ADANA ALPARSLAN TÜRKEŞ

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of
Aerospace Engineering
CHM107- GENERAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT

Süleyman Emre Sayar

230401079
Group 9
Experiment 5. Preparation of Solutions

Introduction
Solution: The dissolution of a substance in another substance to form a homogeneous mixture
that will be dispersed in particles too small to be seen by the eye is called dissolution, and the
resulting mixture is called a solution. The substances that make up a solution are generally
called solvent and solute. There are many solvents and solutes in nature. The best known
solvent is water. Many solid, liquid and gaseous substances are soluble in water. Tea, sea
water, cola, ink water, alcoholic water, sugar water, etc. are examples of solutions.
Dissolution can be confused with melting.

Solutions containing relatively low concentrations of solute are called dilute solutions and
those of relatively high concentrations are called concentrated solutions.

Molarity
Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution. Molarity is defined
as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution. Molarity is also known as the molar
concentration of a solution. The units of molarity are M or mol/L. A 1 M solution is said to be
“one molar.” M = moles solute / liters solution. For example, 1L of a 1 M of sodium
hydroxide is prepared by taking 1 mole of NaOH and adding it into some water less than 1 L
and then completed it to the 1 L in volumetric flask. Molarity Equation, chemists frequently
prepare solutions of known molarities. So, to prepare a concentrated solution, it has to be
diluted with the solvent. Now, as a result, the volume of the solution changes. The equation
given below is used to determine the volume of an unknown solution from a known molarity
solution:
M1V1 = M2V2

Molality

Molality refers to the number of moles of a solute per mass of a solvent, whereas molarity
refers to the number of moles of a solute per volume of a solution. The molality of a solution
is defined as the number of moles of a solute per kilogram of solvent. It depends on the mass
of the solvent. It is denoted by the letter m. The formula to calculate the Molality of any
solution is,
m = (Number of Moles of Solute)/(Mass of Solvent in kg)
Molality is defined as the ratio of moles of solute to the weight of solvent in k. The unit of
molality is mol/kg.
Mass Percent
The mass percent may be a way of expressing a degree. Moreover, it describes the
component during a particular mixture. The solution composition is often described in mass
percentage. It shows the mass of solute present during a given mass of solution. The number
of solutes is expressed in mass or by moles.
Mass percent = (component’s mass ÷ total mass) x 100% or

Percentage of mass = (solute’s mass ÷ mass of solution) x 100%

For example, 15%(weight percent%) aqueous solution of NaOH is prepared with 15 grams of
NaOH and 85 grams of water. If we assume that the density of water is 1 g/mL then, 85
grams of water is equal to 85 mL water.

Volume Percent

Percent by Volume Formula is the concentration formula that gives the volume of solute
present in a given volume of solution. Percent by Volume is used to express the concentration
of a solute volumetrically. It calculates the volume percentage of a solute in the solution. The
volume of a solution is evaluated by adding the volume of the solute as well as the solvent.
The unit of measurement of percent by volume is the percentage. Its value is directly
proportional to the volume of the solute. It means that the value of percent by volume
increases/decreases with an increase or decrease in the volume of solute and vice-versa.
P = (v / V) × 100
where,
 v is the Volume of Solute or Solvent
 V is the Volume of Solution

For example, 15% aqueous solution of ethanol (C2 H5 OH) is prepared with 15 mL of absolute
C2 H5 OH (99.8%) and 85 mL of water.
Mole Fraction
Mole fraction represents the number of molecules of a particular component in a mixture
divided by the total number of moles in the given mixture. It’s a way of expressing the
concentration of a solution. The molar fraction can be represented by X. If the solution
consists of components A and B, then the mole fraction is,

Therefore, the sum of mole fraction of all the components is always equal to one.

Please note that mole fraction represents a fraction of molecules, and since different
molecules have different masses, the mole fraction is different from the mass fraction.

This experiment tells us what a solution is and how we can make a solution in the proportions
we want and how we can distinguish the properties of a compound. Finally, when doing any
solution preparation experiment, make sure to note down the quantities of products used and
make sure that there are no mistakes in the calculations. As always, remember to work in
accordance with the laboratory rules.

References
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)
 https://study.com/learn/lesson/solutions-in-chemistry.html
 https://www.yaclass.in/p/science-state-board/class-10/solutions-14119/solutions-
components-types-properties-solubility-11481/re-bfd17488-5de3-421b-9d5f-
5c0bf9c7a6db
 https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/articles/molarity-vs-molality-formula-
and-definitions-334119
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/molarity/
 https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-molarity
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/molality/
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry-formulas/mass-percent-formula/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/percent-by-volume-formula/
 https://www.inspiritvr.com/mole-fraction-study-guide/
 https://byjus.com/mole-fraction-formula/