used for

used to hold liquids filtraction Or

instead of beakers when the

delivery of
a smaller
opening is preferred liquids

-
/

I MOS
I
t common used to
I
At
a
usin
N
for many it used to cool
used for holding hold liquids
not
-

activities which liquids has it's liquids

requires multiple specific volume Ov
vapors
reagents or solutions

safety goggles
-

must be worn for lab activities to protect eyes

watch evaporate to while

glass-surface to a liquid ,
hold solids being
weighed or a cover For a beauer

utility clamp- used to hold test tube or thermometer

em
laboratory instrument used to transport a

measured volume of liquid

forceps" used for

grasping and holding objects

thermometer -

used to measure temperature

wash bottle -

used to riuse various pieces of

laboratory glassware

spatula -

used to fane and handle small quantities of solid chemicals ,

line a spoon
scoopula

used to
dispense used to measure

N
known amounts of the volume of

d
liquid liquids

balance (wagal
magnetic stirrer (miescadto magnetycne)
 highly/
i
explosive
N N
oxidizing
C

I
r 8
extremely
flammable

M N At
gas under I
g"
corrosive
Gressure
8
mc -
e

N At
harmful

N
health I I dangerous for
E 5 ov
hazard
irritants
-

I environment
 COMMAND TERMS

draw-represent by means of labelled ,

accurate diagram or graph . Use pencil and ruler .

swetch -

represent by means of labelled , accurate diagram or graph It .

should give a
general idea of the required shape or relationship and should ,
include relevant features .

annotate -

add brief notes to a

diagram or graph .

. . . . . . . . . .

calculate -

obtain a numerical answer showing the relevant stages of working .

estimate -

obtain an approximate value .

. . . . . .
-
-
-

suggest-propose a solution , hypothesis or other possible answer .

predict -

give an expected result .

deduce -

reach a conclusion from the information given .

. . . . . . . . .

compare
-

give an account of the similarities between two (or more items or situations .

contrast -

give an account of the differences between two (or more items or situations .

discuss- offer a considered and balanced review that includes a

range arguments
of
,

factors or hypotheses Opinions . and conclusions should be presented clearly and

supported by appropriate evidence .

evaluate -

make an appraisal by weighing up

the
strengths and limitations .

. . . . . . . . .

outline give brief or

account
summary
-

a .

describe -

give a detailed account .

explain -

give a detailed account including reasons or causes .

comment-give a
judgement based on a
given statement or result of a calculation .

determine -

obtain the
only possible answer .

state -

give a specific name ,

value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation .
 SEPARATING MIXTURES
I
magnetic properties
·
we use
magnet
to separate
Siron ,
cobalt , nicuel)

2 filtration

·
heterogenous
~
the process in which solid particles in a liquid gaseous fluid are removed by the
or Use

of a filter paper that permits the fluid to pass through but remains the solid particles .

I
: - residue " vacuum filtration manes process faster

-filtrate & S
vacuum

ex .
sand +H2O+ sugar-filtration--wash -

dry

3 sedimentation a decantation

(the heavier solid particles

process of separating ,the bigenergid
~
gravity ·
e
present in a liquid ,
settle down at
the bottom of the container)

·
W
iii" y
s sublimation

~
conversion from the solid to gaseous
state without its becoming liquid (vaporization)
cold glass
when we heat

·
%ran
we'll have solid gas
=
: sublimed solid
~

impure solid
heating the sample under vacuum
6 distillation

homogenous
~

~
different boiling point ,
1st with lower boiling point

Tupi
·

· heating liquid to its boiling point

a with lower boiling point
the liquid evaporates forming

gene
vapor ↓
·

the then cooled condenser

vapor is
by
·

the cooled vapor then condense forming a distillate

He a

bunsen burner

·
UNDER DECREASED PRESSURE

~
when liquid has a habit of
decomposing on
boiling point
when liquid has very
boiling poin t
·
high
· when substance is temperature sensitive

with vacuum
boiling point is lower ,
because of pressure created
by vapors of the substance over pure substance (liquid)

Wrapor
pressure increased harder to evaporate
-

pressure
↓
⑧
boiling point increases

function :
decrease boiling point
·
FRACTIONAL

·
separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions Chemical
.
compounds are

separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions will

vaporize .

~
substances with nearly the same boiling points

④
7 extraction

↓
removing compound of interest from mixture using solvent (the compound must be more

soluble in the solvent than in the mixture -

the solvent and mixture must be immisoluble

(not soluble in one another)
in
oil

oil
in
water
salt

in shai partitioning

alig
process in which substance disolve better in water than
oil (that's why we repeat the process)
·

mix

open to reduce pressure

chromatography
8

·
COLUMN

mobile phase
adsorption (na powierschi prynlei)

stai
sia

↓(d
e
gel nas

I
nonpolgo e

O
 TLC (thin layer chromatography)
·

·
used to separate the components of a mixture using a thin stationary phase supported by
inert
backing .

RR8(R

aluminum plate ⑨
⑧ less less
polar soulable
-

STOP this IvI retardation/retention b

⑧ soulable
polar
-

at
more
-

more
I RF factor ⑧
-

ja
⑧

/ Rf = az
As

...
mmmmmmmmm ⑧ ⑧ 8

LIQUID/SAS

·
process of separating compound in a mixture by injecting a
gascous or liquid sample into
mo bile phase .

a
crystallization

B
 FiorL
gas evaporation/boiling point
sublime
<
deposition condensation
melting
solid
[
>
liquid
freezing

↓ X ↑
endo 2x0

↓
x ↑

I -

gas

100°--- 119
. . -----

boiling point

liquid
0 s/L
------melting point
solid

energy put added

 + 1

2 +

3 -

2 -

d block

OXIDES HYDROXIDES

a calcium oxide ia ot sodium hydroxide

"az8 sodium oxide (Otte calcium hydroxide

E 8 iron (II) oxide Fe(OH) ,

iron (IID hydroxide

Ee Os iron (III) oxide "cot)s aluminium

hydroxide
BalOA)e
+
7 -2

CLO2 2
chborine (VII) oxide (dichlorine heptaoxide) barium hydroxide
i2 8 , nitrogen (V) oxide "(0) -
chromium (I) hydroxide

Cs 8 ,
caesium oxide

1328 aluminium oxide

2 copper (II) oxide

2 3
chromium (VI) trioxide

in lithium oxide

mono ,
di ,
tri ,
tetra , penta ,
nexa , hepta ,
octa ,
nona ,
deca
 ACIDS

HN0 > nitric acid

ous-mniej 00"

HNO2 nitrous acid

HeSOn sulfuric acid

H2SOs sulfurous acid

HyPOn phosphoric acid

HyPOs phosphorous acid

H2COs carbonic acid

HCO hypochlorous acid

j chlorous
chloric
acid
acid
HCOn perchloric acid

HChans hydrochloric acid

HEcags hydrofluoric acid

HB
rays hydrobromic acid

HIcags hydroiodic

It's hydrosulforic acid

a (HCOS/z calcium hydrogen carbonate

Naz HPO sodium

hydrogen phosphorate

Na HePOn" sodium dihydrogen phosphorate

 SALTS
1

Su
+

Naz sodium sulfate ic -> ate

NaOH / & s on
+ 1

sulfuric

↓ ↓

Nat sOn-

Naz ss Sodium sulfite ous-ite

Nat I
503
2
-

sulfurous

NaCL
sodium chloride ic (HX) -> ide

Ba(NOzz barium nitrite

Fez :
iron (III) sulfide
2t

La coz calcium carbonate

1

123
+

potassium sulfite

MySOn magnesium sulfate

+ -
I

Na Br sodium bromide

Liz vanadium (II) iodide

KyPOn potassium phosphate

In Bre zinc brovide

B(NOzz barium nitrite

⑤ su strontium sulfate
+ -
2

K2 SOS potassium sulfite

*b Du ,
rubidium phosphate

Ba
-

COS barium carbonate

a
-
I

Fz calcium fluoride