INTRODUCTION

At the present stage of development of linguistics, the problems of the

relationship between language, thinking and national culture are in the center of
attention of scientists. The science of language acquires a cognitive and
anthropocentric orientation, which is reflected in such topical areas as linguo-
culturology and linguo-cognitology. These areas of linguistics are focused on the
study of language in a paradigm, the center of which is a person. The study of the
concepts that form its conceptual system and linguistic picture of the world allows
us to explore the mentality and way of thinking of both an individual and an entire
nation. For representatives of the British nation, one of these concepts is the
concept “WEATHER”, the most important component of the national concept
sphere, which belongs to the basic communicative block of the British society.
The sphere of weather phenomena is universal for all cultures and nations.
The weather is the conditions in which a person is throughout his life path, affects
his well-being, mood and various aspects of life, such as work, agriculture, leisure,
transport, etc. In other words, the weather determines the conditions for the
existence of society, setting its own regulations. These circumstances dictate the
need to analyze and study the phenomenon of weather, since it has occupied an
influential place in the national culture and worldview of the British for many
centuries, is characterized by high significance and is objectified in the language
and communicative activity of the nation through a large number of lexical units. It
is well known that for the British, the weather is not only an integral part of life,
but also one of the most popular, relevant and widely discussed topics of
conversation.
This research focuses on the genre of the weather forecast. The genre of the
weather forecast had never been focused on in a teaching context within the
scientific literature.
The object of the research is the genre of weather forecast on TV.
The subject of the research is units of the English language included in the
nominative field of the concept Weather
 The aim of the research is to prove that the genre of the weather forecast
useful and interesting to be addressed in a foreign language teaching context.
The task of the research is:
 to identify the genre of the weather forecast;
 to determine the communicative functions of weather forecasting;
 to describe the general presentation and structure of the text
type “weather forecast on TV”;
 to analysis of the weather forecast in the United Kingdom and in the
United States;
 to compare weather forecast in the UK and the US;
The actual material of the study is 50 synoptic texts selected from
periodicals listed in the source database.
The source base of the research is: The Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph,
The Sunday Times, Financial Times, Belfast Telegraph.
The practical value is to integrating the genre of the weather forecast in
foreign language courses would enable students to master a varied panel of
linguistic, strategic and communicative resources.
 CHAPTER I. THE GENRE OF THE WEATHER FORECAST IN
LANGUAGE
1.1. Definition and functional typology of the genre – the weather forecast
The concept of "genre" (French "genus", "kind") is used in all areas of
creativity. Genre is one of the most complex concepts in art history, literary
criticism and medialogy.
Moreover, a related view can also be found in Hyland’s definition of genres.
According to him, “genre refers to abstract, socially recognised ways of using
language. It is based on the assumptions that the features of a similar group of
texts depend on the social context of their creation and use …” [13;p.31]
Overtime, the concept of genre has developed and this notion also emerged
within the linguistic field. However, its definition does not appear to be a one-
sided one. As a matter of fact, “genre” has been much written about, even though,
or perhaps because, it is considered to be “a fuzzy concept” “and a controversial
one”, particularly in the language learning area.
The term "genre" came to journalism from literature, and brought with it the
same problem. There was a time when journalism was considered entirely a genre
of literature. Naturally, there are common features between literary and journalistic
genres, but journalistic genres also have specific qualities. The most important of
them is that in fiction, although the content of a work is taken from life, all its
components - the theme, storyline, degree of typing, appearance, speech, and even
the names of the characters - are the product of the writer's imagination, artistic
fantasy. In journalism, along with the content (real facts and events), the topic is
taken from reality, and the journalist, simply putting them into a certain form,
offers the audience. From this point of view, journalism is closer to painting than
fiction. And in journalism, and in painting, the fulcrum is reality. The genres of
journalism are formed from the synthesis of 4 main elements:
1) The nature (originality) of the reflected object (object, reality);
2) The specific purpose of this speech;
3) The scale of coverage of reality;
 4) The nature of literary and stylistic means (ways of reflecting reality).
The concept of “genre of journalism” is defined as follows: “Genre is a
relatively stable compositional-speech realizing a certain (compositional-
syntactic) scheme, an abstracted relation to reality”, i.e. the form of the author's
image, which determines the way of reflection, the nature of the attitude to reality,
the degree and depth of coverage of the material (the scale of conclusions) and is
created by a relatively stable connection of the components of the author's speech,
as well as elements of the author's and someone else's speech. As you can see, the
journalist's attitude to reality (the form of the author's image), the nature of this
attitude, the degree of coverage of the material, the scale of the author's
conclusions, the ratio of the author's and someone else's speech are taken as genre-
forming features. [12;p.121]
Considering all the above, we believe that the genre of journalism is a
product of creativity, prepared on the basis of real facts collected from everyday
life, using certain creative methods, taking into account the information needs of
society at the moment and spreading through the available channels of mass
communication. The genre is given to us not as a finished product, but is a
generalization of the properties and characteristics inherent in a particular work.
The operation of generalization is directly related to the work of the author. At the
same time, he must take into account three factors - the nature of the displayed
object, the taste of the audience and his professional level. In this regard, she views
the weather forecast as "a pre-established discursive setting involving a technical
presentation with a generally neutral point of view, using a specific lexical field
both to designate weather and to structure discourse." recognizable prosodic
patterns."
Sandre, however, introduces another dimension to the style of weather
forecasting. She identifies him in terms of having a very specific purpose. This
notion of 'goal' can also be found in Wichmann under the term “goal-oriented” and
is also mentioned by Silber-Varod and Kessous when they point out that 'the
speaker's goal is to convey the greatest amount of information in the least amount
of time and in the most intelligible way possible. In addition, Corbin opts for a
more pragmatic definition of the text. [9;p. 265]
What should be retained from the above definitions is that the style of a
weather forecast is often conflated and even confused with one of its types of text,
i.e. a television weather forecast. Although this study will focus on this specific
type of text, a distinction must still be made between the different representations
that underlie the presentation of style. To this end, the style of the weather forecast
will be further defined by applying a functional typology, as will be shown in a
later subsection.
A functional typology illustrating the weather forecasting style proves to be
very useful in teaching this particular style. In effect, this allows teachers to have a
comprehensive overview of what they are going to teach, as well as to think ahead
and specifically about the material that will be provided to students. In addition,
such a typology allows a clear distinction to be made between different general
levels in order to provide teachers of foreign languages with obvious structures,
helping them to understand content that has already been learned in the classroom,
as opposed to elements that still have to be covered in the classroom preparedness
for the assessment tasks they intend to subject their students to. In this regard, an
in-depth list of linguistic sources mobilized within the framework of any
educational activity is also of great importance.
Forecast is a prediction (statement) about the future, made on the basis of
establishing cause-and-effect relationships between any events. In print media, the
forecast can function as an independent genre (for example, the heading "Weather
Forecast"), and as a subgenre included in other genre forms (article, note,
interview, conversation, speech, etc.). Weather forecast is one of the sub-genres of
print media, functioning as part of conversations, interviews, official speeches by
politicians.
A. A. Tertychny determined the specifics of the forecast genre by
distinguishing between the concepts of “forecast”, “hypothesis” and “version”.
From the point of view of the researcher, these concepts coincide only partially:
unlike a hypothesis, which can be turned both to the past and to the future, a
forecast is always turned only to the future, and a version usually refers mainly to
events that have already taken place. Let's add: a forecast, unlike a hypothesis,
does not require evidence, but substantiation of predictions is desirable. [15;p.176]
Forecasts become especially in demand during crisis periods of social
development, periods of historical change. It is no coincidence that A. A.
Tertychny connects the formation of the forecast genre with the processes of
reforming society, starting from the end of the 20th century, when everyone
wanted to know what lay ahead [7; p.29].
And until now, forecasting is a constant phenomenon characteristic of
modern media, which reflect subjective ideas about the world, influencing the
interpretation of political events and allowing "to construct the political reality of
the present and the contours of the future" [4; p. 171].
Therefore, the application of functional typology should reduce the often
observed tendency of teachers to evaluate their students on material that was not
studied in class, or, in the case of textual style, on texts that have only superficial
connections with those that were analyzed during the lesson learning process on
the grounds that they belong to the same text style or genre family. In other words,
such a typology thus allows teachers to choose the same universal level of tasks at
hand that students have been trained to throughout the entire educational process.
Realistically, as Simons also points out, teachers need to know specifically
how far they want to go in teaching a particular style, as well as its universal and
linguistic sources needed for effective and objective teaching.
Consider now what are the general properties of the weather forecast in
relation to the "text" itself. According to Zilber-Varod and Kessous, "this is the
intended speech, when an experienced reader reads out a pre-composed text." This
was really my own expectation when I started studying this topic, because we tend
to associate the weather forecast with news that is clearly scripted. However, I was
shocked to find that this was not the case in the corpus under investigation. Crystal,
who also emphasizes time constraints, sees the weather forecast as an unrecorded
and spontaneous discourse: "the visual material is prepared in advance, but during
the broadcast the verbal commentary is spontaneous." This spontaneity is, at least
in part, reflected in the pace at which they speak. [10; p.65]
The unprepared speech that we meet in a conversation can be very
impetuous. The pace of the weather forecasters in our corpus is also fast (from two
hundred and one to two hundred and forty-six words per minute), definitely faster
than we expect, for example, in a radio program. And really, I saw that this is one
of the main differences between professional forecasters who speak from their
notes (they certainly prepared the forecast themselves) and non-professionals who
read the script. When listening to a TV weather report, no doubt read from a script,
the reporter only speaks at a rate of one hundred and fifty-three words per minute.
If fast pace is one of the characteristics of unrecorded discourse; other facts
are that we make mistakes in exceptional cases because we try to speak without
hesitation and as smoothly as possible. For example, we hear "Scotland" (the
weatherman was about to say "north" and changed her mind in mid-sentence) and
"amber warning"... a discovery to be observed). Of course, the errors of
professional optics are of great importance to those who reach non-professionals:
for example, Prince Charles cuts a technical term in the wrong place: "and in
weather the front moves north." However, it happens that the Met Office
broadcaster stumbles and decides to start over, like Phoebe Smith in the January
broadcast. It is interesting that the estimate is false, so we can see that the same
information is given, but it is formulated with pronounced changes (but with
almost the same prosody).
A weather forecast is a scientifically based prediction of the future state of
the weather at a particular point or region for a particular period by government or
commercial meteorological services based on meteorological methods. Hurricanes,
floods, typhoons and tsunamis regularly appear in the media. More attention is
paid to weather forecasts, which, thanks to satellite and digital equipment, have
become more accurate and long-term. The weather is not theoretical, but rather
practical, when there are still frosts in the north of the country, in the southern
regions flowers may already be blooming. It is quite natural that everyone is
concerned about the climate in the country. Therefore, it is no secret that the high
rating of some information programs is also due to the fact that they provide a
detailed weather forecast. [11]
Classification of weather forecasts:
 public forecasts (published in the media and on Internet sites) contain
brief information about cloudiness, precipitation, atmospheric phenomena, wind,
temperature, air humidity and atmospheric pressure;
 aviation forecasts contain a detailed description of the wind,
visibility, atmospheric phenomena, cloudiness, air temperature;
 sea and river forecasts contain detailed characteristics of wind, waves,
atmospheric phenomena, air temperature; agricultural (agro-meteorological)
 forecasts contain detailed characteristics of atmospheric precipitation
and air temperature.
Depending on the time for which the forecast is developed, all forecasts are
divided into:
1. Present weather forecast (now-casting). This is a description of the current
weather and a forecast of meteorological parameters for a period of up to two
hours.
2. Ultra-short-term forecast. This is a forecast for up to 12 hours.
3. Forecast of meteorological parameters from 12 to 72 hours (for three
days).
4. Average daily forecast, forecast from 3 to 10 days.
5. Within a month forecast (increased lead time from 10 to 30 days).
6. Long-term forecast (from 30 days to 2 years).
7. Super-long-term forecast, over 2 years (climate forecast).
The form of presentation of weather forecasts can be different:
1. In the form of text
2. In the form of a table
 3. Graphic form Forecasts in the form of text are used for information to the
population and some sectors of the economy.
In the tabular (encoded) are transmitted over communication channels. In
graphical form, it is drawn up in the form of maps or graphs.
Depending on the purpose, forecasts are divided into:
a) General use, which contain a list of basic meteorological quantities and
phenomena. It is designed for use by the public and organizations that do not
require special maintenance.
b) Specialized, which contain those quantities and phenomena that are
necessary only for a given industry (Railway transport, maritime transport,
agriculture).
The terminology of forecasts is determined by special instructions, where a
list of meteorological quantities, phenomena, and order is indicated. The
formulation of forecasts should be sufficiently definite and specific. Depending on
the number of predicted characteristics, forecasts can be individual. This is when
any one meteorological quantity or phenomenon is predicted. And forecasts can be
complex when several meteorological quantities and phenomena are predicted. [8;
p.237]
1.2. Communicative functions of weather forecasting
As the name implies, communicative functions obviously refer to the
intentions of the speaker/writer when using a (foreign) language. Simply put, some
of the existing communicative macro-intentions can be summarized in the
following way: argue, notify, describe and tell. As a rule, when transmitting a
message, a dominant or main communicative function is usually assigned,
followed by other subordinate or secondary communicative intentions.
As for the style of the weather forecast, the dominant communicative
function is undoubtedly informing the audience. However, for the purpose of
informing, the forecaster will also use other communicative intentions, i.e. describe
what the weather will be like in the coming days, talk about the climatic conditions
of the last days, give advice to the audience (“Make sure you drink enough water
during this heat”), but also to discourage ("Avoid going out on Tuesday as the wind
will be very strong"). [7]
At a lower level, communicative functions refer to the materialization of
language forms to express one specific function. According to CECRL, functions
are quantitatively different from functions. Indeed, the former tends to occur in
short and primitive statements, while the latter seems to occur in more difficult and
lengthy declarations. However, it should be noted that the difference between these
two terms is not as obvious as it seems.
However, since the goal of genuine learning is not to define communicative
functions, it will be limited to its most basic stage, namely the explanation
provided by CECRL.
In the case of the weather forecast style, such communicative functions
could be: to greet the viewers, set the forecast for the next day, present the weather
conditions for the rest of the week, announce when the next weather forecast will
take place, as well as subsequent evening programs, and say goodbye to the
audience.
One of the important features of the English character is the commitment of
the British to traditions, the desire to preserve a variety of rituals and habits. The
attitude of the British to the weather is also a kind of ritual, violating which; one
can insult these sweet, friendly and polite "gentlemen". The English say: "In other
countries - the climate, and here in England - the weather." This is because the
weather changes more frequently than in other countries and is difficult to predict.
Therefore, the British are happy and often discuss it. In England, talking about the
weather, the so-called weather-speak, is a form of speech etiquette, “social”
conversation, which has its own culturally specific rules. English writer Kate Fox
in her book "Watching the British hidden rules of conduct." conducts a subtle
anthropological study on the peculiarities of the English character. In one of the
chapters, the writer simply and fascinatingly describes the system of rules that the
British use in talking about the weather. These rules are not officially spelled out
anywhere, but they are part of English speech etiquette, by means of demonstrating
to the interlocutor respect, evoke sympathy, create a comfortable climate for
communication. Breach of these rules can be regarded by typical Englishmen as
disrespect and even an insult to their nation. The following are the rules for talking
about the weather, described in the book by Kate Fox. [4;p.40]
In fact, phrases about the weather among the British are a traditional form of
greeting, an occasion to start a conversation, an exchange of pleasantries, an
expression of mutual recognition. The question "How do you do?" considered
archaic and no longer used as a universal standard greeting. Comments about the
weather are formulated as a question or spoken with an interrogative intonation
because they require a response, but their essence is not content, but
communication. The conversation about the weather has a characteristic structure,
a clear rhythmic pattern, by which the anthropologist instantly determines that this
dialogue is a “ritual”, performed according to a certain scenario in accordance with
unwritten, but universally recognized rules.
An important rule for talking about the weather is the rule of agreement. In
connection with this rule, the Hungarian humorist George Mikes wrote that in
England "when discussing the weather, one should never object to the
interlocutor." Interrogative phrases about the weather, which serve as a greeting or
an invitation to talk, should always be answered, but etiquette also requires that
agreement with the interlocutor's judgment be expressed in the answer.
Disagreement with the interlocutor is a serious violation of etiquette.
In England, there is an unofficial hierarchy of weather types that almost
everyone adheres to. Listed in order from best to worst, this hierarchy is as
follows:
 sunny and warm/mild weather;
 sunny and cool/cold weather;
 cloudy and warm/mild weather;
 cloudy and cool/cold weather;
 rainy and warm/mild weather;
 rainy and cool/cold weather.
 Even television announcers who read the weather forecast follow this
hierarchy quite clearly: they announce rain apologetically, but with a note of
liveliness in their voice add that it will at least be warm, as if they know that rainy
warm weather is preferable to rainy cold. Also, with regret, they usually predict
cold weather and, in a more cheerful voice, report that the sun will probably shine,
because everyone knows that cold sunny weather is better than cold cloudy
weather.
Snow is not mentioned in the hierarchical list of weather types. Since this is
a relatively rare occurrence in England. Interest in snow arises only at Christmas,
when everyone is looking forward to it. With regard to snow as a topic of
conversation, only one general, typically English rule applies - the "rule of
moderation": snow, like everything else, should be in moderation.
If the English themselves do nothing but scold their weather, then foreigners
should not criticize it. In this sense, they treat their weather like a family member:
you can express dissatisfaction with the behavior of your own children or parents
as much as you like, but the slightest hint of condemnation from an outsider is
considered unacceptable and is regarded as bad manners.
Thus, having become acquainted with the rules for talking about the weather
formulated by Kate Fox, as well as on the material of articles devoted to talking
about the weather in England, we can draw the following conclusions:
- the weather is one of the few attributes of the life of the British, causing
them a feeling of unconscious and uncompromising patriotism;
- violation of the rules for talking about the weather is a violation of speech
etiquette, which can be perceived by the British as disrespect and an insult towards
them;
- talking about the weather is a form of English small talk, has a number of
culturally specific rules, features and performs the following number of functions:
1. establishing contacts (here talking about the weather can also act as a
greeting);
2. filling in pauses in a conversation;
 3. maintaining and developing contact with the interlocutor;
4. talking about the weather is a link that helps to move from one topic of
conversation to another.
CHAPTER II. The realization of the text type “weather forecast on TV”
2.1 General presentation and structure of the text type “weather forecast on
TV”
Weather forecast is one of the types of information messages, which is
created as a result of making scientifically sound predictions about the future of
the weather in a particular locality or region and a certain period. It is compiled
and developed by private or public meteorological services based on
meteorological methods. An interesting feature of weather forecasts on
television compared to other types of information messages, such as greetings,
review messages, etc., are genre, regional and gender features of broadcasting,
which bring a certain shade of individuality, and are nuances that cannot change
the general direction [17].
The genre differences of television programs are that weather forecasters
utter more words per unit time than their counterparts in news programs.
Interestingly, on the southern US TV channels, they have time to say fewer
words than in the northeast. The well-known female verbosity and speed of
speech have no special manifestations, although it should be noted that the
highest rate of speech speed was found in the speech of a female speaker (250
words / min) [17].
The discourse of "weather forecast" gave rise to a separate direction in the
field of mass media - "meteorology". Meteorology is a means of presenting
information about weather forecasts in periodicals, on television, in Internet
articles, and so on. As a type of discourse, meteorology is characterized by a set
of language tools and grammatical and syntactic structures, the purpose of which
is to achieve two objectives:
1) notification of current weather information on the state of weather
conditions in a certain area;
2) informing about general trends and prospects for changes in weather
conditions [16].
 Thus, information is the main function of meteorological texts, which are
subject to lexical and grammatical-syntactic means in them. The brevity of
meteorological texts requires the speaker to use such language tools that will
help to most accurately convey the essence of the synoptic message [16].
According to Lvova and Dekhtyarenko, weather forecasts are clearly
directed illocutionary in nature, as they are targeted at the recipient [15]. In this
regard, despite the terminology of this genre of texts, they use lexical and
stylistic and grammatical and syntactic tools that make the text of the weather
forecast stylistically colored.
The language of meteorological texts "weather forecast" is the addressee,
so we can distinguish the following functional features:
1) the presence of scientific terminology, which is inherent in the
language of specialists in the field of meteorology;
2) the presence of common vocabulary, which is used by a wide range of
speakers and is understandable to the general public, despite its affiliation with
meteorological forecasts [16].
For meteorological texts it is typical to use lexical units to indicate the
days of the week, because forecasting is done for each day, for example: On
Tuesday, we’ll have some clouds moving in from the west as a low starts to build
over the Colorado/New Mexico border.
The texts of meteorological forecasts use factual data relating to pressure,
temperature, air velocity, sea level, etc.,: Winds WSW at 15 to 30 km/h. Chance
of rain 50% .
To highlight certain parts of the territory described in the weather forecast,
use the characteristics of geographical location (west, south, northern half,
central areas, right banks, coastal areas, suburbs, etc.), as well as terrain,
lowlands, lowlands, valleys, foothills , passes, mountains, etc.).
Northeast 5 to 10 m/s and occational rainshowers, but light rain by the
north coast and snow in the mountains.
 Weather forecasts and storm warnings use tokens that characterize the
absence or presence of precipitation, in the presence of precipitation, their type
(phase state), quantity, duration are indicated. The tokens for precipitation are
divided into those that denote liquid and mixed precipitation, as well as tokens
that characterize solid precipitation. So, there are the following tokens for liquid
and mixed precipitation, for example: mostly sunny, rain, snow, sleet, fog,
rainshower. Tokens denoting solid precipitation: hail, freezing rain, drizzle,
snow pellets.
For a more detailed description of the expected distribution of
precipitation over the territory in the forecast, it is recommended to use
additional (usually neighboring) gradations of precipitation, it is also allowed to
use the terms "in some areas" and "places", eg: Skies will be mostly sunny with
highs reaching the mid-80s to the mid-90s in some areas.
Weather forecasts and storm warnings also indicate the maximum wind
speed at gusts in meters per second or the maximum average wind speed. The
wind speed is indicated by gradations with an interval of not more than 5 m / s.
In case of light wind (speed ≤ 5 m / s) it is allowed not to indicate the direction
or to use the token "weak, variable directions". If it is expected that the wind
speed will change significantly during the half-day, the indication of these
changes is formulated using the terms "weakening" or "strengthening" with the
addition of the characteristics of the time of day.
When predicting a gust, the wind direction is not specified. It is
recommended to use the tokens "gusts of wind up to .... m / s" or "gusts up to ...
m / s" indicating the maximum wind speed. Example: We could see 70 miles per
hour gusts over high grounds towards north.
An integral part of synoptic texts is the use of temperature indicators.
Weather forecasts usually indicate the minimum air temperature at night and the
maximum air temperature during the day, or the change in air temperature at an
abnormal course of 5˚ or more than half an hour.
 The expected minimum and maximum air temperatures are indicated by
gradations in the interval for point 2˚, and for the territory - 5˚. In air
temperature forecasts for a point or for a separate part of the territory it is
allowed to indicate the air temperature by one number (for a point - using the
preposition "close", and for part of the territory - using the preposition "to"). In
the first case we mean the middle of the predicted temperature range for the
point, in the second case - its limit value for the specified part of the territory.
When using the terms "increase" ("warming") or "decrease" ("cooling"),
"strengthening (weakening)" of frosts (heat) "the predicted temperature value
can be specified as a single number with the drive" to ", eg: Temperatures rising
to around 11 to 16°C.
Looking at synoptic texts from the grammatical point of view of the
sentence, I must say that here they have certain features. Thus, meteorological
texts in English use compound sentences, e.g.: Cloudy and light drizzle.
Occasional rainshowers in the afternoon.
The temporal form used in synoptic texts in the studied languages is
different. Present Simple and Future Simple are usually used in English
meteorology. Consider the following examples: Low pressure brings another
unsettled day on Monday. There will be wind and rain for all areas, some of the
rain heavy at times. Temperatures at 10°C to 14°C.
At the stylistic level, the weather forecast in English is quite rich in such
stylistic devices as metaphors. Metaphors in weather forecasts are used as a
means of expressing the text, e.g.: Plenty of sunshine this morning over much of
the country.
Thus, the weather forecast is a type of information message, which on
television and in newspapers is a synoptic text or meteorological text.
Meteorological texts are informative and concise, which involves the use of
certain terminology. In synoptic texts you can find tokens to denote any type of
precipitation (wet, solid, mixed, etc.), temperature data, wind speed and
direction, days of the week, place names, etc.
 At the grammatical level, synoptic texts differ in the use of different
temporal forms, such as present and future tenses, and different types of
sentences - simple and complex. From a stylistic point of view, the lion's share
of meteorological texts is metaphors. They are inherent in weather forecasts.
2.2 Analysis of the weather forecast in the United Kingdom
The main objects of meteorological research are the phenomena, the
definition of which is conveyed by the following terms, which are reflected in
the information blocks, namely: to indicate the cloud cover (cloudiness, cloud
low, cloud high, cloud medium), to indicate the nature of precipitation (showery,
light rain, drizzle, shower, hail, showery conditions), to indicate the duration of
precipitation ( lasting showers, heavy rain, heavy showers, occasional showers,
average rainfalls), designation of the phase state of precipitation ( early mists,
fog ), to indicate the wind force ( strong wind, light wind).
In the system of meteorological vocabulary we find terminological
phrases that are most often used in synoptic texts of the English language. We
classify them by type of structure and the number of elements that are part of
them:
- one-component: rain, mist, fog, shower, weather, wind.
- two-component: noun + noun: showers of rain, five-day forecast, midday
situation, wind speed, district forecast, general outlook, travel outlook;
adjective+noun: sunny spells, wintry showers, heavy rain, scatterd
showers ,cold front, warm front.
- three-component constructions:
-adjective + adjective + noun: general atlantic situation, strong southerly
winds, fresh southerly winds, gale-force southwesterly winds, strong
southwesterly winds.
adjective + noun + noun: northwestern areas of Scotland, southwestern
part of England.
For synoptic English texts, the typical construction is noun + noun +
adverb or noun + noun + noun, for example forecast noon today, weather guide,
which are most common in the subheadings of synoptic texts. The most
productive model for newspaper synoptic texts in English is a two-component
model of the noun + noun type, where the first component has a nominative case
and the second component - in the form of indirect cases.
High informativeness of newspaper synoptic texts is achieved through the
use of toponyms, oikonyms, hydronyms and astonyms, which enhance
information emphatically, specify and correlate with the relevant regions, which
aim to clarify and adjust weather conditions according to certain areas.
According to L.O. Udovenko, the types of geographical names are the same for
the whole world, as they primarily reflect the attitude to the environment.
According to the scientist, toponyms perform primarily characteristic,
descriptive and pictorial functions. [18;p. 94]
The potential of the toponymic nomination still remains undiscovered.
Quite often the term "toponym" is used as a universal and does not specify that it
refers to oikonyms (used to denote the names of settlements, cities, villages),
hydronyms (to denote the names of rivers), astronomy (to denote cities).
Names and names are often used in the synoptic message in abbreviated
form, especially to indicate areas beyond the horizon in English weather
reports, for example: Northeastern areas, East Anglia, SE England, Central S
England, Midlands W, N Wales, NW England, SW Scotland, SW England, NE
Scotland, Channel Island, S Wales, N Ireland, Midlands E, E England, Republic
of Ireland.[3;p.30]
Among the toponyms in English synoptic texts we find not only official
names, but also poetonyms, with which the author transforms the name into an
artistic technique, thus creating a spatial dominant, for example: East Anglia,
The Thames valley, Lake District, Glasgow area. [3;p.30]
A striking example is the use of metaphors in synoptic texts. For example,
the expression: «Thickening clouds will bring rain this afternoon and evening»
characterized by a bright visual dominant, creating the appropriate mood in the
reader. Using «Central and eastern parts of England and Scotland should be
fine ˂…˃» the author conveys the appropriate mood to the reader through
metaphor, identifying parts of the country with a living being. The use of two-
and three-component epithets (such as squally showers; a brisk, blustery day)
gives the text brightness and imagery, thus bringing the journalistic text closer to
the artistic one.
2.3 Analysis of the weather forecast in the United States
Analysis of the actual material showed that the most productive group of
precipitation in American is the group that designates this type of precipitation
as rain. This group includes all the words that denote rain: shover, occasional
rains, drizzle, driving rain, rainy. The presence of a large amount of vocabulary
in this group indicates that rain is the most common type of precipitation in The
USA. The lexical-semantic group "rain" with other natural phenomena was also
singled out in the vocabulary of the American language. This group is
represented by such lexical units as: rainsquall, rain storm.
Due to the unstable and changing climatic conditions typical of America
(frequent rains changed by sunlight), the token weather is equated to rainy,
unfavorable weather, while other countries and peoples have a stable climate,
typical of the seasons.
Speaking of climatic and geographical features, consider the structure
under the concept of "snow". Cold climates and heavy snowfall have led to the
formation of many names of snow. As for the American language, there are only
a few names for snow: snow, sleet, slush, first snow, newly-fallen snow,
snowstorm. A large percentage of vocabulary is the lexical-semantic group
"mist". This group includes such lexical units as blanket, ice fog, thick fog.
Analyzed the semantic structure of synoptic vocabulary in the American
language, consider these lexical units in terms of their partial linguistic
affiliation. Analysis of the factual material shows that in English the most
productive part of the language is the combination of noun and adjective. The
following phrases belong to this combination of two parts of speech: steady rain,
powder snow, early dew, foggy weather. In most of these combinations, the part
of speech that belongs to the synoptic natural phenomena is the noun.
The synoptic vocabulary of the English language is characterized by the
group "combination of two nouns". Rainsquall, rain storm, dew-fall - the
vocabulary of this group is mostly represented by complex words.
 CONCLUSION
This research aimed to assess the place of the genre of the weather forecast
in foreign language teaching as well as to provide an answer to the question: To
which extent is the genre of the weather forecast useful and interesting to be
addressed in a foreign language teaching context? To the best of my knowledge, no
previous work had already focused on this research topic before. We therefore tried
to provide some insight on this particular topic throughout the research.
To this aim, it appeared that providing the reader with an overview of the
place of the genre in language teaching within the scientific literature as well as
defining the concept was an essential step before further investigating other
dimensions of the topic. Furthermore, it has been proved that the various
definitions of the notion of genre provided by the scientific literature shared some
similarities which thus resulted in providing an operational definition of the
concept.
The weather forecast is a type of information message, which on television
and in newspapers is a synoptic text or meteorological text. Meteorological texts
are informative and concise, which involves the use of certain terminology. In
synoptic texts you can find tokens to denote any type of precipitation (wet, solid,
mixed, etc.), temperature data, wind speed and direction, days of the week, place
names, etc. These features are inherent in synoptic texts in English. At the
grammatical level, synoptic texts differ in the use of different temporal forms, such
as present and future tenses, and different types of sentences - simple and complex.
From a stylistic point of view, the lion's share of meteorological texts is metaphors.
They are inherent in weather forecasts in all studied languages.
Comparison of synoptic messages in English showed that English synoptic
texts contain more means of stylistic expression, images are brighter, more
saturated, form the appropriate attitude to the information and create the
appropriate mood, and are more expressive, figurative in meaning. Author's
metaphors allow conveying a synoptic message in a more understandable form for
the reader, to reveal the completeness of the statement, the author's own attitude to
atmospheric phenomena.
Finally, the case study demonstrated that the notion of genre was underused
by foreign language teachers and that they attached more importance to the lexical
and grammatical dimensions of the weather forecast rather than the generic one.
However, this generic dimension was still integrated among some of the
respondents, which proves that the latter is considered as being an important
dimension in foreign language teaching contexts. This research also demonstrated
that the genre of the weather forecast was approached at various moments.
However, the weather forecast also seemed to be approached in higher levels of
language competence with is opposed to what was advocated by the CEFR. It can
therefore be assumed that textual genres and especially the genre of the weather
forecast can be programmed and approached at various levels of language
competence and that students do not need an advanced level to be able to benefit
from such a genre-based approach.
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