRAVITY

In the fluid at rest, the pressure

increases with the depth due to the
weight
The relationship is expressed by the equation:
PROBLEM # 1

A cylindrical container is filled with water to height of 2 meters. Calculate the

pressure at the bottom of the container, assuming the density of water is 1000
kg/m^2 and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s^2.
 EQUALITY OF PRESSURE AT THE SAME
LEVEL IN A STATIC FLUID

According to Pascal's principle, the pressure is equal at the same level of a

static fluid. This principle states that when a fluid is at rest, the pressure
exerted by the fluid is the same at all points on the same horizontal plane

To understand this concept, imagine a container filled with a static fluid, such
as water. At any given level within the fluid, the pressure exerted by the weight
of the fluid above that level is the same. This is because the weight of the fluid
is evenly distributed in all directions.
For example, if you have a container filled with
water and you place a pressure gauge at
different heights within the water, the pressure
readings will be the same at the same
horizontal level. This means that the pressure
at the bottom of the container will be higher
than the pressure at the top, as the weight of
the water above increases with depth.
This principle is essential in understanding
various phenomena, such as hydraulic
systems, where pressure is transmitted
equally throughout a confined fluid. It also
helps explain why the level of a liquid in a
connected set of containers is the same, as
the pressure at the same level is equal
GENERAL EQUATION FOR VARIATION OF
PRESSURE IN A STATIC FLUID

The general equation for the variation of pressure in

a static fluid is given by the hydrostatic pressure
equation, also known as Pascal's law. This equation
relates the pressure, density, gravitational
acceleration, and height of the fluid column.
The hydrostatic pressure equation is expressed as:

P=ρ*g*h
Where:

- P represents the pressure at a certain depth in the fluid (in pascals or

N/m²)

- ρ (rho) is the density of the fluid (in kg/m³)

- g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s² on Earth)

- h is the height or depth of the fluid column from the surface (in meters)
This equation shows that the pressure in a static fluid
increase with an increase in density, depth, or both. The
pressure is directly proportional to the density of the fluid
and the depth of the fluid column, while the acceleration due
to gravity acts as the constant of proportionality.

It's important to note that this equation assumes a uniform

gravitational field and an incompressible fluid. Additionally,
the equation applies to fluids that are at rest and not in
motion.
The hydrostatic pressure equation is fundamental in
understanding various phenomena, such as
calculating pressure in a fluid-filled container,
determining the height of fluid in a barometer, or
analyzing the behavior of fluids in hydraulic
systems.
 PRESSURE AND HEAD

In fluid statics, Pressure head is defined as

the height of a liquid column that
corresponds to a particular pressure
exerted by the liquid column on the base
of its container.
Gauge Pressure is a pressure above
the atmospheric pressure

𝑔 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
 Absolute Pressure is defined as the pressure
measured against the zero pressure of vacuum.

Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure

exerted by the atmosphere.

Vacuum Pressure is the only negative pressure. It is

considered as pressure below the atmospheric
pressure
PROBLEM SET 1

There are 3 tanks in the laboratory. The pressure

gauge measures -20 kPag,
20 psig, and 10.5 inches Hgvac respectively. What
are the absolute pressures
of the tanks?
 E.)PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
BY MANOMETER
A.) THE
THE PIEZOMETER TUBE
MANOMETER
The Piezomter Tube Manometer
Manometer- is a device used to measure the
pressure of fluid by balancing it against the weight
of a column liquid.

Piezometer Tube Manometer

is a device used to measure the pressure of a fluid at
a specific point in a container or pipeline.
it is a simple manometer consisting of a vertical
tube that is open at one end and attached to a
container at the end.

Limits:
can only be used with liquids
liquid is exposed to the atmosphere
 Types of Piezometers:

Open-tube Vibrating Wire

Piezometer Piezometer
Standpipe
Piezometer
 Applications:
1. Groundwater Monitoring
2. Seismic Monitoring
3. Dam Safety
4. Oil and Gas Industry
5. Mining Operations
6. Landfill Management
B.) THE
THE "U"-TUBE
MANOMETER
features a vertical or inclined U-tube column that is filled
with a reference liquid (mercury) to display the pressure
level.
contains water or mercury in a U-shaped tube, and is
usually used to measure gas pressure.
Applications:
U-tube manometer's versatility makes it useful in many applications
where pressure measurement is critical. It is commonly used to measure
pressure differences in various systems, including:

Fluid mechanics experiments: Determining pressure variations in pipes,

channels, or fluid flow setups.
Hydraulic systems: Checking pressure levels in hydraulic machinery or
equipment.
Gas pressure measurement: Assessing gas pressure in laboratory setups
or industrial processes.
Medical devices: Monitoring pressure in respiratory equipment or
anesthesia machines.
C.) THE
MEASUREMENT OF
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
USING A "U"-TUBE
MANOMETER.
The U-tube manometer measures the pressure difference by comparing
the heights of the liquid in the two arms of the U-shaped tube. The
pressure difference is calculated using the difference in liquid levels and
the fluid's density.
D.) THE
ADVANCES TO THE "U"
TUBE MANOMETER.
The "U"-tube manometer has the disadvantage
that the change in height of the liquid in both
sides must be read. This can be avoided by
making the diameter of one side very large
compared to the other. In this case the side
with the large area moves very little when the
small area side move considerably more.
E.) THE
CHOICE OF MANOMETER
Care must be taken when attaching the manometer to vessel, no burrs must be present
around this joint. Burrs would alter the flow causing local pressure variations to affect the
measurement.

Some disadvantages of manometers:

Slow response - only really useful for very slowly varying pressures - no use at all for fluctuating
pressures;
For the "U" tube manometer two measurements must be taken simultaneously to get the h
value. This may be avoided by using a tube with a much larger cross-sectional area on one side
of the manometer than the other:
It is often difficult to measure small variations in pressure a different manometric fluid may be
required- alternatively a sloping manometer may be employed; It cannot be used for very large
pressures unless several manometers are connected in series;
For very accurate work the temperature and relationship between temperature and p must be
known;
Some advantages of manometers:

They are very simple.

No calibration is required the pressure can be
calculated from first principles.
Thank you!