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t2 Kidney Disease
t2 Kidney Disease
Causes
• Primary kidney disorder or secondary to a
systemic disease or other urologic defects.
• Pyelonephritis
• Glomerulonephritis
• Nephrotic Syndrome
• Polycystic Kidney Disease
• Lupus Nephritis
• Interstitial Nephritis
• Diabetic Nephropathy or Diabetic Kidney
Disease (DKD)
• Hypertensive Nephropathy (HTN) or
Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis
5
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Etiology / Incidence:
Antigen-antibody response to antecedent
beta hemolytic streptococcal infection
Occur 10-14 days after streptococcal
infection (Group A)
Peak incidence: 3 – 10 yrs of age
Male to female; ratio 2:1
4-Feb-24
6
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Predisposing Factors:
Antecedent streptococcal infection e.g.
pharyngitis, tonsillitis, skin infection – post-
streptococcal AGN
Pathophysiology:
Antigens localized in the kidney in the capillary
wall
The kidney becomes edematous & enlarged
Inflammation & injury to the tissue occur – GFR
is impaired
4-Feb-24
7
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Clinical Manifestations:
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Diagnostic Treatment:
Evaluations:
Antihypertensive
Urinalyis Diuretic
Serum protein Low sodium, low
BUN protein diet
Serum creatinine Bed rest – acute
phase
Antibiotic – if
infection still present
4-Feb-24
9
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Nursing Care:
Definition
ETIOLOGI
proteinurea
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (cont…)
Hypoalbuminemia
Edema
Hypoalbuminemia
(loss of plasma protein)
stimulates liver to increase albumin
production & lipoprotein synthesis
(cholesterol)
hypercholesterolemia / hyperlipidemia
MANIFESTASI CLINICAL
◼ Proteinurea ◼ short of breath (sign &
◼ Hipoalbuminemia symptoms of
pulmonary edema /
◼ Lethargy
pleural effusion)
◼ Anorexia
◼ Ascitis
◼ Irritable
◼ Shining skin
◼ Anemia
◼ Hiperlipidemia
◼ Pale
◼ Hipertension
◼ Edema
◼ Frothy urine
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
DIAGNOSTIC ASSESMENT /
INVESTIGATION
1. Urine
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Categories
Secondary:
SLE
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy
NBNS3504 4-Feb-24
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
TREATMENT
1. Medication
1. Medication
2. Diet
(AKI)
Causes
1. ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
Symptoms
1. ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
1. ACUTE KIDNEY
INJURY (AKI)
Complications
1. ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
Treatment
• Increase intake of • Most people have a
fluids if dehydrated full recovery
• Antibiotics if have • Some people go on
an infection to develop chronic
• Stop taking certain kidney disease
medicines (at least • In severe cases,
until the problem is dialysis may be
sorted) needed.
• Used urinary
catheter to drain
the bladder if
there's a blockage
1. ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
Treatment
INJURY
SUMMARY
2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Stages
2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Blockages in the flow of urine
e.g. kidney stones,
Causes enlarged prostate
Certain medicines
e.g. (NSAIDs)
& consumption
of alcohol
2. CHRONIC
KIDNEY DISEASE
(CKD)
Causes
2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Symptoms
2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Investigations
2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
C TREATMENT 41
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1. MEDICATIONS
2. NUTRITIONS
2. NUTRITIONS
3. FLUIDS INTAKE
The treatments:
•Kidney transplant
•Hemodialysis
•Peritoneal Dialysis
Goals of treatment:
◼ To relieve symptoms
◼ Prevent complications