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SB 2
SB 2
7. SB2.2 Describe the im- Some organisms can reproduce using just one par-
portance of mitosis ent. This asexual reproduction produces offspring
in growth, repair and that are clones which means that their cells have
asexual reproduction same chromosomal
8. B2.3 Describe the divi- the division of a cell by mitosis is the production
sion of a cell by mito- of two daughter cells, each with identical sets of
sis as the production chromosomes in the nucleus to the parent cell, and
of two daughter cells, that this results in the formation of two genetically
each with identical sets identical diploid body cells.
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of chromosomes in the
nucleus to the parent
cell, and that this re-
sults in the formation
of two genetically iden-
tical diploid body cells.
9. B2.4 Describe can- The rate at which cells divide by mitosis is controlled
cer as the result of by chemical instructions in DNA. If there is a change
changes in cells that in one of the genes that controls cell division, the cell
lead to uncontrolled may start dividing uncontrollably - tumour develops
cell division. into cancer
12. B2.6 Explain the im- Cell differentiation causes cells to become spe-
portance of cell differ- cialised for its job. Having specialised cells allows
entiation in the devel- multicellular organisms to work more efficiently
opment of specialised
cells.
13. B2.7 Demonstrate an Percentile charts are used to assess a child's growth
understanding of the over time so that an overall pattern in development
use of percentile can be seen and any problems highlighted
charts to monitor Baby's growth regularly monitored - length, mass,
growth. head circumference
14. B2.5 Describe growth In plants growth in height is mainly due to cell elon-
in organisms, includ- gation - cell division usually just happens in the tips
ing: (b) cell division, and roots and shoots (meristems). Plants often grow
elongation and differ- continuously and continue to differentiate
entiation in plants.
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15. Stem Cells Undifferentiated cells are called stem cells. Depend-
ing on the instructions, stem cells can divide by
mitosis to become new cells which then differentiate
16. B2.8 Describe the func- Embryonic stem cells can produce any type of spe-
tion of embryonic stem cialised cell As the stem cells continue to divide the
cells embryo starts to develop different areas that will
become the different organs - important for growth
and development of organisms.
17. B2.8 Describe the func- By the time a young animal is fully developed, the
tion of stem cells in an- stem cells can usually only produce the type of
imals specialised cell that is around them - adult stem
cells. The adult stem cells allow tissue to grow and
to replace old or damaged cells
18. B2.8 Describe the func- Meristem tissue is found in areas of the plant that
tion of meristems in are growing (e.g. roots and shoots). Meristems pro-
plants. duce unspecialised cells that are able to divide and
form any cell type in the plant - for as long as plants
live.
19. B2.9 Discuss the po- Adult stem cells are used by doctors to cure some
tential benefits and diseases e.g. sickle cell anaemia by bone marrow
risks associated with transplant.
the use of stem cells Extracting stem cells from very early human em-
in medicine - potential bryos and growing them. Under certain conditions
benefits the stem cells can be stimulated to differentiate into
specialised cells.
Possible to use stem cells to replace damaged tis-
sue - potential for new cures is the reason for the
huge scientific interest in stem cells
20. B2.9 Discuss the po- -Tumour development: stem cells divide very quick-
tential benefits and ly. If they're unable to control rate at which trans-
risks associated with planted cells divide, tumour develop
the use of stem cells -Disease transmission: Viruses live inside cells. If a
in medicine - potential donor cells are infected with virus and isn't picked
risks up, virus passed on, recipient become sicker
-Rejection: body may recognise cells as foreign and
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trigger an immune response to try to get rid if them,
drugs taken to suppress this response but makes
susceptible to diseases
21. B2.9 Discuss the po- Research using embryonic stem cells raises ethical
tential benefits and issues.
risks associated with Some argue that human embryos shouldn't be used
the use of stem cells in for experiments - potential for human life.
medicine - ethics Others think curing patients suffering is more impor-
tant than potential for life.
22. B2.10B Describe the At the base of the brain. Divided into two halves and
structures and func- controls balance and muscle coordination
tions of the brain in-
cluding the cerebellum
23. B2.10B Describe the The largest part of the brain. Divided into two halves
structures and func- called cerebral hemispheres. The right side commu-
tions of the brain in- nicates with the left side of the body and vice versa.
cluding the cerebral Responsible for movement, intelligence, memory
hemispheres and vision
24. B2.10B Describe the Controls heart rate and breathing rate. It is also
structures and func- responsible for reflexes like vomiting, sneezing and
tions of the brain in- swallowing.
cluding the medulla ob- Made up from a mass of neurons which connect to
longata. spinal cord
25. Brain Scanning Brain scanning allows scientists to look deeper into
the brain than surgery does. It allows the study of
a healthy individual without the risk of harming the
brain
27. B2.12B H Explain some It is hard to repair damage to the nervous system
of the limitations in - neurons in the CNS don' readily repair and sci-
treating damage and entists haven't developed a way to repair nervous
disease in the brain tissue.
and other parts of If a problem occurs in a part of the nervous system
the nervous system, in- that is not easy to access it can be hard to treat. e.g.
cluding spinal injuries not possible to remove tumours in some parts of the
and brain tumours brain.
Treatments may lead to permanent damage. Some
surgeries can potentially lead to further damage
leading to permanent damage
28. The CNS coordination The body has lots of sensory receptors - groups of
response cells that detect a change in your environment (a
stimulus). Different receptors detect different stim-
uli. When a stimulus is detected by receptors, the
information is converted to a nervous (electrical)
impulse and sent along sensory neurons to the
CNS. The CNS coordinates the response. Impulses
travel through the CNS along relay neurons. The
CNS sends information to an effector (muscle or
gland) along a motor neuron - the effector responds
accordingly
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axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to motor
neurons
30. B2.13 Explain the motor neurons send impulses to effectors to trig-
structure and function ger a response - many short dendrites carry nerve
of motor neurons and impulses to cell body. One long axon sends nerve
synapses in the trans- impulses from cell body to effector cells.
mission of electrical
impulses The connection between two neurons is called a
synapse. The nerve signal is transferred by chem-
icals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across
the gap. The neurotransmitters then set off a new
electrical signal in the next neuron. The transmis-
sion of neuron impulses is very fast but slowed down
a bit because of the diffusion
32. B2.13 Explain the Dendrons and axons are frequently long to allow
structure and function fast neurotransmission over long distances.
of the axon, dendron, A myelin sheath is a fatty layer surrounding these
myelin sheath and the parts which electrically insulate a neuron from
role of neurotransmit- neighbouring neurons, stopping the signals losing
ters. energy.
Nerve signals are transferred by chemical called
neurotransmitters. These set off a new electrical
signal in the next neuron
33. Reflexes prevent injury reflexes are an automatic, rapid response to stimuli.
The passage of information in a reflex (from recep-
tor to effector is called a reflex arc.
see page 29 in revision guide
34. B2.15B Explain the The cornea refracts light into the eye. The lens also
structure and function refracts light, focusing it on the retina
of the eye as a sensory The lens can be pulled tight or made more rounded
receptor including the depending on how much the suspension ligaments
role of: are tightened or slackened by ciliary muscles
a the cornea and lens
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35. B2.15B Explain the The iris controls how much light enters the pupil (the
structure and function hole in the middle)
of the eye as a sensory
receptor including the
role of:
b the iris ·
36. B2.15B Explain the Rods are more sensitive to dim light but can't sense
structure and function colour. Cones are sensitive to different colours but
of the eye as a sensory are not so good with dim light
receptor including the
role of:
c rod and cone cells in
the retina.
37. B2.16B Describe de- Long-sighted people are unable to focus on near ob-
fects of the jects as they have wrong shaped lenses and doesn't
eye including bend light enough or the eyeball is too short.
cataracts, long-sight- Short-sighted people are unable to focus on distant
edness, short-sighted- objects. This occurs when the lens is the wrong
ness and colour blind- shape and bends light too much or the eyeball is too
ness. long.
A cataract is a cloudy patch on the lens which stops
light entering the eye normally - blurred vision
Colour blind people can't tell the differences be-
tween certain colours - the most common is
red-green colour blindness - cones in the retina are
not working properly. No cure
40. B2.14 Explain the Reflex reactions in humans are controlled by the
structure and function reflex arc.
of a reflex arc including When the safety of an organism demands a very
sensory, relay and mo- quick response, the signals may be passed directly
tor neurones from a sensory neuron, via a relay neurone, to a
motor neurone for instant, unthinking action. This is
a reflex action.
A reflex arc is the nerve pathway which makes such
a fast, automatic response possible. It does not
matter how brainy you are - you will always pull your
hand away from a flame without thinking about it. It
is in-built, or innate, behaviour, and we all behave
in the same way. The animation allows you to go
through the stages of the reflex arc one by one:
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