MATHEMATICS

(BASIC CALCULUS)
QUARTER 3
Week 2

Capsulized Self-Learning
Empowerment Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

Eddie T. Barretto
Teacher II
Curuan National High School
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SUBJECT &
GRADE LEVEL BASIC CALCULUS 12
QUARTER THIRD WEEK 2 DAY mm/dd/yyyy
TOPIC LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS
The learner computes the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and
trigonometric functions using tables of values and graphs of the
functions. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1)
LEARNING
COMPETENCY sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡
The learners Evaluate limits involving the expressions , ,
𝑡 𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 −1
and 𝑡
using tables of values. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-2)

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on separate
sheets.

UNDERSTAND
Limit of Functions

A Limit of Polynomial, Rational and Radical Functions

Theorem 1. Let 𝑐, 𝑘, 𝐿, and 𝑀 be real numbers, and let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be functions
defined on some open interval containing 𝑐, except possibly at 𝑐.

1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, then it is unique. That is, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑀, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝐿 = 𝑀.
2. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
4. Suppose lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
i. (Constant Multiple) lim[𝑘 ∙ 𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑀.
𝑥→𝑐
ii. (Addition) lim[𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝐿 ± 𝑀.
𝑥→𝑐
iii. (Multiplication) lim[𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝐿𝑀.
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝐿
iv. (Division) lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀, provided 𝑀 ≠ 0.
𝑥→𝑐
v. (Power) lim[𝑓 (𝑥 )]𝑝 = 𝐿𝑝 for 𝑝, a positive integer.
𝑥→𝑐
𝑛
vi. (Root/Radical) lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = √𝐿 for positive integers 𝑛, and provided that
𝑥→𝑐
𝐿 > 0 when 𝑛 is even.

Theorem 2. Let 𝑓 be a polynomial function and 𝑐 is a real number, then

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑐 ).
𝑥→𝑐

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

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𝑓(𝑥)
Theorem 3. Let ℎ be a rational function of the form of ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔
are polynomial functions. If 𝑐 is a real number and 𝑔(𝑐) ≠ 0, then
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐)
lim ℎ(𝑥 ) = lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

EXAMPLES:
1. Evaluate lim (2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→−1

SOLUTIONS:
Note that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1 is a polynomial. Therefore, from theorem 2
lim (2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1) = 𝑓 (−1) = 2(−1)3 − 4(−1) + 1 = −𝟓
𝑥→−1

1−5𝑥
2. Evaluate lim ( )
𝑥→1 1+3𝑥 2 +4𝑥 4
SOLUTIONS:
Since the denominator is not zero when evaluated at 𝑥 = 1, by theorem 3,
1 − 5𝑥 1 − 5(1) 1−5 4 𝟏
lim ( 2 4
) = 2 4
= =− =−
𝑥→1 1 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 1 + 3(1) + 4(1) 1+3+4 8 𝟐
3
3. Evaluate lim ( √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6)
𝑥→−1
SOLUTIONS:
Since the index of the radical sign is odd, we do not have to worry that the limit of
the radicand is negative. Thus, by root rule this implies that
3 3 3
lim ( √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6) = 3√ lim 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 = √(−1)2 + 3(−1) − 6 = √−8 = −𝟐.
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

√2𝑥+5
4. Evaluate lim ( 1−3𝑥 )
𝑥→2
SOLUTIONS:
Note that lim (1 − 3𝑥) = −5 ≠ 0. Also, lim (2𝑥 + 5) = 9 > 0. Thus, using the
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
division and radical rules of theorem 1. we have
lim 2𝑥 + 5
lim √2𝑥 + 5 √𝑥→2
√2𝑥 + 5 𝑥→2 √2(2) + 5 √9 𝟑
lim ( ) = = = = =−
𝑥→2 1 − 3𝑥 lim 1 − 3𝑥 −5 −5 −5 𝟓
𝑥→2

Limits of Exponential, Logarithmic, and Trigonometric Functions

Recall these functions;
a. If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, the 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏 is defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
b. Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1. If 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 then 𝑦 is called the 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏, denoted
𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥.

EXAMPLES:
5. Evaluate lim 𝑒 𝑥 , note that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 is natural exponential function, where 𝑒 is called
𝑥→0
the Euler functions and has a value 2.718281….

SOLUTIONS:
We will construct the table of values for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 . We start by approaching the
number 0 from the left or through the values less than but close to 0.

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

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𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
1 0.36787944117
0.5 0.60653065971
0.1 0.90483741803
0.01 0.99004983374
0.001 0.99900049983
0.0001 0.999900049983
0.00001 0.99999000005

Intuitively, form the table above, lim− 𝑒 𝑥 = 1. Now we consider approaching 0 from
𝑥→0
its right or through values greater than but close to 0.

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
1 2.71828182846
0.5 1.6487212707
0.1 1.10517091808
0.01 1.01005016708
0.001 1.00100050017
0.0001 1.000100005
0.00001 1.00001000005

From the table, as the values of 𝑥 get closer and closer to 0, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get
closer and closer to 1. So, lim+ 𝑒 𝑥 = 1. Combining the two one-sided limits allows us to
𝑥→0
conclude that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎

6. Use the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 to determine its limit as 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.

SOLUTIONS:

Looking at the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 . as the

values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 0, either from the
left or right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) will get
closer and closer to 1.

Graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥

7. Evaluate lim ln 𝑥
𝑥→1
SOLUTIONS:
We will construct the table of values for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥. As shown below, as 𝑥 approaches to
1 from the left, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0. Also, as 𝑥 approaches to 1
from the right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

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lim ln 𝑥 = 0 lim ln 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→1− 𝑥→1+
Since
lim ln 𝑥 = 0 (from
𝑥→1−
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) the left) and
0.1 -2.30258509299 2 0.69314718056
lim+ ln 𝑥 = 0 (from
0.5 -0.69314718056 1.5 0.4054651081 𝑥→1
0.9 -0.10536051565 1.1 0.0953101798 the right),
0.99 -0.01005033585 1.01 0.00995033085 Therefore𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 =
0.999 -0.00100050033 1.001 0.00099950033 𝒙→𝟏
0.9999 -0.000100005 1.0001 0.000099995 𝟎
0.99999 -0.00001000005 1.00001 0.00000999995

8. Evaluate lim sin 𝑥

𝑥→0
SOLUTIONS:
We will construct the table of values for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥. As shown below, as 𝑥
approaches to 0 from the left, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0. Also, as 𝑥
approaches to 0 from the right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.

lim sin 𝑥 = 0 lim sin 𝑥 = 0

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0+

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-1 -0.8414709848 2 0.8414709848
-0.5 -0.4794255386 1.5 0.4794255386
-0.1 -0.09983341664 1.1 0.09983341664
-0.01 -0.00999983333 1.01 0.00999983333
-0.001 -0.00099999983 1.001 0.00099999983
-0.0001 -0.00009999999 1.0001 0.00009999999
-0.00001 -0.00000999999 1.00001 0.00000999999

Since the lim− sin 𝑥 = 0 (from the left) and the lim+ sin 𝑥 = 0 (from the right).
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Therefore the 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎.

𝒙→𝟎

9. Consider the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥.

Find the following.

a. lim𝜋 sin 𝑥
𝑥→
2
SOLUTIONS:
Using the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥, the 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝒙→
𝟐
b. lim sin 𝑥
𝑥→𝜋
SOLUTIONS:
Using the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥, the 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎.
𝒙→
𝟐

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

 5

Three Special Functions and their Limits

sin 𝑡
We will determine the limits of three special functions; namely, 𝑓 (𝑡) = , 𝑔(𝑡 ) =
𝑡
1−cos 𝑡
,
𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 −1
And ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑡 .
EXAMPLES:

sin 𝑡
10. Evaluate lim
𝑡→0 𝑡
SOLUTIONS:
sin 𝑡
We will construct the table of values for 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 . As shown below, as 𝑥 approaches to
0 from the left, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 1. Also, as 𝑥 approaches to 0
from the right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 1.

sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
lim− =1 lim+ =1
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-1 0.8414709848 1 0.8414709848
-0.5 0.9588510772 0.5 0.9588510772
-0.1 0.9983341665 0.1 0.9983341665
-0.01 0.9999833334 0.01 0.9999833334
-0.001 0.9999998333 0.001 0.9999998333
-0.0001 0.99999999983 0.0001 0.99999999983

sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
Since the lim− = 1(from the left) and the lim+ = 1(from the right). Therefore
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
the 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

sin 𝑡
Furthermore, the graph of 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡
below confirms that the 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
approaches 1 as 𝑡 approaches 0.

1−cos 𝑡
11. Evaluate lim
𝑡→0 𝑡
SOLUTIONS:
1−cos 𝑡
We will construct the table of values for 𝑓 (𝑡) = . As shown below, as 𝑥 approaches
𝑡
to 0 from the left, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0. Also, as 𝑥 approaches to
0 from the right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

 6

1 − cos 𝑡 1 − cos 𝑡
lim− =0 lim+ =0
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-1 -0.4596976941 1 0.4596976941
-0.5 -0.2448348762 0.5 0.2448348762
-0.1 -0.04995834722 0.1 0.04995834722
-0.01 -0.0049999583 0.01 0.0049999583
-0.001 -0.0004999999 0.001 0.0004999999
-0.0001 -0.000005 0.0001 0.000005
1−cos 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡
Since the lim− = 0(from the left) and the lim+ = 0(from the right).
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
Therefore the 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟎.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

𝑒 𝑡 −1
12. Evaluate lim 𝑡
𝑡→0
SOLUTIONS:
𝑒 𝑡 −1
We will construct the table of values for 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 . As shown below, as 𝑥 approaches to
0 from the left, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0. Also, as 𝑥 approaches to 0
from the right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.

𝑒𝑡 − 1 𝑒𝑡 − 1
lim− =1 lim+ =1
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-1 0.6321205588 1 1.718281828
-0.5 0.7869386806 0.5 1.297442541
-0.1 0.9516258196 0.1 1.051709181
-0.01 0.9950166251 0.01 1.005016708
-0.001 0.9995001666 0.001 1.000500167
-0.0001 0.9999500016 0.0001 1.000050002
𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Since the lim− 𝑡
= 1(from the left) and the lim+ 𝑡
= 1(from the right). Therefore the
𝑡→0 𝑡→0
𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Furthermore, the graph of ℎ(𝑡) = below confirms that the lim = 1.
𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

 7

𝟎
Indeterminate Form 𝟎
0
A limit that is indeterminate of type 0 may exist. To find the actual value, one should
find an expression equivalent to the original. This is commonly done by factoring and
rationalizing.

𝟎
Definition of Indeterminate Form of type
𝟎

𝑓(𝑥)
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) is called an
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
indeterminate form of type

EXAMPLES
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
13. Evaluate lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
SOLUTIONS:
The limit of both numerator and denominator as 𝑥 approaches −1 𝑖𝑠 0. Thus, this limit is
0
an indeterminate form of type 0. However, observe that (𝑥 + 1) is a factor common to the
denominator and numerator, that is,
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
= = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 1.
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

Therefore,
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
lim = lim 𝑥 + 1 = 𝟎
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→−1

𝑥 2 −1
14. Evaluate lim .
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1
SOLUTIONS:
The limit of both numerator and denominator as 𝑥 approaches 1 𝑖𝑠 0. Thus, this limit is an
0
indeterminate form of type 0. To find the limit, we need to rationalize, that is,
𝑥 2 − 1 √𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√𝑥 + 1)
∙ = = (𝑥 + 1)(√𝑥 + 1).
√𝑥 − 1 √𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1
So, we have
𝑥2 − 1
lim = lim (𝑥 + 1)(√𝑥 + 1) = 𝟒.
𝑥→1 √𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1

SAQ 1: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3, show analytically that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2).

𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −1
SAQ 2: If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , then using the table of values show that lim 𝑓(𝑥) does exist
𝑥−1 𝑥→1
and find the limit.

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on the separate sheets provided.)

ACTIVITY
TERM 1
Directions: Using the limit laws, find the limit of the following.

1. lim 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥→1

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

 8

2. lim 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥→−3
3𝑥+4
3. lim 8𝑥−1
𝑥→2
4. lim sin 2𝑥
𝑥→𝜋
5. lim𝜋 cos 2𝑥
𝑥→
2

REMEMBER
Key Points
⚫ If 𝑓 is a polynomial function, then lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑐 ).
𝑥→𝑐
⚫ If 𝑓 is a rational function and 𝑓(𝑐) is defined, then lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑐 ).
𝑥→𝑐
sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
⚫ The limits of three special functions; namely, 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 , and ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑡
can be determine by using the table of values or by inspecting using their respective
graph.

𝑓(𝑥) 0
⚫ If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 0, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) is called an indeterminate form of type 0.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Thus, the limit can be determine using factorization, rationalization or table of values.

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!

General Directions: Study the following assessments carefully and write your answers
on separate sheets.

Assessment 1.
Directions: Find the limit of the following.

1. lim ( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→2
2. lim ( 𝑥 3 + 8)
𝑥→−2
4𝑥−5
3. lim (5𝑥−1)
𝑥→3
3
4. lim𝜋 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)
𝑥→
3
8𝑥+1
5. lim (√ )
𝑥→1 𝑥+3

Assessment 2.
Directions: Evaluate the following limits.

1. lim ( 𝑙𝑛 (2𝑥 − 9))

𝑥→5
𝑥
2. lim ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
𝑥→2𝜋 8
𝑥 2 −1
3. lim ( 𝑥−1 )
𝑥→−1
𝑥 2 −6
4. lim (2− 𝑥)
𝑥→4 √
𝑥 3 +8
5. lim (𝑥2 −4)
𝑥→−2

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School

 9

Jose Maria P. Balmaceda, Ph.D, Dr. Carlene Perpetua P. Arceo, Ph.D

REFERENCE/S and Et.al, Teaching Guide for Senior High School Basic Calculus
Quezon city: EC-TEC Commercial, 2016, 28-51.

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WRITER
Curuan National High School
LEARNING TEAM / Ronie F. Fidel Ph.D Mercedita M. Medallo
EVALUATORS Shirhan Biottong
Dr. Norma T. Francisco,
MANAGEMENT AND Dr. Roy C. Tuballa, CESO VI
CESE
SPECIALIST Dr. Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Dr. Vilma A. Brown

“No hay cosa imposible. Cree, junto junto puede!”

Eddie T. Barretto, Teacher II, Curuan National High School