Experimental Investigation on the Annual
Performance of an Actively Monitored 2.88 kW
Grid-Connected PV System in Sharjah, UAE
Mena Maurice Farag1,2, Abdul Kadir Hamid1,2
1Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering
2Sustainable Energy and Power Systems Research Centre, Research Institute for Sciences and Engineering (RISE)
University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, UAE
mguirguis@sharjah.ac.ae, akhamid@sharjah.ac.ae
Abstract— Solar Energy has been highly attractive in recent
decades due to its reliability and zero-net fuel, leading to its
participation in clean electricity production. Its substantial
expansion has facilitated its incorporation within local electrical
networks to benefit numerous utilities and consumers. In
particular, the United Arab Emirates has been gifted with an
abundance of sunlight, which has encouraged the establishment
of policies and projects that rely on solar energy to cope with the
rapid spike in carbon emissions. The necessity for real-time
monitoring schemes is vital to continuously track clean energy
production and to maintain its durability and lifespan. This is
aided by the incorporation of sensor technologies and data
centralization to accomplish this goal. The major objective of
this study is to assess the real-time monitoring capability
incorporated with PV systems in terms of data storage and
processing capability. In this experimental study, a 2.88 kW
rated grid-connected PV system is investigated based on a real-
time monitoring scheme for its annual performance and energy
generation performance from August 2021 to August 2022. A
cloud-based user interface allows for vital factors that impact
PV production to be presented and documented in real time.
Critical aspects such as DC Power Production, AC energy
generation, and environmental parameters are documented
instantaneously and updated on a dedicated IP address. The
retrieved data verify an energy production of 5.53 MWh from
the on-grid PV system discussed annually. Furthermore, the on-
grid PV system contributed actively to the reduction of 3314.38
kgs in carbon emissions. In this notion, the instantaneous and
archived data can be analyzed and accessed both remotely and
locally to maintain the system’s performance and observe its
current state for future maintenance and load scheduling.
Keywords—Grid-Connected PV Systems, Experimental
investigation, Renewable energy, sensor communication, Real-
time monitoring, clean energy generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The abrupt development in electrical energy demand has
led to the scarcity and depletion of conventional sources of
energy such as coal, oil, and natural gas [1]. Conventional
sources of energy have been impacting the climate negatively,
introducing a spike in carbon emissions and pollution, which
has led to the rise in the global phenomenon of global warming
[2]. In this notion, alternate and clean sources of energy
known as renewable energy resources (RES) have been sought
to tackle such negative contributions to facilitate clean energy
generation and its integration within the electrical networks
globally [3]. Over recent years, research has focused on solar
energy as a popular source of clean energy due to its notable
merits amongst other renewable energy resources [4], [5].
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been particularly
developed to harness solar energy and convert it to sustainable
electricity, which provides a long-term solution for the next
set of decades [6]. In addition, the rapid development in PV
energy systems and their implementation is due to the
abundant availability of solar energy, its minimum
dependence on zero fuel, and its ease of deployment, which
serves the rapid demand for electrical energy worldwide and
adapt to various purposes [7]. It has been reported that an
estimated PV installation capacity of 627 GW has been
deployed globally in 2021, with an expected expansion of 125
GW in the upcoming 5 years [8]. The United Arab Emirates
has particularly set initiatives to develop PV energy systems
due to its major exposure to sunlight, averaging a solar
insolation of 2285 kWh/m2 annually [9]. Furthermore, to
tackle the rapid spike in carbon footprint due to the reliance
on conventional resources of energy, long-term strategies
have been sought by the UAE for sustainable energy
generation [10]. In principle, the integration of PV energy
systems within the electrical network infrastructure and its
utilization to generate AC power is highly popular [11]. As
illustrated in Fig. 1, Grid-connected PV energy systems
employ power conditioning units to convert Direct Current
(DC) generated power into Alternate Current (AC) power
based on DC/AC power converter technology [12]. In this
notion, the feasible integration of AC power with the utility
grid is facilitated, to actively support local applications by
ensuring low levels of carbon generation and actively
maintaining local regulations.
Power Conditioning Unit
Solar
Irradiance DC-DC Boost DC-AC Voltage LCL – Line
Converter Inverter Filter
PAC
Grid
PDC Transformer
DC
CDC
DC
DC AC
Injection to Utility
PWM Signal for
Grid / AC Loads
MPPT Duty Cycle
Tracking Adjustment
PV System
Fig. 1. Typical Implementation of Grid-Connected PV energy systems
On-grid PV energy systems have been profound and
gained major interest in the scientific literature for their
deployment and generation of clean energy. However, the
need for real-time monitoring techniques and sensor
communication schemes to observe the system’s performance
on an annual basis and its deviation with different seasonal
changes is essentially critical to maintaining its longevity [13],
since technological advancements have led to monitoring
various applications with ease in real-time [14], [15]. Gupta et
al. [16] proposed a wireless-based data acquisition framework
for the collection of electrical parameters for 106Wp PV
modules in the climatic conditions of Jaipur, India. The
framework investigated the ability of wireless data collection
during 12 months to propose maintenance scheduling and PV
module cleaning based on PV module health parameters. Kim
et al. [17] proposed a novel monitoring for PV junction boxes
based on LoRa (Long Range) technology for effective data
transmission in real-time based on a 3kW PV energy system.
The development of a prototype to monitor fault conditions
based on the given environmental conditions is assessed.
Furthermore, Khan et al. [18] demonstrated the employment
of a cost-efficient wireless monitoring framework based on
microcontroller technology for effective PV parameter data
logging. The framework employed a different set of sensors,
a Zigbee wireless microcontroller, and LABVIEW as a data
acquisition interface for electrical and environmental
parameter acquisition. In addition, Ali et al. [19] proposed a
wireless-based data acquisitor prototype for PV systems using
an Arduino microcontroller and multiple sensors for
environmental parameter observations. The acquisition of
electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and temperature
is collected for monitoring PV modules effectively. Cano et
al. [20] demonstrated the employment of wireless
communication technologies for sufficient operation and
monitoring of grid-connected PV energy systems. The
employment of wireless communication techniques proposes
cost-effective operation and detection of present faults within
the power system. Finally, Haffaf et al. [21] investigated the
implementation of a 2.4 kW grid-connected PV energy system
to actively observe electrical and environmental parameters.
A comparative assessment was conducted between both
simulation and the experimental system to evaluate its
performance effectively.
In this experimental study, the performance evaluation for
an established 2.88 kW rated grid-connected PV system built
upon the roof of the W-12 building at the University of
Sharjah main campus, located in the United Arab Emirates
will be conducted. The annual performance of the system from
August 2021 to August 2022 will be assessed based on a real-
time monitoring topology that operates based on wireless
data-acquisition capability for sufficient data storage and
processing. Furthermore, the assessment of different seasonal
periods will also be explored to evaluate the system’s variation
in energy yield and the possible recommended solutions to
maintain the system’s health and power generation capability.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
A. Experimental State-of-the-Art
The experimental investigation presented in this study is
facilitated through an established grid-connected PV energy
system of 2.88 kW rating installed upon the roof of the W-12
building (Lat. 25.34° N; Long. 55.42° E) at the University of
Sharjah, UAE. The established grid-connected PV energy
system was previously discussed and reported in [22] focusing
on the assessment of power harvested during August 2021
through a real-time monitoring and data acquisition
methodology. However, in this current investigation, the
evaluation of the energy harvested across the 12 months from
August 2021 to August 2022 will be demonstrated to assess
the real-time monitoring capability configured for this system
for the active energy integration within the utility grid as a
result, as well as the overall energy yield harvested from the
system annually as a result. The grid-connected PV system
discussed earlier comprises of nine PV modules with a rating
of 320 Wp each, which are configured with single-axis
azimuth tracking for maximum power point (MPP) harvesting
as reported in [23] utilizing light-dependent resistors. The PV
energy system is interconnected with a power conditioning
unit comprising of a DC/AC power inverter to deliver AC
power for the 3-phase grid line. The importance of achieving
synchronicity in utility grid reference requirements such as
voltage, phase, and frequency is critical to achieving power
quality. Besides, the filtration of harmonics is achieved
through an internal controller to successfully deliver pure AC
power to the utility grid and AC loads. Finally, the recorded
AC power in kWh is recorded through a 3-phase energy meter
to interpret the accumulated power generated throughout the
installation period.
The 2.88 kW grid-connected PV system is monitored in
terms of its environmental and energy generation parameters
in real-time based on a cloud-based acquisition interface. The
data collection is centralized for efficient examination of the
system’s performance through a set of data collection sensors
with a storage resolution of 5 minutes. The communication
and delivery of real-time recorded data are established through
a data acquisition manager, which consolidates data from the
power inverter and outdoor sensors. The recording capability
of the centralized data manager is sufficient to accommodate
data for up to 11.22 years for sufficient data analysis. In
addition, data is transmitted based on wired/wireless local area
networks to main the quality of data monitored in real time. A
dedicated IP address is established to update data in real-time
for remote access and to provide insights into the system’s
overall performance as well as archive data for long-term
analysis such as in this study. The data managing hub is
associated with a dedicated routing machine and internet
access for feasible communication of data without any
unexpected interruption. The demonstration of the system’s
power and communication topology is illustrated in Fig. 2,
providing insight into the data collection and delivery under a
centralized data acquisition hub along with the power
communication topology from DC generation from the PV
array to the injected AC power to the utility grid. Furthermore,
Table I provides a brief insight into the technical
specifications of the established 2.88 kW grid-connected PV
energy system.
(a)
Energy Meter Utility Grid Website
WLAN / LAN
2.88 kWp PV System
DC/AC Inverter with Data Manager Mobile
Application
WLAN / LAN Multiple Interface
Access
Local Access
Power Path
Communication Path Platform for Local User Access
(b)
Fig. 2. Illustration of (a) Established 2.88 kWp System Real Shot (b)
Power and Communication Topology
 TABLE I. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF STATE-OF-THE-ART
Apparatus Function & Specifications
• Designated for DC Energy Production.
• Comprises of 9 PV Modules with a rating of 320 Wp
PV Energy each.
System • Optimized MPP harvesting based on Single-axis
azimuth tracking.
• PV surface area of 19.5 m2.
• Provides Conversion of DC power to AC power while
DC/AC Power maintaining synchronization with Grid Requirements
Inverter i.e., voltage 230 ± 5V and frequency 50 Hz ± 1%.
• Inverter nominal rating of 3.7 kWac.
Energy • 3-phase Energy meter to record AC energy injected
Metering into the Grid
• Employed for real-time monitoring of electrical and
environmental parameters and centralizing sensor
communication.
Data
• Utilizes IEEE standard 802.11 wireless data
Centralizing
transmission protocol for data collection and storage
Hub
in real-time.
• Dedicated Cloud-based Interface for user visualization
of the system’s performance.
B. Data Harvesting based on Sensors Communication
Additionally, to facilitate the real-time monitoring scheme
for successful data collection, multiple utilized sensors are
adopted to monitor both environmental and electrical
parameters that are critical to the PV system’s overall
performance. In this experimental investigation, multiple
sensors have been integrated for real-time monitoring of
parameters such as PV module operating temperature and
ambient temperature, Solar insolation levels, wind velocity,
and DC/AC electrical power parameters. The employed
sensors are configured through a bidirectional sensor box for
direct communication with the data centralization hub, which
facilitates real-time delivery of parameters and their
visualization on the cloud interface. In this notion, real-time
monitoring of the system’s overall performance is monitored
actively from any present location through a robust Internet of
Things (IoT) framework. As demonstrated in Fig. 3, sensor A
is employed to record the wind velocity, sensor B is employed
to record the PV module’s operating temperature and ambient
temperature, and sensor C is employed to record the solar
insolation levels. In this notion, the environmental parameters
are actively recorded and uploaded in real-time to be viewed
at the cloud-based interface for analysis. Additionally, DC/AC
electrical power parameters are recorded internally via the
power inverter through built-in current sensors to track the DC
and AC electrical parameters, respectively. The technical
specifications of the discussed sensors are briefly presented in
Table II.
A
Sensor box
C IoT Configurability via Network
Environmental Sensors
Interfacing with
IoT Infrastructure different platforms
Employed
Fig. 3. Communication of Sensors with Data Centralization hub for
parameter interfacing with cloud-platform
TABLE II. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF DEPLOYED SENSORS
Apparatus Function & Specifications
• Designated for tracking DC and AC electrical
Electrical
Sensors
parameters.
• Measurement limits from 0 to 20mA, 4 to 20mA
Solar • Designated for quantifying Solar insolation in W/m2.
Insolation • Composes of Monocrystalline Silicon solar cell
Sensor • Measurement uncertainty of ± 5%.
• Designated to track the wind speed in (m/s).
• Measuring resolution of 1 m/s, with a tolerance of
Anemometer
2.5 m/s.
• Measurement uncertainty of ± 5%.
• Designated for measurement of PV module
operating temperature and ambient temperature.
Temperature
• PT-1000 Sensor technology is employed.
Sensors
• Measurement uncertainty of ± 0.8 °C
• Recording limits from -50 °C to +230 °C
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The 2.88 kW grid-connected PV system successfully
harvested real-time data throughout August 2021 up to August
2022, which are analyzed in this study. The deployed data
acquisition scheme records real-time data in 5-minute
intervals. Additionally, retrieved results such as
environmental and electrical data can be represented on a
dedicated cloud interface for user interaction and analysis. In
this notion, this section demonstrates the results retrieved
during the entire year interval. Besides, this section will
illustrate a distinct set of days from different seasons across
the year to explore the system’s performance with seasonal
changes.
A. Cloud-Based Data Acquisition Interface for live Data
Monitoring
As aforementioned, maintenance of the system’s
performance metrics is essential through real-time monitoring
techniques for preserving its longevity. Based on a dedicated
central data collection hub, a dedicated IP address, and a
cloud-based interface is established for sensor communication
and data presentation. As illustrated in Fig. 4 (a), the real-time
monitoring scheme tracks the DC/AC power inverter output
at any instant of time along with the environmental parameters
that essentially provide insight into the system’s current health
and generation. Furthermore, the archived data can be visually
represented in graphical form through the cloud interface for
data analysis as presented in Fig. 4 (b), which can be exported
for processing and analytical studies. In this notion, the grid-
connected PV system can be monitored feasibly through local
and distant access.
(a)
 TABLE III. SEASONAL VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
Solar Irradiance (W/m2) Operating Temperature (°C)
Month
Average Maximum Average Maximum
Sept 2021 725.87 973.87 57.35 68.00
Dec 2021 661.34 942.00 43.31 60.00
March 2022 681.57 895.00 47.54 59.00
June 2022 673.52 786.95 56.02 65.00
(b)
Fig. 4. Visualization of PV System’s performance on cloud interface (a) Typically, Voltage and Current are dependent on the
Graphical representation of archived data (b) Real-time data variation of Operating temperature and solar insolation,
respectively. As presented in Fig. 5 (a), solar insolation varies
B. Variation in System’s Performance with Different between different seasons and the period of solar exposure
Seasons deviates, which impacts the DC current generated due to its
As aforementioned, recorded data can be exported for direct dependence as presented in Fig. 6 (a). On the contrary,
processing and analysis to understand the behavior of both DC voltage is inversely dependent on operating temperature
environmental parameters and electrical parameters across as a negative temperature coefficient is defined by the PV
different periods of the year and its impact on the grid- manufacturer as it exceeds standard testing conditions (STC)
connected PV system’s performance. The evaluation of real- i.e., 25 °C [24]. As demonstrated in Fig. 5 (b), peak
time retrieved data is presented on a timescale from 6:00 AM temperature arises during the summer periods of September
to 6:00 PM for selected days for September 2021, December and June as compared to December and March, which impacts
2021, March 2022, and June 2022 providing variability in the voltage generated and consequently will affect the overall
climatic conditions. power generation as demonstrated in Fig. 6 (b)-(c).
8
September
Firstly, environmental parameters such as the PV 7
December
March
module’s operating temperature and solar insolation levels are June
critical in defining the power generated by the grid-connected
DC Current Generated (A)
6

PV system. As demonstrated in Table III, deviation in solar 5

irradiance and PV module’s operating temperature is evident 4

during the year which has an impact on the dependent
parameters such as DC Current and Voltage, respectively. 3

Furthermore, variation in the discussed environmental 2

parameters is illustrated in Fig. 5. 1

September
1000 0
December
06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
March
June Time (Hours)
800
(a)
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)

September
600 400
December
March
350 June
400
DC Voltage Generated (V)

300

200 250

200
0
150
06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
100
Time (Hours)
(a) 50
70
September 0
December 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
PV Module Operating Temperature (°C)

60 March
June Time (Hours)

50 (b)
2500
September
40 December
March
2000 June
30
DC Power Generation (W)

20
1500

10
1000
0
06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
Time (Hours) 500
(b)
Fig. 5. Extracted Real-time data for (a) Solar Irradiance (b) Operating 0
Temperature 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
Time (Hours)
(c)
Fig. 6. Extracted Real-time maximum data for (a) Current (b) Voltage (c)
Power
 Typically, the maximum power point (Pmpp) at any interval
of time is computed using equation (1)
Pmpp = Vmpp × I mpp
Where Vmpp and Impp are the maximum operating voltage and
current, respectively.
Additionally, the electrical efficiency (η) of the PV system
can be computed through equation (2)
Pmpp
η=
G × A pv
Where G is the measured solar insolation (W/m2) and Apv is
the surface area (m2) of the PV system.
In this notion, the DC power generation and electrical
kWh
Specific_Yield = (3)
kWp
(1)
Where kWh is the energy generated across the measured
period and kWp is the rated power of the PV system
corresponding to 2.88 kW.
Therefore, based on the real-time retrieved data for energy
generation across the entire year. The average specific yield
computed was 147.54 kWh/kWp.month, with a maximum
(2) yield of 181.33 kWh/kWp.month. An illustration of the energy
generated per month and specific yield is demonstrated in
Fig. 7, which provides that during the winter season, the
specific yield is comparatively lower to the summer season
due to shorter sunny hours and minimal yield harvested.
600 190

efficiencies are presented in Table IV. Energy

Specific Yield 180

Specific Yield (kWh/kWp.month)

500
170
TABLE IV. SEASONAL VARIATION IN ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
400

Energy (kWh)
160
Power Generation (W) Efficiency (%)
Month
Average Maximum Average Maximum 300 150

Sept 2021 1431.42 2000.21 10.11 10.53 140

Dec 2021 1334.75 2080.23 10.34 11.33 200

March 2022 1607.93 2230.97 12.10 12.78 130

June 2022 1385.78 1834.10 10.55 11.95 100

120

Subsequently, the overall improvement of power 0 110

st l st
er er r r ne
generation and electrical efficiency especially during arid ay
y ry ch pri ly
gu mb ob be be uar ua ar M Ju Ju gu
ct m m A
Au pte ve ce Ja
n br M Au
Se
O
No De Fe
summer conditions can be proposed through cooling Month (2021-2022)
methodologies that are adaptive to lower the operating Fig. 7. Harvested monthly energy generation during the 2021-2022 period
temperature and dust accumulation for maximum generation
capability [25]–[28]. Additionally, the grid-connected PV energy system
discussed provides a focus on sustainable power generation
Besides, matching the injected power with the local grid and clean energy production through the reduction of CO2
regulations is essential and critical. Line voltages are typically emissions. The carbon emissions savings can be computed by
maintained at 230 ± 5V and a line frequency of 50 Hz ± 1%. equation (4)
Table V presents the average line voltage and currents CO2 _Savings = Energy × 0.6 kgCO2 / kWh (4)
retrieved in real-time for each phase injected into the utility
grid. Where energy is expressed in kWh and 0.6 kgCO2/kWh is set
as a theoretical quantity for carbon emissions per kWh.
TABLE V. REGULATION OF LINE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
Voltage Per Phase (V) Current Per Phase (A)
Therefore, with the annual energy generated
Month
a b c a b c corresponding to 5523.9 kWh, the overall CO2 emission
Sept 2021 224.69 223.81 226.90 2.062 2.061 2.042 savings accounts for 3314.38 kgs annually. The overall
Dec 2021 228.70 230.11 230.36 2.044 2.045 2.021 savings per month is illustrated in Fig. 8. Thereby, the grid-
March 2022 226.07 227.50 228.45 2.213 2.215 2.195 connected PV system participates actively within the green-
June 2022 227.89 229.71 230.86 2.013 2.017 2.001 energy metric providing clean power generation and injection
C. Annual Energy Generation and Injection into Grid to the local utility grid.
600

Finally, the principal goal of establishing a grid-connected Energy

Carbon Emissions Saved 250

PV energy system is the production of AC energy and its

Carbon Emissions Saved (Kgs)

500

injection into the utility grid. Energy generated is denoted in 400

200

kilowatt-hours (kWh), which is typically fed to the utility grid

Energy (kWh)

and point of common coupling (PCC). The PV energy system 300

150

generated annual energy corresponded to 5523.97 kWh.

100
Additionally, the PV energy system generated a monthly 200

average and maximum energy of 424.92 kWh and 522.22 50

kWh, respectively. In this notion, the grid-connected PV 100

system is monitored continuously across the period of the year 0 0

indicating the variability in energy generation across the year.
ay

ne
il
t

Fe ry

ry

ch

t
r

er

Ja r

ly
us

us
be

be

be

pr
ob

ua

Ju
ar

Ju
ug

ug
nu
em

em

em

A
M
ct

br
A

A
O
pt

ov

ec

A critical metric assessed due to its impact on the PV

Se

D
N

Month (2021-2022)

system’s performance state is the specific yield. This crucial
parameter monitors the health of the established PV arrays
based on their generation capability. Such factor is variable
with environmental conditions, geographical location, and
overall system losses. The specific yield is computed based on
equation (3)
Fig. 8. Carbon Emission Savings per month vs monthly energy generated
Thereby, the employment of real-time monitoring
techniques as presented in this study facilitates the ability to
assess the system’s overall performance and the need for
periodical maintenance to sustain its longevity and maximum
generation during the entire year.
 IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a proposed 2.88 kW rated grid-connected
PV system was experimentally investigated for its operation
and production capability, through a real-time monitoring
scheme. The maintenance and real-time tracking of the
system’s parameters are crucial to interpret the PV system’s
performance periodically. The integration of sensors and their
bidirectional communication with a central data hub to record
the critical factors that define both environmental conditions
and PV production in real-time is defined and highlighted to
facilitate this study. For successful real-time monitoring, a
dedicated IP address is established to visualize and collect data
generated from the system in real-time, to track the quality of
power generated and injected into the utility grid for a
prolonged time. In addition, this study analyzed the energy
generated from August 2021 up to August 2022, providing the
annual energy generated and discussing the seasonal variation
in electrical and environmental parameters. Notable merits
such as 5.53 MWh in annual energy yield and 3314.38 kgs of
carbon emissions were saved, providing the system promotion
for sustainable and eco-friendly electricity generation. As a
potential upcoming work, the possible incorporation of
artificial intelligence methods and neural networks for long-
term energy forecasting, which are trained using the archived
data to assist in energy demand forecasting. Furthermore, the
grid-connected system will be further evaluated economically
to discuss the payback period based on the generated yield.
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