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A Comprehensive Digital Protection Scheme For Low-Voltage Microgrids With Inverter-Based and Conventional Distributed Generations
A Comprehensive Digital Protection Scheme For Low-Voltage Microgrids With Inverter-Based and Conventional Distributed Generations
Abstract—Microgrid (MG) protection is one of the main chal- devices (PDs) in presence of conventional DGs [5]. In islanded
lenges in proliferation of microgrids. Due to limited fault current mode, fault current levels significantly decrease because of iso-
feeding of inverter-based distributed generations (DGs), in islanded lation from main grid, and conventional fuse and overcurrent
operation of MG, protection problems become more complicated;
and, therefore, conventional protection strategies cannot be ap- (OC) relay protection may not operate [6]. This problem is
plied. Hence, new protection methods that are applicable in is- more troublesome for MGs with inverter-based distributed gen-
landed and grid-connected modes of operation are necessary. In erations (IBDGs), since their fault current contribution is limited
this paper, a comprehensive digital-relay based protection is intro- [7]. Furthermore, conventional DGs with low inertia are com-
duced for the protection of MGs. The proposed method includes monly utilized in MGs [8]. Because of their low inertia, it can be
protection of lines, distributed generations, and the point of com-
mon coupling. The structure and graphical schematic of the pro- expected that transient instability occurs in islanded mode of op-
posed digital relays are also presented. The proposed method is eration. The MG protection strategy should then be fast enough
independent of the MG operation mode and benefits from single- to isolate the faulty section [9]. Inasmuch as conventional PDs
phase tripping. In this method, due to fault isolation from both such as fuses and OC relays take long time to operate, alteration
sides of a line, downstream loads and DGs can operate after fault of protection strategy will be necessary.
clearance. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed pro-
tection method, numerous simulations are carried out on an MG In spite of abundant number of researches in the field of MG
test system in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment. protection, there is no comprehensive method that is applicable
in grid connected mode as well as islanded mode. In [10], the
Index Terms—Digital relay, distributed generation (DG),
inverter-based distributed generation, microgrid, microgrid
effects of high penetration of DGs on coordination of PDs has
protection. been explored and an adaptive protection scheme that is based
on communication links has been suggested. This strategy is
I. INTRODUCTION applicable only for grid-connected mode and is not effective for
HE low voltage microgrid (MG) is a three-phase asym- systems with low penetration of DGs. Reference [11] describes
T metric system that has many distributed energy resources
(DERs) and loads, such as distributed generators (DGs), stor-
a voltage measurement based protection strategy for microgrids
with high penetration of inverter-coupled resources. The pro-
age devices, and controllable loads [1]. By introduction of MG posed strategy does not rely on communication; but considers
concept and its proliferation, it is expected that customer ser- only the islanded mode of operation. In [12], the efficiency of
vice continuity increases and power quality indices enhance [2]. under/over frequency relays is investigated for protection of
Moreover, due to grid-connected and islanded operation capa- distributed synchronous generators. In this study, islanded op-
bility of MGs, system reliability increases [3]. In spite of these eration is not considered and the effects of inverter-based DGs
benefits, it changes the fundamental concepts of distribution are not included. In [13] current sequence components are used
systems, and grid protection and control methods should be for fault detection in islanded operation of MG. Reference [14]
adapted accordingly [4]. Without considering these challenges, proposes a method based on monitoring the output voltages of
the aforementioned benefits will be inaccessible. inverter-based DGs. By transformation of voltage signals from
In grid connected mode of operation, large current contribu- abc coordinate to rotating dq-frame, disturbances are extracted,
tion of the main grid causes the amplitude of fault current to and occurrence of fault is detected. This scheme seems suitable
become large, and it may lead to miscoordination of protective for islanded MG, but not for grid-connected mode of operation.
In addition, noise immunity of this method has not been proved.
Central control and monitoring unit is used in [15], [16] for pro-
Manuscript received July 31, 2015; revised January 13, 2016 and March 17,
2016; accepted May 7, 2016. Date of publication May 10, 2016; date of current tection of MG. It updates all of the relays settings upon any con-
version January 20, 2017. Paper no. TPWRD-01015-2015. figuration changing of MG. Installation of a new DG completely
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif Uni- disorders the previous settings, and new ones would be required.
versity of Technology, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: zarei_fariborz@ee.sharif.edu;
parniani@sharif.edu). Moreover, IBDGs are not considered in these studies. Reference
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online [17] investigates protection issues related to LV microgrids and
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. elaborates LV microgrid protection concepts comprehensively.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2566264
0885-8977 © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
442 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 32, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2017
Voltage and frequency relays are used as a point of common Generally, there are three configurations for earthing which
coupling (PCC) relay, and directional OC (DOC) relay is uti- are TT, TN, and IT systems [21]. These configurations are differ-
lized for feeder protection. DOC takes a long time to operate. ent in connection of transformer neutral and electrical equipment
Besides, with its operation, all of the feeder elements should be to the earth. References [21]–[23] denote that TN system is the
tripped. In [7] a protection strategy for LV microgrids is pre- most suitable for MG application. In this configuration, trans-
sented. The proposed strategy is applicable for both modes of former neutral and electrical equipment frame are connected to
operation and is independent of fault current magnitude. Single the earth. This system provides large amount of fault current by
phase tripping is another feature of this work. In this method, all which PDs can sense the fault and interrupt it. Also, by using
of a feeder elements should be tripped for a fault in that feeder, TN system, touch voltage value will be in a range that satisfies
which is undesirable for sensitive loads. Shortcomings of the the safety margin.
previous studies can be summarized as follows:
Some of the proposed methods are dependent to the mode
C. Distributed Generations
of operation [10], [18], [19]. In some others, PDs act in one
direction, and therefore all of downstream DGs should be tripped Conventional DGs and IBDGs are commonly used in MGs.
[5]. This results in imbalance of production and consumption, In this section, their operations are briefly described, and the
which is an important issue in islanded MG. Also, some of the proposed protections for them will be presented in Section III.
previous researches do not consider all types of fault, and/or do 1) Conventional DGs: This type of DGs is chiefly syn-
not have single phase tripping capability [13]. chronous machine based DGs that have low inertia and
This paper proposes a comprehensive protection strategy their fault current contribution is larger than IBDGs. Pres-
based on digital relays, which is applicable to both grid con- ence of these DGs in MG can disturb the protection coor-
nected and islanded modes of operation. The proposed strategy dination and MG stability [5]. Thus their effects should be
covers all elements of MG and considers various types of fault. considered carefully.
In this method, downstream DGs and loads can be maintained in 2) Constant Power Controlled Inverter-Based DGs: Con-
service when a fault occurs in an upstream feeder. Furthermore, stant power controlled IBDGs operate in constant power control
it works properly even with low magnitudes of fault current. mode, and exchange predefined real and reactive powers with
This research is organized as follows. Section II briefly re- the rest of MG or main grid. They do not contribute to volt-
views the structure of low voltage microgrids. In Section III, age and frequency control, and it is assumed that other sources
novel protective relays and protection strategy for LV microgrid control the voltage and frequency [24]. Therefore, they can be
are proposed, and Coordination among the protective relays is simulated as constant current sources that inject power to the
covered in Section IV. Simulation results for grid connected and grid. For correct operation, an appropriate synchronization al-
islanded modes are presented in Section V. Finally, the study is gorithm is required [25]. Upper-level controllers, such as max-
concluded in Section VI. imum power point tracking in wind turbines and photovoltaic
cells may provide the power sharing [26]. This type of IBDG is
II. STRUCTURE OF LOW VOLTAGE MICROGRIDS known as grid-feeding voltage source inverter, and has an inter-
nal current control loop. Basic control block diagram of these
In this section, characteristics of different elements of low IBDGs are thoroughly described in [27].
voltage MG will be reviewed; in order to present appropriate 3) IBDGs With Voltage and Frequency Control: This type of
protective relays for them in the next section. IBDGs operate as controllable voltage sources, in which their
voltage and frequency references are obtained from superior
A. Configuration controls such as droop controls [24]. As a result of their contri-
LV-network contains a number of LV feeders initiating from bution in controlling the voltage and frequency, MG voltage and
LV busbars. LV feeders include many branches, and loads may frequency controls are enhanced. This type of IBDG is known
be installed anywhere along the feeder. Due to the presence as grid-forming voltage source inverter, and possesses two in-
of single-phase loads and lines, LV networks are unbalanced ternal voltage and current control loops. Basic control block
networks. Main substation of LV network often connects to diagrams of this type of IBDGs are comprehensively explained
upstream network through a single transformer with rating of in [27], [28].
up to 1MVA, and its connection group is usually DYn11 [20]. LV To control the aforementioned IBDGs, rotating dq-frame co-
side of the transformer has Y connection windings that provides ordinate is commonly used. In this coordinate, balanced signals
ground connection for single-phase loads. appear as constant quantities. Therefore, controller design in
dq-frame is straightforward. In this paper, for proper opera-
tion of IBDGs in faulty and unbalanced conditions, negative
B. Earthing
sequence filtering and elimination is assumed. Using this ap-
Effective earthing system is necessary in electrical systems proach, three phase IBDGs can feed the single phase and unbal-
to increase human safety and reduce electrical hazards. Proper anced three phase loads, a capability which is not accessible by
earthing system reduces long term over-voltages and diminishes conventional controllers. Some papers such as [29]–[31] have
the electrical shocks. In addition, earthing system provides a explored the issue of power converters control in unbalanced
return path for leakage currents, so that PDs can detect and condition. In this paper, a voltage controller similar to that pre-
interrupt the fault [21]. sented in [30] is utilized to control IBDGs with voltage and fre-
ZAREI AND PARNIANI: A COMPREHENSIVE DIGITAL PROTECTION SCHEME FOR LOW-VOLTAGE MICROGRIDS WITH INVERTER-BASED 443
E. Control of Micro-Grid
As already stated in part C of this section, MG generally
comprises three types of distributed generations having their
own internal controls. To assure stable operation of MG and
appropriate power sharing among the DGs, another outer power
control loop is necessary. Droop control is a prevalent method
utilized in the literature, and hence is used in this paper. For
conciseness, the concept of droop control is not elaborated in
this paper, and detailed explanations can be found in [27], [33]. Fig. 1. (a) Characteristic of differential current protection (b) schematic illus-
tration of protection.
III. PROPOSED PROTECTIVE RELAYS AND PROTECTION
STRATEGY FOR LOW VOLTAGE MG ation, downstream DGs control the voltage and frequency of
their loads, and a new MG is formed. If a connection ring is
In most of existing protection methods for LV grids, a large
utilized at the end of feeders, the new MG can be connected to
area should be isolated in faulty condition. For instance, upon
the main MG or to the main grid. For this operation to fulfill,
a fault in one feeder, all of energy resources and loads of this
appropriate synchronization means should be employed. Using
feeder should be interrupted and the faulty feeder is separated
this protection strategy, all of downstream loads can be operated
from the rest of the grid. In this situation, if the feeder protection
normally without any interruption, creating a better condition
fails, the whole MG should be tripped and all of its loads lose
for MG with sensitive loads. To accomplish this aim, current
electricity. This problem arises from unidirectional operation of
information in both sides of the protected line is collected and
conventional PDs employed in these methods. These PDs are
fault occurrence is detected based on their differences. The pro-
coordinated in a way that for a forward fault, the nearest PD to
tection scheme based on information of two sides of line is
the fault operates with a time delay and isolates the fault from
much faster than the conventional PDs that are coordinated with
one side. In the presence of DGs, downstream network is active,
load protections.
and in faulty condition, all of the downstream DGs of the faulty
Fastness of the suggested protection helps the MG stability
feeder should be tripped to isolate the fault. In other words, in
and operation continuity of sensitive loads. Capacitor charging
this situation, by operation of upstream relay, a trip signal is
current and CT saturation are the main issues of differential
sent to all of its downstream DGs. Besides, in the former studies
current based protections. In LV microgrids with short lines and
for asymmetrical faults, three-phase tripping had been applied
low voltage levels, the former problem is not critical, and for
rather than single phase tripping. However, for a LV MG with
the latter, one-slope differential relay characteristic is utilized.
many unbalanced and single phase loads, three-phase tripping
Fig. 1 shows graphical representation of this relay. For grid-
is not the best remedy.
connected mode of operation, owing to the large fault current
In the following, the proposed protections for lines, DGs and
supplied by main grid, a high set region is considered.
PCC are presented.
A digital relay is also suggested to be utilized as backup for the
load and line protections. This relay is installed at the beginning
A. Protection of Microgrid Lines and Feeders of feeders, and hereafter is called MG feeder protection relay or
This research proposes a protection strategy based on double- MGFPR. By operation of this relay, the corresponding feeder
end disconnection of faulty line, in which downstream DGs and is disconnected and one trip signal is sent to all downstream
loads are allowed to work after fault clearance. In this situ- DGs on the feeder. MGFPR consists of two modules, namely
444 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 32, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2017
TABLE I
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 8 PARAMETERS
Parameter Description
TABLE II
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR GRID-CONNECTED MODE
Fig. 10. Fault current waveforms and relays trip signals for LL fault at location
Fault2 in grid-connected mode.
450 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 32, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2017
VI. CONCLUSION
This research suggests a comprehensive protection strategy
for low voltage microgrid. In this strategy different protective
relays (based on digital relays) were introduced for all of mi-
crogrid components, such as lines, feeder, conventional and
inverter-based DGs, and PCC. Schematic illustration of new
digital relays was also presented. The proposed method does
not rely on microgrid central protection and adaptive protec-
tion methods, and thus, avoids their associated problems. Since
the suggested strategy is credible in both grid-connected and
islanded modes of operation; there is no need for mode switch-
ing. The applied method benefits from double side fault clearing
and single phase tripping capabilities to increase service conti-
nuity of loads. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
method, numerous simulations in both grid-connected and is-
landed mode of operation have been conducted on the test MG
system. Simulation results verify safe, selective and reliable op-
eration of protective devices in both modes of operation for
internal and external faults in microgrid.
APPENDIX A
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE DIRECTIONAL ELEMENT [36]
The principle behind the Negative Sequence Directional El-
ement is that for a forward fault, negative sequence impedance
would be negative and for a reverse fault, it would be positive.
Considering the source behind the relay terminal is strong, this
may result in a very low negative sequence voltage. To over-
come such situations, a compensating quantity is added to boost
the negative sequence voltage.
the performance of other protective relays the trip command
Applying the compensating quantity introduces a forward
is deliberately blocked. Therefore, the fault will remain active.
and reverse threshold. Then the criteria is that if Z2 < Z2f , then
MGFPR2 and the SGDG relay respond to fault in 124 msec
the fault is forward and if Z2 > Z2r , then the fault is reverse.
and 181 msec in their forward modes, respectively. Afterwards,
The forward threshold must be less than the reverse threshold
MGFPR1 and MGFPR3 create trip signals in 361 msec and
to avoid any overlap. The output will be generated only if the
505 msec after fault occurrence in reverse mode. For the sake
ratio of negative sequence current to positive sequence current
of brevity, the waveforms and trip signals of the relays are not
exceeds the specified limit.
shown in this case.
In summary, simulation data demonstrate the effective, coor-
dinated and selective operation of the proposed relays in both APPENDIX B
RELAYS SETTINGS
modes of operation. It is worth mentioning that the proposed
protection does not need mode switching from grid connected The parameters of the proposed protections are reported in
mode to islanded mode or vice versa. Tables IV–VIII. It should be noted that current settings of relays
ZAREI AND PARNIANI: A COMPREHENSIVE DIGITAL PROTECTION SCHEME FOR LOW-VOLTAGE MICROGRIDS WITH INVERTER-BASED 451
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452 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 32, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2017
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