EDU 3023:

Child Development
PN NORHAYATI BT HASHIM

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Objectives
i. Identify the concept of growth & its
characteristics
ii. Identify the concept of development & its
characteristics
iii. Describe the differences between growth
& development
iv. Explain the basic principles of child
development
v. Define genetic & environment & how it
influences a child’s development

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o Leah, a 5-year old, is certain that rolling out a
ball of clay into a snake creates more clay
o A 9-year-old child in Geneva, Switzerland, firmly
insists that it is impossible to be Swiss &
Genevan at the same time: “I’m already Swiss. I
can’t be also be Genevan.”
o Jamal, a very bright elementary school student,
cannot answer the question “ How would life be
different if people did not sleep?” because he
insists, “ People HAVE TO SLEEP”
o A 2-year-old brings his own mother to comfort a
friend who is crying , even though the friend’s
mother is available, too
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• What explains these interesting
events?

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 Changes occur during human
development. Most people use
growth & development in the same
context. In reality, growth &
development are different in
meaning but are related to each
other

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 Growth

• Woolfolk & Margeretts(2007), states

the growth is the change in size &
maturity

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Characteristics of Growth

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 Development

• Santrock (2008) defines development as

changes in the biological pattern, the
cognitive & social emotion of an individual
from birth to the end of life

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Characteristics of Development
 Qualitative- seen through the emergence
of new characteristics
 Happens in the physical, cognitive, social,
emotional & moral aspects
 Changes – stable, gradually &
systematically
 Changes take place continuously through
different stages of maturation & learning
 Influenced by genetic & environment
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Differences between Growth & Development

Fill in the following table.

Growth Development

Physical

Emotions

Social

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Contoh Pengalaman Belajar yang Optimum : Bermain
 How can a knowledge about
human development be used to help a
teacher in his teaching process?

Lets put on your thinking cap

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What is the source of
development?

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W3 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILD
DEVELOPMENT

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FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILD DEVELOPMENT

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Bronfenbrenner Ecology Theory
(child development is the effect of the environment – how the
child responds & reacts to the environment)
 GROUP DISCUSSION
• In a group of 5, explain the 5 different
system & its implication to human beings
development

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 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
“ Each individual is different from the biological & genetical
aspect” ~ Dobzshansk
Development occurs at different rate according
to maturity & learning experiences
Maturity means the characteristic development
that exist in an individual inherited from their
genes (Hurlock, 1978) eg. ability to crawl, walk,
WHY ? run

Learning involves practice & effort

A child learns to use their potentials through

learning (Hurlock,1978)
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Aspects of individual differences

i. Cognitive
ii. Physical
iii. Social
iv. Emotion
v. Intelligence

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 Multiple Intelligence(Howard Gardner)
a) Linguistic
b) Music
c) Spatial
d) Logic-Mathematics
e) Kinesthetic
f) Interpersonal
g) Intrapersonal
h) Naturalistic

* Surf the internet and download articles/notes on multiple

intelligences by Howard Gardner to be compiled in your
portfolio.
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Emotional Intelligence (Daniel Goleman)

 ability to understand & interpret his own feelings

 ability to manage his emotions in a proper
manner
 Influenced by one’s background
( upbringing,love, discipline/freedom, SES,
peer groups,media)
 Potential is an individual’s talent/hidden
capability & ability

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 STAGES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Stages in child development is an outcome of the biological
process , cognitive & socio-emotion (Santrock,2008)
Infancy Rapid growth. Includes development of language ,
(0-2 yrs) physical ability & capability to develop emotional relationship

Early childhood Play using their imagination. Rapid language development,

(3-8 yrs) begins to use smaller muscles, ability to socialize

Childhood Begins to learn about task & activities for future use, starts
(9-11 yrs) having relationship with peer group, understands rules &
regulations
Early
Adolescence Sensitive of their appearance & physical changes,
(12-15 yrs) able to think logically

Adolescence Close relationship with peer groups ,

(15-20 yrs) learning to be independent
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 THEORIES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT

 Child Development by Arnold Gessell

 Theory of Cognitive Development by
Jean Piaget
 Theory of development by Robert
Havinghurst

Activity: In a smaller group, discuss

and do mind map of the above
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 Critical thinking
Which is more important in
development, the ‘nature’ of an
individual (heredity, genes,
biological processes, maturation,
etc) or the ‘nurture’ of
environmental contexts
( education, parenting, culture,
social policies , etc.)?

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