LN 8-1 Koko Martono, FMIPA - ITB MBM – 083

Indefinite Integral

Anti derivative A function F is an anti derivative of a function f at interval

I if F ′(x) = f (x) ∀ x ∈ I. If F is an anti derivative of f, then the function G(x)
= F(x) + C for some constants C is an anti derivative of f on I. The graph
of any derivative can be obtained from another by vertical translation.
Indefinite integral The family of all anti derivative of function f is called
indefinite integral, symbolized by Ú f ( x) dx (∫ ≡ integral sign). We write

Ú f ( x) dx = F ( x) + C if F ¢( x) = f ( x ) f (x) ≡ integrand
Indefinite integral formula and properties For k and C constants,
1. Ú k dx = kx + C 4. Ú ( f ( x) ± g ( x)) dx = Ú f ( x) dx ± Ú g ( x) dx
xn +1
2. Ú x n dx = n + 1 + C , n π -1 Ú x dx = ln | x | + C
1
5.

Ú k f ( x) dx = k Ú f ( x) dx Ú e dx = e +C
x x
3. 6.

Example 8.1 Find the equation of the curve that passes through (1,3) if its
dy
slope is given by dx = 12 x 2 - 12 x at any point x.

dy
Solution From dx
= 12 x 2 - 12 x we have dy = (12 x 2 - 12 x) dx , so that

y = f ( x) = Ú (12 x 2 - 12 x) dx = 4 x3 - 6 x 2 + C
We can find the constant C by substitute (1,3), we have 3 = 4 − 6 + C, then C = 5.
Therefore the equation of the curve is y = 4x − 6x + 5.
3 2
 LN 8- 2
MBM084
Integration

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

x 2e x - 2 x + 3
Problems Evaluate Ú dx .
x2

Solution

Problems Find the function y = f (x) such that dx = 2 x -2 + 3 x -1 - 1, f (1) = 0 .

dy

Solution
 LN 8- 3
MBM085
Integration

Example 8.2 An FM radio station is launching an aggressive advertising

campaign in order to increase the number of daily listeners. The station currently
has 27,000 daily listeners, and management expects the number of daily listeners
S(t) to grow at the rate of S ¢(t ) = 60t1/ 2 (approximately) listeners per day, where
t is the number of days since the campaign began. How long should the campaign
last if the station wants the number of daily listeners to grow to 41,000?

Solution We must find t by solve the equation S(t) = 41,000. Given that
S ¢(t ) = 60t1/ 2 and S(0) = 27,000
Use the integration, we have S (t ) = Ú 60 t 1/ 2 dt = 60 ◊ 2 ◊ t 3 / 2 + C = 40 t 3 / 2 + C .
3

Since S(0) = 0 + C = 27,000, we have C = 27,000, and S(t) = 40 t + 27,000.

3/2

Now solve the equation S(t) = 41,000 for t. From 40 t + 27,000 = 41,000, we
3/2

41, 000 − 27, 000

= = 350, so that t = 350 = 49.67 (calculator).
3/2 2/3
have t
40
Thus, the advertising campaign should last approximately 50 days.

Integration by Substitution

Differential If y = f (x) is a differentiable function, the differential dx of the in-

dependent variable x is an arbitrary real number and differential dy of the depen-
dent variable y is defined by dy = f ′(x) dx.
Integration by Substitution
the integrand must be expressed entirely in term of u and du
Step 1. Select a substitution that appears to simplify the integrand, In particular,
try to select u so that du is a factor in the integrand.
Step 2. Express the integrand entirely in terms of u and du, completely elimina-
ting the original variable and its differential.
Step 3. Evaluate the new integral in terms u and du if possible.
Step 4. Express the anti derivative in step 3 in terms of the original variable.

Example 8.3 Evaluate Ú e x 1 + e x dx .

Solution Substitution u = 1 + e x , then du = e x dx , therefore

Úe 1 + e x dx = Ú (1 + e x )1/ 2 e x dx = Ú u1/ 2 du = 3 u 3 / 2 + C = 3 (1 + e x )3 / 2 + C .
x 2 2
 LN 8- 4
MBM086
Integration

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

Problems Price-demand equation The marginal price for a weekly demand of x bottles of a
baby shampoo in a drug store is given by p ¢( x) = -6, 000(3x + 50) -2 . Find the price-demand
equation if the weekly demand is 150 when the price of a bottle of shampoo is $ 4. What is the
weekly demand when the price is $ 2.50?

Solution

Problems Evaluate Úx 2 x + 3 dx .

Solution
 LN 8- 5
MBM087
Integration

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

Problems Marketing An automobile company is ready to introduce a new line of cars with a
national sales campaign. After test marketing the line in a carefully selected city, the marketing
research department estimate t months after the national campaign has started, the sales (in mil-
lions dollars) will increase at the monthly rate of S ¢(t ) = 10 - 10e -0,1t , 0 £ t £ 24 .
(a) What will be the total sales S(t), t months after the beginning of the national campaign if we
assume 0 sales at the beginning of the campaign?
(b) What are the estimated total sales for the first 12 months of campaign?
(c) When will the estimated total sales reach $100 million?

Solution
 LN 8- 6
MBM088
Integration

Exponential Growth

1. Unlimited growth Graph:

Description: Rate of growth is proportional to the amount y
present.
Uses: Short-term population growth (people, bacteria, etc);
growth of money at continuous compound interest; price-
supply curves. y = ce kt
dy
Model: dt = ky, k , t > 0, y (0) = c . c

Solution: y = ce kt . 0 t

2. Exponential decay Graph:

Description: Rate of growth is proportional to the amount y
present.
Uses: Depletion of natural resources, radioactive decay, c
light absorption in water, price-demand curve, atmospheric
pressure (t is altitude). y = ce - kt
dy
Model: dt = - ky, k , t > 0, y (0) = c .
Solution: y = ce - kt . 0 t

3. Limited growth Graph:

Description: Rate of growth is proportional to the differen- y
ce between the amount present and a fixed limit. M
Uses: Sales fads (for example, skateboard), depreciation
of equipment, company growth, learning.
dy y = M (1 - e - kt )
Model: dt = k ( M - y ), k , t > 0, y (0) = 0 .
Solution: y = M (1 - e - kt ) . 0 t

4. Logistic growth Graph:

Description: Rate of growth is proportional to the amount y
present and to the difference between the amount present
and a fixed limit. M
Uses: Long-term population growth, epidemics, sales of
new products, rumor spread, company growth. y=
M
1 + ce- kM t
dy M
Model: dt = ky ( M - y ), k , t > 0, y (0) = 1 + c . M
1+ c
M
Solution: y = 0 t
1 + ce- kM t
 LN 8- 7
MBM089
Integration

Proof

Ú = k dt ⇒ ln y = kt + c1 ⇒ y = ekt +c1 = c2ekt .

Ú
dy dy dy
1. Solve the model, dt = ky ⇒ y = k dt ⇒ y
k ◊0
From y(0) = c we have c2e = c , therefore c2 = c. Thus, the solution is y = ce k t .

2. Solve the model, dt = - ky ⇒ y = - k dt ⇒ ln y = −kt + c1 ⇒ y = e - kt + c1 = c2e - kt . From y(0)

dy dy

= c we have c2e - k ◊0 = c , therefore c2 = c. Thus, the solution is y = ce - k t .

dy dy
3. Solve the model, = k (M - y) = -k ( y - M ) ⇒ = - k dt ⇒ ln (y − M) = −kt + c1 ⇒
dt y-M
⇒ y - M = e - kt +c1 = c2e - kt ⇒ y = M + c2e - kt . From y(0) = 0 we have M + c2 = 0, therefore
c2 = −M. Thus, the solution is y = M - Me - kt = M (1 - e - kt ) .

dy M dy
( 1 1
4. Solve the model, dt = ky ( M - y ) ⇒ y ( M - y ) = k M dt ⇒ y + M - y dy = k M dt)
M-y
⇒ ln M - y = kMt + c1 ⇒ M - y = e kMt + c1 = c2ekMt ⇒ = kM t = c3e - kMt ⇒
y y 1
y c2e
- kMt - kMt M M
⇒ M - y = yc3e ⇒ y (1 + c3e )=M ⇒ y= . From y (0) = 1 + c we have
1 + c3e- kM t
M M M
=
1 + c3 1 + c
, therefore c = c3. Thus, the solution is y = .
1 + ce- kM t

Example 8.4 India had a population of about 1 billion in 2000 (t = 0). If a growth
rate of 1.3% compound continuously, estimate the population in year 2030.

Solution If P represent the population (in billions) t years after 2000, from expo-
dP
nential growth we have dt = 0,013P, P(0) = 1. Thus P = e0.013t . Thus, estimate
the population of India in year 2030 is P = e0.013(30) = 1.5 billion.

Example 8.5 For a particular person who is learning to swim, it is found that
the distance y (in feet) the person is able to swim in 1 minute after t hours of prac-
tice is given approximately by y = 50 (1 - e -0.04t ) . What is the rate of improvement
(to two decimal places) after 10 hours of practice?

Solution From y = 50 (1 - e -0.04t ) we have y ¢(t ) = 2e -0.04t , therefore

y ¢(10) = 2e -0.04(10) ª 1.34 feet per hour of practice.
Thus, the rate of improvement after 10 hours of practice is 1.34 feet per minute.
 LN 8- 8
MBM090
Integration

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

Problems Advertising A company is trying to expose a new product to as many people as

possible through television advertising. Suppose that the rate of exposure to new people is pro-
portional to the number of those who have not seen the product our of L possible viewers. No
one is aware of the product at the start of the campaign, and after 10 days 40% of L is aware of
dN
the product. Mathematically, dt = k ( L - N ), N (0) = 0, N (10) = 0.4 L .
(a) Solve the differential equation.
(b) What percent of L will have been exposed after 5 days of campaign?
(c) How many days will it take to expose 80% of L?
(d) Graph the solution found in part (a) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 90.

Solution
 LN 8- 9
MBM091
Integration

Definite Integral and Approximation of Integral

y y
Figure 1 Figure 3
y = f (x) y y = f (x) y
Figure 2 Figure 4
y = f (x) y = f (x)
D
0 a xk−1 ck xk b x 0 a xk−1 xk b x

0 a xk−1 xk b x 0 a xk−1 xk b x

Let D = {(x,y) : a ≤ x ≤ b, 0 ≤ y ≤ f (x)} ≡ area bounded graph f, line x = a, x = b, and x-axis.

Definite integral Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval

[a,b]. Let a = x0 < x1 < … < xn−1 < xn = b is a partition of [a,b], ∆xk = xk − xk−1,
∆xk → 0 as n → ∞, and xk−1 ≤ ck ≤ xk. The expression
n
 f (ck ) Dxk = nlim
b
Ú a f ( x) dx = nlim
Æ•
k =1
Æ•
( f (c1 ) Dx1 + f (c2 ) Dx2 + … + f (cn ) Dxn )

is called a definite integral of f from a to b. The integrand is f (x), the lower limit
is a, and the upper limit is b. (Figure 1)
Left sum, Right sum, and Midpoint sum Let f be a continuous function defined
on the closed interval [a,b]. Let [a,b] be partition into n equal subintervals of
b-a
length Dx = n with end point a = x0 < x1 < … < xn−1 < xn = b.
n
Left sum: Ln = Â f ( xk -1) Dx = f ( x0 )Dx + f ( x0 )Dx + + f ( xn-1 ) Dx . (Figure 2)
k =1
b B (b - a ) 2
Error bounds: If | f ′(x)| ≤ B ∀ x ∈ [a,b], then Úa f ( x) dx - Ln £ 2n
.
n
Right sum: Rn = Â f ( xk ) Dx = f ( x1)Dx + f ( x2 )Dx + + f ( xn ) Dx . (Figure 3)
k =1
b B (b - a ) 2
Error bounds: If | f ′(x)| ≤ B ∀ x ∈ [a,b], then Úa f ( x) dx - Rn £ 2n
.

Midpoint sum: (Figure 4)

 f ( 12 ( xk -1 + xk )) Dx = f ( x 2+ x ) Dx + f ( x +2x ) Dx + ( ) Dx
n
xn -1 + xn
Mn = 0 1 1 2
+ f 2
k =1
b B (b - a )3
Error bounds: If | f ″(x)| ≤ B ∀ x ∈ [a,b], then Úa f ( x) dx - M n £
24 n2
.
 LN 8-10
MBM092
Integration

Marginal Costs Example 8.6 A company in Florida manufactures

cruising power boats. Marginal cost at various production
x C ′(x) levels are given in the left table, where x is number of boats
5 24 produced per month and marginal cost C′(x) in thousands
of dollars.
10 20
We want to estimate the additional cost (total change in
15 17 cost) in going from production level of 5 boats per month to
20 15 25 boats per month. We make this estimate by graphing the
values in table along with left and right rectangle, as shown
25 14 in the left figure.
C ′(x) Assume a continuous decreasing curve representing the
25
marginal cost function passes through each of the table as
indicated, but we do not know the equation of this curve.
20 Nevertheless, we can still estimate the total change in cost
by proceeding as we did above in finding distance, given a
15 rate.
Area of first left rectangle = C′(5)∆x
10 But
Approximate cost of producing the
5 C ′(5)∆x = next boat at an output level of 5 boats × 5
= approximate additional cost of increasing
0 5 10 15 20 25 x production from 5 to 10 boats per months

Since C ′(x) is decreasing over the interval [5,10], C ′(5) is the maximum rate on this
interval. Thus, C ′(5)∆x is an overestimate of the additional cost of increasing pro-
duction from 5 to 10 boats per month.
Area of first right rectangle = C ′(10)∆x
Approximate cost of producing the next
But C ′(5)∆x = boat at an output level of 10 boats ×5
= approximate additional cost of increasing production from 5 - 10 boats/months
Since C ′(x) is decreasing over the interval [5,10], C ′(10) is the maximum rate on
this interval. Thus, C ′(10)∆x is an underestimate of the additional cost of increasing
production from 5 to 10 boats per month.
The same analysis applies to the second, third, and fourth rectangles. We conclude
R4 ≤ additional cost of increasing production from 5 to 25 boats per month ≤ L4
Thus, the area under the graph of marginal cost function y = C ′(x) is
25
Ú5 C ¢( x) dx = additional cost of increasing production from 5 to 25 boats per month.
 LN 8-11
MBM093
Integration

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature

R(x)

800 Problems Revenue The research department for a mar-

ket chain in a city established the following price-demand
equation for a premium beer sold by the six-pack :
600
1
p = 8 - 50 x, 0 £ x £ 300
1
R ( x) = xp = 8 x - 50 x 2 price-demand
400 where x is the number of six-packs sold per day at a price of
p dollars each. From the price-demand equation we obtain
the revenue and marginal revenue equations and their graphs
200
shown in the figure.
0 100 200 300 x 200
(a) Interpret the integral Ú100 R ¢( x) dx geometrically and re-

R′(x) lative to change in revenue.

200
8 (b) Approximate integral Ú100 R ¢( x) dx using the average of
the left and right sums over four equal sub intervals. Cal-
4
culate an error bound for this estimate.
(c) Evaluate R(200) − R(100). How does this quantity relate
0 100 200 300 x to part (a).
1
R ¢( x) = 8 - 25
x

Solution
 LN 8-12
MBM094
Integration

Definite Integral Properties and Fundamental Theorem

Rate, area, and total change: If y = F ′(x) is a rate function (derivative), then
the cumulated sum of the signed areas between the graph of y = F ′(x) and x-axis
from x = a to x = b represents the total net change in F(x) from x = a to x = b. In
symbolically,
b
Ú a F ¢( x) dx = total net change in F(x) from x = a to x = b.
a b a
Definite Integral Properties: (1) Úa f ( x) dx = 0 (2) Ú a f ( x) dx = - Ú b f ( x) dx
b b
(3) Ú a k f ( x) dx = k Ú a k f ( x) dx , k a constant
Ú a ( f ( x) ± g ( x)) dx = Ú a f ( x) dx ± Ú a g ( x) dx
b b b
(4)
b c b
(5) Ú a f ( x) dx = Ú a f ( x) dx + Ú c f ( x) dx

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: If f is a continuous function on the closed

interval [a,b] and F is any anti derivative of f, then

Ú a f ( x) dx = ( F ( x))a = F (b) - F (a), F ¢( x) = f ( x) .

b b

Average value of integral: Average value of a continuous function f over [a,b]

b
Ú
1
is defined by AV = b-a a
f ( x) dx .

(e ) 2x 2
(e - 1) .
2 2x 2 2x
Ú0 e dx = Ú0 e
1
d (2 x) =
1
=
1
Example 8.6 (a) 2 2 2
4
0

(ln ( x
5 5
x dx d ( x 2 + 10)
) (ln 35 - ln10) = ln
5
(b) Ú 2 = Ú x 2 + 10 = + 10) = 3.5 ª 0.626 .
1 1 2 1

0
x + 10 2
0
2 0 2

4
Ú0
x dx
Example 8.7 Evaluate .
2x +1

Solution

( )
9 1
(u - 1) 2 du 1 Ê 9
1
4 9 du ˆ 9
Ú Ú Ú Ú
x dx
= =4 u du - = 4 3u u -2 u
2 1 2
0 2 x +1 u Ë 1 1 u ¯ 1
1

=
1
4 (18 - 6 - 2
3 )
+2 = 4◊
1 40
3
= 33.
1
 LN 8-13
MBM095
Integration

Example 8.8 Useful life An amusement company

y maintains records for each video game it installs in an
10 arcade. Suppose that C(t) and R(t) represent the total
accumulated costs and revenues in thousands of dollars,
8
respectively, t years after a particular game has been
6 y = R′(t) installed and that
4 C ¢(t ) = 2 and R ¢(t ) = 9e -0.5t
2 The value of t for which C ′(t) = R ′(t) is called the useful
y = C ′(t)
life of the game.
0 1 2 3 4 5 t (a) Find the useful life of the game to the nearest year.
(b) Find the total profit accumulated during the useful
life of the game.

Solution
(a) C ′(t) = R′(t) ⇒ 2 = 9e−0.5t ⇒ e−0.5t = ⇒ − 0.5t = ln 9 ⇒ t = −2 ln 9 ≈ 3.
2 2 2
9
Thus, the game has useful life of 3 years. This illustrated graphically above.

(b) The total profit accumulated during the useful life of the game is

( R ¢(t ) - C ¢(t )) dt = Ú 0 (9e-0.5t - 2) dt

3 3 3
P(3) - P(0) = Ú P ¢(t ) dt = Ú
0 0

( ) ( )
3 3
= 9e -0.5t = -18e -0.5t - 2t = -18e -1.5 - 6 + 18
1
-0.5
- 2t
0 0
ª 7.984 or $7,984.

Example 8.9 Average price Given the demand function p = D( x) = 100e -0.05 x .
Find the average price (in dollars) over the demand interval [40,60].

Solution
60 60
Average price = 60 - 40 Ú D( x) dx = 20 Ú 100e -0.05 x dx
1 1
40 40

( )
60 -0.05 x 60
= 5Ú = - 0.05 e -0.05 x
5
e dx
40 40

( )
= -100 e -3 - e -2 ª 8.55, or $ 8.55
 LN 8-14
MBM096
Integration

Exercise 8
dR 100
1. Find the function R = R (t) such that dt = 2 , R(1) = 400.
t
2. Cost function The marginal average cost for producing x digital sports watches
1,000
is given by C ¢( x) = - , C (100) = 25 , where C ( x) is the average cost in dol-
x2
lars. Find the average cost and the cost function. What are the fixed costs?
e-1/ x
Ú Ú 1 + e x dx .
1
3. Find dx and
x2
4. Pollution A contaminated lake is treated with a bactericide. The rate of increase
dN 2,000 t
in harmful bacteria t days after the treatment is given by dt = - , 0 ≤ t ≤ 10,
1 + t2
where N(t) is the number of bacteria/ml of water. Find the minimum value of
dN
dt
. Find N(t) if the initial count was 5,000 bacteria/ml, and then find N(10).
When is the bacteria count 1,000 bacteria/ml of water?
5. Temperature If the temperature C(t) in an aquarium is made to change accor-
ding to C(t) = t − 2t + 10, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, (in degrees Celsius) over a two hour
2

period, what is the average temperature over this period?

dp
6. Price-demand The marginal price dx at x units of demand per week is pro-
portional to the price p. There is no weekly demand at a price $100 per unit
(p(0) = 100), and there is a weekly demand of 5 units at a price $77.88 per unit
(p(5) = 77.88). Find the price-demand equation. At a demand of 10 units per
week, what is the price? Graph the price-demand equation for 0 ≤ x ≤ 25.
4
7. Evaluate Ú0 x 4 - x dx .
6
8. Evaluate I = Ú (0.25 x 2 - 4) dx by using the fundamental theorem. Use the mid-
0
point sum M3 to calculate the actual error | I − M3|. How large n must be chosen
to have a midpoint sum Mn with the error that does not exceed 0.05?
9. The total accumulated costs C(t) and revenues R(t) for a coal mine satisfy C ′(t)
= 3 and R′(t) = 15e -0.1t (in thousands of dollars), where t is the number of years
the mine has been in operation. Find the useful life of the mine to the nearest
years. What is the total profit accumulated during the useful life of the mine?
100
10. If the demand function p = D(x) = x , find the average price (in dollars) over
the demand interval [400,600].