Name Be “3 Mechanics a :" Rotation Teacher © % Rotational Kinematics Period Translational vs. Rotational ‘Translational straight line Rotational about an axis Rotational Variables Angular Position $= distance’ around a circle (circumference) dius of the circle ee s = 2nr Be =2n 0 ©. \e yee 6 . 1 revolution = 360° = "= = 2x radians Ete 4 radian = 57.3° = 0.159 revolutions is the cumulative angular measure. 6 Angular Displacement AO = 6 - 8) SI unit = radian (rad) Counterclockwise = Positive lular Velocity 5 ot? Ad - 8; Wavg = 7, 9 At tpt SI unit = radian per second (rad/s) y intervals, the average angular speed approaches the instantaneous angular speed, sts in the linear case. A@ o = lim =— acoo At >, Be rw, oe eAngular Acceleration o When a fidid object rotates about a fixed axis, every portion of the object has the same angular spee and same angular acceleration, This fact is what Makes Mese variables 60 USBTUTTOr describing rotational motion. In contrast, the tangential (linear) speed and acceleration of the object take different values that depend on the distance from a given point to the axis of rotation (radius) Angular Variables — Vector Quantities? | Variable Yes No 40 a o wv |—. po L ® All vector quantities must obey the rules of vector addition, At B= B +A In what direction do these quantities point? The answer of course is determined by hand rules Right Hand Rule for Angular Velocity ‘The rule is used to determine the direction of the cross product of two vectors. This leads to widespread use in physics, wherever the cross product occurs. For a rotating object, if the right-hand fingers follow the curve of a point on the object, then the thumb points along the axis of rotation in the direction of the angular velocity vector. a} @ b) Plano West - Mr. Grizzle 48Whirlybirds [S&V 10" ed. pg. 204] The rotor on a helicopter turns at an angular speed of 320 revolutions per minute. ‘a) Express this angular speed in radians per second b) If the rotor has a radius of 2.0 m, what arc length does the tip of the blade trace out in 300 s? c) The pilot opens the throttle, and the angular speed of the blade increase while rotating twenty-six times in 3.6 s. Caloulate the average angular speed during that time. 4) = PEO cw Where as a ma eas” poy * 383 8A _ 46 > GE * 00> wate 23%8 (Sows) = 100 pA BS* AO v > W850 ix 2m 2Loloom Uv rt el SER > 49.33 565 Eien We? DWey Wi = > Sp Ue = 2(Ms 3a) -— BS = 0.16 “33-5 7 F Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration A number of parallels exist between the equations for rotational motion and those for linear motion. Every term in a given linear equation has a corresponding term in the analogous rotational equation. Complete the chart below for rotational motion. Linear Motion (Translational) Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis with a Constant acceleration with a constant angular acceleration (Variables: x, v, and a) (Variables: 8, w, and a) _ 27 =X + Vavgt be Oi twit P= i tat Wye Ww HAL — : Ax = vit + =at? DO= wibt de 2 + 2aAx wet swe r2A9GA Rotating Wheel [S&V 10" ed, pq. 2071 A wheel rotates with a constant angular acceler 2.0 rad/s at t= 0, ) Through what angle does thé wheel rotate between t= 0 andt = 2.0 6? Give your answer in radians and in revolutions. b) What is the angular speed of the wheel at t = 2.0 8? ©) What angular displacement (in revolutions) results while the angular speed found in part (b) doubles? vilon of 3.50 radis’. If the angular speed of the wheel is hors wir2ed bls OP= witha PHD Aadus = Wye y ow Needy pac 7 1S We = Wi bas 2208 5 A (rs) > Tot bp Wai* yatagh Oe > = 347] lye as B4Tteed x ee 5 6 Seey Relations between Angular and Linear Quantities Derive tangential speed in terms of r and w dob be Pano West - Mr. Grizz 48 iCompact Discs [SV 10" ed. pa. 209) A compact disc rotates from rest up to an angular speed of 31.4 rad/s in a time of 0.892 s. © a) What is the angular acceleration of the disc, assuming the angular acceleration is uniform? b) Through what angle does the disc turn while coming up to speed? ©) Ifthe radius of the disc is 4.45 cm, find the tangential speed of a microbe riding on the rim of the disc when t = 0.892 s. d) What is the magnitude of the tangential acceleration of the microbe at the given time? WO Urge BhUrrd/s be 6 gi25 ¥> 6 OH4 Sym> Y uw, w Torque Definitions Mechanics Name Rotation Teacher Torque Notes and Examples eriog ‘Torque — an external force that causes rotational motion Torque = (magnitude of the force) x (lever arm) ‘Symbol is tau T= IF sin@ Units = Nm. Line of action is an extended line drawn collinear (same direction) as the force. Lever arm is the distance between the line of action and the axis of rotation measured in a line perpendicular to both Sign conventions for torque Torque is positive when the force tends to produce a counter clockwise rotation. Torque is negative when the force tends to produce a clockwise rotation. ls) @ Right Hand Rule for Torque 4. Point your fingers of your right hand in the direction of the radius. 2. Curle your fingers toward the direction of the force vector. 3. Your thumb then points approximately in the direction of the torque. Taf sing 1 toga ate et re eta en ne “fecon a rovadha ‘recone, tan Bo ‘hamb eran eestor re Conditions for equilibrium of a rigid body A rig body isn equilibrium fit has zero translational acceleration and zero angular acceleration In equlrium, the sum of the external applied forces is zero, and the sum of the exterally applied toraues S zero: EF, =0 and ZF, =0, 3r=0 Tome rection oe 10016 in the thee fs en ‘whch woul Ge poe oyk % Plano West - Mr-GrizzleDoor [C&J 5" ed., p. 239] A force whose magnitude is 55 N is applied to a door in each of the following situations. Calculate the torque for each case. (a) |= 0.8 m (b) /= 0.6 m (c) /= 0, since the line of action passes through the axis of rotation tine of 1 action Line of ction nat ti of aetin Rotation “SN < 4 MON 2 ff \ 2 £0, sic tint , Aetlon passes treugh ais o o © Center of Gravity vs. Center of Mass Center of Gravity = the point of the application of the single force of gravity where the effect on the Totation of the object is the same as that of the individual particles. Derive the Center of Gravity Equation ertCenter of Gravity Example [S&V 10” ed. pg. 248-249) ‘Suppose your lab partner has a height SSDh (L) of 173 cm and a weight of 715 N. 1 ‘You can determine the position of his | center of gravity by having him stretch ‘out on a uniform board: supported at one ? end by a scale. If the board's weight is 49 N and the scale reading is 350 N, find the distance of your lab partner's center of gravity from the top of the lab partner's head, Problem Solving Strategy for conditions of Equilibrium "Diagram the system. include coordinates and choose a convenient rotation axis for computing the net torque on the object. 2. Draw a force diagram of the object of interest, showing all external forces acting on it, For systems with more than one object, draw a separate diagram for each object. 3. Apply the concept of net force = 0. This may yield more than one equation, 4. Apply the Concept of net torque = 0. if the axis is chosen carefully, this yields a single equation 5. Solve the System of Equations. Extra Tip: Ifa net torque of zero is ‘Sxerted on an object, it will continue to rotate at @ constant angular speed. Zero ‘orqus implies that the angular acceleration zero,rd [C&J 5th p. 242) pian en ee weight is 530 N is poised at the right end of a diving board whose length is 3.9 m, The board has negligible weight and is bolted down at the left end, while being ‘supported by a fulcrum 1.4 m from the bolt. Find the forces F; and F, that the bolt and the fulcrum, respectively, exert on the board, Draw an FBD to the right of the picture. Bench A woman, mass 60 kg, is seated 1.0 m from the left end of a bench that is 3.0 m long. The legs of the bench are located 0.5 m from each end, The bench has a uniform mass of 30 kg. Find the force F, and F2 exerted by each leg of the bench. (F; is the leg closest to the woman.) Sketch FDFireman and Ladder [C&J 5" e 2431 An 8.00 m ladder of weight W, = 355 N leans against a smooth vertical wall. The term “smooth” means that the wall can exert only a normal force directed perpendicular to the wall and cannot exert a frictional force parallel to it. The ladder makes an angle of 50 degrees with the ground. A firefighter We 875N stands 6.30 m from the bottom of the ladder. Assume that the ladder’s weight acts at the ladder’s center and neglect the hose's weight. 1a) Find the normal force the ground exerts on the ladder. b) Find the force of friction between the ground and ladder. g°9 = Fy sw Wp Fy ROM = sqeS15N ZT*O Dw Ta Ce (Fam = VF mbt Cf Gme SE ompv =U bys5 Jom U0 x 6 B87 Fatt 27 BUName 2 Mechanics a Rotati: Teacher ® Moment of Inertia Period 0 Moment of Ine When a rigid object is subject to a net torque, it undergoes an angular acceleration that is directly proportional to the net torque. Derive Moment of Inertia using a small mass: The system shown to the right consists of an object of mass m connected to a very light rod of length r. The rod is pivoted at point 0 and is confined to rotation on a frictionless horizontal table. Assume the force F; acts perpendicular to the rod. Torque on a Rotating Object (analogous to Newton's second law): Consider a solid disk rotating about its axis as a, shown. The disk consists of many particles at \ N ae Various distances from the axis of rotation. TT j The torque on each of these particles is the at ) i ¢ Same as above except the net torque on the me disk is a result of the sum of the individual torques on all the particles. ir Emr2)a in, the quantity in parentheses represents the moment of inertia, /. In=la SI Units = kgm? Inertia of a system depends on how the mass is distributed and on the location of the axis €Baton Twirler [S&V 10" ed. pg. 255] In an effort to be the star of the halftime show, a majorette twirls an unusual baton made of four balls fastened to the ends of very light rods. Each rod is 1.0 m long. @) Find the moment of inertia of the baton about an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through the point where the rods cross as shown below. 0.20 ig 030 Kg = L , =ime i r[tt3 z ( 34 Sham b) The majorette tries spinning her strange baton about the axis OO’, as shown below. Calculate the moment of inertia of the baton about this axis. ° 7T - Fine? Doane o «ls (0% +0 > LS Icom | i} 0.90 kg ° ozs | 7 Calculation of Moments of inertia for Extended Objects | ‘The method used for calculating moments of inertia is simple when only a few small objects rotate about an axis. When the object is an extended one such as a sphere, a cylinder, oF a cone integral calculus is often required. While we will not be using integral calculus to solve for extended objects, one extended object does have a simple solution, a hoop rotating about an axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through its center. A bicycle tire for example would approximately fitinto this category. Plano West Mr, Griz 53,Other Extended Objects and Moments of Inertia The hoop selected is unique in that only Ne simple algebra is required. Moments for f R a Eat ‘some other common shapes are given * —s in the table. If mass elements in an “T=MR Y object are redistributed parallel to the Seyret axis of rotation, the moment of inertia of the object doesn't change. ‘Sold cylinder {ercisk) about Consequently, the expression | = MR? ‘oylindr axis can be used equally well to find the axial moment of inertia of an embroidery hoop or a long sewer pipe. Likewise, a door turning on its hinges is described Thin rod about by the same moment of inertia oie eh ®xpression as that for a long thin rod ongh fotating about an axis through its end (See table). 2 So sphere ‘about any diameter a Avis A ‘Annular eytinder % 2) (erring) about Tah? oylinaer avis 1 Mer + Axis Salid cylinder Bor disk) about Fe contra! diameter palit oe fe Asis) Thin rod about axis through one end 4 tolength Me 3 ais 1 Thin 2R SOhercal shet y | amet | 3 wis ae b a Hit 0 Slab about 1 axis through center‘Warming Up [S&V 10" ed, pg 257] A baseball player loosening up his arm before a game tosses a 0.15 kg baseball using only the rotation of his forearm to accelerate the ball. The, , Lye forearm has a mass of 1.5 kg and the length from the elbow to the ball's |”, enters 0.35 m. The bal starts a est and is released with a speed of 30.0 mis in 0.3 s. a) Find the constant angular acceleration of the arm and ball ‘ b) Calculate the moment of inertia of the system consisting of the SS forearm and ball ©) Find the torque exerted on the system that results in the angular acceleration found in part (a). Jw | re 1g) x 1k Key The Falling Bublelysa\ or ed. pg 258 _ A solid, uniform, frictionless cylindrical real of mass M= 3.0 kg and radius R = 0.4 m is used to draw water from a well, A bucket of mass m= 2.0 kgis attached to a cord that is wrapped around the cylinder. @) Find the tension 7 in the cord and acceleration of the bucket, ) Ifthe bucket starts from rest at the top of the well and falls for 3.0 s before hitting the water, how far does it fall? Q® lleyy da Plone West my. Gristle 55% Mechanics Name = Rotation Teacher & Free-Body Diagrams Period Directions: In each case, draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the cylinder and the packages. The solid, uniform cylinders and the packages suspended from them all have the same weight, F,. Please use a ruler and do it in pencil so you can correct mistakes. Label forces using the following notation: Force of Gravity >F, Friction Force => F, Tension Force => F, Normal Force => Fy Reprinted with permission from James E, Court, The Physics Teacher, Volume 37, Issue 8, Page 494-495, 1999, Copyrighted 1999, American Association of Physics Teachers. A cylinder is supported on a frictionless horizontal axle, Draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the cylinder and the package. Derive an equation for acceleration in terms of m and g, 0A cylinder is supported on a frictionless horizontal axle. Draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the cylinder and the packages. Are the tension forces acting on the cylinder the same? Explain. ) ret 4) wat tigre Wd Inc Prevod BE eg S Cove iy Yotsie ~ D) Yost mid bee ye Pee BebeS en Pe Cylney b Covi Be Colaly PY accalude String is tied to ceiling and wray pped around cylinder. The Cylinder is falling. Draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the cylinder. Derive an equation for acceleration im terms of m and g. Dhems FT = mgs IT = Seog fore LA>Q z = 35 J Mess Eqro) Plano West - ir, Grizzle 7Cylinder was released with zero angular velocity on a frictionless incline. Draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the cylinder. Is it rolling? Explain. Derive an equation for acceleration in terms of g and angle of the ramp. EU TFsmig Ca A cylinder is rolling down a rough (not frictionless) incline. Draw the arrows representing all forces acting on the cylinder. Derive an equation for acceleration in terms of g and angle of the ramp. 9 Sel Fe ea ecMechanics shh cee Rotation Teacher Kinetic Energy Period Rotational Kinetic Energy Translational kinetic energy of a moving particle through a region of space has been previously defined as KE = Yémv*, Analogously, an object rotating about some axis with an angular speed has a rotational kinetic energy. T= mr? 1 : KE = 5 (Emr?) A.system such as a bowling ball rolling down a ramp is described by three types of energy: 1. gravitational potential energy 2. translational kinetic energy 3. rotational kinetic energy | For conservation of mechanical energy (conservative forces); (KE, + KE, + Ug), = (KE; + KE, + Uy) For non-conservative forces (friction) e Whe = AE = AKE, + AKE, + AU, Problem Solving Strategy 1. Choose two points of interest, one where all necessary information is known, and the other where information is desired. 2. Identify the conservative and non-conservative forces acting on the system being analyzed. 3. Write the general energy equation for conservative forces or non-conservative forces (above) using identified forces. 4. Substitute general expressions for terms in the equation. Use v = ra to eliminate either w or v A Ball Rolling Down an Incline [S&V 10” ed. pg 260-261 A ball of mass M and radius R starts from rest at a height of h = 2.0 m u and rolls down a 30 degree slope as shown. What is linear speed of a the ball when it leaves the incline? Assume that the ball rolls without x Slipping. (The moment of inertia for a sphere is: ! = 2M R2) I maby = re 2.00 “ | x0 ft Plano West - Mr. Grizzle 92Rolling Cylinders [C&J 5" ed. pg. 256-257] Solid Hollow 0 A thin-walled hollow cylinder (mass = mp, radius = r») and a solid cylinder oe oan (mass = m, radius = r,) start from rest at the top of an incline as shown to < the right. Both cylinders start at the same vertical height ho. All heights are measured relative to an arbitrarily chosen zero level that passes through the center of mass of a cylinder when it is at the bottom of the incline. Ignoring energy losses due to non-conservative forces, determine which cylinder has the greatest translational speed upon reaching the bottom: - ait _¢ - role! Cwmgh= vv TD (a \ Jz S mee f° Af wD —=_=_ on my yr . > TY ogy pH 4 vr? yer 12 Jay yg TSS 9 Epyey 2 yh V. Blocks and Pulley [S&V 10" ed. pg. 261-262) ‘Two blocks with masses m,= 5.0 kg and m, = 7.0 kg are attached by a string over a pulley with mass M = 2.0 kg as shown to the right. The pulley, which turns on a frictionless axle, is a hollow cylinder with radius 0.05 m over which the string moves without slipping. The horizontal surface has a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.35. Find the speed of the system when the block of mass ‘ime has dropped 2.0 m.| e Blocks and Pulley extension [S&V 10" ed. pg 262 part 8.13] j j Two blocks with masses m= 2.0 kg and m= 9.0 kg are attached by a string over a pulley with mass M 3.0 kg, hanging straight down as in Atwood's machine. The pulley is a solid cylinder with radius 0.05 m, and there is some friction in the axle. The system is released from rest, and the string moves without slipping over the pulley. Ifthe larger mass is traveling at a speed of 2.5 m/s when it has dropped 1.0 m, how much mechanical energy was lost due to friction in the pulley’s axle? | Wee AE Wt | “OBE. + DME apoE, weo om VerUSers We, “KE WES FEM, HARE, | \ TOW thmivaLe 2 oom “AZT + ove, -to2 = Sm pk me - 2 Tv "OS - Vv lm ' PPE Sms) rh Pe, 2 alms oat moh sgh 2 28 ZA) 5 2iwey-aaeit) 2 -24.5975 5 Plano West -Mr. Grzzle 31 coName Mechanics Rotation Teacher, ——— Angular Momentum Period Angular Momentum The angular momentum L of a body rotating about a fixed axis is the product of the body's moment of inertia /and its angular velocity w with respect to that axis. It is required that w must be expressed in radis. L=lw ‘SI Unit: kgm?/s. ‘Angular Momentum and Torque bh Gey Zl =, (22) (omen Ab “AL ~ The net torque acting on an object is equal to the time rate of change of the object's angular momentum Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum Mechanical energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum of an isolated system all remain constant. @ Z@t-o Hand Rules Angular Moment of Angular Momentum ~ Inertia Velocity L = | x Oo near _ Velocit Momentum = Mass x = p = m x Vv The X implies simple multipfication here.Spinning Skater [C8J 5" ed. pg. 25: An ice skater is spinning with both arms and a leg outstretched. She pulls. her arms and leg inward. As a result of this maneuver, her spinning motion changes dramatically. Using the principle of conservation of angular momentum, explain how and why it changes. e: Satellite in an Elliptical Orbit [C&J 5" ed. pg. 259-260] An artificial satellite is placed into an elliptical orbit about. the earth, as shown. Telemetry data indicate that its point of closes approach (called perige from the center of the earth, while its point of greatest distance (called apogee) is ra = 25.1x10° m from the center of the earth. The speed of the satellite at the Perigee is vp = 8450 m/s, Find its speed vs at the apogee. ZTz0 Odo). gare yt 360 Piano West 63) Vane 2310The Merry-Go-Round [S&V 10" ed. pa 265-267] ‘A merry-go-round modeled as a disk of mass M = 100 kg and radius R = 2.0 mis rotation in a horizontal plane about a frictionless vertical axle as shown in the overhead view to the right. ——s a) After a student with mass m = 60.0 kg jumps on the rim of the merry-go-round, the system's angular speed decreases to 2.0 rad/s. If the student walks slowly from the edge toward the center, calculate each of the following when she reaches point 0.5 m from the center. i. Calculate the moment of inertia of the disc. Wm 7 (loo) 2 206 ii, Calculate the initial moment of inertia of the student. iii, Calculate the initial angular momentum of the system, iv, Calculate the student's final moment of inertia when she is 0.5 m from the center. € Te my v. Calculate the final angular momentum of the system. vi, Calculate the final angular speed of the system.Mechanics Name —______ Rotation Teacher Analogies Chart Period Analogies between Rotational and Translational Concepts and Variables _ Physical Concept Translational Rotational Displacement IX 4 oe Velocity AN Aw Acceleration a . A The cause of acceleration 4 e a Tt Inertia re TL Newton's second Law Ze ma EL - TL A e Kinetic Energy Le chm eck Da Work WH ay WEL 00 Momentum es Loewe