5-40

5-70E High-pressure air is throttled to atmospheric pressure. The temperature of air after the expansion is
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat transfer to or from the fluid is negligible. 4 There are no work
interactions involved. 5 Air is an ideal gas.
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m &1 = m
&2 = m
& . We take P1 = 200 psia
the throttling valve as the system, which is a control volume since mass T1 = 90°F
crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as
E& in − E& out = ∆E& systemÊ0 (steady) = 0 → E& in = E& out → m& h1 = m& h2 → h1 = h2 Air

since Q& ≅ W& = ∆ke ≅ ∆pe ≅ 0 . For an ideal gas, h = h(T).

Therefore,
P2 = 14.7 psia
T2 = T1 = 90°F

5-71 Carbon dioxide flows through a throttling valve. The temperature change of CO2 is to be determined
if CO2 is assumed an ideal gas and a real gas.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat transfer to or from the fluid is negligible. 4 There are no work
interactions involved.
&1 = m
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m &2 = m
& . We take the throttling valve as the
system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-
flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
E& in − E& out = ∆E& systemÊ0 (steady) = 0 → E& in = E& out → m& h1 = m& h2 → h1 = h2

since Q& ≅ W& = ∆ke ≅ ∆pe ≅ 0 .

CO2
(a) For an ideal gas, h = h(T), and therefore, 5 MPa 100 kPa
100°C
T2 = T1 = 100°C 
→ ∆T = T1 − T2 = 0°C
(b) We obtain real gas properties of CO2 from EES software as follows
P1 = 5 MPa 
h1 = 34.77 kJ/kg
T1 = 100°C 

P2 = 100 kPa 
T2 = 66.0°C
h2 = h1 = 34.77 kJ/kg 
Note that EES uses a different reference state from the textbook for CO2 properties. The temperature
difference in this case becomes
∆T = T1 − T2 = 100 − 66.0 = 34.0°C
That is, the temperature of CO2 decreases by 34°C in a throttling process if its real gas properties are used.

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