E3S Web of Conferences 426, 02075 (2023) https://doi.org/10.

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Comparisonal Analysis of Formwork Costs Conventional, Semi-

System and Aluminium on Shear Wall Work (Case Study: The
Building of The Faculty of Art and Design Education)
Aldhi Daffa Wiguna1*, and Caroline Maretha Sujana1
1Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University Jakarta, Indonesia 11480

Abstract. Indonesia is one of the other countries with a high productivity level in the construction industry.
As the construction industry increases, some things must be considered in construction management, namely
cost, time, and quality. In this study, the authors focus on the analysis of formwork in terms of cost by using
unit price analysis which refers to PUPR and unit prices in each province. This research resulted in an analysis
of the formwork method, which is more cost-effective in the shear wall work of the Faculty of Art and Design
Education Building. The results showed that using the aluminium formwork method has an average cost of
36% more economical than conventional methods, and semi-system methods.

1. Introduction Formwork costs generally range from 35% to 60% or

Building and infrastructure construction is still common in
both developed and developing countries, one of which is
Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the other countries that have
a high level of productivity in the construction industry so
the construction industry is one of the factors that affect
the Indonesian economy. As the construction industry
increases, there are things that must be considered in
construction management. Cost, time, and quality are
things that must be reviewed in the construction
management itself. These parameters are always the most
important things in the implementation of a construction.
Total construction costs consist of three main cost
categories. The first major cost category is construction
costs, which include materials, services, and machinery
costs, as well as additional costs such as shipping or
material management costs. The second major category of
costs is incremental costs. It's not directly related to
construction work, but something to do with it. This
includes design costs, such as pre-study fees, soil
mechanics (geotechnical) measurement fees, or legal fees.
The third major cost category is also ancillary costs. It can
be projected on a per-square meter basis for construction
costs, such as interior design, infrastructure, lump sum, or
using some special technology, such as warehousing
technology [1].
more of the total cost of the concrete structure.
Considering the impact of formwork on the total cost, it is
very important that the formwork structural engineer also
designs the formwork for formation savings, so that
formwork planning must be made efficiently, minimizing
time and cost, in the construction schedule process for the
benefit of contractors and owners [2]. These parameters are
always the most important thing in the implementation of
construction, but in this study, the authors will only focus
on the cost aspect.
This research will later produce alternative information
regarding comparative studies in the use of the formwork
method for shear wall work. Therefore, the author wants to
further analyze the comparison of costs in carrying out
formwork work on shear walls or shear walls using
conventional, semi-system, system, and aluminum
formwork methods which have been obtained under the
title "Comparative Analysis of Conventional Formwork
Costs, Semi-system and Systems on Shear Wall Work”.
This can be used as a reference for construction services in
choosing alternative work methods for shear wall
formwork in building construction.

____________________________________
*Corresponding author: aldhi.wiguna@binus.ac.id

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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2. Formwork theory and previous
research
Formwork plays an important role in assisting the
realization of geometry and the development of the
strength of concrete elements. It is also one of the main
costs in the construction of concrete structures. Formwork
is a mold or mold including all supporting structures,
which are used to shape and support concrete until it
reaches sufficient strength to carry its weight [3].
Formwork is defined as a temporary structure that aims to
provide support and resistance until the concrete can
support its own weight [4]. The materials commonly used
in formwork are wood, steel, aluminum, fabric, and plastic
with different types and classifications. [5]
The system used can be a combination of the two
materials. The selection of suitable materials for formwork
shall be based on maximum savings to the contractor,
consistent with the safety and quality required in the final
work [6]. Formwork systems can generally be classified as
Vertical Systems (walls and columns) and Horizontal
Systems (slabs and beams). The material that serves as a
formwork surface is known as casing and is used in both
vertical and horizontal systems. That formwork material
can be declared good if it meets certain requirements [7],
such as:
x There are no leaks and do not absorb water content in
the concrete mixture;
x For concrete with architectural design, formwork must
have the texture as planned;
x Strength of formwork materials must be tested in
holding concrete;
x Can facilitate the formation of precise concrete;
x Formwork reinforcement must be taken into account.
In general, formwork has different systems, which can
be distinguished as the type of formwork itself. Here
are some types of formwork that are often used in
construction.
a. Conventional Formwork
Conventional formwork systems are generally known
in the world of construction as the stick form or hand-
over-hand method. [8] Conventional formwork is a
formwork system in which when the formwork is
dismantled or removed it becomes basic parts,
therefore the formwork can be rearranged into another
form. Conventional formwork systems include
formwork for slabs, beams, and foundations. [9] This
system is formed from wood, plywood, or plywood
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(multiplex), in conventional formwork it can be used
three times.
b. Semi-system formwork
Semi-system formwork is formwork that is deliberately
formed for a certain type of construction. Requirements
in using semi-system formwork, the building
construction structure must have a symmetrical shape.
So that formwork can be used repeatedly [10]. While
there are other opinions regarding the definition of
semi-system formwork itself [11], in general, semi-
system formwork is composed of several plate
materials. The cantilever construction is composed of
factory-made components or steel wooden girders
which are arranged and the formwork using the PERI
semi-system can be used up to 6 times.
c. Aluminum formwork
Aluminum formwork [12] is a formwork that has
undergone further renewal to become a universal
formwork where this formwork can be used with all
possibilities in various types of buildings. Aluminum
formwork financing can not only be purchased directly
but can also be rented from formwork equipment
providers. Aluminum formwork is made of high-
strength aluminum, with face or panel contact surfaces,
consisting of 4mm thick plates, which are welded to
formwork specially designed extrusion sections [13].
These formwork panels are held in place by a simple
pin and wedge adjustment system that threads through
holes on the outside edge of each panel. Panel walls are
held together by high-strength wall ties, while the deck
is supported by beams and supports [11]. Because the
equipment is made of aluminum, it has parts that are
large enough to be effective, yet light enough for a
single worker to handle.
3. Research method
This study used a quantitative method, in which formwork
data were collected from PERI semi-system, conventional,
and aluminum formwork obtained through observation at
the construction project of the Faculty of Art and Design
Education Building, with a review of shear walls. Other
data needed in this study were obtained through
benchmarking in previous studies.
This is done to know the effectiveness of certain
formwork methods with cost as a parameter. This research
will refer to PUPR Regulation Number 1 of 2022, Journal
of Unit Price Books 2022 West Java Province, and related
journals regarding Unit Price Analysis and compare
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several formwork methods, namely the conventional Tabel 1 Volume Shear wall of the Faculty of Artand Design
method, the semi-PERI system method, and aluminum in Education
terms of cost.
Floors Qty (units) Volume (m2)
Basemant – 1st floor 4 370,80
4. Data analyis 2nd floor – 6th floor 10 865,20
In knowing the budget plan spent on shear wall formwork 7th floor 2 276,04
in the Faculty of Art and Design Education (FPSD) Total 16 1512,04
building, formwork volume data is needed. In this FPSD In addition to shear wall area data, unit labor price
building, shear walls and columns are one part. So the analysis data is also needed to be used in calculating the
formula for the area of the formwork used must be slightly budget plan. The unit prices to be reviewed are the unit
modified. The volume of shear wall formwork in the prices for materials, tools, and wages, which consist of the
Faculty of Art and Design Education Building can be seen coefficient values for each job description, and the unit
as follows: price for materials. The unit price analysis for shear wall
formwork is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Unit Price Analysis of Shear Wall Formwork (Conventional)

No. Description Units Coefficient Unit Price (Rp.) Total price (Rp.)
LABOR
Worker OH 0,660 Rp 161.636 Rp 106.679,76
Carpenter OH 0,330 Rp 160.500 Rp 52.965,00
1
Chief Carpenter OH 0,033 Rp 177.600 Rp 5.860,80
Foreman OH 0,033 Rp 189.700 Rp 6.260,10
Total Manpower (A) Rp 171.765,66
MATERIAL
Class III wood m3 0,030 Rp 4.747.345 Rp 142.420,35
Nail Size 8 cm to 12 cm kg 0,400 Rp 22.000 Rp 8.800,00
Formwork Oil ltr 0,200 Rp 39.449 Rp 7.889,80
Class II wooden beams m3 0,020 Rp 6.265.890 Rp 125.317,80
2
Multiplex 12 mm (122 x 244) sheet 0,350 Rp 172.400 Rp 60.340,00
Dolken Wood, ‡ 8–10 cm pcs 3,000 Rp 43.100 Rp 129.300,00
Formwork Distance Guard / Spacer pcs 4,000 Rp 15.135 Rp 60.540,00
Total Material Prices (B) Rp 534.607,95
Total Material Price 3x Usage Rp 178.202,65
EQUIPMENT
3 -
Total Equipment Prices (C) -
4 Total Unit Price Rp 349.968,31
5 Overhead & Profit Rp 17.498,42
6 Work Unit Price Rp 367.466,73

Table 3 Analysis of the unit price for semi-system PERI Shear Wall Formwork

No. Description Units Coefficient Unit Price (Rp.) Total price (Rp.)
LABOR
Worker OH 0,660 Rp 161.636 Rp 106.679,76
Carpenter OH 0,330 Rp 160.500 Rp 52.965,00
1
Chief Carpenter OH 0,033 Rp 177.600 Rp 5.860,80
Foreman OH 0,033 Rp 189.700 Rp 6.260,10
Total manpower (A) Rp 171.765,66

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No. Description Units Coefficient Unit Price (Rp.) Total price (Rp.)
MATERIAL
Hollow 50x50 pcs 0,167 Rp 154.700 Rp 25.834,90
Hollow 50x100 pcs 0,167 Rp 276.800 Rp 46.225,60
Screw nails 12 mm pcs 24 Rp 500 Rp 12.000,00
2 Formwork Oil ltr 0,200 Rp 39.449 Rp 7.889,80
Tie Rod & Wing Nut set 1,000 Rp 68.500 Rp 68.500,00
Plywood 12 mm (Phenol Film) sheet 0,350 Rp 255.000 Rp 89.250,00
Total Material Price (B) Rp 249.700,30
Total Material Price 6x Usage Rp 41.616,72
EQUIPMENT
3
Total Equipment Prices (C)
4 Total Unit Price Rp 213.382,38
5 Overhead & Profit Rp 10.669,12
6 Work Unit Price Rp 224.051,50

Table 4 Analysis of the Unit Price for Aluminum Shear Wall Formwork

No. Description Units Coefficient Unit Price (Rp.) Total price (Rp.)
LABOR
Craftsman OH 0,330 Rp 160.500 Rp 52.965,00
1 Chief Craftsman OH 0,033 Rp 177.600 Rp 5.860,80
Foreman OH 0,033 Rp 189.700 Rp 6.260,10
Total Manpower (A) Rp 65.085,90
MATERIAL
Alumunium Panel m2 0,336 Rp 1.950.000 Rp 655.200,00
Round Pin pcs 2,000 Rp 5.000 Rp 10.000,00
Wedge Pin pcs 2,000 Rp 5.000 Rp 10.000,00
2 Flat tie pin pcs 2,000 Rp 5.000 Rp 10.000,00
Minyak Bekesting ltr 0,200 Rp 39.449 Rp 7.889,80
Pipe Support unit 0,368 Rp 450.000 Rp 165.600,00
Release pcs 0,368 Rp 207.000 Rp 76.176,00
Total Material Price (B) Rp 934.865,80
Total Material Price 8x Usage Rp 116.858,23
EQUIPMENT
3
Total Equipment Prices (C)
4 Total Unit Price Rp 181.944,13
5 Overhead & Profit Rp 9.097,21
6 Work Unit Price Rp 191.041,33

Table 5 Comparison Results of Shear Wall Formwork Cost Analysis

Type of Price
No Total Price (Rp)
formwork Material (Rp) Manpower (Rp)
1 Conventional Rp 286.798.320 Rp 272.702.376 Rp 559.500.696
2 PERI Semi-System Rp 105.319.841 Rp 272.701.820 Rp 378.021.661
3 Aluminum Rp 185.529.026 Rp 103.333.108 Rp 288.862.135

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Based on the results of the analysis in Table 3 and
Table 4, regarding the costs of shear wall work using
several methods, in order to find economic value in shear
wall formwork work. In the end, the author can conclude
that the costs required for the shear wall work of the
Faculty of Art and Design Education Building are shown
in Table 5.
Based on the analysis in Table 5, it can be concluded
that using aluminum formwork has a more economical
cost. Meanwhile, it is inversely proportional to
conventional formwork methods which are more expensive
than other formwork methods. It can be visualized with the
following diagram in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Diagram of Comparison of Shear wall formwork costs
The definition of formwork methods that are cost-
effective can also be defined by comparing formwork
methods that have low or economical work costs with
other formwork methods. Therefore, there is a cost
comparison to other methods, the diagram can be seen in
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Cost Difference Diagram of Conventional &
Aluminum
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Figure 3. Cost Difference Diagram of PERI & Aluminum Semi-
systems
From the results of the comparison in Figure 3, the
comparison of shear wall formwork with conventional and
aluminum formwork methods obtains a difference of 48%,
while the semi-PERI system method and aluminum obtain
a difference of 24%. So it can be concluded that the shear
wall formwork work in the Faculty of Art and Design
Education Building can be more cost-effective when using
the Aluminum method which has an average difference of
36% cheaper than the conventional method and the PERI
semi-system method.
5. Discussion
The analysis of unit prices above can be concluded that in
choosing the formwork method for a shear wall job, cheap
and high costs depend on the number of floors in the
building to be worked on, the volume of the shear wall
structure, and the characteristics of the building. According
to this study, the shear wall formwork method using the
semi-PERI system is more efficient in buildings that have
6 floors with symmetrical structural characteristics, while
for above 6 floors, the recommended formwork is
formwork with the aluminum method.
Using the aluminum method in shear wall formwork
work can be more efficiently used in buildings that have 6
– 25 floors. While on top of that, such as in a building with
31 floors, the recommended formwork is a combination of
formwork between aluminum and the semi-PERI system.
This is because the price of the formwork will be cheap
depending on the distribution of the unit price analysis for
the application used. As in a building that has 31 floors,
because aluminum formwork can be used 25 times,
formwork with this method will be used on floors 1 to 25,
for the semi-PERI system formwork itself will be used
after floors 26 to 31, this is due to residual There are 6
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floors to be worked on, therefore the semi-PERI system
method can be used on these floors because the PERI
semi-system formwork can only be used 6 times. The use
of formwork in shear wall work that is more than 6 times,
in buildings with the same characteristics as the building
for the faculty of art and design education, it is
recommended to use the aluminum formwork method.
This study has limitations on unit price data and the
coefficients used in each formwork method because
researchers only use the coefficients found in other high-
rise building construction due to limited data on the
projects studied. for the future, in researching unit prices,
researchers must analyze each job to obtain a valid
coefficient according to the consumables contained in the
construction building and the recently constructed unit
price. because each contractor has different unit prices and
coefficients.
6. Conclusion
Based on the results of the research conducted by the
author regarding the comparison of the formwork method
in the shear wall work of the Faculty of Art and Design
Education (UPI) building project, several conclusions were
obtained. The following are the conclusions obtained from
the above research:
1. The cost of formwork work on shear wall work in the
FPSD building with reference to the West Java
Province Unit Price Book, with the conventional
method has a cost of up to Rp.559,500,696, for
aluminum formwork a fee of Rp.378,021,661 is
received, while for the PERI semi-system, it is
Rp.378,021,661.
2. It can be concluded that for a building with
characteristics such as the FPSD building which has
seven floors and a symmetrical structure, it is advisable
to use the aluminum method for the shear wall
formwork work. This is because the cost of work is
more effective, compared to conventional methods and
semi-PERI systems which have an average difference
of 36% more expensive.
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