Unit-1:

Introduction

n
t

n
✓ UNIT-I
Looping
▪ Introduction: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Background
and Applications, Turing Test and Rational Agent approaches to
AI, Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behaviour
and environment.
Introduction to AI
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

AI is the science and

engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs
(1956).

John McCarthy
(the father of Artificial Intelligence)

AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in

computers.
AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better.
AI is, the study and design of intelligent agents where an intelligent agent is a system that
perceives its environment and takes actions.
Turing Test ▪ Acting Humanly: The Turing Test proposed by
Alan Turing (1950)
▪ A Turing Test is a method of inquiry for
determining whether or not a computer is
capable of thinking like a human being.
▪ The interrogator job is to try and figure out
which one is human and which one is
computer by asking questions to both of
them.
▪ The computer would try to remain
indistinguishable from human as much as
possible
AI Techniques
There are three important AI techniques:
1. Search –
Provides a way of solving problems for which no direct approach is available.
It also provides a framework into which any direct techniques that are available can be embedded.
2. Use of knowledge –
Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting the structure of the objects that are involved.
3. Abstraction –
Provides a way of separating important features and variations from many unimportant ones that would
otherwise overwhelm any process.
Task Domains of AI
Mundane tasks Formal tasks Expert tasks
Perception Games Engineering
− Computer Vision − Go − Design
− Speech, Voice − Chess (Deep Blue) − Fault Finding
− Ckeckers − Manufacturing
− Monitoring
Natural Language Processing Mathematics Scientific Analysis
− Understanding − Geometry
− Language Generation − Logic
− Language Translation − Integration and Differentiation

Common Sense Reasoning Theorem Proving Financial Analysis

Planning Medical Diagnosis
Robot Control
History of AI
Application Domains of AI
Natural Language Processing

Email Spam Filter in Gmail Neural Network

Image Processing
Face Detection in Camera Deep Learning
Speech Recognition
Voice Technology in Virtual Agents Deep Learning
Data Mining

Market Basket Analysis Product recommendation

Expert System

IBM Watson Reinforcement Learning

Robotics

Home Automation Deep Learning

Scheduling
Aurora - Advanced Intelligent
Resource Scheduling Planning and Scheduling Solution
Optimization
Shortest Path Google map path planner
Game Playing

Alpha Go Deep Neural Network

Virtual Agents

Chatbots Conversational AI
Personalized Recommender Systems
Online Shopping Machine Learning
Automated Control Systems

Washing Machine Fuzzy Logic

Security

NVIDIA Metropolis Machine Learning

AI – ML – DL and Data Science
Technique that enables
machines to mimic human
behavior
AI
Subset of AI which uses
Machine statistical methods to enable
Learning machine to learn and improve
Data with time

Science
Deep Subset of ML that includes
Learning algorithms and enables
system to train itself
Assignment - 1 ▪ Write a program to implement Tic-Tac-Toe
game problem.
Intelligence
The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of
Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
Linguistic Intelligence
The objectives of AI research are reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning,
natural language processing, realization, and ability to move and manipulate objects.
Applications of AI
Gaming − AI plays important role for machine to think of large number of possible positions
based on deep knowledge in strategic games. for example, chess,river crossing, N-queens
problems and etc.
Natural Language Processing − Interact with the computer that understands natural language
spoken by humans.
Expert Systems − Machine or software provide explanation and advice to the users.
Vision Systems − Systems understand, explain, and describe visual input on the computer.
Speech Recognition − There are some AI based speech recognition systems have ability to hear
and express as sentences and understand their meanings while a person talks to it. For
example Siri and Google assistant.
Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper
and recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the instructions given by a human.
Applications of AI
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of
other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding,
etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:
Mathematics
Biology
Psychology
Sociology
Computer Science
Neurons Study
Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times
with high accuracy.
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
There are mainly two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and based
on functionally of AI.

AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The most
common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like
a human.
It make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own.
Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform
any task as perfect as a human.
The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
3. Super AI:
Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems
in real is still world changing task.
Type-2: Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.These machines
only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
3.Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines.
Continue..
4. Self-Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
These machines will be smarter than human mind.
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
What are intelligent systems?
Intelligent systems are technologically advanced machines that perceive and respond to the
world around them.
Intelligent systems can take many forms- Amazon's personalized shopping suggestions.
Applications of intelligent systems-Intelligent systems are poised to fill a growing number of
roles in today's society, including:
Factory automation
Field and service robotics
Assistive robotics
Applications of intelligent systems-
Military applications
Medical care
Education
Entertainment
Visual inspection
Character recognition
Human identification using various biometric modalities (e.g. face, fingerprint, iris, hand)
Visual surveillance
Intelligent transportation
Challenges in intelligent systems
Research in intelligent systems faces numerous challenges, many of which relate to
representing a dynamic physical world computationally.
Challenges in intelligent systems
Uncertainty: Physical sensors/effectors provide limited, noisy and inaccurate
information/action. Therefore, any actions the system takes may be incorrect both due to noise
in the sensors and due to the limitations in executing those actions.
Dynamic world: The physical world changes continuously, requiring that decisions be made at
fast time scales to accommodate for the changes in the environment.
Time-consuming computation: Searching for the optimal path to a goal requires extensive
search through a very large state space, which is computationally expensive. The drawback of
spending too much time on computation is that the world may change in the meantime, thus
rendering the computed plan obsolete.
Mapping: A lot of information is lost in the transformation from the 3D world to the 2D world.
Computer vision must deal with challenges including changes in perspective, lighting and scale;
background clutter or motion; and grouping items with intra/inter-class variation.
Categorization of Intelligent System
1. Systems that think like humans 2. Systems that act like humans
3. Systems that think rationally 4. Systems that act rationally
 Components of AI Program
AI techniques must be independent of the problem domain as far as possible.
AI program should have
o knowledge base o navigational capability o inferencing
Knowledge Base
• AI programs should be learning in nature and update its knowledge accordingly.
• Knowledge base consists of facts and rules.
• Characteristics of Knowledge:
o It is voluminous in nature and requires proper structuring o It may be incomplete and
imprecise
o It may keep on changing (dynamic)
Navigational Capability
• Navigational capability contains various control strategies
Control Strategy
o determines the rule to be applied
o some heuristics (thump rule) may be applied
Inferencing
Inference requires-
search through knowledge base and
derive new knowledge.
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence:-
Different people think of AI differently.
Intelligence is concerned mainly with rational action. Ideally, an intelligent agent takes the best
possible action in a situation.
Rational Agent approaches to AI
The rational agent is used in game theory and decision theory to help us apply artificial intelligence to various
real-world scenarios.
We can use it to understand how we make decisions, allowing us to develop artificial intelligence that can mimic
human behavior to solve problems or make decisions.
A rational agent is a mathematical model that tries to represent the behavior of an intelligent being, like a person
or animal. It uses a set of rules to determine the best course of action for a given situation.
For example, if you're hungry, you might want to eat something. If you're not hungry any longer, you might stop
eating. A rational agent will do this repeatedly until it reaches some goal or decides
Agents
“Artificial Intelligence is the study of human intelligence such that it can be replicated artificially”.
An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that
environment through effectors.
• A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors, and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for
effectors.
• A robotic agent substitutes cameras and infrared range
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its percepts and actions.
Rational Agent approaches to AI
Some rational agents in AI include:
Self-driving cars make decisions based on sensor data and optimize for safety and efficiency.
Game-playing AI, such as AlphaGo, makes decisions based on the game's rules and the board's current state to
maximize the chances of winning.
Virtual personal assistants, such as Siri or Alexa, understand natural language commands and take appropriate
actions based on the user's request.
Stock trading algorithms make buy and sell decisions based on market data and predictions about future
performance.
Robotics, such as industrial robots, performs task based on programmed instructions and sensor inputs.
Types of Agents
Agents can group them into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and capability
Reflex agents simply react to stimuli without accurate understanding or memory of what has happened.ex- simple
tasks like controlling drones or autonomous cars.
A model-based reflex agent is similar to a simple reflex agent but uses models to predict future states based on
current state data. It allows it to learn from past experiences and make better decisions in the future.
A goal-based agent uses logic to determine how best to achieve its goals, whether by moving forward or avoiding
obstacles-ex- robot navigation systems or automated driving systems .
Rational Agent approaches to AI
Utility-based agents use utility functions (like rewards) as motivation towards achieving specific goals set by human users.
A learning agent is an agent that can learn from its experiences. It means that it can change its behavior based on previous experiences. It is
not necessarily intelligent, but it does have a limited form of intelligence or the ability to learn from experience.
An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors.
• A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors, and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for effectors.
• A robotic agent substitutes cameras and infrared range
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its percepts and actions.

Following Parts are vital :-

Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the information to other electronic devices. An agent
observes its environment through sensors.
Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving and
controlling a system. An actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.
Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
Rational Agent approaches to AI
Simple Reflex agent
are the simplest agents- take decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.
works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the current state to action.
Problems:-
1.very limited intelligence .
2. not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state.
3. too big to generate and to store.
4. Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
Model-based reflex agent
can work in a partially observable environment, and track the situation.
Two important factors –
Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world,"
Internal State: representation of the current state based on percept history.
Updating the agent state requires information .
Rational Agent approaches to AI
Goal-based agents
Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the
model-based agent by having "goal" information.
choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.

Utility-based agents
provide an extra component of utility measurement.
act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.
It is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives,.
Model-based reflex agent
can work in a partially observable environment, and track the situation.
Two important factors –
Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world,"
Internal State: representation of the current state based on percept history.
Updating the agent state requires information .
Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behaviour and environment.
Intelligent agents in AI are autonomous entities that act upon an environment using sensors
and actuators to achieve their goals. In addition, intelligent agents may learn from the
environment to achieve those goals.
Four rules all AI agents must adhere to:
Rule 1: An AI agent must be able to perceive the environment.
Rule 2: The environmental observations must be used to make decisions.
Rule 3: The decisions should result in action.
Rule 4: The action taken by the AI agent must be a rational. Rational actions are actions that
maximize performance and yield the best positive outcome.
Behaviour:-The Functions of an Artificial Intelligence Agent
Artificial Intelligence agents perform these functions continuously:
Perceiving dynamic conditions in the environment
Acting to affect conditions in the environment
Using reasoning to interpret perceptions
Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behaviour and environment.
Problem-solving
Drawing inferences
Determining actions and their outcomes
Agents in Artificial Intelligence contain the following properties:
Enrironment
Autonomous
Flexibility
Reactive
Pro-activeness
Using Response Rules
Thank You!