CMY117 Stoichiometry General (Colour)

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Stoichiometry Introduction
“Something I cannot spell, cannot pronounce and involves
calculations that I cannot do”…
?
? ?
CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 1
From the Greek:
“stoicheion” “metron”
component / element counting / measurement
To do stoichiometry we still ‘count’ atoms, molecules and
ions using the mole concept …
But, we do this in the context of a chemical reaction. ….

So, we must quantitatively relate the reagents and products
in a chemical reaction. ….
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“The study of the quantitative relationships between the
masses, numbers, and volumes of reagents and/or products
in chemical reactions.”
Modern society contains MANY products that are
manufactured from chemicals….
… it starts in the laboratory but does not end there…
For example, a toothpaste has to be made
… with the correct ingredients …
… in the right proportions … (recipe)
… in an optimum manner…
See Case study
Purity and
costs of the
on p 516 … Is the maximum
reagents amount of toothpaste
produced?
- Percentage yield
Reagents Toothpaste
Eg. In what
proportion does Eg. Is there enough
A react with B?? of A to produce, say
350 kg toothpaste?
- Limiting reagent
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The key to all this is an understanding of the relevant
balanced chemical reaction equation(s) ....
“ We may lay it down as an incontestable axiom
that, in all the operations of art and nature,
nothing is created; an equal quantity of matter
exists before and after the experiment. Upon this
principle, the whole art of performing chemical
experiment depends ”....
A Lavoisier
More simply put … 1743 - 1794
“The Law of the Conservation of Matter” …
But, we know that matter is made up of atoms, so this means that ….
atoms are neither created or destroyed in a chemical reaction,
but merely rearrange their groupings…
CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry However, E = mc2 …?? 5
Consider the reaction of propane gas with oxygen gas
to give carbon dioxide and water vapour:
+ +
Stoichiometric ….
coefficients
1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

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More than one level of meaning exists:
1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
1 molecule of 5 molecules of 3 molecules of 4 molecules of
C3H8 O2 CO2 H2O
44.094 u 5 × 31.998 u 3 × 44.008 u 4 × 18.015 u
204.084 u 204.084 u
1 mol of 5 mol of 3 mol of 4 mol of
C3H8 O2 CO2 H2O
= 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 = 𝟓 × 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 = 𝟑 × 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 = 𝟒 × 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 … 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 … 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 … 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 …
44.094 g 5 × 31.998 g 3 × 44.008 g 4 × 18.015 g
204.084 g 204.084 g
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Stoichiometry Cooking …
Let us continue with the theme of cooking …..
Measure the
R. E. Agent: Best burgers exhaust
gases …
60:40 𝒎⁄𝒎 mixture of

- Propane, C3H8 6 burners
- Butane, C4H10 Rated:
3.651 kg/hr
Stoichiometry A roadmap …
Two major combustion reactions: Rated: 3.651 kg/hr
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
2.191 kg
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)
1.460 kg
Example 1 How many moles of O2 are required to react with 2.191 kg
of propane?
mol
mol O2
C3H8
END
Mass C3H8
START
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Stoichiometry A roadmap …
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g) 2.191 kg


n= m
M
Example 1 How many moles of O2 are required to react with 2.191 kg

of propane?  
? n = 2191 g C3H8 × 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 ×
𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐠 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖
= 248.4 mol O2 𝟏 𝐤𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐠 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖
Stoichiometry General …
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g) 2.191 kg
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g) 1.460 kg

Example 2 What mass of water is produced by the reaction of 1.460 kg
of butane?
mol mol
C4H10 H2O
Mass C4H10 Mass H2O
START END
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B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g) 1.460 kg
 
Example 2 What mass of water is produced by the reaction of 1.460 kg
of butane?   
? m = 1460 g C4H10 × 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 × 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝐠 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
= 2262.8 g H2O
= 2.263 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 g H2O
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g) 2.191 kg
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g) 1.460 kg

Example 3 How many hydrogen atoms is represented by the mass of
water calculated in example 2?
END
mol mol
C4H10 H2O
Mass C4H10 Mass H2O
CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry START 14
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B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g) 1.460 kg



Example 3 How many hydrogen atoms is represented by the mass of
water calculated in example 2?
From example 2, the mass of water produced = 2.263 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 g H2O
1 mol 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 
? # H atoms = 2.263 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 g H2O ×
𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
 × 6.022 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 × 𝟐 𝐇 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬 
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
= 1.5𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟔 H atoms
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 4(a) What mass of CO2 can be produced by the reaction of
116.2 g of C4H10 with 215.9 g O2 ?
This is a limiting reagent situation, …. more than one method may be used:
Method 1 Determine the amount of product formed from each reagent …

(i) Assume all the butane is used up (O2 is in excess)
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐
? m = 116.2 g C4H10 × × ×
𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝐠 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐
= 351.9 g CO2
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A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

116.2 g of C4H10 with 215.9 g O2 ?
(i) Assume all the butane is used up (O2 is in excess) …… = 351.9 g CO2
(ii) Assume all the oxygen is used up (C4 H10 is in excess)
? m = 215.9 g O2 × 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 × 𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐

𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟖 𝐠 𝐎𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐
= 182.7 g CO2
∴ O2 is the limiting reagent and the amount of product formed is

= 182.7 g CO2
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

116.2 g of C4H10 with 215.9 g O2 ?
Method 2 Compare the actual reagent mole ratios with the

stoichiometric mole ratios …
From actual amounts available : From the stoichiometry :
𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎
𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
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A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

116.2 g of C4H10 with 215.9 g O2 ?
From actual amounts available : From the stoichiometry :

𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎
= =
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
0.2962 > 0.1538
So more C4H10 is available , per mole of O2 , than the stoichiometry requires
….. it is the excess reagent.
So O2 must be the limiting reagent …
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

116.2 g of C4H10 with 215.9 g O2 ?
Method 3 Determine the amount of reagents required to react with each

other…
So , the amount of O2 required for this reaction is
? n = 116.2 g C4H10 × 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 = 12.99 mol O2
𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝐠 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎
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A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

116.2 g of C4H10 with 215.9 g O2 ?

So , the amount of O2 required for this reaction is = 12.99 mol O2
But , the amount of O2 actually available for this reaction is 6.747 mol
So O2 available < O2 required ….
OR:
(ii) Assume all the oxygen is used up (C4H10 is in excess) …..
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 4(b) What mass of excess reagent is left after the reaction
has been completed?
Amount of C4H10 consumed is determined by the limiting reagent:
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟏𝟎
? n = 215.9 g O2 × × = 1.038 mol C4H10
𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟖 𝐠 𝐎𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
Amount of C4H10 available is 1.999 moles
∴ Amount of C4H10 remaining is

? n = 1.999 mol – 1.038 mol = 0.961 mol ….. 55.8 g C4H10
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A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

C 1C3H8 (g) + 2C4H10 (g) + 18O2 (g) → 11CO2 (g) + 14H2O (g)
Example 5 What mass of water ( and carbon dioxide) is produced

when 400 g C3H8 and 116 g C4H10 and 430 g O2 react?
Three reagents ….??
1C3H8 (g) + 2C4H10 (g) + 18O2 (g) → 11CO2 (g) + 14H2O (g)
400 g 116 g 430 g 99.79 mol 127.0 mol
10.98 mol 27.94 mol
8.212 mol 10.45 mol

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry
 …. 23
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 6 What mass of water is produced when 2.191 kg of C3H8
reacts with a yield of 66.00 %?
? m = 2191 g C3H8 × 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 × 𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 × 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(theor)
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐠 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
× 𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(actual)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(theor)
= 2.363 kg H2O
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A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
Actual yield
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)
Example 7 What mass of propane is required to produce 6.560 kg
of CO2 at a yield of 86.00 %?
86.00 % of the CO2 that
could have been produced
? m = 6560 g CO2 (actual) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫) 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐

×
𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥) 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐
× 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐠 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖

𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖
= 2.548 kg C3H8
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 8 What mass of carbon dioxide is obtained when 5.00 kg
of air (23.3 % O2) reacts with butane?
𝟐𝟑. 𝟑 𝐠 𝐎𝟐 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐
? m = 5.00 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 g air × × ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟖 𝐠 𝐎𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐

×
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐
= 986 g CO2
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A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)
Example 9(a) If the yield of reaction A is 86.7% , and the yield of

reaction B is 94.2% , determine the mass of water vapour
formed when 3.651 kg of Handigas reacts.
A 1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)
Example 9(b) What mass of air does this require?
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If the combustion of propane is not efficient, the following
reaction may occur: Dangerous ! …
D 2C3H8 (g) + 9O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2CO (g) + 8H2O (g)
To protect the workers, the manager decided to monitor the CO
concentrations by letting workers wear portable dosimeters :
The simplified reaction occurring in the

detector is:
E Causes darkening of ‘patch’ …
1CO (g) + 1PdCℓ2·2H2O(s) → 1CO2 (g) + 1Pd (s) + 2HCℓ (g) + H2O (g)
D
2C3H8 (g) + 9O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2CO (g) + 8H2O (g)
E
1CO (g) + 1PdCℓ2·2H2O(s) → 1CO2 (g) + 1Pd (s) + 2HCℓ (g) + H2O(g)
Reactions D and E are said to be ‘coupled’ – the product of D

is utilized as a reagent in E.
Example 10 What mass of Pd metal is theoretically deposited on the
dosimeter when 10.0 g of propane reacts with oxygen gas
according to reaction D? (Assume both reactions occur at a
100% yield)
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D
2C3H8 (g) + 9O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2CO (g) + 8H2O (g)
E
1CO (g) + 1PdCℓ2·2H2O(s) → 1CO2 (g) + 1Pd (s) + 2HCℓ (g) + H2O(g)
Example 11 What mass of Pd metal is theoretically deposited on the

dosimeter when 10.0 g of propane reacts with oxygen gas
according to reaction D? (Assume both reactions occur at a
100% yield)
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐝
? m = 10.0 g C3H8 × × ×
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐠 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟒𝟐 𝐠 𝐏𝐝
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐝
= 24.13 g Pd ≃ 24.1 g Pd
“ In solving a problem of this sort, the grand

thing is to be able to reason backward. This is
a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy
one, but people do not practice it much ”
Sherlock Holmes,
in Sir Conan Doyle’s
‘A study in Scarlet ’
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Stoichiometry Analyses …
Analytical chemistry concerns itself, inter alia, with the identification
and determination of the quantities of components of mixtures
Although most analyses are conducted using instrumental techniques,
basic stoichiometry still plays a role, for example:
A component of a mixture Reaction with known,

A compound(s) of known
of unknown composition precise stoichiometry composition, containing the
component
Complete conversion -100% yield
component is the
limiting reagent ..
Isolate the pure compound

without losses (quantititively)
Stoichiometry Gravimetry …
Eg. The compound can form as a solid that ‘precipitates ’ from the
reaction solution - a “precipitate” ….
‘Excess’ Filter & wash
reagent the precipitate
Precipitate Drying and

Solution of
containing the weighing the
mixture
component precipitate
containing the
containing the
component
component
“Gravimetric” analysis …
The yellow solid is PbCrO4 …..
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Example 12 A sample of ammonium nitrate to be used a fertilizer, is
suspected of being contaminated with lead nitrate. A 1.500 g
sample is crushed, dissolved in water and treated with
potassium chromate to give 0.569 g of a lead chromate
precipitate. Determine the % purity of the sample
1.500 g
0.569 g
Reaction stoichiometry :
𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐 (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐊 𝟐 𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 𝐚𝐪 ⟶ 𝐏𝐛𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 𝐬 + 𝟐𝐊𝐍𝐎𝟑 (𝐚𝐪)
Example 12 A sample of ammonium nitrate to be used a fertilizer, is
suspected of being contaminated with lead nitrate. A 1.500 g
sample is crushed, dissolved in water and treated with
𝐦⁄
𝐦 potassium chromate to give 0.569 g of a lead chromate
precipitate. Determine the % purity of the sample
𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐 (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐊 𝟐 𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 𝐚𝐪 ⟶ 𝐏𝐛𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 𝐬 + 𝟐𝐊𝐍𝐎𝟑 (𝐚𝐪)
? m of impurity (Pb(NO3)2 =
0.569 g PbCrO4 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐛𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐

× ×
𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝐠 𝐏𝐛𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐛𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒
𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝐠 𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐
× = 0.583 g Pb(NO3)2
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐
𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝐠 𝐏𝐛(𝐍𝐎𝟑 )𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎

∴ % IMpurity = × = 38.8 %
𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏
∴ % purity = 100 - 38.8 = 61.2%

18
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Stoichiometry Combustion …
The empirical formula of a compound can be determined if the
% composition is known.
How is the % composition determined ?? ..
Broken down into
Compound(s) that burn in Reaction with excess
oxides of the elements in
oxygen (combustion) oxygen gas the compound …
(Elements …)
Complete conversion -100% yield
component elements
completely in the form of
oxides ... (elements)
Quantitatively isolate the oxides

(elements)
Combustion ‘ train ’ …
Mixture of ONLY CO2 is absorbed by a
Furnace hot gases strong base, eg. KOH…
Excess O2 and other

O2 gases …
(in excess …)
In ‘absorbers’:
ONLY H2O is absorbed by a mass(after) – mass(before) …
Carefully weighed hygroscopic substance , eg.
sample of CXHYOZ anhydrous MgCℓO4…
(other elements …)
XCO2 (g)
CxHyOz
O2 ??? …
𝐘
H O (g)
CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 𝟐 2 38
19
2023/04/23
Example 13 A 1.000 g sample of an unknown compound containing C, H
and oxygen is combusted in a stream of oxygen gas. The
products are 2.492 g of CO2 and 0.6495 g of H2O. Given that
the molar mass is 388.46 g.mol-1, determine the molecular
formula of this compound.
Determine the % composition ... Masses of the elements …
Mass of carbon: Consider 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝐠 𝐂

≡
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐
So, mass of carbon = 2.492 g CO2 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝐠 𝐂

= 0.6801 g C
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐
∴ % carbon = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝐠 𝐂 𝟏𝟎𝟎
× = 68.01 %
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏
Example 14 A 1.000 g sample of an unknown compound containing C, H
and oxygen is combusted in a stream of oxygen gas. The
products are 2.492 g of CO2 and 0.6495 g of H2O. Given that
the molar mass is 388.46 g.mol-1, determine the molecular
formula of this compound. % carbon = 68.01 %
Mass of hydrogen: 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇

Consider 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗) 𝐠 𝐇
≡
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
So, mass of hydrogen = 0.6495 g H2O × 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗) 𝐠𝐇
= 0.07267 g H
𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝐠 𝐇 𝟏𝟎𝟎
∴ % hydrogen = × = 7.267 %
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏
Mass of oxygen: g oxygen = 1.000 g – (0.6801 g C + 0.07267 g H)
= 0.247 g O
Or , by difference = 24.72 % …
∴ % oxygen ….. = 24.7 %
Check: Σ = 99.98% …
20
2023/04/23
Example 14 Continued …..
Consider exactly 100 g of the compound:
C H O
Mass (g) 68.01 7.267 24.73
Moles 5.66278 7.21302 1.54572
÷ Smallest 3.663 4.666 1.000
≃ 32 3 42 3 1
×3 11 14 3
∴ C11 𝐇𝟏𝟑O3
And the empirical formula mass = MR(C11 𝐇𝟏𝟒O3) = 194.229.. u
So 𝐌𝐑 (𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥) 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟔 𝒖
= ≈𝟐
𝐌𝐑 (𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥) 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗. . 𝒖
∴ C22 𝐇𝟐𝟖O6
Example 15 Lysine is an amino acid containing C, H, N and oxygen. A
2.175 mg sample of the compound is combusted, yielding
3.929 mg of CO2 and 1.876 mg of H2O. In a separate
experiment, 1.873 mg of lysine combusted to give 0.436 mg
of NH3. Given that the molecular mass of lysine lies between
140 u and 160 u, determine the molecular formula of lysine.
Mass of carbon: 𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝐦𝐠 𝐂

Consider ≡
𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐦𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐
So, mass of carbon = 3.929 mg CO2 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝐦𝐠 𝐂

= 1.0722 mg C
𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐦𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐
∴ % carbon = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐠 𝐂 𝟏𝟎𝟎
× = 49.30 %
𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝐦𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏
21
2023/04/23
Example 15 Continued …
% carbon = 49.30 %
Mass of hydrogen: Consider 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗) 𝐦𝐠 𝐇

≡
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
𝟐(𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗) 𝐦𝐠 𝐇
So, mass of hydrogen = 1.876 mg H2O ×
𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐠 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝐠 𝐇 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 0.2099 mg H

∴ % hydrogen = ×
𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝐦𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏 = 9.65 %
But, the two different samples have the same % composition …

So, we determine the % of nitrogen in the second sample …
% carbon = 49.30 %
% hydrogen = 9.65 %
Mass of nitrogen: 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐍 (𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟏) 𝐦𝐠 𝐍

Consider≡
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐍𝐇𝟑 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟒 𝐦𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟑
So, mass of nitrogen = 0.436 mg NH3 × (𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟏) 𝐦𝐠 𝐍
𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟒 𝐦𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟑
𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟔 𝐦𝐠 𝐍 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 0.3586 mg N
∴ % nitrogen = ×
𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟑 𝐦𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏 = 19.15 %
Mass percentage of oxygen: 100 – (49.30 % C + 9.65 % H + 19.15 % N)
= 21.90 %
Check: Σ = 100% …
22
2023/04/23
Consider exactly 100 mg of the compound:
C H O N
Mass (mg) 49.30 9.65 21.90 19.15
Moles 4.1049 9.5744 1.3688 1.3669
÷ Smallest 2.996 7.004 1.001 1.000
≃ 3 7 1 1
∴ C3𝐇𝟕O1N1
And the empirical formula mass = MR(C3 𝐇𝟕O1N1) = 73.094 u
So, 2 × 𝐌𝐑 = 146.2 u This is in the required range, so
Molecular formula is C6𝐇𝟏𝟒O2N2
23

CMY117 Stoichiometry General (Colour)

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2023/04/23

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 1

But, we do this in the context of a chemical reaction. ….

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 3

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 4

1C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 8

60:40 𝒎⁄𝒎 mixture of

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 9

Example 1 How many moles of O2 are required to react with 2.191 kg

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 11

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g) 1.460 kg

Mass C4H10 Mass H2O

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 13

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g) 1.460 kg

Mass C4H10 Mass H2O

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry START 14

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Method 1 Determine the amount of product formed from each reagent …

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 16

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

? m = 215.9 g O2 × 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 × 𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐

∴ O2 is the limiting reagent and the amount of product formed is

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 17

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Method 2 Compare the actual reagent mole ratios with the

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 18

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

From actual amounts available : From the stoichiometry :

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 19

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Method 3 Determine the amount of reagents required to react with each

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 20

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

(i) Assume all the butane is used up (O2 is in excess)

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 21

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Amount of C4H10 available is 1.999 moles

∴ Amount of C4H10 remaining is

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 22

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 5 What mass of water ( and carbon dioxide) is produced

10.98 mol 27.94 mol

8.212 mol 10.45 mol

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 24

? m = 6560 g CO2 (actual) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫) 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐎𝟐

× 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐠 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 25

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐠 𝐂𝐎𝟐

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 26

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 9(a) If the yield of reaction A is 86.7% , and the yield of

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 27

B 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O (g)

Example 9(b) What mass of air does this require?

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 28

The simplified reaction occurring in the

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 29

Reactions D and E are said to be ‘coupled’ – the product of D

CMY 117 Theme 8 Stoichiometry 30

Example 11 What mass of Pd metal is theoretically deposited on the