LD ÑL Úma, JH 1750 - 1850 &: 11 Fy%Aksh - B Sydih Flá Igyka

11 fY%aKsh - b;sydih flá igyka
01 ld¾ñl úma,jh ^ 1750 - 1850 &

ld¾ñl úma,jh ìysùfï miqìu'
 18 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha§ hqfrdamfha NdKav ksIamdokfha mq¿,a fjkila isÿúh'
 ñka fmr NdKav ksIamdokh isÿ jQfha oEf;a iúfhka .Dyia: l¾udka; f,isks'
 hqfrdamd rdcHka hg;a úcs; we;s lr .ekSu;a iuÕ fjf<|m<la ks¾udKh úh'
 fjf<|m<g wjYH ksIamdok NdKav jeälr .ekSu i|yd l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< hka;% iQ;%
Ndú;d lrk ,§'
 fï fya;= idOl uq,a lr.ksñka ld¾ñl úma,jh ìysúh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh hkq '''''''''''''

ñksid oEf;a iúfhka NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu fjkqjg hka;% iQ;% Ndú;d
lr NdKav ksIamdokfha we;s l< mq¿,a fjki ld¾ñl úma,jh fõ'
 tx.,ka;h uq,a lr.ksñka hqfrdamfha wdrïN jQ ;dlaIKsl mßj¾;kh miqj wksl=;a uyoaùm
j,go jHdma; úh'
 ld¾ñl úma,jh foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudcSh fjkialï we;s lf<ah'
ld¾ñl úma,jh tx.,ka;fha wdrïN ùug n,mE fya;='

ì%;dkHfha jevjiï l%uh iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;aj cd;sl rdcHla f,i f.dvke.S ;snqKq miqìula
;=< hg;a úcs; we;slr .ksñka ì%;dkH hqfrdamfha n,j;d fjñka mej;sKs'
wNHka;r yd ndysr foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh jevjiï l%uh

fjf<|dfï j¾Okh ì|jeà ;sîu'
hg;a úcs; we;slr wdl,am yd kj

.ekSu woyia
ì%;dkHh ;=<
m%jdyk myiqlï ld¾ñl úma,jh
jHdma;ùu ìysùug n,mE Okj;=ka isàu
fya;=
ck.yk j¾Okh
nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k
wuqÞjH nyq,ùu
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 47

ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%fndaOh'

fmaI l¾udka;h ^ frÈ ms<s &
j¾Okh jQ lafIa;% .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h ^ bkaOkhla f,i &
hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
fmaI l¾udka;h ;=< we;s jQ kj fidhd .ekSï'

ÿjk kvdj ksmoùu;a iuÕ frÈ úùu fõ.j;a jQ kuq;a lmq leàu fõ.j;a fkdùu'
Wod - yh fofkla iuÕ Èklg ilik kQ,a m%udKh tla frÈ úhkafkla úiska tla Èkl§
frÈ úhd wjika lrk ,§'
j¾Ih ksmojQ hka;%fha ku myiq jQ ld¾h

mqoa.,hdf.a ku
1733 fcdaka fla ÿjk kvdj frÈ úùu ;rula fõ.j;a úh'
1764 fÊïia yd.S%õia fckS hka;h

% lmq leàu fõ.j;a lsÍu
1769 ßpâ wdlarhsÜ c, rduqj fõ.j;aj kQ,a leàug yels ùu'
1779 ieuqfj,a ñhq,a hka;%h ishqï yd Yla;u

s ;a kQ,a ieliSu'
fl%dïmagka
1785 tâukaâ mj¾¨ï ;dlaIKsl f,i lmq leàu'

ldÜrhsÜ ^ jdIam n,fhka
ls%hd lsÍu &
z óg wu;rj t,súÜks - fldÜka cska " t,shia f.dafõ - frÈ ueiSfï hka;%h jeks
hka;% fidhd .ekSu'
z n, Yla;shla f,i c,h uÕska ls%hd;aul l< yels c, rduqj tl;= ùu;a iuÕ frÈ úùu
fõ.j;a úh' ^ fuh ksjfia ;eìh fkdyels jQ ksid c,h ,nd .; yels úYd,
l¾udka;Yd,d f,i ksßudKh úh'&
z n, Yla;shla f,i .,a w.=re yd jdIam n,h fhdod .ekSu;a iuÕ fmaI l¾udka;h kj
u.lg fhduq úh'
z fuu kj fidhd .ekSï ksid tx.,ka;fha f,dï frÈ l¾udka;hg jvd lmq frÈ
l¾udka;h ÈhqKQ úh'
hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h'
 ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr isg ì%;dkH ;=< hlv Ndú;d lf<ah'

 tu hlv Yla;su;a núka yd keñh yels neúka wvq tajd úh'
 hmia WKq lsÍug uq,a wjêfha or Ndú;d l< w;r or fjkqjg .,a wÕ=re fhdod .ekSu;a
iuÕ hlv yd jdfka ksIamdokh jeäúh'
 1730 § tan%yï v¾ì úiska .,a wÕ=re fhdod .ksñka hmia WKq lr tu.ska jd;a;= l<
hlv ksmoùu'

hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;hg tl;= jQ hka;% iQ;%
ksmo jQ
j¾Ih mqoa.,hdf.a hka;%fha ku
ku myiq jQ ld¾h
1784 fykaß fldaÜ frda,¾ hka;%h hmia j, wmÞjH bj;a lsÍu'
;e,sh yels hlv fyj;a moï l< hlv
ksmoùu'
1856 fykaß fíiu¾ jdfka ksmoùfï hlv j, wmÞjH bj;a lsÍfï kj l%uhla
Wÿk fidhd .ekSu'
1860 ú,shï iSukaia újD; Wÿka l%uh Wiia ;;ajfha jdfka ksmoùu'
msßisÿ hlv ksmoùu'
1878 ú,shï iSukaia úÿ,s Wÿk hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h YS>% f,i ÈhqKq
úh'
 fmaI l¾udka;hg yd wksl=;a l¾udka;Yd,d j,g wjYH hlv tx.,ka;h ;=<u

ksIamdokh lr .ekSug yelsúh'
.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h'

ol=KQ fõ,aia
.,a wÕ=re nyq, f,i mej;s ì%;dkH m%foaY fhdalaIh¾
,ekaleIh¾
fkdaoïn¾,kaâ
 .,a wÕ=re nyq, ùu ksid hka;% iQ;% ls%hdlrùug n,Yla;shla f,i fhdod.; yelsùu'
 jdIam tkacsu ksmoùu;a iuÕ ksjdi yd l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< .,a wÕ=re jeä jYfhka
Ndú;d lsÍu'
 b,aüg wkqj iemhqu ,ndfok úg .,a wÕ=re m;,a b;d .eUqrg lemSug isÿúh'
 túg wNsfhda.;d /ilg uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ w;r tu wNsfhda. ch .ekSug kj fidhd
.ekSï isÿ jQ ksid .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h j¾Okh úh'
wdlr ;=< tl;= jQ c,h bj;a lsÍu'
.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg t,a, wdlr m;=f<a úI jdhq ;sîu'

jQ wNsfhda.
wdlr ;=<g wdf,dalh fkdue;s ùu'
wdlr ;=<g msßisÿ jd;h f.k hdu'
.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg tl;= jQ hka;% iQ;%

ksmojQ myiq jQ ld¾h
j¾Ih mqoa.,hdf.a ku hka;%fha ku
1735 f;dauia jdIam tkacsu wdlr ;=< ;sfnk c,h k< uÕska bj;a lsÍu
ksõflduka yd jd;h lD;su f,i isis,a lsÍu'
1736 fÊïia fjdÜ úêu;a jdIam ish¨ l¾udka;Yd,d j,g fhdod .; yelsùu'
tkacsu
1812 yïms% fâõ wdrlaIl wdrlaIs;j ,dïmqj wdlr ;=<g wdf,dalh f.k
1815 ,dïmqj hdug yels ùu'

 jdIam tkacsu yd wdrlaIs; ,dïmqj fidhd .ekSu;a iuÕ m;,a yEÍu blaukaùu yd ta
wdYs%; wNsfhda. /ila ch.; yelsùu'
 1839 § hlv flan,a lïì fhdod.ekSu ksid wdlr ;=< isg blaukska .,a wÕ=re
f.dv.ekSug yelsùu' 1844 § m;,a j, fiajhg ldka;djka yd <uqka fhdod .ekSu ;ykï
úh'
.,a ;dr ûelvï l%uhg & wek,sï kï ;Ska;

j¾.h
.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;fha

w;=re m%;s,dN
T!IO" iqj| ú,jqka" f;,a fmdfydr
ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh'
 jir mkyla muK ì%;dkHg muKla iSud jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj 19jk ishjfia§ wksl=;a
rgj,a lrdo jHdma; úh'
 ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu m%jdykh" ikaksfõokh" ldIsl¾udka;h hk wxY j, ÈhqKqjla
we;s lf<ah'
m%jdyk lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqj'

 l¾udka;Yd,d j,g wjYH wuqÞjH f.k taug;a ksIamdok NdKav fjf<|fmd<g
f.khdug;a fyd| m%jdyk l%uhla ks¾udKh úh'
 1811 § fcdaka uelvï úiska Yla;su;a ud¾. moaO;shla ilialr .kakd ,o w;r th
uelvï l%uh f,i y÷kajhs'
m%jdyk lafIa;%fha ksIamdok
j¾Ih ksmojQ ksIamdokfha myiq jQ ld¾h

mqoa.,hdf.a ku ku
1811 fcdaka uelvï uelvï l%uh myiqfjka NdKav /f.k hd yels ud¾.
^ì%;dkH& ks¾udKh lsÍu'
1814 fcda¾Ê iaàjkaia ÿïßh tkacsu NdKav jeä m%udKhla tljr m%jdykh l<
yelsùu'
1807 frdnÜ mq,agka ÿï fndaÜgqj .x.d yd we< ud¾.j, m%jdykh blauka úh'
^ weußldj &
1811 fykaß fn,a ÿï kej uyoaùm yryd .ukd.ukh fõ.j;aùu
1885 fvï,¾ fudag¾ r:h u.S m%jdykh blauka úh'

^ c¾uksh &
1903 rhsÜ .=jka hdkh wyiskao .uka lsÍug yelsùu'

ifydaorfhda
^weußldj&

ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqj
 uq,a wjêfha ì%;dkH ;=< mej;s ;eme,a l%uh fkdÈhqKq iy úhoï wêl l%uhla úh'
 1840 § fmkS ;eme,a fiajh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ ì%;dkHfha ´kEu ;eklg ,sms heùug
úhoï jQfha mekaihla muKs'
 ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ ia:dk folla w;r blaukska mKsjqv yqjudre lr .ekSug 1844 §
ieuqfj,a fudaia úiska úÿ,s mKsjqv l%uh fidhd .kakd ,§'
 1876 § wef,laiekav¾ .%eyeïfn,a úiska flan,a uÕska lgy~ska woyia yqjudre lr
.ekSug ÿrl:kh ksmojk ,§'
 1895 § .=.a,s ud¾fldaks úiska úÿ,s ;rx. Ndú;d lrñka .=jka úÿ,s hka;h
% ks¾udKh
lsÍu'
 1926 oS fcdaka f,d.S fnhdâ úiska rEmjdysksh ksmoùu;a iuÕ ld¾ñl Ndkav m%pdrK
lghq;= isÿl< yelsúh'
lDIsl¾udka;fha ÈhqKqj'
 jevjiï l%ufha isá m%fõKsodifhda k.rj,g meñKSu ksido bvï ysñ mqoa.,hka
l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN lsÍu ksido f.dúìï md¨úh'
 k.r ;=< lïlre ck;dj jeä ùu;a iuÕ wdydr wjYH;djho jeäúh'
 tu wdydr wjYH;djh imqrd,Su i|yd ld¾ñl úma,jfhka fidhd.;a kj hka;% iQ;%
fhdod .ksñka f.dúìï wiajeoaoùu fya;=fjka lDIsl¾udka;h ;=< ÈhqKqjla we;súh'
uydmßudK f.dúìï wdrïN ùu'
YIH udre l%uh '

lDIsl¾udka;h j¾Okh ùug n,mE idOl kj ;dlaIKfhka hqla; i;aj md,kh'
kj lDIsld¾ñl l%u yd WmlrK'
 l=vdjg ;snQ bvï tla lrñka úYd, f.dúìï ks¾udKh lsÍu' th bvï fldgq lsÍfï
jHdmdrh f,i y÷kajhs'
 úYd, f.dúìï fldgia ;=klg fnod j.d lsÍu ;=<ska jeä wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug
yelsùu yd f,vfrda. wju lr .ekSug yelsùu'
 f.dúìï j, tla fldgil m%Odk fnda.ho fojeks fldgfia w;=re fnda.ho ;=kajeks
fldgfia lsisÿ fnda.hla j.d fkdlr w;ayer ouk ,§' fuh YIH udre l%uh f,i
yÿkajkq ,eîh'
w;=re fnda.h
mqrka jq m%Odk
ìu fnda.h

 fcdaka frdag,a úiska wYajhka nÈk ,o k.=,a j,ska fma<shg jemsÍfï l%uh fidhd
.ekSu;a iuÕ wvq îc m%udKhlska jeä wiajekakla .; yelsúh'
 i;aj md,kh ;=<o ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka frdnÜ nelafj,a úiska neg¨ j¾.
wìckkh lsÍu fidhd .;af;ah'
 1800 § .=jdfkda fmdfydr fidhd.ekSu;a iuÕ ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk
ksIamdok jeä lsÍu ;=<ska lDIsl¾udka;fha kj fmr<shla isÿúh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh fjk;a rgj,a lrd jHdma; ùu'
 wv ishjila ;rï ld,hla ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHg muKla iSudúh'

 tfia ùug fya;=j jQfha ì%;dkHka úiska fidhd .;a kj ;dlaIKh kj hka;% iQ;% fjk;a
rgj,a j,g úlsKu S ;ykï jQ ksidh'
 wksl=;a rgj,a iïm%odhsl l%u j,ska ñ§ kj ;dlaIKsl l%u lrd fhduq ùug ue<súh'
 tu ksid hqfrdamfha wksl=;a rgj,g ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdma; ùu m%udo úh' kuq;a f,dal
m%jk;djh fya;=fjka ;jÿrg;a ì%;dkHg th wdrlaId lr.; fkdyels úh'
ck.ykh by< hdu
NdKav j,g ;snQ b,aü
ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdma; ùug m%jdyk lghq;= j, j¾Okh

n,mE fya;=
m%xYh yd c¾uksh .,a wÕ=re fidhd .ekSu
m%xYh
c¾uksh
fn,acshu
ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdma; jQ rgj,a Tiaá%hdj
yxf.aßhdj
m%Ishdj
cmdkh
weußlka ckmo ^ksoyig fmr &

ì%;dkH hg;aúcs; ;=< ld¾ñl Ökh
úma,jfha n,mEu
bkaÈhdj
YS% ,xldj

ld¾ólrKfha m%;sM,
 ld¾ñl úma,jh mokï lr .ksñka tu rgj, foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudcSh fjkialï

we;súh'
foaYmd,k fjkialï'
 uqo,a wdfhdackh lrkq ,nk Okm;s mka;shla yd Y%uh úl=Kd cSj;a jk ks¾Ok mka;shla
ìysùu'
 Okm;Ska úYd, ,dN ,nd.;a w;r Y%ñlhkaf.a cSjk ;;ajh my; jegqKs'
 Y%uhg iß,k jegqmla iy iqnidOk myiqlï b,a,d lïlre igka we;súh'
 Okm;s - lïlre .egqï" jD;a;Sh ix.ï ìysùu" fiajl jevj¾ck" whs;sjdislï i|yd
igka we;súh'
 fuys m%;sM,h jQfha ,snr,ajdoh yd iudcjd§ foaYmd,k o¾Yk we;sùuhs'
wd¾Ól fjkialï'
 ld¾ólrKh mq¿,a ùu isÿ jQ w;r ta ;=<ska fjf<| yd jdKsc lghq;= we;sùu'

 ta ;=<ska Okm;s mka;hs la yd fjf<| mka;shla j¾Okh ùu'
 bvï ysñ f.dùka o jegqm u; hefmk fiajlhka ùu ;=< foaYh S hemqï wd¾Ólh ì|jeà
wdkhk wmkhk fjf<|fmd<la we;sùu'
 ld¾ólrKh iuÕ úYd, ksIamdok rgdjla f.dvke.=Ks' tajd hqfrdamSkaf.a hg;a úcs;j,g
jHdma; ùu ksid foaYSh úfoaYSh fjf<|dula ìysúh'
 noaO jHdmdr iud.ï yd nyqcd;sl iud.ï ìysùu'
 uqo,a yd nexl= lghq;= wdrïNh
iudc fjkialï
 ksIamdok NdKav ksIamdokh wêl ùu ;=< ±ßh yels ñ,lg ck;djg ñ,§ .;yelsùu'
 l¾udka;Yd,d j, úYd, /lshd fjf<|fmd<la we;sùu'
 .%dóh ck;dj kd.ÍlrKhg uqiqùu'
 mka;s iys; iudchla ìysùu'^ bvï ysñ Okj;=ka yd uOHu mka;sl jHdmdr
ysñhka"lïlrejka f,i &
 l¾udka; ysñhka fiajlhskag wvq jegqmla f.jd Tjqka iqfLdamfNda.S cSú;hla .; lsÍu'
 ia;S%kag yd <uqkag b;d wvq myiqlï hgf;a meh 12 - 14 la muK fiajh lsÍug isÿùu'
 wvq ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï iys; uqvqlal= ksjdi fma<s j, fiajlhkag cSj;aùug isÿùu'
 jdhq ¥IKh yd c, ¥IKh we;sùu'
ld¾ñl úma,jh YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mEu
 ì%;dkHfha hg;aúcs;hlaj mej;s YS% ,xldj ;=< ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu we;súh'
 furg j;= j.dj wdrïN l< w;r ^ fldams" f;a" " rn¾ " fmd,a & ta i|yd hka;% iQ;%
furgg meñKSu'
 1804 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd fldams flàug fuda<la wdrïN lsÍu'
 f;a úh<Sfï isg j¾. lsÍu yd wmkhkh olajd jQ ls%hdj,sh hka;% uÕska isÿ lsÍu'
 rn¾ ksIamdokhg wjYH hka;% iQ;% iú lsÍu'
 1885 uelvï l%uh ,xldjg y÷kajd §u'

furg m%jdyk wxYfha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj

uydud¾. bÈlsÍu
 tâjâ ndkaia uydud¾. bÈlsÍu'

fld<U - uykqjr
l=reKE., - uykqjr
oUq,a, - uykqjr
 .,a yd ;dr fhdod ud¾. bÈlsÍu'
 ,S md,ï fjkqjg hlv md,ï bÈlsÍu'
ÿïßh ud¾. bÈlsÍu
 fykaß fjdaâ wdKavqldrjrhd fï i|yd uq,aúh'

 1858 fld<U uykqjr ÿïßh ud¾.h bÈlsÍu'
 1867 m%:u j;djg fld<U isg uykqjrg ÿïßh .uka lsÍu'
 1871 fmardfoKsh isg kdj,msáhg;a 1899 nKavdrfj< olajd ÿïßh ud¾. bÈlsÍu'
;eme,a fiajh
 1815 fld<U" ;s%l=Kdu,h" .d,a, yd hdmkh hk k.r iïnkaO lr.ksñka rdcldÍ

;eme,a fiajhla weröu'
 fld<U kqjr ud¾.h ;ekSu iuÕ wYaj lr;a; uÕska ;eme,a fiajdj weröu'
 1857 m%:u ;eme,a uqoaorh ksl=;a lsÍu'
 1858 fg,s.%dma fiajdj wdrïN lsÍu'
 1903 jkúg furg ;eme,a uOHia:dk 340 la muK bÈúh'
iudcSh fjkialï
 lïlre msßila yd Okj;=ka msßila ìysùu'

 furg W.;a uOHu Okj;a mka;shla ìysùu'
 Okjd§ wd¾Ól rgdjla ìysùu'
 foaYSh úfoaYh
S uqo,a wjYH;d u; nexl= l%uhla ìysùu'

02 YS% ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu

 foaY.fõIK ls%hdj,sfha m%;sm,hla f,i hqfrdamd cd;Ska fjk;a rgj,a fidhd .fõIKh
lrkakg úh' ta w;ßka
mD;=.d,h
iamdd[a[h
tx.,ka;h
m%xYh
´,kaoh m%Odk fõ'
hqfrdamd cd;Ska fmrÈ.g meñKSug fya;='

 fjf<|du yd wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lr .eksu'
 wd.u m%pdrh lsÍu'
 cd;Hdka;r lS¾;sh oskd .ekSu
 mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoaiska fmrÈ. ;=<ska by< wd¾Ól ,dNhla ,nk ÿgq bx.S%iska wdishdjg
wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§'
ì%;dkHka wdishdjg meñKSug fya;='

 bx.S%is jHdmdßlhka msßila úiska fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<| iud.u msysgqjd .ekSu'
 ì%;dkH lsÍgfha ysñldßksh jQ 1 jk t<sifn;a uy/csk úiska 1600 § wdishdfõ fjf<|
lghq;= j, kshe,Sug rdclSh n,m;%h fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<| iud.ug ,nd§u'
 m%:u keõ lKavdhu iqud;%d ¥m;a m%foaYhg meñK fjf<| lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu'
 ú,shï fydlskaia hgf;a fojk keõ lKavdhï bkaÈhdjg meñK uQ.,a wêrdcHhd iuÕ
fjf<| idlÉPd we;slr .ekSu'
w.aksÈ. wdishdj w;yer bkaoshdjg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug fya;='
 fï jk úg mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka tu m%foaY j, n,h ,ndf.k isàu'

 mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj bx.S%iSka ,kafoaiSkag iyh ±laùu'
 w.aksoa. wdishd;sl m%foaY ;=< bx.S%is n,hla ia:dms; ùug ,kafoaiSka wlue;s úh'
 1623 § weïfndhskd ¥m;a j, bx.S%is yuqodjla ,kafoaiSka úiska >d;kh l< ksid tu
m%foaY j,ska bx.S%iska bj;a ùu'
 1607 isg bkaÈhdj ;=< fjf<| in|;d f.dvkÕd .ekSug bx.S%iSka lghq;= lf<ah'
 tys m%;sm,hla f,i 17jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha § uÿrdish" fndïndh" l,algd hk ia:dk
j, fjf<| uOHia:dk msysgqjd .;af;ah'
 1664 jk úg m%xYjreka bkaÈhdjg meñK fmdkaäfÉß" lßld,a" pkaøk.¾ w,a,d .ekSu
ksid bx.S%iSka m%xYjreka iuÕ .egqï ks¾udKh úh'
YS% ,xldj flfrys ì%;dkHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduqùu'

 bx.S%iSka bkaÈhdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihla muK hk;=re YS% ,xldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
fkdlf<ah'
 bx.S%iSka bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k n,h me;srùu;a iuÕ YS% ,xldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
ùug fya;= folla n,mdk ,§'tkï
 YS% ,xldfõ msysàu ^ ;s%l=Kdu,h jrdfha jeo.;alu &
 YS% ,xldfjka l=re÷ we;=¿ jákd ÞjH ,nd .ekSu'

 bx.S%iSka yd m%xYjre w;r fnx.d, fndlal wdYs%; m%foaY j, .egqï we;s jQ wjia:d j,§
;s%l=Kdu, jrdh jeo.;a ùu'
 ;s%l=Kdu, jrdh flfrys bx.S%iSkaf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq ùug n,mE lreKq lsysmhls' tkï"
 ;s%l=Kdu,h jrdh fnx.d, fndlalg uqyqK,d msyg s d ;sîu'
 bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjrf<a bx.S%is kdúl n,h /l.ekSug fuu jrdfha msysàu
jeo.;aùu'
 BidkÈ. fudaiï iq<x ld,fha keõ wdrlaId lr .ekSug ;s%l=Kd,u jrdh fhdod
.; yelsùu'
 wn,ka keõ w¨;ajeähd l< yels jrdhla ùu'
 ;s%l=Kdu, jrdh m%xYjreka w;g m;ajqjfyd;a th ;ukag wjdisodhl nj bx.S%iSka ±k
isáfhah'
 YS% ,xldfõ l=re÷ fjf<|dfï taldêldrh ;uka w;g .ekSug bx.S%iSkag wjYHúh'
 bx.S%iSka Wvrg rdcH w;r ¥; iïnkaO;d lsysmhla isÿù we;'
j¾Ih ¥;hd rcq fya;=j
1762 fcdaka mhsnia lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd .ekSug
rcq
1782 yshqfndhsÜ rdcdêrdcisxy rcq fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd .ekSug
1795 frdnÜ rdcdêrdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka i;= n,fldgq w,a,d .ekSfï§ Wvrg
wekavDDia rcqf.a iyh ,nd .ekSu'
ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu'

YS% ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ì%;dkH n,h msysgù
q u'
1789 m%xY úma,jfhka miq m%xY yuqodj 1794 § ´,kaoh wdl%uKh lsÍu'
´,kao md,l iageâkafyda,av¾jrhd jQ miajk ú,shï rcq ì%;dkHg m<d hEu'
miajk ú,shï rcq ,jd bx.S%iSkag jdisodhl jk f,i ,smshla ,shjd .ekSu' ^ th lsõ ,smsh kï
fõ &
1795 § tu ,smsh furg ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd jQ *ka tx.,afnla g ,nd ÿka kuq;a Tyq th
ms<sfkd.ekSu'
1795 wf.daia;= udifha§ ;s%l=Kdu, jrdh w,a,d .ekSu' bka wk;=rej uq,;sõ" fmaÿre;=vqj" hdmkh"
ukakdru hk n,fldgq w,a,d .ekSu'
1796 fmnrjdß udih jk úg fld<U yd .d,a, n,fldgq we;=¿ ,kafoaiSka i;= YS% ,xldfõ ish¨
m%foaY bx.S%iSka hg;g m;aùu'
1796fmnrjdß 16 jk Èk ,kafoaiSka yd bx.S%iSka w;r iduldó .súiqula w;aika lsÍu'

bx.S%is fjf<| iud.u hgf;a uqyqÿ nv m%foaY j, md,kh'

 uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kfha§ mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka iajfoaYSh ks,OdÍka fhdod .kakd ,§'
 kuq;a bx.S%iSka iajfoaYSh ks,OdÍka bj;a lrñka bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdis ks,OdÍka f.kajd
.;af;ah'
 1796 j¾Ifha isg 1798 olajd fjf<| iud.u úiska uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh lrk ,§'
frisvkaÜjrhd
iyhg
uÿrdis ks,OdÍka lf,lag¾jre ^ lÉfÉßh &
iyhg
wjqñ,aod¾jre ^ Tjqkaf.a iyhg ;j;a ks,OdÍka m;a lf<ah &
 iud.ug úhoï jQ uqo, blaukska mshjd .eksug kj nÿ mkjd tajd tl;= lsÍug fuu
md,k l%uh ls%hd;aul lf<ah'
 uÿrdis ks,OdÍka furg NdIdj" ixialD;sh yd iïm%odhka fkdi<ld yßñkA nÿ tl;=
lsÍu ksid uyck;dj iuÕ .egqï we;súh'
 bx.S%is md,khg úreoaOj my;rg le/,a,la ks¾udKh úh'
 fmd,a.ia noao" ¨Kq noao" ud¿ noao" ÿïfld< noao jeks kj nÿ we;s lsÍu'
 nÿ f.ùug isÿ jQfha uqo,a uÕsks' ^ ck;dj mqreÿ ù isáfha NdKav uÕska nÿ f.ùugh &
 le/,a, u¾okh lsÍfuka wk;=rej fldñiula m;a l< w;r th o ñhqrka fldñiu kï
úh'
ñhqrka fldñifï ks¾foaYhka '

 uÿrdis ks,OdÍka bj;afldg iajfoaYSh ks,OdÍka hgf;a nÿ tl;= lrùu'
 fmd,a.ia noao we;=¿ w¨;a nÿ bj;a lsÍu'
 wdodhï tl;= lsÍu yd wêrlK lghq;= i|yd fjk fjku ks,OdÍka m;a
lsÍu'
 ,kafoais Widú l%uh kej; msysgqùu'
 1798 isg 1802 olajd oaú;aj md,khla ls%hd;aul úh' tkï lsÍgh yd fjf<| iud.ï tlaj
md,kh lsÍuhs'
 furg mßmd,kh yd foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùug wdKavqldr OQrhla we;s lrñka
f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;a lsÍu'
 ;jÿrg;a wdodhï tl;= lsÍug iud.ug n,h ,nd §u yd wdKavqldrjrhdg Wmfoia
,nd§u isÿúh'
 oaú;aj md,kh wid¾:l ùu ksid 1802 § lsÍgfha md,kh hg;g uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,nd
.kakd ,§'

bx.S%iSka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu'

 bx.S%iSka my;rg n,h ,nd.kakd úg Wvrg md,lhd jQfha rdcdêrdisxy rcqh' Tyq 1798 §
ñh .sfhah'
 1798 § Wvrg uydêldrï ms<su;,õfõ úiska Wvrg rcq f,i m;a lf<a uq;a;=idñ l=udrhd
fkdj lkakidñ l=udrhdh' Tyq YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq kï úh'
 uq;a;=idñ l=udrhd rclu ysñ fkdjQ ksid wdrlaIdj m;d bx.S%iSka fj; m<d .sfhah'
 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd 1800 j¾Ifha§ fikam;s uelafvdj,af.a kdhl;ajfhka
¥; msßila Wvrgg heùug lghq;= lf<ah'
 tu ¥; msßig yuqod Nghska 1164 la yd ld,;=jlal= 8 la iys;j Wvrgg .sh kuq;a rcq
úiska Wvrgg f.kajd .kq ,enqfõ iSñ; msßils'
 ¥; msßi úiska bÈßm;a l< fldkafoais rc;=ud ms<sfkd.ekSu ksid fuu ¥; .uk
wid¾:l úh'
bx.S%iSka Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug fya;'=
 Wvrg iajdëk rdcHhla f,i mej;Su'

 Wvrg foaYiSud yd uqyqÿnv m%foaY j, wdrlaIdjg úYd, úhoula ±Íug isÿùu'
 my;rg ck;dj ;u rcq f,i Wvrg rcq ms<s.ekSu'
 my;rg ler,s we;s jQ úg Wvrg rcq iyfhda.h §u'
 fld<U yd ;s%l=Kdu,h md,k uOHia:dk w;r f.dvìï ud¾.h jeà ;snqfKa Wvrg
rdcOdksh yrydh'
1803 Wvrg wdl%uKh'

j¾Ih wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrg rcq wdl%uKh wid¾:l ùug fya;=
1803 f*âßla YS% úl%u  Wvrg ck;dj rcq jgd talrdYS ùu'
fkda¾;a rdcisxy  Wvrg foaY.=Kh yd N+f.da,Sh miqìu ms<sn|j
kdhl;ajh- wjfndaOhla fkdue;s ùu' ^ jeis iuh
uelafvdfj,a fya;=fldg f.k f,vfrda. me;sÍ hdu' &
 bx.S%iSka úiska uq;a;=idñ rcq f,i m;a l<;a
th ck;dj ms<sfkd.ekSu'
 Wv/áhka bx.S%iSkaf.a ikaksfõokh wvd,
lrñka iemhqï ud¾. wjysr lsÍu'
 bx.S%is yuqodj Wv/áhka úiska iuQ, >d;kh
lsÍu'
 1805 § f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhd f,i furgg meñKsfhah'

 Tyq wdl%uKYS,S m%;m
s ;a;shla fjkqjg WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrñka fcdaka
fvdhs,s thg fhdod .kq ,enqfõh'
fcdaka fvdhs,s'''''''''''''''''
 flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha Wmdêodßfhla jk fudyq ,xldjg meñKsfha
isú,a ks,Odßfhla f,ih'
 f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ yd frdnÜ n%jqkaßla wdKavqldrjreka hgf;a fudyq
fiajh lf<ah'
 foaYSh ixialD;sh" wd.u" NdIdj fyd|ska bf.kf.k isxy, ck;djf.a
ñ;%fhla f,i Wvrgg meñKsfhah'

 rcq yd ro< m%OdkSka iuÕ ñ;%YS,Sj lghq;= lrñka Tjqfkdjqka w;r

.egqï we;s lsÍug lghq;= lf<ah'
 fjf<kaoka yd id;a;rlrejka f,i T;a;=lrejka hjd Wvrg ryis.;
f;dr;=re fidhd .;af;ah'
 fudyq lsisÿ hqfrdamsfhl=g fidhd .; fkdyels jq Wvrg rdcOdksfha
wdrlaIl ryia wkdjrKh lrf.k wjia:dkql+,j Wvrg wdl%uKh
lf<ah'
Wvrg bx.S%iSkag hg;a ùug fya;='

 bx.S%iSkaf.a WmdhYS,S ls%hdl,dmh'
 ;reK rcq kdhdlald¾ {d;Skaf.a nig wjk; ù jerÈ ;SrK .ekSu'
 uydêldrïjreka fofokdu rcq iuÕ úril ùu'
 ms<su;,dfõ uydêldrï yd rcq w;r .egqï we;s ù uydêlrïg urKSh oKavkh ,nd§u'
 NslaIQka jykafia,d >d;kh lsÍu ksid NslaIQka yd ck;dj rcqg mlaImd;S fkdùu'
 weyef,afmd< fjkqjg Tyqf.a mjqf,a idudcslhka wudkqIsl f,i >d;kh lsÍu'
1815 Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍu'

 1815 § Wvrg rdcOdksfha wNHka;r n, wr.,h fya;=lrf.k frdnÜ n%jqkaßla
wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug ;SrKh lf<ah'
 fcdaka fvdhs,sf.a nqoaê f;dr;=re u; yd bx.S%iSka fj;g m,df.dia isá weyef,afmd<f.a
Wmfoia u; Wvrg wdl%uKh isÿ lf<ah'
 bx.S%iSka Wvrg ck;djg m%ldY lf<a Wv/áhkaf.a hym; fjkqfjka isÿ lrk nj;a
Wv/áhkaf.a i;=rd bx.S%iSka fkdj YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq nj;ah'
 1815 ckjdß udifha § fld<U" .d,a," ó.uqj" ;s%l=Kdu,h yd uvl,mqj hk m%foaY j,ska
fiakdxl wgla uykqjrg .uka lf<ah'
 1815 fmnrjdß 18 jk Èk Wv/áhka úiskau rcqj yd ìfidajreka fofokd uykqjr
fndauqf¾ keu;s ia:dkfha § w,a,d ÿkafkah'
 fvdhs,sf.a wdrlaIdj hgf;a rcq yd ìfidajreka fl<Ug /f.k wd w;r 1816 § bkaÈhdfõ
fj,af,darhg msgqjy,a lrk ,È'
 hqfrdamd rdcHkag w,a,d .; fkdyels jQ lkao Wvrg .egqulska f;drj bx.S%iSkag w,a,d
.ekSug yelsúh'
1815 Wvrg .súiqu'''''''''
 1815 ud¾;= 02 od isg 10 jk Èk olajd uykqjr uÕ=,a uvqfõ§ jyka;s 12 lska hq;a
.súiqu ro< m%OdkSka w;aika lf<ah'
 02 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jkafka YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq yd Tyqf.a {d;Skag isyiqk
Wreu fkdjk njhs'
 4jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jkafka Wvrg iïm%odhsl ks,OdÍka jQ ro<hka i;=
;k;=re yd whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrk njhs'
 5jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jkafka rgjeishka woyk nqoaOd.u yd foaj wd.ïo"
NslaIQka jykafia,d yd fjfyr úydro wdrlaId lrk njhs'
 6" 7 j.ka;s j, i|yka jkafka wx. fþokh jeks merKs ovqjï l%u wfydais lr
urK o~qju ,nd §fï n,h wdKavqldrjrhd i;= lsÍu'

1818 ksoyia igk

le/,a, fufyh jQ kdhlhka - lemafmáfmd< ks,fï
- uvq.,af,a Èidj
- lsjqf,af.or fudfydÜgd,
- ms<su;,õfõ fojk wêldrï
- nQgEfõ rfÜ rd<
- fldyql=Uqf¾ rd<
-l;r.u niakdhl ks<fï
le/,a, we;sùug fya;= - foaYsh rfcl= fkdue;s ùu'

- 5jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jk nqÿoyu wdrlaId lsÍu hk j.ka;sh lv
lsÍu'
- ro< m%Odkskaf.a n,;, yd jrm%ido iqrlaIs; fkdùu'
- wdikak;u fya;=j uäf.a fudykaÈrï ;k;=r yÊcs ußlald¾g ,nd§u'
le/,a, jHdma; ùu - - m%N+jrekag yd ck;djg bx.S%is md,kh tmdùu'

isxydikhg Wreuhla we;s fodf¾ idñ keue;a;d fj,a,iafia
ck;dj ixúOdkh lsÍu'
yÊcs ußlald¾ fudykaÈrï fj,a,iaig .shúg igkaldóka Tjqka urd
±óu'
nÿ,a, tacka; v.a,ia ú,aikao igkaldóka úiska urd ±óu'
lemafmáfmd< l/,a, u¾okh lsÍug .sh;a bx.S%is yuqodj yrjd hjd
l/,a,g tl;= úh'
lemafmáfmd< le/,a,g tl;=ùu;a iuÕ Wvrg isá m%N+jreka
fndfyda fofkla le/,af,a kdhl;ajh .ekSu'
rcH Wreufha ixfla;h jk o<od jykafia igkalrejka w;g
m;aùu;a iuÕ idudkH ckhd le/,a,g tl;=ùu'
bx.S%iskaf.a ishü yuqodj Wvrgg le|jd udI,a f,da ls%hd;aul
lrñka idudkH ckhdf.a ksjdi j;=msá úkdY lrñka ìïmd¿
m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lf<ah'
le/,a, wid¾:l ùug fya;= - fud,a,sf.dv yd tlake,sf.dv bx.S%iSkag ys;j;aj lghq;= lsÍu'
- ler,slrejkag Yla;su;a §¾>ld,Sk wdhqO fkdue;sùu yd
ixúOdkd;aul Ndjfhka wvqùu'
- bx.S%iSka u¾okldÍ m%;m
s ;a;sh ;=<ska kdhlhka w;awvx.=jg
.ekSu'
- fodf¾ idñg rdc Wreuhla fkdue;s nj m%pdrh ùu;a iuÕ
kdhlhka w;r u;fNao we;sùu'
m%;sm, - 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 26 Èk lemafmáfmd< yd uvq.,af,a ysi.id urd

±óu'
- le/,a,g iyNd.S jQ ro<hkaf.a foam< rdcika;l lsÍu'
- ro< kdhlhka fndfyda fofkla Èú ms§u yd we;eï wh msgqjy,a
lsßu'
bx.S%iskag iyh ÿka fud,a,sf.dv" tlake,sf.dvg jrm%ido yd
;E.sfnda. ysñùu'
ro<hkag ;snqKq wêlrK n,h wfydais fldg bx.S%is Widú l%uh
msysgqùu'
1818 fkdjeïn¾ 21 n%jqkaßla úiska 1815 .súiqu wfydais lrñka
j.ka;s 56 lska hq;a talmd¾Yùh .súiqula bx.S%iSka bÈßm;a lf<ah'

1848 ksoyia igk '

f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd ^ kdhl;ajh &
ùrmqrka wmamq
le/,a, fufyhjQ kdhlhka1 äx.sßrd<
§ksia
le/,a, we;sùug fya;= '
 1833 flda,anDDla fldñifï bvï m%;sm;a;sh ^ 1840 uqvqìï mk; &

 fld,anDDla l%uh hgf;a wksjd¾h rdcldÍ l%uh ì|jeàu' ^ .ïiNd l%uh ì|jeàu' &
 kj wêlrK m%;m s ;a;s ^ .ï uÜgfï kvq úi|Sug k.rhg hEug isÿùu' &
 isú,a mßmd,k ks,OdÍkag ;u rdcldßhg wu;rj j;=j.djg fhduqùug wjir ,nd§u
ksid uyckhdf.a in|;d ÿriaùu'
 rcfha nÿ m%;sm;a;s ûqoaor" lr;a;" Tre mdre" ;=jlal=" n¨ yd we. nÿ j¾.&
le/,a, jHdma; ùug fya;='
kj nÿ m%;sm;a;shg úreoaOj ck;dj talrdYS ùu'

fld<U" .d,a," nÿ,a," uykqjr jeks k.rj, uyckhd rchg úreoaOj tla/iaùu'
nÿ,a,g /ia jQ ck;dj ;=jlal= noaog úreoaOj ;=jlal= lvd ±óu'
uykqjr lÉfÉßhg /iajQ ydroyil muK ck;dj úiqrejd yeÍug yuqodj le|ùug
isÿúh'
fuh l%ufhka le/,a,la olajd j¾Okh fjñka wksl=;a m%foaY j,go jHdma; úh'
ck;dj ixúOdkh ù wdhqO w;e;sj rcfha f.dvke.ss,s j,g myr §u'
f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd" mqrka wmamq" äx.sßrd<" Èfkia jeks idudkH ckhd kdhl;ajh
f.k igka fufyhúh'
oUq¨ úydrfha kdhl yduqÿrejka bÈßmsg f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd rcq f,i m;alr .ekSu'
fgdßkagka idñjrhd hqoaO yuqodj fhdod l/,a, u¾okh lsÍu'
kdhlhka w,a,d .ekSu;a iuÕ f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd ráka msgqjy,a lrk ,§'
lvyfmd< ysñhka fjä;nd urKhg m;alsÍu'
ta wkqj 1848 ksoyia igk bx.S%iSka úiska u¾okh lrkq ,eîh'

le/,a, wid¾:l ùug fya;= ukd ixúOdkhla fkd;sîu'

ksis hqo mqyqKqjla fkd;sîu'
bx.S%iSka Wvrg ms<sn| ukd ±kqulska hqla;j lghq;= lsÍu'
le/,a, m%foaY lsysmhlg muKla iSudùu'
idudkH ck;dj le/,a, fufyùu'
m%;sm, fgdßkagka idñjrhd wdKavqldr OQrfhka bj;a lr tu¾ika fgkÜ

m;a lsÍu'
uyck úfrdaë kj nÿ bj;a lsÍu'
f.dú ck;djf.a .eg¨ úi|Su i|yd há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh
lsÍug mshjr .ekSu' o<od jykafiaf.a Ndrldr;ajh ì%;dkH hg;g
.ekSu'

03' YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl mqkreoh

 j¾I 1815 § ì%;dkHhka furg kS;Hdkql+,j n,h ysñlr .ekSfuka miqj ls%ia;shdks wd.u
yd ixialD;sh furg jHdma; l< w;r furg iïm%odhsl wd.ï iy ixialD;Skag myrla
t,a, úh' iajfoayslhkag bx.%Sis wOHdmkh m,a,sh ;=,ska ,ndoSu ;=< bgysr ixialD;sh
wkq.ukh l< msßila ks¾udKh úh'
cd;sl mqkreoh hkq '''''''

19 jk ishjfia§ fn!oaO" yskaÿ" bia,dï ck;dj w;r ;u wd.u yd ixialD;sh ;jÿrg;a
/l.ekSug we;s jQ Wkkaÿj cd;sl mqkreoh kï fõ'
ñIkdÍ ixúOdk ^ 1804 - 1818 ld,h ;=< &

furg ls;=Kq oyu jHdma; lsÍfï§ ñIkdÍ ixúOdk m%uqL úh'
,xldjg ñIkdÍ lKavdhu ls%hd;aul jQ m%foaY

meñKs j¾Ih
1804 ,kavka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh fld<U
1812 nemaáia ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh fld<U
1814 - 1815 fjia,shka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh W;=re - kef.kysr m%foaY
1816 weußlka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh hdmkh - W;=re m%foaY
1818 p¾É ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh fld<U" .d,a," l,amsáh" ukakdru" uykqjr
ñIkdÍ wd.ñl jHdma;s udOH
f,aLk foaYk wOHdmkh

uqÞkd, msysgqùu' ñksiqka .ejfik ñIkdÍ kj mdi,a
nhsn,h isxy,hg yd mkai,a yd fj<| wdrïN lsÍu' ^ ßÉukaâ"
fou< NdIdj,g fmd<j,a lvùos wi, wef,daishia" flaß
mßj¾;kh lsÍu' fldf,aÊ & fika
f;dauia"
ñIkdÍ wOHdmkhg
rcfhka wkq.%yh ,eîu'
j¾Ih m%ldYfha uqÞKh l< ixúOdkh rcfhka /lshdjla ,nd
ku .ekSug bx.S%is NdIdj
wksjd¾h ùu'
1832 udisl ;e.a. p¾É ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh isxy, yd fou<
orejkag bx.S%is
1840 ,xld wd.ñl mqia;sld wOhdmkh ,eîug kï
ksOdkh ix.uh ls%ia;shdks wd.u je<|
.ekSug isÿùu'
1842 Wr., nemaáiaÜ iud.u

wd.ñl mqkreoh jHdma; ùug fya;='

 ñIkdÍka furg m%;sud jkaokh ksire nj fmkaùu'
 fn!oaO yd yskaÿ we;eï isß;a úß;a úfõpkh lsÍu'
 isxy," fou< iajNdId wOHdmkh i|yd rcfhka wdOdr fkd,eîu'
 foaYSh NdId k.d isgqùug ;snQ wjYH;d
fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh'

fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg iu.dój msßfjka we;sùu
furg we;s jQ m%jk;d
uqÞKd, msysgqùu
mqj;am;a" iÕrd ksßudKh ùu
m%isoaO jdoújdo meje;aùu
fn!oaO mdi,a we;sùu
fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l.ekSu

msßfjka we;sùu
 r;au,dfka mru Oïu fÉ;sh msßfjk j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñ
 1873 ud<s.dlkafoa úofHdaoh msßfjk yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ
 1875 mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr msßfjk r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal ysñ
uqÞKd, msysgqùu
 mQcH nq,;a.u Oïudf,dal isß iquk;siai ysñ furg Okm;s yd ishï rcqf.a wdOdr we;sj
1862 .d,af,a ,xfldamldr uqÞKd,h msysgqùu'
 ,xldNskj úY%e; uqÞKd,h
 ljg l;sl uqÞKd,h
 iqo¾Yk uqÞKd,h
 iriú i|/i uqÞKd,h
uqÞKd, iu.dój furg ìys jQ mqj;am;a

 ,lañKs myk
 ,xldf,dalh
 iriú i|/i
 isxy, cd;sh mshodi isßfiak
 isxy, fn!oaOhd wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud
 uydfndaê iÕrdj
jdo újdo meje;aùu

ñIkdÍ mQclhkaf.a foaYkhg ms<s;=re §u jYfhka NslaIQka jykafia,df.a uQ,sl;ajfhka jdoújdo
mj;ajk ,§'
ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a m%uqL;ajfhka ls%ia;shdks mlaI iuÕ jdo újdo meje;aùug
iyhÿka NslaIQka jykafia,d
 yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ

 mQcH jialvqfõ iqN+;s ysñ
 mQcH fmd;=ú, bkaÞfcda;s ysñ
 mQcH r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal ysñ

mxpuydjdo
noafoa.u jdoh 1865
jrdf.dv jdoh 1865
Wokaúg jdoh 1866
.ïfmd< jdoh 1871
mdkÿrd jdoh 1873
fykaß iaà,a ´,alÜ;=udf.a wd.ukh yd fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu

mdkÿrd jdoh ms<sno úfoaY mqj;a m;aj, ±l nqÿoyu .ek meye§ ´,alÜ;=ud ^weußldkq
cd;sl & ,xldjg meñKsfhah'
1880 cqks uifha§ fld<T mru ú×¾: iud.u msyg s qjd .d,a," uykqjr" r;akmqr m%foaYj,
YdLd wdrïN lsßu'
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgù
q ug wruqo,la msysgqjd wkkao úoHd,h wdrïN lsßu'
fõila fmdfydh Èkh rcfha ksjdvq Èkhla njg m;alsÍu'
fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh lsßu'
bßod Èk oyï mdi,a weröu'
furg ìysjQ fn!oaO mdi,a

fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h
uykqjr O¾urdc úoHd,h
.d,a, uyskao úoHd,h
ud;f,a úch úoHd,h
.ïfmd< cskrdc úoHd,h
kdj,msáh wkqreoaO úoHd,h
ud;r rdyq, úoHd,h
kj msßfjka yd fn!oaO wOHdmkh we;s lsÍfuka we;s jQ m%jk;djka

 foaYSh W.;=ka msßila ìysùu'
 iudc iqOdrl msßila yd f,aLlhka mrmqrla we;sùu'
fn!oaO mqkreohg iu.dój furg we;s jQ fjkialï

 ck;dj ;=< foaYdkqrd.h ±kùfï jHdmdr
 fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l.ekSfï jHdmdr
 wuoHm jHdmdr
foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h ±kaùfï jHdmdr

wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud foaYk meje;aùu
isxy, cd;sh" isxy, fn!oaOhd kñka mqj;am;a j,g ,sms iemhSu'
mshodi isßfiak kjl;d mqj;am;a ;=<ska úfoaY ixialD;sh úfõpkh lsÍu'
fn!oaO ia:dk /l.ekSfï lghq;=

 19 jk ishji jk úg furg ck;dj ;=< merKs rdcOdks ms<snoj ±kqu wvq jQ w;r
wkqrdOmqr" fmdf<dkakre iaudrl lekSï fldg m%;sixialrKh lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu'
 úfoaYSh úoaj;=ka jk fcda¾Ê g¾k¾" tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a " fykaß mdl¾ úiska fM;sydisl
uQ,dY% fidhd t<s±laùu'
 Tjqka ,shQ fmd;am;a isxy,hg yrjd wfma Wreuhka ms<sno ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu'
 j,sisxy yßiapkaÞ ;=ud wkqrdOmqrfha mQckSh ia:dk wdrlaId lr .ekSfï jHdmdrh wdrïN
lsÍu'

 wk.dßl O¾umd, ;=ud nqoaO.hdj fírd .ekSu i|yd uyfndaê iud.u msysgqùu'
wuoHm jHdmdrh
 ì%;dkHka furg uoHidr jHdma; lsÍu ksid iudchg wys;lr m%;sm, /ila we;súh'
 uoHidr j,ska rg uqojd .ekSu ioyd wuoHm jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<ah'
 thg kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkafka wk.dßl O¾md,;=ud " mshodi isßfiak" fcdaka o is,ajd jeks
wh úisks'
 wd.ñl kdhlhka yd foaYmd,k kdhlhka tlu fõosldjl ì%;dkHhka úfõpkh lsÍu'
yskaÿ wd.ñl mqkreoh

 yskaÿ wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl msì§ula we;s lsÍug uq,a jQ kdhlhka jkafka wdreuq.ka
kdj,¾;=ud" fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka "fmdkakïn,ï wrekdp,ï jeks kdhlhka úisks'
wdreuq.ka kdj,¾;=ud
 hdmkfha jkakfmdfkhs ^jkakd¾mkafkahs& m%foaYfha uqÞKd,hla msysgj
q d WohNdkq
mqj;am; wdrïN lsÍu'
 oñ< isiqkag ldKav ;=klska fm<fmd;la rpkd lsÍu'
 fmßhmqrdkï" ialkaOmqrdkï jeks lD;s mßj¾;kh lsÍu'
 1849 § jkakfmdfkhs ffYj m%ldYk úoHd,h wdrïN lsÍu'
 ffYj mßmd,k iNdj yd yskaÿ wOHdmk iNdj u.ska mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu'
 1872 § hdmkfha Ysjx., úoHd,h wdrïN lsÍu' th j¾;udkfha hdmkfha yskaÿ
úoHd,h fõ'
fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka
 1851 § Wm; ,enQ t;=ud kS;sfõÈfhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
 yskaÿ mdi,a wdrïN lsÍug fm!oa.,sl Okh ,nd§u' ^mrfïYajr úohd,h" rdukdoka
úoHd,h &
 lDD uel,ï jHjia:dodhlfha m%:u W.;a ,dxlslhd f,i m;aùu'
 1815 isxy, uqia,sñ flda,y,fha § fn!oaOhka fjkqfjka y~la ke.Su'
fmdkakïn,ï wrekdp,¾
 1853 Wm; ,enQ t;=ud bx.S%iSkaf.ka ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï foaYmd,k wr.,hg tl;= ù
lghq;= lf<ah'
 1919 § ,xld cd;sl ix.uh ìys lsÍfï mqfrda.dñhd f,i lghq;= l< w;r tys m%:u
iNdm;s f,i m;aúh'
bia,dï wd.ñl mqkreoh'

weï' iS' isoaÈ f,ífí
 bx.S%is yd wrdì NdIdjka bf.k .ekSug uqia,sñ ck;dj Wkkaÿ lrùu'
 1882 § fkhsika mqj;am; wdrïN lsÍu'
 fld<U iysrd úoHd,h wdrïN lrñka uq,ia,sï wOHdmkh k.d isgqùug iñ;s wdrïN
lsÍu'
 uoardid mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu'
à' î' chd uy;d

 fõ,aia l=ur úoHd,h yd wdkkao úoHd,fha .=rejrfhl= f,i fiajh lsÍu'
 fld<U iysrd úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s jQ fu;=ud iysrd úoHd,fha YdLd rgmqrd ia:dmkh
lsÍu'
 foaYmd,{fhl= jYfhka uqia,sï ck;djg fiajh lf<ah'

04' ì%;dkHka hgf;a YS% ,xldfõ foaYmd,k fjkiaùï

 1815 j¾Ifha§ uq¿ YS% ,xldju ì%;dkHkag hg;a ùfï isg 1948 fmnrjdß 04 jk Èk
ksoyi ,nd .kakd f;la j¾I 133 l ld,hla furg md,kh lsÍug úúO foaYmd,k
fjkialï Ndú;d lrk ,§'
 fuu ld,h ;=< ì%;dkHka úiska jßka jr wdKvql%u m%;siaxialrK y÷kajd fok ,§'
 ,dxlslhka úiska È.ska È.gu n,h yd j.lSu ,nd .ekSug Woaf>daIK isÿ lf<ah'
 ì%;dkHka úiska furgg wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK 06 la ,nd oS we;'
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK
fld,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrKh 1833

lDD uel,ï m%;sixialrKh 1910
ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1920
ueksx fvdfjkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh 1924
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1931
fida,anß wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1947
fld,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrKh

 fuu fldñiu YS% ,xldjg tùug isÿ jQfha YS% ,xldfõ wdodhug jvd úhou jeäùu
ksid thg úiÿï fiùug'
 ta ms<sn| fidhd n,d úi÷ï ,nd §ug furgg fld,anDDla we;=¿ msßi tjk ,§'
 fuu msßi furg isú,a ks,OdÍkaf.ka" mßmd,k ks,OdÍkaf.ka yd idudkH
ck;djf.ka úuid n,d ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lf<ah'
 1829 § flda,anDDla meñKsh;a wêlrKh iïnkaOfhka fidhd ne,Su i|yd pd,aia fya
leurka meñKsfha 1830 j¾Ifhah'
 fld,anDDla fldñifï ks¾foaYh u; ilia l< wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh fld,anDDla
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh f,i y÷kajhs'
fldñifï ks¾foaY
 jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'
 Wvrg my;rg taldnoaO lsÍu'
 m<d;a ixLHdj mylg wvq lsÍu'
 wksjd¾h rdcldÍ fiajd l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
 rcfha fjf<| taldêldrh wfydais lsÍu'
 j;= j.dj wdrïN lsÍu'
 iajfoaYslhkag bx.S%is wOHdmkh ,nd§u'
 wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍu'
 isú,a ks,OdÍkaf.a jegqma lmamdÿ lsÍu'
 wêlrKh fjku wdh;khla f,i msysgqùu'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
jHjia:dodhl iNdj ^ 15 &
ks,,;a 09 ks,fkd,;a 06
hqfrdamSh 03 n¾.¾ 01 fou< 01 isxy, 01

 jHjia:dodhlh yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha wdKavqldrjrhdf.a

n,;, wvq lsÍuh'
 ish¨ fokdu m;a lrkq ,enqfõ wdKavqldrjrhd úisks'
 ks,fkd,;a idudcslhska f;dard .;af;a jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%ufhks'
 fuu iNdfõ ks,,;a nyq;r msßi jeäúh'
úOdhl iNdj hg;aúcs; f,alï
NdKavd.ßl
 idudcslhska 5hs
.Kldêldß
ñkqïm;s
fld<T f¾.= whleñ
 wdKavqldrjrhd i;= uqo,a n,;, wvq lsßug fuh msysgqúh'

 úOdhl iNdfõ ;srK ms<s.eksug wdKavqldrjrhd neÈ fkdisáfhah'
m%;sixialrKh m%;sm,'
 wdKavqfõ wh jeh mr;rh wvq úh'
 hqfrdamSh jHdmdßlhka furg há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq lsßug wdKavqjg n,lf,ah'
 1865 fcd¾Ê fjd,a úiska ,xld ix.uh msysgqúu'
 wdKavqfjka m%Yak weisu" fhdackd bÈßm;a lsßu" mqj;a m;a j,g ,sms bÈßm;a lsßu
Woaf>daIlhka úiska isÿlf,ah'
 Woaf>daIKj, m%;sm,hla f,i 1889 È ks, fkd,;a msßi 8 lsßu'
1910 m%;sixialrKh yd miqìu'

 ,dxlsh uOHu mka;slhka úiska wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,d isáfhah'
 furg foaYmd,k ix.ï lsysmhla ks¾udKh ùh'
 1908 È fÊñia msßia uq,ajrg wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,d isáfhah'
 my;rg ix.uh" y,dj; ix.uh yd hdmkh ix.uh tlaj hg;a úcs; f,alï jrhdg
fm;aiï bÈßm;a lf,ah'
fm;aiï u.ska b,a,disá fhdackd

 jHjia:dodhlh ;=< ks,fkd,;a msßi jeä lsÍu'
 jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
 m<d;a no ksfhdack l%uh wkqj ksfhdacs;hska f;drd.eksu'
 jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ n,;, jeä ldÍu'
 1910 fkdjeïn¾ ui wdKavql%u m%lsixialrKh ,ndfoknj hg;aúcs; f,alï m%ldY

lsÍu'
 fykaß uel,ï wdKavqldrjrhd f.a ks¾foaYh u; lDD idñjrhd úiska ilia l<
fhdackdj,sh 1910 lDDõ - uel,ï m%;sixialrKh fõ'
 jHjia:dodhl iNdjg m%:ujrg isñ; Pkaofhaka kafhdacs;hka m;a lsÍu'
 W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka tla ksfhdacs;fhl= f,i m;alr .ekSu' tahg m;ajqfha
fmdkakïn,ï rduokah'
 ks,,;a msßi iNdfõ jeä msßi úh'

1910
jHjia:dodhlh 21
isñ; Pkaofhaka 04
kdulrKfhaka 06 ^jd¾.slj& 6
hqfrdamsh 02 n¾.¾ 01 W.;a ,dxlsl 01
wuoHm jHdmdrh 1912- 1915
 1912 ì%;dkHka úiska rd ;enEreï újD; lsÍug iqrdnÿ mk;la msysgqùu'

 ,dxlSlhka iqrdjg jeämqr weíneys ùuksid furg ixialD;sh mßydkshg m;aúh'
 wd.ñl mqkreoh ;=<ska fïrg iudcfhka u;aÞjH bj;a lsÍug wuoHm jHdmdrh
ks¾udKh úh'
wuoHm Woaf>daIKfha ,laIK'
 rcfha iqrdnÿ m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj uyck u;h ielisu'

 bx.s%is W.;a uOHu mka;h s yd wd.ñl ls%hdldÍka talu wruqKlska lghq;= ksÍu'
 wuoHm iNd rg mqrd msyg s qùu'
 wuoHm fõÈldfõÈ wdKavqfõ lghq;= úfõpkh lsÍu'
 1915 È uydkqjr m%foaYfha isxy, uqia,sï flda,dy,h uq,alrf.ak wuOHm jHdmdrh
u¾Okh lsÍu'
 wuoHm jHdmdrh ;=<ska bÈßhg meñKs kdhlhka jkafka ã' tia' fiakdkdhl" ã' î'
ch;s,l" t*a' wd¾' fiakdkdhl fõ'
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl jHdmdrfhaa wdNdih'
 1885 j¾Ifha isg bkaÈhdj ;=< ì%;dkH úfrdaê jHdmdr we;súh'

 iajrdcH ixl,amh u; Woaf>daIK l< kdhlhka jkafka
iqf¾kaÞkd;a nek¾cs
uy;aud .dkaê
nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la
cjy,a,d,a fkare
 uy;aud .dkaê yd cjy,a,d,a fkare furgg meñK ck;dj weu;Su ksid furg
ck;djf.a Woafhda.h jeäúh'
 bkaÈhdfõ fuka ,xldfõ o Woaf>daIK ixúOdkh lsÍu wdrïNúh'

,xld c;sl ix.uh'

 1915 uqia,sï flda,dy,h wjia:dfõ hqO kS;sh u.ska ck;dj u¾okh lsÍu ksid
,dxlslhka jgyd .;af;a jHjia:dj ;=< jeä n,hla ,dnd.; hq;=njhs'
 l=vd l=vd ixúOdk /ila úiska fjk fjku b,a,ï S bÈßm;a l<;a c;sl tluq;= lula
fkdue;s ksid b,a,Sï Èkd.; fkdyels úh'
 1919 foieïn¾ ui fndfyda ixúOdk tl;=úfïka ,xld cd;sl ix.uh msyg s qjd .;af;ah'
 tys m%:u iNdm;s jrhd jqfha fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï h'
 isxy," fou<" uqia,sï ck fldagiaj, tl;=fjka foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK we;slf,ah'
 tays m%;sM,hla f,ai 1920 wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh ,nd .;af;ah'
1920 ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh'

jHjia:dÞhlh 37
Pkao n,fhaka 16 kdulrKfhka 07
m<d;ano ksfhdack l%ufhaka 11 jd¾.sl ksfhdackfhka 05
 uq,ajrg jHjia:dodhlh iNdjg ks,fkd,;a msßi jeäúh'

 m<d;ano ksfhdack l%uh we;súu'
 jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh ;jÿrg;a ls%hd;aul úu'
 kdulrKfhaka m;al< 7 fokd wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd;sj lghq;=lsßu ksid ;jÿrg;a
wdKavqldrjrhd n,j;a úh'
 ,xld cd;sl ix.uh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq ixfYdaOk fkd,enqkq ksid fïh m%;slafIam lf,ah'
 kuq;a ueksx wdKavqldrjrhd flá l,lska kj m%;sixialrKhla ,ndfok njg fmdfrdkaÿ
úh'
1924 ueksx fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh'

jHjia:dodhlh 49
Pkaofhaka 29 kdulrKfhaka 08
md<d;ano Pkaofhaka 23 ck jd¾.slj 06

 fuu m%;sixialrKfhka ks,fkd,;a msßi nyq;rhla úh'

 jHjia:dodhlfha nyq;r n,h wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñ fkdùh'
 n,h yd j.lsu fjkajq wdKavql%uhla úh'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh' 1931

 ueksx fvfjdkaI¾ m%;sixialrKfha ÿ¾j,;d yshq la,sm¾â úiska hg;a úcs; f,alï
jrhdg ±kaùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu 1927 È ,xldjg meñfKa'
 ,dxlslhkag jeämqr foaYmd,k j.lSula mejfrk wdKavql%uhla ks¾udKh lf<ah'
y÷kajdÿka kjdx.
 jHjia:dodhl iNdj rdcH uka;%K iNdj kñka yeÈkaùu'
 i¾jck Pkao n,h yÿkajd Èu' îshü iSudjka tljr bj;a lsÍu&
 úOdhl ldrliNd l%uh'
 wud;H uKav,h'
 rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd
 l;dkdhl Oqrh yÿkajdoSu
 jd¾.sl ksfhdackh bj;a lsÍu
 rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uQ,dikh l:dkdhljrhdg ysñùu
rdcH uka;%K iNdj ^61 &
m<d;ano Pkaofhka 50 rdcH ks,OdÍka 03 wdKavqlre m;al<d 08

^ iq¿ cd;Skag ksfhdack - hla ,efnk fia &
rdcH f,alï kS;s f,alï uqo,a f,alï
i¾jck Pkao n,h

 1912 - 1924 olajd wdkavql%u m%;sixialrK ;=<ska iSñ;Pkao n,h ,nd§ ;sfí'
 wOHdmkh" j;alï yd ia;S% mqreI Ndjh Pkaoh ysñùfï iqÿiqlï úh'
 fuu iSudjka bj;a lr ish¨ fokdgu Pkao n,h ysñjk l%uh i¾jck Pkao n,h f,i
y÷kajhs'
 furg idudkH ckhdg Pkao n,h ysñ fkdùu ksid .eg¨ u;= ù we;snj fldñiu
f;areï f.k we;'
 tu ksid fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh uÕska wjqreÿ 21 g jeä ia;S% mqreI ish¨ fokdg i¾jck
Pkao n,h ,nd fok ,§'
 ì%;dkH ;=< i¾jck Pkao n,h ,nd ÿkafka 1929 §h' bka flá l,lska furgg i¾jck
Pkao n,h ,nd ÿkafkah'
 wksl=;a hg;a úcs; j, Pkaoh §ug ;snQ iSudjka tlskatl bj;a l< w;r YS% ,xldfõ
iSudjka tlúg bj;a lrñka 1931 § i¾jck Pkao n,h ,nd ÿkafkah'
 furg foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK b,a,d isá m%N+ka i¾jck Pkao n,h ,nd fokjdg úreoaO
ù we;
 Pkaoh ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska 1935 oS ,xld iuiudc mlaIh wdrïN lsÍu'

úOdhl ldrl iNdj

 rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ idudcslhka úOdhl ldrl iNd y;g fnokq ,eîh'
 l:dkdhl yd rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd fuu ldrl iNd j,g wh;a fkdùh'
 rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ idudcslhka lsishï mokulska f;drj ldrl iNd y;lg fnokq
,eîh'
 tla tla ldrl iNdfõ idudcslhka úiska tla wfhla iNdm;s f,i m;a lr.kq ,nhs'
 ldrliNd j, iNdm;sjreka weu;sjre f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
ldrl iNdj iNdm;sjrhd
iajfoaY lghq;= i¾ ã' î' ch;s,l
lDIsl¾u yd bvï ã' tia' fiakdkdhl
m<d;a md,k iS' ngqjka;=vdj
fi!LH à' î' mdkfndlafla
wOHdmk iS' ví' ví' lkakka.r
.ukd.uk yd fmdÿjev tï' tï' udlka udl¾
lïlre yd fjf<|dï mS' iqkaorï
ldrliNd yd rdcH ks,OdÍka

 fuu m%;sixialrKh uÕska wdKavqlref.a n,;, iSud úh'
 wdrlaIdj" uqo,a yd kS;s lghq;=j, n,;, ;jÿrg;a rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd yg mejreKs'
 ldrliNd j,g wjYH uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï§ uqo,a f,alïf.ka wjir .; hq;=h'
 rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd ;u n,;, Ndú;d lrñka ldrliNd j, jevlghq;= m%udo lrk
,§'
 tu ksid rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd hï ;rul n,j;a Ndjhlska hqla; úh'
ksoyi i|yd Woaf>daIK
 1931 isg ì%;dkJka i;= n,;, iSud lrñka tajd ,dxlSh wud;Hjrekag ,nd .ekSug
Woaf>daIK jHdmdr we;súh'
 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh lr ,dxlShkag n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lf<ah'
 weu;suKav,h" rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ idudcslhka" ,xld cd;sl ix.uh yd jdudxYsl
mlaI úiska Woaf>daIK we;s lsÍu'
iQßh u,a jHdmdrh
 iQßh u,a jHdmdrh ìysùug moku jegqfka ì%;dkHhka úiska fmdms u,a jHdmdrh wdrïN
lsÍu ksidh'
 m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha m%;m
s , f,i wndê; fid,aodÿjkag yd mjq,a j,g wOdr msKsi fmdms
u,a jHdmdrh wdrïN ù we;'
 hqoaO iduodk Èkh f,i fkdjeïn¾ 11 jk Èk kï l< w;r iEu jirlu tÈkg fmdms
u,a úlsKSu yd W;aij meje;aùu isÿúh'

 1926 § ,xldfõ fiajd uqla; Ng ix.uh úiska fmdms u,a úlsKu

S isÿ l< Èk iQßh u,a
úlsKSfï jHdmdrhlao furg wdrïN flreKs'
 jdudxYsl kdhlhka iQßh u,a jHdmdrhg tl;= ù tl;= l< uqo,a ÿmam;a ck;djf.a Y=N
isoaêhg yd uef,aßhd frda.h u¾okh lsÍug jeh lf<ah'
 fmdms u,a jy,a nfõ ixfla;h nj;a iQßh u,a ksoyfia ixfla;h nj;a m%pdrh lrñka
ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;sh úfõpkh lrñka ksoyi i|yd f.k .sh Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhla njg
m;aúh'
wud;H uKav,h yd cd;sl ix.uh
 1939 § fojk f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ ì%;dkHhkag ,xldfõ weu;s uKav,fha
iyh wjYH úh'
 weu;s uKav,h iyh ÿka kuq;a hqoaOfhka miqj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla b,a,d isáfhah'
 hqoaOh mej;s ÿialr wjia:dfõ§ weu;s uKavh ,nd ÿka iyfhda.h ms<sn| meyeÿKq furg
ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd we;=¿ ks,OdÍka kj wdkavql%uhla ,ndfok f,i ì%;dkHg
±kajQy'
 1944 § weu;s uKav,h ieliQ flgqïm;g wkqj ieliqKq wNHka;r lghq;= ms<sn| iïmQ¾K
n,h ,dxlslhkag ,nd ÿkfkah'
 ,xld cd;’sl ix.uho 1942 isg rgg ksoyi ,nd .ekSu m%Odk wruqK lrf.k Woaf>daIK
j, ksr; úh'
 fï ish,af,ysu m%;sm,hla f,i 1944 j¾Ifha§ fida,anß fldñiu furgg tjkq ,eîh'
 1945 § fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a jQ w;r th md¾,sfïk= wdKavql%uhla úh'
 fida,anß fldñifï fhdackdj wud;H uKav,h ieliQ flgqïm;g iudk úh'
 1945 fkdjeïn¾ udifha§ rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska jeä Pkaofhka fida,anß wdKavql%uh
wkqu; lrk ,§'
 1946 uehs udifha§ fida,anß wdKavql%uh ms<sn| rdc wd{dj ì%;dkH úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§'

05. ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%s ,xldfõ iudc mßj¾;kh'

ì%;dkHhka Y%s ,xldj hg;alr .ekSug fmr ì%;dkHhka Y%s ,xldj hg;alr .ekSfuka miqj
furg wd¾:slfha m%Odk ,laIK furg wd¾:slfha isÿ jQ fjkialï
wd¾Ólh ;=< rch uq,a;ek .kakd ,os' wd¾Ólh ;=< fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHjidh oshqKq
^ rcfha taldêldrh olakg ,enqKs & lsÍug lghq;= lrk ,os' ^ flda,n
a DDla fldñifï
fhdckdjls &
hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h m%Odk cSjfkdamdh úh' wmkhkh uq,alr.;a lDIsl¾udka;h oshqKq lrk
z .u uq,alr.;a iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾:sl l%uh ,os'
z wfkHdakH iycSjkh yd iyfhda.h Z j;= j.dj uQ,sl j.dj njg m;aúh
z w;alï l%uh u.ska lDIsl¾udka;h i|yd Z iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾:slfha ì|jeàu
Y%uh iemhqKs' Z uqo,a f.jd Y%uh ,nd .ekSug ck;dj yqre
z uqo,a Ndú;h wju úh lr ùu'
Z iudch ;=< uqo,a Ndú;h by< hdu
Z w;alï l%uh ì| jeàu
^ flda,anDDla ks¾foaYhkag wkqj fujd isÿúh &
idïm%Odhsl bvï N=la;s l%uh l%shd;aul úh'iajfoaYslhkag yd úfoaYslhkag ;uka leu;s
z bvï rch i;= úh' m%udKhla bvï ñ,g .ekSfï yelshdj i,id ÿks'
z rcqg imhk fiajdjg yd N=la;sh i|yd bvï z idïm%Odhsl bvï N=la;s l%uh fm!oa.,sl
m%odkh lr ;snqKs' wxYfha jHjidhg ndodjla nj flda,anDDla
z bvï u; mokïj bvï rdcldÍ l%uh ks¾foaYh úh'
l%shd;aul úh' z wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh ksoyig ndOdjla
z rdcldÍ l%uh l%shd;aul úh' f,i w¾:l:kh úh' tu ksid th wfydais
^ uqo,a f.úulska f;drj rch ck;djf.a úh'
Y%uh ,nd .ekSu isÿúh & z Y%uhg ñ,la kshu úh'
Z .ï iNdj l%shd;aul ùu' z uqvq ìï mk; f.k tau'
l=re÷ iy ¨Kq taldêldrh rch i;= úh' l=re÷ iy ¨Kq taldêldrh wjika fldg
fm!oa.,sl wxYhg tu lafIa;% j, jHdmdßl
wjia:d ,nd oSu'
z l=re÷ iy ¨Kq i|yd rcfha taldêldrh
fm!oa.,sl jHjidhg ndOdjla nj flda,anDDla
fldñifï woyi úh
'^flda,nDDla fldñifï fhdackdjkag wkqj isÿúh&
Rcq nÿ m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul úh' jl% nÿ m%;sm;a;shla yÿkajdfok ,os'
Wod () w,a,k ,o ueá j,ska nÿ whlrk ,os' Wod () udˆ w,a,k fndaÜgq i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a
Z bvïj, ksIamdos; øjH j,ska nÿ whlrk lsÍu yryd nÿ whlrk ,os'
,os' Z ish¨ bvïj,ska iudk noaola uqo,ska whlrk
,os'
^flda,nDDla fldñifï fhdackdjkag wkqj isÿúh&
idïm%Odhsl Ofkdamdhk ud¾. fjkqjg kj
Ofkdamdhk ud¾. ìysúh'
Wod () wrlal= fnod yeÍu ^wrlal= f¾kaoh& "
ñksrka l¾udka;h " f;d. yd is,a,r fj<|du
b;sß lsÍfï nexl= wdrïN úh'
^flda,nDDla fldñifï fhdackdjls&
j;= j.dj
j;= j.dj oshqKqj i|yd bx.%SiSka wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.'
z 1833 flda,anDDla fldñifï ks¾foaY m%Odk jYfhka fya;= úh'

Wod () 1' fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHjidh oshqKq lsÍu i|yd iajfoaYslhkag yd
úfoaYslhkag leu;s m%udKhla bvï ñ,g .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd oSu'
2' wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
3' fj<| taldêldrh wfydais lsÍu'
4' isú,a fiajlhkag j;= wdrïN lsÍug yelsùu'

ì%;dkHhka yÿkajdÿka j;=fNda. ^jdksc fNda.&

z f;a
z fldfldajd
z isxfldakd
z rn¾
fldams j.dj
z ,kafoaiSka úiska yÿkajdfok ,os'
z bx.%Siska meñfKk úg fldams j.dj f.j;= j.djla f,i mej;=Ks'
z fldams j.dj oshqKq jqfha bx.%Sis md,k wjêfhah'
z 1804 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd fldams fuda,la wdrïN lsÍu
z flda,anDDla ks¾foaY ta i|yd uQ,sl f,i n,mdk ,os'

x wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ wj,x.= lsÍu'
x fm!oa.,sl jHjidhka osß.ekaúu ksid fldams j.djg jeä jeäfhka uqo,a
wdfhdackh lsÍu'
z tâjâ ndkaia wdKqvqldrjrhd fldams wmkhk nÿ whska lsÍu'

z bkaoshdkq j;= lïlrejka f.k tau'
z hqfrdamd fj<|fmdf<a fldams b,aü by< hdu'
rcfha
ks,OdÍka mjd
fldams j.d
lrk ,os 1845 j¾Ih jk úg
1837 - 1847 Wvrg fldams j;= 500 la
m%foaY j, jHdma; muK jeä ù we;
úh we; we;
1834-1844 fldamS
1848 f,dal wd¾Ól wmkhkh 5
mßydksh fldams fldams .=Khlska jeä úh
j.djg wys;lr j.dj
n,mEï w;sl,d
.ïfmd< " ÿïnr
ñáhdj; "
fmardfoKsh "
ud;f,a " nÿ,a, "
tu ksid fldams j;= uOHu m<df;a
w¾nqohg m;a jqkd fndfyda ia:dk j,
fldams j.dj j.d lrk ,os'
mßydkshg m;ajqkd'
1869 fyï,shd
fjiag¾á%lia oS,Sr
frda.h we;s úh

laúksla keue;s
j.d lsÍu Wia ìï T!IOh ksmoúug
j, muKs fhdod .kakd ,os'
isxfldakd uef,aßhd u¾Ok
j.dj T!IOhls
fldams j.djg tneúka b,aü iSud

úl,amhla f,i úh
id¾:l fkdùh
tu ksid wu;r
úhoula oeÍug isÿ
úh
ud;f,a osia;sl
% alh
j.dj i|yd fijk ;=< muKla j.djg
wjYH úh iqÿiq úh
fldfldajd
j.dj
fldams j,g j.dj id¾:lj

úl,amhla f,i mej;s wjêfha mjd
id¾:l fkdùh th wlalr 12000
lg jvd fkdùh
1875 wlalr 500

l muK f;a j.dj
jHdma; úh
1894 f;a j.dj
fcaïia fÜ,¾ wlalr ,laI 4 l
Æ,al÷r j;af;a jHdma; ù ;snqKs
wlalr lsysmhl
f;a j.dj w;ayod
n,k ,os f;a j.dj
úh<s l,dmh yer

f;a furg m%Odk wä 6000 g jeä
wmkhk fNda.h Wi ´kEu
úh m%foaYhl f;a
j.djl< yels úh
1930 jk úg f;a
j.dìï úYd, úh
th úYd, j;=
1200 la muK úh

f;a j.dfõ Wkak;shg n,mE fya;=
z úh<s l,dmh yer fiiq m%foaY j, f;a j.dj WÑ; ùu'

z ,xldfõ f;a i|yd f,dal fj<| fmdf,a fyd| b,aüla mej;Su'
z m%jdyk myiqlï j, oshqKqj'
z ol=Kq bkaoshdkq lïlrejka f.k tau ksid ,dNodhS Y%uh ñ,g .ekSug yelsùu'
z kùk l¾udka;Yd,d iy hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h'
uq,a wjêfha
wmkhk fNda.hla hqfrdamShkag jvd
w;S;fha isg furg fkdùh iajfoaYslhka fmd,a
mej;s f.j;= j.djg fhduq úh
j.djls
fmd,a j.d
lrejkaf.ka 65] la
Y%s ,dxlslhka úh
¨Kqú, fmd,a fmd,A
m¾fhaIK wdh;kh j.dj
msysgqjk ,os ;eks;,d m%foaY
j.djg iqÿiq úh
1920 oS furg
úfoaY úksuh fmd,a j.dfõ oshqKqj
bmehSï j,ska 27]
;eks;,d m%foaY j,
fmd,aj,ska ,enqKs uyd ud¾. oshqKqjg
l=rekE., " fya;= úh
y,dj; " .ïmy
j.djg b;d iqÿiq
úh
1877 oS bx.%SiSka 20 jk ishjfia

úiska yÿkajdfok fudag¾ r:
,os l¾udka;fha oshqKqj
rn¾ b,aü by<
hdug fya;= úh
rn¾
j.dj
lˆ;r " niakdysr "

w.,j;a; rn¾ inr.uqj " ol=K
m¾fhaIK wdh;kh hk m<d;a j, j.d
msysgqjk ,os flreKs
1920 oS furg
rn¾ wmkhkh
wdodhfuka 30]

bx.%SiSka furgg meñKsug fmr furg iudc ;;a;jh
z merKs m%N+ mka;sh wNdjhg f.dia kj uOHu mka;shla ìysùu'
m%N+ mka;sh () wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh " iudc ;;ajh " foaYmd,k n,h w;ska fiiq ck;djg
jvd úfYaI msßils' Tjqka ro,hka f,i o yÿkajk ,os'
z bvï ysñlï mej;=Ks'

z by< wdodhula ,enqKs' m%N+ mka;sh
z rcfha ks,;, ysñh'
z fiiq ck;djf.a f.!rjh ysñh'
bx.%SiSka furgg meñKsfuka miq iudc ;=< isÿ jQ lemS fmfkk fjkiaùï'
uOHu mka;sh () ì%;dkH md,k ld,fhaoS újD; jQ wˆ;a Ofkdamdhk ud¾. j,ska uqo,a
Wmhd.;a mjq,a j, orejka bx.%sis wOHdmkh ,enQ rcfha by< ks,;,
,enQ W.;=ka msßils'
z uOHu mka;sfha j¾Okh;a iu. merKs m%N+ mka;sh wNdjhg hk ,os'
z lïlre mka;shla iudch ;=< ks¾udKh ùu'

z uqo,g fiajh imhk ck;djla ìysùu'
z b;d wju jegqmlg bkaoshdfjka lïlrejka f.k tau'
z wvq jegqma ysñúh'
z jevlrk meh .Kk ksYaÑ; fkdùu'
z lïlre iqn idOk lghq;= fkd;sìKs'
z jD;a;sh ix.ï ìysùu

z whs;sjdislï oske.ekSu wruqKq úh
z jevj¾ck we;súh
Wod () uqøK lïlre jev j¾ckh
fros fidaokakkaf.a jev j¾ckh
lr;a; lrejkaf.a jev j¾ckh
z 1922 oS ta' B' .=Kisxy uy;d úiska ,xld lïlre ix.uh msysgqùu
z ,xld iuiudc mlaIfha kdhlhska lïlre whs;Ska ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu'
x kfâi whsh¾ úiska j;= lïlrejkag kdhl;ajh ,nd oS we;'
z ngysr ixialD;sh furg ;=< jHdma; ùu'

z bx.%sis NdId wOHdmkh
z ñIkdÍ mdi,a rcfha mdi,aj, hqfrdamShka b.ekaùï isÿ lsÍu'
z wOHdmkh i|yd iajfoaYslhka úfoia.; ùu'
z hqfrdamShhka i|yd iudcYd,d " ksjdvq ksfla;k wdosh ìysùu'
hk foa ksid"
z ngysr we÷ï me<ÿï
z ngysr isß;a úß;a
z wdpdr iudpdr úê
z ngysr .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh
z ngysr wdydrmdk furg ixialD;shg uqiq jsh

ì%;dkH md,kh ksid wmg Wreu jQ m%fhdackj;a wx.
Z ì%;dkhhka ;u jdishg m%;sixialrK isÿlr;a we;eï tajd furgg oS¾> ld,Skj

m%fhdackj;a úh
z cd;Hka;r NdIdjla jk bx.%Sis NdId oekqu rg;=< me;sÍu'
z .ukd.ukh yd ikaksfõok lghq;= j, oshqKqj'
z wmkhk jeú,s fNda. yÿkajdoSu'
z ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu'
z md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uh
ì%;dkH md,kh ksid wmg Wreu jQ whym;a wx.
z ngysr ixialD;sl wx. rg;=< me;sÍu ksid idïm%odhsl ,laIK msßySu'

z uOHidr Ndú;h rgmqrd jHdma;ùu'
z bvï wysñ ck;djla ìysùu'
z idïm%Odhsl iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾:sl rgdj ì| jeàu'
z .ïiNd jeks m%fhdackj;a wdh;k ì| jeáu'
mejreu'
01' hqfrdamd cd;Ska ,xldjg meñKsu;a iu. Y%s ,xldfõ we;s jq fjkialï 3 la i|yka lr
tajd meyeos,s lrkak'
02' ì%;dkH md,kh ksid wmg Wreu jQ m%fhdackj;a wx. yd whym;a wx. 4 ne.ska
,shkak'
03' hqfrdamd cd;Ska ,xldjg meñKSu;a iu. Y%s ,xldfõ iudch ;=< isÿjQ fjkialï 3 la
,shkak'
04' ì%;dkHhka úiska y÷kajdÿka j;=fNda. fudkjdo @

06. Y%s ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu'

furgg ksoyi ,eìfï miqìu'
z fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq bkaoshdj we;=¨ wdishd;sl hg;a úcs; j,g ksoyi ,nd
fok nj m%ldY lsÍu'
z 1944 foieïn¾ ui fida,anß fldñiu ,xldjg meñK ks¾foaY jd¾;djla ,nd ÿkafkah'
z Y%s ,dxlslhkag mQ¾K n,;, ysñjk md¾,sfïka;= wdKavq l%uhla ks¾foay lr ;sìK'
z fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh 1947 oS mj;ajk ,os'
z tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh wdKavqjla msysgqjd m%:u w.ue;s f,i ã' tia' fiakdkdhl m;aúh'
z fiakdkdhl uy;d ì%;dkH iu. wdrlaIl yd ndysr lghq;= .súiqï w;aika lsÍu'
z 1947 foieïn¾ 19 osk ,xld iajdëk rdcH NdIdj ksl=;a lsÍu'
z 1948 fmnrjdß 4 osk Y%s ,xldjg ksoyi ,nd.;a oskh f,i kï lsÍu'
fida,anß wdKavql%uh ^ 1947 j¾Ih &
z 1947 j¾Ifha isg 1972 ^ ckrc wdKavql%uh & olajd l%shd;aul úh'
z fid,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a rcfha lghq;= f.khdu i|yd mej;s wdh;k 04 ls'
1' w.%dKavqldrjrhd'
2' w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ ukav,h'
3' md¾,sfïka;=j'
4' wêlrKh'
w.%dKavqldrjrhd'
z wdKavqldr ;k;=r wfydais fldg w;%dKavqldr Oqrhla we;s lsÍu' tx.,ka; lsrSgh
ksfhdackh lsßu i|yd fuu ;k;=r we;slrk ,os'
z /cskf.a ksfhdacs;hd fudyqh'
z kdu ud;%sl úOdhl ;k;=rla jQ w;r Tyq ish lghq;= fufyhùfï os yeu úgu
w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia ms<smeosh hq;= úh'
md¾,sfïka;=j'
uKav, follska hqla; md¾,sfïka;=jla
idudcslhka 131
uyck uka;%S uKav,h fikÜ iNdj

^ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,h& ^W;a;Í;r uka;%S uKav,h&
101 ks, ld,h wjqreÿ 05 31
Pkao fldÜGdi moku iqˆ cd;Ska fjkqfjka ksfhdacs; w.ue;s

u; uyck Pkaofhka w.ue;s Wmfoia u; uka;%S Wmfoia u;
95 w.%dKavqldrjrhd uKav,h w.%dKavqldr
m;al< m;al< jrhd úiska
06 15 15

w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ uKav,h
z leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odkshd w.ue;s fõ'

z ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,fha uka;%skaf.a nyq;r iyfhda.h ,efnk ;eke;a;d
w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.ue;s f,i m;alrkq ,efí'
z wdKavql%uhg wkqj úOdhl lghq;= leìkÜ uKav,h i;= fõ'
z wdrlaIl yd úfoaY lghq;= w.ue;sjrhd hgf;a mejßh hq;= fõ'
z weu;s uKav,h m;alsÍu w.ue;s Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿlrk ,os'
z wêlrK weu;s ;k;=r yd ;j;a tla weu;s ;k;=rla j;a fikÜ iNd idudcslhkag
,ndosh hq;= fõ'
z tx.,ka; md¾,sfïka;= iïm%Odhg wkqj leìkÜ uKav,h iduQyslj md¾,sfïka;=jg
j.lSug neoS isà'
wêlrK lghq;=
fid,anß wdKavql%uhg wkqj ()
z fY%aIaGdêlrKh we;=ˆ wêlrK moaO;shla u.ska wêlrK lghq;= fufyhjk ,os'
z w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.%úksYaphldrjrhd we;=ˆ fY%aIaGdëlrK úksYaphlrejka
m;alrk ,os'
Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI
z md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdofha oelsh yels uQ,sl ,laIKhls' foaYmdk mlaIj, meje;Au

z f,dalfha rgj, foaYmd,k mlaIj, iajremh wkqj fldgia 02 ls'
foaYmd,k mlaI
oaúmlaI l%uh nyq mlaI l%uh tal mlaI

foaYmdk mlaI folla muKla mej;Su foaYmd,k mlaI rdYshla mej;Su l%uh
Wod () m%xYh " c¾uksh " jeks hqfrdamd Wod () Y%s ,xldj we;=ˆ wdishd;sl rgj,a Ökh
x.,ka;h" weußldj rgj,a lshqndj
z Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI msysgqùfï wdrïNh ì%;dkH md,k iufhaoS isÿúh'
z uq,a jrg mlaI l%uh Ndú;d l< ue;sjrKhla meje;ajqfha 1947 md¾,sfïka;=
ue;sjrKfhaoSh'
z tu ue;sjrKh jk úg ,xld iuiudc mlaIh" tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh" ,xld fldñhqksÜia
mlaIh" øúv ix.uh jeks mlaI /ila mej;=Ks'
,xld iuiudc mlaIh'
z 1935 j¾IfhaoS msysgqjk ,os'

z wdpd¾h tka' tï' fmf¾rd" wdpd¾h fld,aúka wd¾ o is,ajd " ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok jeks
msgrg wOHdmkh ,enQ foaYsh W.;=ka fuys kdhl;ajh .kakd ,os'
z jdudxYsl u;jdo wkqj Y%s ,xldj ;=< iudcjdoS iudchla ks¾udKh lsßu i|yd wjYH
foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu fuu mlaIfha wruqKq úh'
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh

z 1946 oS wdrïN lrk ,o mlaIhls'
z ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d kdh;lajh fok ,os'
z fuu mlaifha kdhlhka uOHia: foaYmd,k u;jdohla ork ,os'
z 1947 ue;sjrKfhaoS wfmalaIlhka 95 fofkl= bosßm;a ù wdik 42 la ch.kakd ,os'
z 1952 ue;sjrKfhaoS wdik 54 la ,nd.kakd ,os'

Y%s ,xld ksoyia mlaIh'

z 1951 oS msysgqjk ,os'
z tia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d ^tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfhka bj;a ù& Y%s ,xld
ksoyia mlaIh msysgqjd.kakd ,os'
z fuu mlaIh tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg jvd idudkHh ck;djf.a wjYH;d .Ek ie,ls,a,la
olajk ,os'
z iajNdId W.;=ka " NslaIQka jykafia,d " foaYsh;ajh w.h l< msßiaj, iyh ,enqKs'
z 1952 oS ue;sjrKfhka wdik 09 la oskd.kakd ,os'
z 1956 ue;sjrKfhaoS foaYmd,k mlaI /ila iu. taldnoaOj uyck tlai;a fmruqK
kñka wdik 51 la oskd.kakd ,os'
fjk;a foaYmd,k mlaI

z ta' B' .=Kisxy uy;df.a - lïlre mlaIh
z cS' cS' fmkakïn,ï uy;df.a- øúv cd;sl mlaIh
z tia ' fca' jS' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;df.a- fmvr,a mlaIh
z Y%s ,xldfõ m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI folg wu;rj ;j;a l=vd mlaI /ila mej;Su ksid
ue;sjrKhloS tla mlaIhlgj;a nyq;rh ,nd .ekSug fkdyels fõ'
z tu ksid mlaI lsysmhla tl;=ù iNd. wdKavq msysgqùu m%Odk ,laIKhls'
1956 ue;sjrKh yd iudc fmr<sh'
z ksoyiska miqj 1956 olajd n,fha isáfha tlai;a cd;sl mlaI wdKavqjls'
z 1956 oS tia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d hgf;a w¨;a wdKavqjla n,hg m;aúh'
1956 ue;sjrKh iudc fmr<shla we;s lsÍu i|yd uq,a jQ njg WodyrK'
z kj n,fõ. /ila nKavdrkdhl uy;d jgd tlafrdla ùu' îajNdId W.;=ka " NslaIqka
jykafia,d " foaYsh;ajh w.h l< msßia&
z foaYsh;ajh " foaYsh wd.ï yd ixialD;sh w.h l< m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu'
z idudkH ck;djf.a wjYH;d ms<sn|j jeä ie,ls,a,la oelaùu'
z tfy;a fkdúisÿKq wd¾:sl .eg¨ /ilau úiÿï oSug m%h;ak oeßu'
z ue;sjrK fõoSldfõ m%Odk ud;Dldj jqfha isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍfï
m%;sm;a;shhs'
z iÕ " fjo " .=re " f.dú " lïlre hk mxp uyd n,fõ. j, iydh uyck tlai;a
fmruqK jgd frdla úu'
tia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a jQ ld,fha Tyq f.ks.sh m%;sm;a;s
yd yÿkajdÿka m%;sixialrK'
z isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍu'

z ì%;dkHhka iu. 1947 w;aika lrk ,o wdrlaIl yd ndysr lghq;= ms<sn| .súiqu
wj,x.= lsÍu'
z f,dalfha n, l|jqre j,g fkdneÿKq uOHia: m;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu'
z jrdh yd nia cki;= lsÍu' m%uqL cki;= jHdmdr'
z foaYsh l¾udka; yd lDIsl¾udka;h oshqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'
z úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka úYajúoHd, njg m;alsÍu'
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj

1972 wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl ,laIK
z tf;la ,xldj hkqfjkka yeoska jQ furg Y%s ,xldj hk kdufhka ye|skaùu'
z ì%;dkH wêrdcH iu. mej;s jHjia:dkql+, ne|Sï wjika lsßu'
z Y%s ,xldj talSh ckrchla nj ms<s.ekSu'
z ck;djf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; lsÍu'
z tal udKav,sl jHjia;dodhlhla we;s lsÍu' w.%dKavqldr ¥rh bj;a lr kdñl ckdOsm;s
OQrhla we;s lsÍu'

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 18 jk j.ka;sfha uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï yd kkajeoEreï ksoyi
.ek i|yka fõ' bka lsysmhla my; mßos fõ'
z kS;sh mis|,Su " l%shd;aul lsÍu yd kS;sfha /ljrKh i¾j idOdrK úh hq;=h'
z kS;shg wkql+,j ñi mqoa.,hl=f.a m%dKhg ksoyig fyda iqrlaIs;;djhg ydks isÿ
fkdl< hq;=h'
z iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu is;Sfï ksoyi" yDoidlaIsfha ksoyig yd wd.ñl ksoyig whs;sh
;sfí'
z mqrjeishkag iduldój /iaùug yd woyia m%ldY lsßug ksoyi ;sfí'
z whs;sjdislï úia;rd;aulj olajd fkd;sîu ÿ¾j,;djhls'
ckddêm;s ;k;=r
z fida,anß jHjia:dfõ w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r fjkqjg fuu wdKavql%u jHia:dfõ kdñl
ckdêm;s ;k;=r we;s úh'
z ckdêm;sjrhd m;a lsÍu w.ue;sjrhd úiska isÿlrK ,os'
z m%:u kdñl ckdêm;s OQrhg m;ajqfha ú,shï f.dm,a,j uy;dh'
cd;sl rdcH iNdj
z md¾,sfïka;=j ^jHjia:dodhl iNdj& fjkqjg kj jHjia:dfjka cd;sl rdcH iNdj

w;slrk ,os'
z uyck ksfhdacs;hkaf.ka iukaú; úh'
z ck;dj i;= jHjia:dodhl n,h fuu iNdj u.ska l%shd;aul úh'
z kS;s iïmdokfha mQ¾K n,h fuh i;= úh'
z ks, ld,h wjqreÿ 06 ls'
w.ue;s yd wud;H uKav,h'
z úOdhl n,h l%shd;aul lrk ,os'

z wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd w.ue;sjrhdh'
z ckdêm;sjrhd úiska w.ue;sjrhd m;alrk ,os'
z w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßos ckdêm;s úiska fiiq weu;sjreka m;alrk ,os'
wêlrKh'
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ wêlrK moaO;sh
Z ì%;dkH i;=j ;snQ wjidk wNshdpkdêlrK n,h wfydais lsÍu'

z fY%aIaGdêlrKh - wêlrK moaO;sfha m%Odk wx. 02
z uydêlrKh-
z osid wêlrKh- isú,a kvq úksYaph lrk ,os
z ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh - wmrdO kvq úksYaph lrk ,os
z wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn| .eg¨ yd
md¾,sfïka;=j bosßm;a lrk ,o mk;a
flgqïm;a j, jHjia:dkql+,Ndjh mÍlaId
lsÍu
1978 wdKqvql%u jHjia:dj
z jHjia:dfõ lEmS fmfkk wx. ^ kjdx. &

úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrh
w.ue;s yd wud;H uKav,h
md¾,sfïka;=j
wêlrKh
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
Tïnqâiauka Oqrh $ ckdêm;sjrKh $ cku; úpdrKh

úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrh ^mQ¾K úOdhl n,;, iys; fõ&
1978 wdKqvql%u jHjia:dfõ 30 j.ka;shg wkqj Y%s ,xld ckrcfha ckdêm;sjrhd
z rcfha m%Odkshdh
z úOdhlfha m%Odkshdh
z wdKavqfõ m%Odkshdh
z ikakoaO fiajdjkays m%Odkshdh
ckdêm;sjrKfhaoS ckao úuiSulska ck;d Pkaofhka ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard m;alr.kakd ,os'
ckdêm;s n,;,
z ckdêm;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjrhl= fkdfõ' kuq;a md¾,sfïka;= n,;, /ila
ysñù we;'
z md¾,sfïka;=j le|ùu
z jdr wjidk lsÍu
z ux., md¾,sfïka;=fõ uq,iqk oeÍu
z wdKqvfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh bosßm;a lsÍu'
z md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍu
ckdêm;s i;= úOdhl n,;,
z w.ue;s m;alsÍu
z weu;sjreka m;alsÍu
z weu;sjrekag úIh yd ld¾hh mejÍu
z wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= lsÍu'ta wkqj úOdhlfha kdhlhd
ckdêm;sh
ckdêm;s i;= wêlrK n,;,
z w.%úksYaphldr jrhd m;alsÍu'

z fY%aIaGdêlrKh" wNshdpkdêlrKh úksYaphlrejka m;alsÍu
z wêlrKfhka jeroslrejl= jQ whg iudjoSu" ovqjï ,sys,a lsÍu
rdcH kdhlhd jYfhka ckdêm;s i;= n,;,
z hqoaOh yd iduh m%ldY lsÍu

z rdcH W;aij j, uq,iqk oeÍu
z cd;Hka;r jYfhka ckrch ksfhdackh lsÍu
z rdcH uqødj ;ud Ndrfha ;nd .ekSu'
z ;kd;sm;sjreka m;alsÍu yd ms<s.ekSu'
ckdêm;s i;= úfYaI jrm%ido
z ckdêm;sjrhdg úreoaOj ljr fyda lreKla iïnkaOfhka wêlrKfha kvq mejßh

fkdyelsh'
w.ue;sjrhd yd wud;H uKav,h
z md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Ska w;ßka wud;H uKav,h yd w.ue;s m;alrkafka ckdêm;s úisks

z wud;H uKav,h iduQyslj md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsj hq;=h'
z wud;H uKav,hg mejreKq ld¾hhka"
z md¾,sfïka;=j mkjk kS;s ls%shd;aul lsÍu
z ta ta wud;HxYj, whjeh weia;fïka;= yd w;=re whjeh ieliSu
Z wud;Hjrekag mejreKq ta ta úIh Ndrj lghq;= lsÍu

md¾,sfïka;=j
uka;%ska 225
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh l%uh cd;sl ,hsia;=fjka ta ta mlaI

u.ska uyck Pkaofhka 196 j, Pkao wkqmd;h wkqj 29
md¾,sfïka;= n,;,
z kS;s mekùu
z uqo,a mßmd,kh
z whjeh ilia lsÍu
z ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh
z uyck .eg¨ i,ld ne,Su'
wêlrKh
z fY%aIaGdêlrKh
z wjidk wêlrK n,h ysñh

z m%Odkshd w.%úksYaphldr jrhd fõ'
z tys ishû úksYaphldr jreka ckdOm;s úiska m;alrkq ,efí
z uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| kvq úi|Su
z ckdêm;sg tfrys fodaIdNsfhda. úNd. lsÍu
z md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido lv lsÍu iïnkaO fpdaokd úuiSu
z Pkao fm;aiï ms<sn| wêlrK lghq;= ^ckdêm;sjrKh yd cku; úpdrKh&
z wdKavql%u jHjia:dj w¾: ksrEmkh lsßu'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh i;= ld¾hhka lsysmhls'

z wNshdpkdêlrKh
z my< wêlrK j,ska ,nd fok ;Skaÿj, wNshdpkd kvq úuiSfï n,h i;= fõ'
z uydêlrKh
z osid wêlrKh
z mjq,a wêlrKh
z ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
z m%d:ñl wêlrKh
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 3 jk mßÉfPaofha uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úia;r fõ'
z 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd uQ,sl whs;djdislï ms<sn| 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ
mqˆ,aj yd úia;rd;aulj ú.%y lr we;'
z wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ms<sf.k we;s uQ,sl whs;Ska w;r
z kS;sh bosrfha iudkd;au;djh

z l;d lsÍfï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi
z jOysxid j,ska ñoSfï ksoyi
z leu;s wd.ula úYajdihla oeßfï ksoyi
z leu;s jD;a;shla /lshdjla lsßfï ksoyi

z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 126 j.ka;shg wkqj"
z uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd kka jeoEreï ksoyi W,a,x.kh ùu fyda

lvùuloS wdikak jYfhka udihla we;=<; fY%aIaGdêlrKhg fm;aiula
f.dkq l< yelsh'
z th fY%aIaGdêlrKh mßlaId lrhs'
z rcfha kshq;= wh úiska isÿlrK uQ,sl whs;djdislï W,a,x.kh ùuloS
md¾,sfïka;=fõ flduidßia fyj;a Tïnqâiauka fj; meñKs<slr iyk
,nd.; yelsh'
ckdêm;sjrKh
z ckdêm;sjrKfhaoS Y%s ,xldju tlu Pkao fldÜGdihla njg m;afõ'
z m%ldYs; Pkao ixLHdfjka ksh; nyq;rh fyj;a 50] blau jQ Pkao m%udKhla ,nd.;a
wfmalaIlhd ch.%dylhd fõ'
z ks, ld,h () wjqreÿ 06 ^ jHjia:djg wkqj jir 6 OQr ld,fhka wjqreÿ 4 la
blaujQ miq kej; fojk jrg;a b,a,d isáh yel' &
z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ m%:u úOdhl ckdêm;s fca' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fõ'
1978 isg fï olajd ckdêm;sjre wkqms<sfj,
z fca' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d jdr .Kk 2 ^1978 vkdêm;sjrKfhka fkdj&

z rKisxy fm%auodi uy;d jdr .Kk 1
z ã' ì' úfca;=x. uy;d jdr .Kk 1 ^wkqm%dma;sl&
z pkaøsld l=dudr;=x. ue;sKsh jdr .Kk 2
z uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d jdr .Kk 2
z ffu;%Smd, isßfiak uy;d jdr .Kk 1
z f.daGdNh rdcmlaI uy;d jdr .Kk 1
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh
z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dffõ mlaI ,nd.;a Pkao j,g wkqj wkqmd;slj uka;%Sjre fnoS
hdu 100] kjdx.hls'
z md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Ska m;alsÍu fï ishû foa i|yd fuu
z m<d;aiNd uka;%ska m;a lsÍu' ksfhdack l%uh Ndú;d lrhs
z m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd ksfhdacs;hka m;alsÍu'
z fuu ksfhdackfhaoS wfmalaIlhka lKavdhula f,i bosßm;a fõ'
z ta ta mlaI ,nd.;a Pkao ixLHdjg wkqmd;slj mlaIhg ysñ wdik .Kk ;SrKh fõ'
cku; úpdrKh
z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ kjdx.hls'

z cd;sl jeo.;alulska hq;= lreKla iïnkaOfhka Rcqju uyck u;h ,nd.kakd l%uh
cku; úpdrKh fõ'
z fuysoS kshñ; lreK i|yd wNsu;h mßos Tõ " ke; f,i m%ldY flfrk m%Yakhlg
ms<s;=re ,ndoSu isÿfõ'
z fï olajd furg cku; úpdrKhla meje;ajQfha tla jrla muKs'
z ta 1982 j¾IfhaoS tf;la mej;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h oS¾> lsÍu i|ydh'
z cku; úpdrKfhka bosßm;a flfrk lreKg ck;dj úiska wkqu; lrk nj
ms<s.ekSug fok ,o Pkao ixLHdfjka 50] lg jvd ,nd.; hq;= fõ'
ksoyiska miq ixj¾Ok lghq;=
ksoyiska miq f.jqKq oYl 4 ;=< furg m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol jk tlai;a cd;sl
mlaIh;a" Y%s ,xld ksoyia mlaIh;a l<ska l, n,fha isá w;r ta iEu wdKavqjlau rfÜ wd¾Ól
;;ajh oshqKq lsÍug lghq;= lr we;'

lDIsl¾udka; lafIa;%fha oshqKQj i|yd isÿl< ld¾hhka"
z w;S;fhaoS furg lDIsld¾ñl w;ska iajhxfmdaIs; rgla úh'

z jir 133 la mej;s ì%;dkH md,k ld,fhaoS j;= j.djg m%uqL;ajh ,enqKs'
z tu ksid foaYsh hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h ì| jegqKs'
z mßfNdackh i|yd wjYH wdydr øjH úfoaY j<ska wdkhkh lrk ,os'
z fï ksid iEu wdKavqjlau ú f.dú;ek oshqKq lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr .kakd ,os'
ù f.dú;ek oshqKq lsÍu
z m<uqjk f,dal ix.%du ld,fha wdydr øjH wmkhkh ÿIalr úh'

z 1929 f,dal wd¾:sl mßydksh ksid wdydr øjH j, ñ, by< hk ,os'
z fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a lDIsl¾u wud;HxYh ,dxlsl weu;sjrekag ,enqKs'
z ta wkqj ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d tu wud;HxYfha weu;sjrhd njg m;aúh'
z fuh ú j.dfõ oshqKqjg fya;= úh'
ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska"
z úh<s l,dmfha f.dú ckmo wdrïN lrk ,os'

Wod () ñkafkaßh" ld.u" kdÉp¥j" fnr.u" ñksfma" mrdl%u iuqøh" ÍoS ne|s
we<" ix.s,s lkordj
f.dúckmo jHdmdr msysgqùfï wruqKq'
z f;;a l,dmfha ck.yk ;onoh" /lshd ys.h wvqlsÍu

z rfÜ wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu
z úh<s l,dmfha bvï wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg fhdod .ekSu'
z f;;a l,dmfha bvï ys.h wju fldg bvï ysñhka ;Dma;su;a lr f.dú mrmqrla
ks¾udKh lsÍu'
kj f.dúckmo msysgqùfïoS we;s jQ wNsfhda.
z ck;dj f;dardf.k mosxÑ lsÍfï .eg¨

z le,E bvï t<s lsÍu yd jdß ud¾. ieliSu'
z ck moslhskag wdydr ,nd oSu'
z há;, myiqlï oshqKq lsÍu'
z fj<| fmd<la ks¾udKh lsÍu'
z m%:u nyqld¾h ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh .,aTh fhdackdjhs'
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh- nyq ld¾h fhdackd l%uhls'
z w;= .x.d /ilska fmdaIKh jk uyje,s .Õ uOHu lÿlrfha ngysr fldgiska wdrïN
ù ÿïnr ñáhdj; Tiafia .,df.dia ;%sl=Kdu,fhka uqyqog jefÜ'
z fuu .x.d moaO;sh wd¾:sl oshqKqj i|yd fhdod .ekSu msKsi uyje,s ixj¾Ok
fhddackd l%uh u.ska isÿúh'
wfmalaId l< wruqKq
z úh<s l,dmfha f.djsìï M,odhs f,i lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g fhdod .ekSug wjyH
ks;H c, myiqlï iemhSu'
z by< hk úÿ,sn, b,aü i|yd úÿ,sn,h ksIamdokh
z c, iïmdokh ksid kj ckdjdi ìyslsÍu bvï ke;s ck;djg bvï imhd oS wdydr
fnda. jHdma; lsÍu'
z .xj;=r md,kh

z ñßosh uiqka fnda lsÍu'
z fuu jHdmdrfha wruqKq tllg jvd jeä neúka fuh nyq ld¾h fhdackd l%uhls'
fmd,af.d,af,aoS uyje,s .. yrialr Wu.la yryd iqÿ

..g c,h ,ndf.k fndaj;ekak c,dYh yryd rcrgg
c,h f.khdu' ^ tu.ska l,d jej" kdÉp¥j jej" kqjr
jej" ;sid jej hk jeõ j,g c,h ,nd .ekSu' &
uyje,s
ixj¾Ok
fhdackd l%uh fld;auf,a" úlafgdaßhd " rkafoKs., " rkagefò"
W,aysáh " r;al|
s yd udÿre Th c,dY boslsÍu
1979 oS uyje,s wêldßh msysgqjk ,os
Z uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackdj 1977 oS läkï lrñka udi 6 lska jev wjika lsÍug
fhdackd úh'
fld;auf,a c,dYh
z uyje,s .f.a m%Odk w;= .x.djla jk fld;auf,a Th lvfodr kï ia:dkfhka yria

fldg fõ,a,la neoSfuka fuh boslrk ,os'
z iajSvka rcfhka fï i|yd wdOdr ,enqKs
úlafgdaßhd c,dYh
z uyje,s .f.a fmd,af.d,a, neïug my<ska fõ,a,la ne| fuh boslrk ,os'
z ì%;dkH rch fï i|yd wdOdr ,nd ÿks
rkafoKs., fõ,a,
z úlafgdaßhd c,dYhg my<ska ñksfma wuqKg by<ska fuh boslrk ,os'

z fï i|yd ngysr c¾uksfhka wdOdr ,enqKs
ú j.dfõ oshqKu i|yd wkq.ukh l< fjk;a l%shdud¾.
z 1943 oS ù i|yd iy;sl ñ, l%uhla yÿkajd oSu

z ù m¾fhaIK wdh;kh msysgqùu ^ n;,f.dv ù wNsckk uOHia:dkh &
z f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dk we;s lsÍu
z rcfha nexl= u.ska f.dùkag Kh wdOdr ,ndoSu

jHdmdßl lDIsl¾udka;h oshqKq lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.
z 1972 bvï m%;sixialrK kS;sh u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl=g whs;sfha ;nd.; yels bvï
m%udKh kshu lsÍu'
z 1975 bvï m%;sixialrKh u.ska jHdmdßl j;= j.dfõ fhÿKq fmdÿ iud.ï i;= bvï
cki;= fldg tu bvï f.dúhka w;r fnod oSu'
z rdcH wxYh i;= jQ bvï l<uKdlrKh i|yd wdh;k msysgqùu'
1' 1958 oS rdcH jeú<s ixia:dj'
2' 1976 oS Wvrg j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'
3' 1976 oS ck;d j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'
z 1952 oS Ök iuQydKavqj iu. we;slr.;a oaúmd¾Yúl .súiqfuka rn¾ j,g ia:djr
ñ,la ,eîu'
z iqˆ wmkhk fNda. j.dj oshqKq lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lrk ,os
furg ld¾ólrK lafIa;%fha ixj¾Okh i|yd wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.
z 1959 oS m%:u ld¾ñl ckmoh tal< msysgqùu'

z 1960 oS r;au,dk ld¾ñl ckmoh msysgqùu'
z 1961 oS uyck nexl=j msysgqùu" l=vd l¾udka; i|yd Kh ,nd oSu'
z 1966 oS foaYsh ld¾ñl ksIamdokj, m%ñ;sh ;SrKh lsÍug m%ñ;s ld¾hxYhla msysgqùu'
z 1960 ka miqj furgg wjYH mdßfNda.sl øjH ksIamdokh lsÍfï l¾udka; we;s lsÍu'
z 1970-1977 ld,fha rch wkq.ukh l< wdhd; wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;sh ksid foaYsh .Dyia:
l¾udka; yd iqˆ l¾udka; oshqKq ùu'
z rch úiska isfuka;s" hlv yd jdfka" ;=kS ,E,s" iSks wdoS l¾udka; boslsÍu'
z 1978 lgqkdhl wdfhdack ieliqï l,dmh" ìh.u" fld.a., wmkhk ieliqï l,dm
msysgqùu'
wOHdmk lafIa;%fha Wkak;sh i|yd wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.
z C W W lkakx.r uy;df.a ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh'

z rcfha mdi,a msysgqùu yd wOHdmk jHdma;shg uqo,a fhoùu'
z úIhud,d" ixj¾Ok yd .=re mqyqKq lghq;= kùlrKh ùu'
z úoHd.dr myiqlï yd mdi,a mqia;ld, myiqlï jHdma; lsÍu'
z osjd wdydrh" mdi,a fm< fmd;a" ffjoH yd oka; ffjoH fiajd iy mdi,a ks, weÿï
fkdñ,fha ,nd oSu'
z wOHdmk mßmd,k rgdj ld,hg wkqj fjkia lsÍu'
z jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;k msysgqùu'
z kj úYaj úoHd, msysgqùu
z 1942 - fld<U úYaj úoHd,h msysgqùu'
z 1952 - ,xld úYaj úoHd,h fmardfoKshg f.khdu'
z úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka úYajúoHd, njg m;alsÍu' ^ miqj fïjd ms<sfj<ska Y%s
chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h" le<Kssh úYaj úoHd,h f,i kï flreKs &
z 1972 fudrgqj lgqneoao úYaj úoHd, msysgqùu'
z 1974 oS hdmkh úYaj úoHd,h msysgqùu'

iudc iqNidOkh i|yd wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.
z .%dóh m%foaY j, wOHdmk lghq;= oshqKq lsÍu

z /lshd ,nd .ekSfïoS olaI;djhg uq,a;ek oSu yd ;r. úNd. l%u yÿkajdoSu'
z ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ixl,am jHjia:d.; lsÍu'
z lDIsl¾udka;h yd ëjr lghq;= wdoshg Kh myiqlï iykdOdr imhñka rdcH
wkq.%yh ,ndoSu'
fi!LH lafIa;%fha Wkak;sh i|yd wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.'
z ksoyi ,nd .ekSug fmr mjd fkdñ,fha fi!LH myiqlï ,nd .ekSug bv i,id
;snqKs' kuq;a th kd.ßl m%foaYj,g muKla iSudúh'
tu ksid ksoyiska miqj"
z .%dóh m%foaY j, frday,a msysgqùu'

z úkakUq" ud;D yd <ud fi!LH fiajd oshqKq lsÍu'
z m%;sYla;SlrK tkak;a ,nd oSu'
z ffjoH idhk meje;aùu'
z foaYsh ffjoH l%uh oshqKq lsÍu'

mejreu'
flá m%Yak
01' ì%;dkH kdúl" .=jka yd fiiq hqO lghq;= i|yd furg N+ñh Ndú;d lsÍug bv
,ndfok .súiqula ì%;dkH rch iy ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d w;aika lf<a lskï
j¾IfhaoS o@
1' 1941 2' 1947 3' 1946 4' 1948
02' f,dalfha oaú mlaI l%uhla we;s rgj,a folla muKla oelafjk ms<s;=r jkafka"
1' wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd m%xYh 2' c¾uksh yd bkaoshdj
3' tx.,ka;h yd wefïßld tlai;a ckmoh 4' b;d,sh yd ,xldj
03' fid,anß wdKavq l%uh hgf;a úOdhl lghq;= mejrefka"

1' n%s;dkH uy/csk fjkqfjka fmkS isá wd.%dKavqldrjrhdg
2' ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,hg
3' w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,hg
4' fikÜ iNdj fyj;a W;a;r uka;%S uKav,hg
04' ,xld wdKavql%u b;sydifha m<uqjrg úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrhla wmg yuqjkafka my;
i|yka l=uk wdKavql%u jHjia:djg o @
1' fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufhks 2' fida,anß wdKavql%ufhks
3' 1972 m%:u ckrc wdKavql%ufhks 4' 1978 fojeks ckrc wdKavql%ufhks
05' Y%s ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj mrudêm;H n,h ysñjkafka ñka
ljfrl=g o@
1' ckdêm;sjrhdg 2' wud;H uKav,hg
3' uyckhdg 4' fY%I
a aGdêlrKhg
06' Y%s ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj ,dxlsl ck;dj Rcqju jHjia:d iïmdokhg
iyNd.sjk wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yelafla ñka ljrla o @
1' ckdêm;sjrKh 2' md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh
3' cku; úpdrKh 4' m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKh
07' Y%s ,dxlslhka tlu Pkao fldÜGdihl Pkao odhlhka f,i l%shdldrkafka my; lskï
wjia:djl oS o @
1' md¾,sfuka;= ue;sjrKhloSh 2' m<d;aiNd ue;sjrKhloSh
3' ckdêm;sjrKh 4' cku; úuiquloSh
rpkd
01' 1& úOdhl ckdêm;s i;= n,;, folla ,shkak'
2& iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a uyck ksfhdacs;hska f;dard .kakd wjia:d 03
la kï lrkak'
02' fid,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a rdcH lghq;= f.khdu i|yd mej;s wdh;k 4 kï lrkak'
03' 1956 ue;sjrKh Y%s ,xldj ;=< iudc fmr<shla we;s lsÍu i|yd fya;= jQjd hhs
mejiSug fya;= 4 la bosßm;a fldg folla úia;r lrkak'
04' 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj wêlrK moaO;sfha m%Odk wdh;k fol l=ula o @
05' kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrh we;slrk ,oafoa l=uk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska o @
m%:u kdñl ckdêm;sjrhd ljqreka o @

07' f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j

úma,jhla hkq '''''
 úma,jhla hkq hïlsis lafIa;%hla ;=< flá ld,hla ;=< § we;s jkakd jQ fjkialï ;=<ska
f,dalhgu n,mdk mßÈ tu lafIa;%h ÈhqKq ùu úma,jhla f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'
 f,dal b;sydih wOHkh lsßfï § úúO rgj, foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha isÿ jQ úma,j 3la ±lsh
yelsh' tkï"
1 weußlka úma,jh
2 m%xY úma,jh
3 reishka úma,jh
weußlka ksoyia igk

weußldj ks¾udKh ùu
 foaY.fõIKfha m%;sM,hla f,i ls%iafgdam¾ fldf<dïnia úiska weußlka uydoaùmh
^ kj f,dalh & fidhd .ekSu
 fidhd.;a m%foaY wdishd;sl m%foaY fkdj fjku N+ñhla ^ kj f,dalh & f,i m%:u
jrg yÿkajkq ,enqfõ c¾uka cd;sl weußf.da fjiamqÑ úisks'
 N+f.da, úoHd×fhl= jQ weußf.da fjiamqÑg .re lsÍula f,i tu m%foaY j,g weußldj
hk ku ;eìKs'
 hqfrdamd cd;Ska weußld uyoaùmhg hdug m%:u tu m%foaYj, b;d ÈhqKq YsIagdpdr 6la
;sî we;'
 hqfrdamd cd;Ska weußldfõ ckmo msysgqùug n,mE fya;=

 hqfrdamfha mej;s frdaudkq lf;da,sl yd frmrudÿ wd.ñl .egqï ksid wd.ñl ksoyi
w.h l< msßia kj m%foaY lrd fhduq ùu'
 kj m%foaYj, bvï ,nd f.k ÈhqKq ùug yels ùu'
 lS¾;sh yd Okh j¾Okh lr .ekSug cd;sl rdcHj, md,lhka weußldj ;=< ckmo
msysgqùug wkq.%yh ,nd §u'
 weußld uyoaùmh ;=< ckmo msysgqjd .;a m%Odk hqfrdamd rdcHhka 4ls'
 iamd[a[h - *af,dÍvd" fglaidia " le,sf*dakshd" mSre" fglaisflda
 m%xYh - Ydka; f,darkaia .x.dfõ isg ñhsiscs .x.d uqjfodr olajd
 mD;=.SiSka - ol=Kq weußldfõ m%foaY
 tx.,ka;h - j¾cskshd" ksõfhdala" ksõ m¾is jeks ckmo 13la msysgqùu
 weußld tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ks¾udKh jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re weußldfõ
ks¾udKh lr.;a ckmo 13 uq,a lr .ksñks'
 ì%;dkHhka úiska tu ckmo 13 ks¾udKh lsÍug 1607 isg 1733 ld,h .; ù we;'
 ckmo msysgqùug ì%;dkH rch úiska ì%;dkH iud.ï yd mqoa.,hkag wjir ,nd È we;'
 fuu ckmo md,kh lsÍug ì%;dkH lsÍghg yd ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg úYd, n,hla
;sìKs'
 fuu ckmo j,g wdKavqldrjre yd WmfoaYljre m;a lrk ,oafoa tx.,ka;fha rcq úisks'
 wd¾Ól lghq;= iïnkaOj fuu ckmo jdiSkag iajdëk;ajhla fkd;sìKs'

 weußlka ksoyia igkg n,mE fya;=
 ì%;dkHhkag jdis jk wdldrfha wd¾Ól yd fjf<| m%;sm;a;s ilia ù ;sîu'

 ì%;dkH ksIamdok NdKav weußldj ;=< ksmoùu ;ykï ùu'
 ckmo ;=< ksIamdokh l< ÿïfld<" iSks" lmq" ó bá jeks wuqÞjH ì%;dkHg muKla ,nd
Èh hq;= ùu'
 ksIamdok lghq;= j,§ yd fjf<|dfï § ì%;dkH iuÕ ;r. fkdl< hq;= ùu'
 fjk;a rgj,ska f.fkk NdKav ì%;dkH jrdhg f.kf.dia ;Sre nÿ f.jd tu ckmo
j,g f.k hdhq;= ùu'
 1763 § y÷kajd ÿka kj kS;s Í;s ckmojdiSka mSvdjg m;a lsÍu'
 m%xYh iuÕ mej;s hqoaOh i|yd .sh úhou mshjd .ekSug w.ue;s fcda¾Ê .%ekaú,a úiska
kj nÿ mekùu'
 Kh f.ùfï § uqo,a fkdaÜgq Ndú;h ;ykï jQ w;r ta i|yd ß§ yd r;%x Ndú;d l< hq;=
ùu'
 1765 § uqoaor mk;la mkjd ishü kS;u
s h ld¾hka isÿ lsÍug uqoaor Ndú;d l< hq;= ùu'
kssoyia igk
wdrïNh
 1763 ka miqj ksoyia igk wdrïN ù l%ufhka j¾Okh úh'

 ckmojdiSka uqoaor yd ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lrk ,§
jHdma;sh
 ckmojdiSkaf.a igka mdGh jQfha ksfhdackhla ke;akï nÿ;a ke; hkakhs'

 úfrdaO;d yuqfõ uqoaor mk; yl=<d .ekSu'
 fndiagkays mej;s úfrdaO;djhlg fjä ;eîfuka weußldkqjka mia fofkl= urKhg m;a
ùu'
 1770 § f;a noao yer wksl=;a nÿ wfydais lsÍu'
 1773 weußlka ckmo j,g f;a iemhSu tla iud.ulg mejÍu;a iuÕ1773 foieïn¾ 16
fndiagka jrdfha f;a fmÜá 342 la uqyqog ±óu' ^ fuh fndiagka f;a idoh kñka yÿkajhs &
 1774 § ckmo 12l ksfhdacs;hska ms,fv,amshd k.rfha § m%:u uyoaùmsl iuq¿j mj;ajk ,§'
m%:u uyoaùmsl iïfï,kfha ;SrK
 ckmo fjkqfjka kS;s mekùug fyda nÿ whlsÍug ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg n,h

fkdue;s nj'
 ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lsÍu yd wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka ckmojdiSka ikakoaO ùu'
 1775 § f,laiskagka k.rfha§ fomlaIh w;r wú .egqula we;s úh'

 ckmo ksfhdacs;hska /ia ù uyoaùmsl yuqodjla ixúOdkh lsÍu yd tys wKfok ks,OdÍjrhd
f,i fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka m;alr .ekSu
 uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï we;=<;a weußlka ksoyia m%ldYh 1974 cQ,s 4jk Èk ksl=;a lsÍu'
 ì%;dkHg úreoaOj weußlka ckmo hqoaOh m%ldY lsÍu'
 1783 § ì%;dkH idu idlÉPd j,g fhduq ùu^ meßia idu .súiqu w;aika lrñka weußldj
ksoyia rdcHhla lsÍu&
 1789 § weußld ckmojdiSka ,sÅ; jHjia:djla iïu; lr fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka weußldfõ
m%:u ckdêm;sjrhd njg m;a lr .ekSu'

ch.%yKhg fya;=
 fcda¾Ê fjdIskagkaf.a olaI kdhl;ajh
 m%xYh " iamd[a[h " ´,kaoh jeks rgj,a tx.,ka;hg úreoaOj weußldjg iyh §u'
 weußldj yd tx.,ka;h w;r we;s ÿr m%udKh b;d jeä ksid hqoafOdamhka fh§fï§
tx.,ka;hg úúO ÿIlr;d u;=ùu'
 ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha wks;=;a hg;aúcs;j, wdKavq úfrdaë igka werö ;sìu'
ksoyia igfka m%;sm,
 weußld tlai;a ckmoh kï iajdëk rdcH ìys ùu'

 f,dalfha m%:u ,sÅ; ikaëh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ìys ùu'
 uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,djmqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu'
 iuia; udkj ixy;shgu ksoyfia w.h fmkajd Èh yels ùu'
m%xY úma,jh
 1789 § m%xY rdcdKavqjg tfrysj ck;dj ke.S isàu m%xY úma,jh f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'
 18 jk ishjfia§ hqfrdamfha ÈhqKq rdcH j,ska tlla f,i m%xYh j¾Okh ù ;sìKs'
 nq¾fndaka rdc jxYfha 16 jk ¨ù rcqf.a md,kh yuq fõ m%xYh foaYmd,k " iudc yd
wd¾Ól mßydKshlg m;a úh'
 m%xY ck;dj ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh "ifydaor;ajh hk ixl,am mokï lrf.k rcqf.a
md,khg úreoaOj igka jeÿKs'
m%xY úma,jhg n,mE fya;=

foaYmd,k fya;=
 rfÜ ish¨ n,;, rcq fj; flakaÞ.;j mej;Su'
 md,lhka wld¾hlaIu ùu'
 wkjYH hqoaO j,g iyNd.S ùu'
 16 jk ¨ù rcqf.a wOQro¾YS md,kh'
iudc fya;=
 idudkH ck;dj uqyqK ÿka ÿIalr;d'
 Wmam;a;sh u; iudc ;rd;sru ;SrKh lsÍu yd mka;s úIu;djh'
mQcl
iudc mka;s ro,
idudkH ck;dj uOHu mka;sh
f.dú ck;dj
lïlre mka;sh
 ro,hka wiSñ; jrm%ido N=la;s ú|Su'
wd¾Ól fya;=
 rc mjqf,a w;s iqfLdamfNda.S cSú;h yd wkjYH hqo úhoï ksid m%xY
NdKavd.drh ysia ùu
 widOdrK nÿ l%uh fÜ,a noao
.efn,a noao
lemsfÜYka noao

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE od¾Yksl fya;='
 fudkafgialHq - kS;sfha idrh lD;sh ;=<ska fmkajd § we;s n, fn§fï kHdh '
 fjda,afghd¾ - iajdëk u;h m%ldY lsÍfï whs;h s '
rdcdKavqj yd m,a,sfha taldêldrh úfõpkh lsÍu'
 rEfida - iudc iïuq;sh kï lD;sh ;=<ska iajdêm;H ms<sn| ixl,amh bÈßm;a lsÍu'
rcq uyck;djf.a iqNisoaêh i|yd lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a tfia fkdjk md,lhka m<jd
yeÍfï whs;sh ck;dj i;= nj m%ldY lsÍu'
úma,jh fya;= jHdma; ùug fya;= '
 m%xY úma,jhg wdikak;u fya;=j jQfha wdKavqfõ uqo,a w¾nqohhs'

 iafÜÜ fckr,a iNdj ^ uka;%K iNdj & wjqreÿ 175la muK le|jd fkd;sîu'
iafÜÜ iNdfõ idudcslhka ro< mka;sh
mQcl mka;sh
idudkH ck;dj
 fgksia msáfha Èjqreu'
 uyck;djf.a iydh fgksia msáfha Èjqreug ,enqKq w;r meÍisfha ck;dj wúwdhqO .ekSu'
 1789 § neiaà,a nkaOkd.drhg myr § isrlrejka ksoyia lsÍu'
 ler,slrejka uOH md,kh yd m%dfoaYSh md,kh w;am;a lrf.k rgmqrd jHdma; úh'
 ,*dfhÜ kï kdhlhd hgf;a cd;sl wdrlaIdl yuqodjla msysgqjdf.k rgmqrd úma,jjd§
lñgq msysgqjd 16 jk ¨ù rcqg yd udß wekafgdhskaÜ ìijg urK o~qju ,nd§u'
m%xY úma,jfha m%;sm,
 uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,djmqrd Wkkaÿjla we;sùu'

 1791 § udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%ldYkhla bÈßm;a lsÍu'
 iEu ñksfil=u ksoyia mqoa.,fhl= f,i Wm; ,nk neúka Tjqka ish¨ fokdg
iudk whs;sjdislï ysñúh hq;=h hkak ms<s.ekSu'
 ck;dj kS;s iïmdokh lr .ekSug iïnkaO lr .eksu'
 mqrjeis whs;sjdislï bÈßm;a lsÍu'
úma,jfhka miq m%xYh ;=< isÿ jQ fjkialï

 m%xY rdcdKavq l%uh ì| jeàu'
 m%xY f.dú ck;djg iyk ,eîu'
 m%xYfha wia:djr foaYmd,k l%uhla ìysùu'
 1799 kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ m%xY n,h w,a,d .ekSu'
reishdkq úma,jh'
 úYd, wêrdcHhla jQ reishdj md,kh lrkq ,enqfõ id¾jre ^rcq& úisks'
 reishdfõ jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól l%uhla ;=< jeä msßi f.dú ck;dj yd lïlrejka úh'
 reishdj m<uq f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu ksid reishdkq wd¾Ólh ì|jeàug ,laùu'
úma,jhg n,mE fya;='

 id¾ md,kh ¥Is; taldêm;s rdcdKavq md,k l%uhla ùu'
 id¾jre wdodhï jeä lsÍug ck;djf.ka wêl nÿ wh lsÍu'
 jevjiï iudc l%uhla ;=< lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ólhla ;sìu'
 mdrïmßl bvï whs;sh ro<jreka i;=ùu ksid f.dùka úiska rchg" m,a,shg"
ro<hkag nÿ f.ùug isÿùu'

 1905 § rdcH úfrdaë le/,a,la we;sùu'

 f.dú" lïlre ler,sj,g kdúl yuqodfõ msßiao tl;=ùu'
 id¾jre foaYmd,k m%;m s ;a;s yÿkajd§u'
 f,kskaf.a fnda,aIúla mlaIh vQudj kï uka;%K iNdfjka bj;aj lghq;= lsÍu'
 1914 § m<uq f,dal hqoaOh reishdj ñ;% md¾Yjh f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
 hqO wú ksmojQ ksid w;HjYH NdKAvj, ñ, by<hdu'
úma,jh jHdma; ùu
 1917 ud¾;= úma,jh
 wdrïNh - frÈ lïy,l jev j¾ckh lsÍfuka'

 Èk ;=kla .; jkúg Woaf>daIKh jHdma; ù yuqodjo ta i|yd iyfhda.h ±laùh'
 1917 ud¾;= udifha§ rcqg isyiqk wysñúh'
 flfrkaials kï igkaldó kdhlhd úiska ;djld,sl wdKavqjla msysgqjk ,§'
 fuu md,kho Okjd§ka iu. lghq;= lsÍu ksid idudkH ck;djf.a iy fid,aodÿjkaf.a
n,dfmdfrd;a;= ì| jegqKs'
 1917 Tlaf;daïn¾ úma,jh
 f,kskaf.a fnda,afIúlajre fidaúhÜ uKav,h msysgqjd f.dú lïlre rdcHhla msysgqùug

lghq;= lsÍu'
 fukafIúlajrekag jvd fnda,afIúlajreg lïlrejka" f.dúhka yd fid,aodÿjkaf.a iyh
ysñùu'
 ù' whs f,kskaf.a ikakoaO Ng lKavdhï rcfha m%Odk uOHia:dk w,a,d .ekSu'
úma,jfha m%;sm,
 f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnda,afIúlajreka rchla msysgqùu'

 fnda,afIúla mlaIh fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh ùu'
 c¾uksh iuÕ mej;s hqoaOh wjikaùu'
 fm!oa.,sl bvï whs;hs wfydaislr f.dùkag bvï ,nd§u'
 l¾udka;Yd,d" nexl= yd .ukd.ukh cki;= lsÍu'
 id¾ md,kh wfydaislr fidaúhÜ iNd ksfhdacs;hska ;k;=re j,g m;a lsÍu'
 reishdj fidaúhÜ iudcjd§ iuQydKavq ix.uh f,i kï lsÍu'
 iudcjd§ o¾Ykh ls%hdjg kexùu'
 iudcjdoh f,dalh mqrd jHdma;ùu'

08' f,dal uyd ix.%du yd iïuq;Ska '

» jk f,dal uyd ix.%duh '
mej;s ld,h - ^ 1914 - 1918 & ish¨ uyoaùm lrd fuu hqoaOh jHdma; úh'
ix.%duhg n,mE fya;= '

 m%xYh yd c¾uksh i;=rka njg m;aùu'
 c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍfï§ Tfgda fjdka ìiaud¾la úiska f.k.sh úfoaY m%;m s ;a;sh ksid
m%xYh i;=re rdcHhla ùu'
 c¾uka wêrdcHhd jQ fojk ú,shï rcqf.a ls%hdl,dmh'
 ìiaud¾laf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;shg mgyeksj hg;aúcs; we;slr .ekSug hqoaO Yla;sh
j¾Okh lsÍu'
 hg;aúcs; i|yd jQ ;rÕh '
 hqfrdamd cd;Skalsysmhla hg;aúcs; ;kd ;snQ ksid c¾uksfha ksIamdok NdKav úlsKSug
m%foaY wEod.eksu' tu ksid wêrdcHjd§ka thg ìhúh'
 wú ;rÕh yd cd;sjdoh j¾Okh ùu'
 hqfrdamSh ÈhqKq rdcHhka wúwdhqO tla/ia lr.ekSu j¾Okh ùu'
 b;d,sh yd c¾uksh tlai;a rdcHhka ùu cd;Ska w;r .egqï we;s ùug n,mEfõh'
 ìiaud¾la wkq.ukh l< úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh '
 m%xYh hqfrdamfhka fldka lsÍu'
 c¾uksh ;u ñ;=rka f,i Tiaá%hdj" b;d,sh f;dard .;a w;r Tjqka uOHu n,j;=ka
f,i;a m%xYh" ì%;dkH" reishdj ñ;% n,j;=ka f,i;a ms,a folla ks¾udKh úh'
 Tiaá%hdfõ Tgqkak ysñ l=ureka >d;kh lsÍu'
 m%dkaia *¾äkkaâ yd Tyqf.a ìß| irdfhafjda w.kqjr§ >d;kh lsÍu'
 l=uka;%Klrejka bÈßm;a lrk f,i i¾ìhdfjka b,a,d isáh;a Tjqka th m%;slafIam lsÍu'
» jk f,dal ix.%dufha jHdma;sh '

 Tiaá%hdj i¾ìhdjg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu c¾uksh wkqu; lf<ah'
 reishdj i¾ìhdjg wdOdr ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍu'
 Tiaá%hdjg mlaIj c¾uksh 1914 wf.dai;= 01 jk Èk reishdjg úreoaOj hqoaOh m%ldY lf<ah'
 m%xYh reishdjg Woõ lrkq we;ehs is;+ c¾uksh m%xYhg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu'
 ì%;dkH c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu'
 c¾uksh yd ì%;dkH hk fomd¾Yjh w;r f.dvìï yd uqyqÿ .egqï we;súh'
 ïsgdkshd u.S kejg c¾uksh m%ydr t,a, lsÍu;a iuÕ wußldj ñ;% ms<g tl;= úh'
 b;d,sh uOHu n,j;=kaf.a msf,a isg fydrryfia ñ;% ms,g tl;=úh'
 ñ;% msf,a rgj,a m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ksid c¾uksh we;=¨ uOHu n,j;=ka miq neiSu'
 c¾uksh;=< wdydr w¾nqohla we;sùu ksid yuqodj yd uyckhd ;=< le<öula we;sùu'
 c¾uka kdúl yuqodj ler,s .id wêrdcHhd fkrmSh'
m%xYh
m<uq f,dal hqoaOhg ñ;% msf,a rgj,a ì%;dkHh
iïnkaO jQ rgj, weußldj
reishdj
uOHu n,j;=kaf.a Tiaá%hdj

rgj,a ;=¾lsh
n,af.aßhdj
yxf.aßhdj
b;d,sh ^wjidk wjia:dfõ§ ñ;% ms<g tl;=úh&

m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sm,'
 ñ;% n,j;=ka hqoaOh ch .ekSu'

 úYd, cSú; ixLHdjla yd foam, m%udKhla úkdY ùu'
 j¾fi,aia .súiqu we;s ùu'
 iyNd.S jQ kdhlhka
weußlka tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s - jqâfrda ú,aika
ì%;dkH w.ue;s - f,dhsâ fcda¾Ê
m%xY w.ue;s - laf,ukafIda
b;d,sfha w.ue;s - úlafgdaßfhda ´,ekafvda
 c¾ukshg ±ä o~qjï mekùu
 ñ;% ms<g jkaÈ uqo,a f.ùu'
 yuqodj yd wúwdhqO iSud mekùu'
 m%xYfhka w,a,d .;a we,aidia yd f,dfrkaia m%foaY kej; ,nd§u'
 hqfrdamfhka msg; c¾uksh i;= hg;a úcs; ñ;% ms<g ,nd§u'
 taldêm;s rdcdKavq ì|jeà ckj¾. mokï lr.;a ksoyia rdcH ks¾udKh ùu'
 f,dalfha wd¾Ólh ì|jeà weußldj yd ì%;dkHh f,dal n,j;=ka f,i bÈßhg meñKSu'
 cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla jk cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ìysùu'
cd;Skaf.a ix.uh '

wdrïNh - jqâfrda ú,aikaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka 1920 ckjdß 10 jk Èk rgj,a 42 l
iyNd.S;ajfhka fuu ix.uh msysgqjd .kakd ,§'
wruqKq
 cd;Hka;r .eg¨ iduldój úi|d .ekSu'
 ;j;a f,dal hqoaOhla we;sùu je<elaùu'
 cd;Hka;r wjfndaOh iy iyfhda.h f.dvke.Su'
 l=vd rdcHhkaf.a ksoyi yd iajdëka;jh wdrlaId lsÍu'
iduh i|yd ±rE m%h;ak'

 iaùvkh yd mska,ka;h" c¾uksh yd fmda,ka;h" .S%ish yd n,af.aßhdj"
brdkh yd ;=¾lsh w;r we;sjQ hqo .egqï je<elaùu'
 irKd.;hka mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd ueÈy;aj lghq;= lsÍu'
 kS;s úfrdaë jy,a fjf<|du yd u;aÞjH fjf<|du wvmK lsÍu'
wid¾:l ùug fya;='
 n,j;a cd;Ska idudcsl;ajfhka bj;a ùu'

 mrdcs; cd;Ska fkdi<ld yeÍu'
 f,dal iduh mj;ajdf.k hdfï wruqKq ì|jeàu'
 fldkafoais W,a,x>kh l<úg Bg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug fkdyelsùu'
 cd;Hka;r yuqodjla fkd;sîu'

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh '

ye|skaùu
 m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufha m%;sm, ;=<ska fojk f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN ùu'
 1933 § ysÜ,¾ c¾uksfha kdhlhd njg m;aùu'
 hqoaOhg tx.,ka;h iyNd.S ùu;a iuÕ hg;aúcs; lrdo hqoaOh jHdma; ùu'
 fojk f,dal hqoaOh 1939 iema;eïn¾ isg 1945 wf.daia;= olajd ld,h ;=< isÿúh'
fojk f,dal hqoaOhg ;=vqÿka fya;='
 c¾uksfha ffjud¾ iuQydKavqfõ ÿ¾j,;d'

 wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾ c¾uksfha n,h ,nd .ekSu'
 ysÜ,¾f.a kÜisjdoh ;=<ska hqfoõ cd;slhka ixydrh lsÍu'
 b;d,sfha fnksfgda uqfida,kS f.k.sh meisiaÜjdoh'
 cmdkfha ksIamdok úlsKSug wêrdcHhla f.dvkÕd .ekSfï wjYH;djh'
 cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha ÿ¾j,;d '
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha jHdma;sh'
 ysÜ,¾ úiska Tiaáh% dj" iqfvka,ka;h" fpfldiaf,dajelshdj yd fmda,ka;h jeks m%foaY

wdl%uKh lsÍu'
 1939 iema;eïn¾ 01 jk Èk fmda,ka;h wdl%uKh l, w;r thg m%;spdr jYfhka
ì%;dkH yd m%xYh c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu'
 ysÜ,¾ kj hqoaO Wml%u Ndú;d lsÍu'
 1940 § fkda¾fõ " fvkaud¾lh" ´,kaoh" fn,acshu fukau m%xYfha meßia olajd ysÜ,¾
wdl%uKh lsÍu'
 b;d,sfha uqfida,kSo m%xYfha m%foaY wdl%uKh lsÍu'
 m%xYh mrdch ùu;a iuÕ ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾ú,a Wml%uYS,Sj ì%;dkHhka iy
hg;aúcs; ck;dj c¾ukshg úreoaOj fm< .eiaùh'
 cmdkh wdishd;sl rgj,a wdl%uKh lsÍu'
 weußld tlai;a ckmoh hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu'
 1941 fkdjeïn¾ 7 jk Èk cmdkh m¾,a jrdhg fndaïn oud úkdY lsÍu'
 tu ksid weußldkq ckdêm;s *arEkala,ska rEiafj,a cmdkhg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu'
 c¾uksh ì%;dkHhkag .=jka m%ydr t,a, l< kuq;a th wid¾:l úh'
 c¾uksh reishdj wdl%uKh l<;a Wml%uYS,Sj reishka r;= yuqodj th
md,kh lf<ah'
weußldj
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha md¾Yjlrejka ñ;% n,j;=ka m%xYh
ì%;dkH
reishdj
c¾uksh
wlaI n,j;=ka b;d,sh
^wdl%uKsl n,j;=ka & cmdkh

c¾uksh hg;a ùu'
 reishdj úiska c¾uka yuqodj mrdch lrñka c¾uksh foig yuqodj fufyhùu'
 m%xY yd weußldkq fiakdj ngysßka m%ydr t,a, lsÍu'
 ñ;% yuqodj n¾,ska kqjr olajdu meñKSu ksid ysÜ,¾ we;=¨ ks,OdÍka rdYshla ishÈú kid
.ekSu'
 1945 uehs udifha § c¾uksh fldkafoais úrys;j hg;aúh'
cmdkh hg;aùu'
 1942 jk úg ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj yer ol=Kq yd w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl rgj,a hg;aúh'

 1942' 04" 05 yd 07 fld<Ug yd ;s%l=Kdu,hg cmdkh fndaïn ±óu'
 cmdkhg ñ;% mdlaIsl yuqodj ±ä m%ydr t,a, lrñka hg;a jk f,i ksfõokh lf<ah'
 th cmdkh m%;slafIam l< ksid 1945 wf.daia;= 06 ysfrdaIsudjgo wf.daia;= 09 kd.idls
k.rhgo weußldj úiska mrudKq fndaïn fy<k ,§'
 1945 wf.daia;= 14 jk Èk ysfrdaysf;da wêrdcHhd fldkafoais úrys;j ñ;% ms<g hg;a ùu;a
iuÕ fojk f,dal hqoaOh wjika úh'
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sm, '
 wlaI ms< mrdchg m;aùu'

 f,dalh mqrd udkj iïm;a yd fN!;sl iïm;a úkdY ù hdu'
 hqfoõjka úyd, m%udKhla jOld.dr ;=< urd ±óu'
 mrudKq fndaïnfha Nhdkl m%;m s , wkd.; mrïmrdjg w;aú|Sug isÿùu'
 ì%;dkH yd m%xY wêrdcH mßydkshg m;aùu yd hg;aúcs; j,g ksoyi ,eîu'
 mrdcs; rgj,a kÕd isgqùug weußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska ud¾I,a ie,eiaula
y÷kajd §u'
 Okjd§ yd iudcjd§ f,i n, l|jqre folla f,dalh ;=< ks¾udKh ùu'
 weußldj yd reishdj m%odk lrf.k f,dalfha iS;, hqoaOhla ks¾udKh ùu'
 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ks¾udKh ùu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh '

wdrïNh
 cd;Skaf.a ix.uhg jvd Yla;su;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhl wjYH;dj u;=ùu'

 1941 w;a,ka;sla m%{ma;sh we;s lrk ,§'
 1945 Tlaf;daïn¾ 24 jk Èk ieka m%ekaisiaflda iuq¿fõ§ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh
ks, jYfhka wkqu; lsÍu'
 wdrïNfha§ idudcsl rgj,a 50 ls'
wruqKq
 cd;Hka;r iduh" wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.h mj;ajd f.k hdu'

 j¾K" ,sx. yd wd.ï fNaoh fkd;ld ñksia whs;j s dislï j,g .re lsÍu'
 wruqKq imqrd .ekSu i|yd cd;Skaf.a uq,ia:dkhla ls%hd;aul ùu'

tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkfha jHQyh'

fuys m%Odk wdh;k 06 ls'
1 uyd uKav,h 2 wdrlaIl uKav,h 3 wd¾Ól yd iudc uKav,h

4 Ndrldr uKav,h 5 cd;Hka;r wêlrKh 6 uyf,alï uKav,h
uyd uKav,h'
 tlai;a cd;skaf.a ish¨ idudcsl rgj,a fuhg wh;a fõ'
 idudcsl ixLHdj 193 hs '
 iEu wjqreoaolu iema;eïn¾ ui ieisjdr meje;afõ '
 ieu idudcsl rglgu tla Pkaohla ysñfõ'
ld¾hh yd n,;,
 wka;¾cd;sl iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg wod< m%Yak idlÉPd lsÍu'
 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a whjeh i<ld n,d wkqu; lsÍu'
 wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY u; uyf,alï" wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhg úksYaphldrjre
m;a lsÍu yd kj idudcslhka n|jd .ekSu'
wdrlaIl uKav,h'
 idudcsl rgj,a 15 ls
 ks;H idudcsl rgj,a 05 ls weußldj
reishdj
tlai;a rdcOdksh
m%xYh
Ökh
 wksla idudcsl rgj,a 10 ys idudcsl;ajh jir follg j;djla fjkia fõ'
 ks;H idudcsl rgj,a 05 g ksfYaO n,h ysñ fõ'
 ksfYaO n,h hkq fhdackdjkag tla rgla úreoaO jqjfyd;a tu fhdackdj
iïu; fkdfõ'
ld¾hh yd n,;,
 iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckh úh yels .egqï ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg n,d ks¾foaY bÈßm;a
lrhs'
 wdl%uKslfhl=g úreoaOj wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu yd hqO n,h fhoùu'
wd¾Ól yd iudcSh uKav,h '

 fuys idudcsl ixLHdj 54 ls
 idudcsl ld,h wjqreÿ 3 ls
wruqKq
f,dal m%cdjf.a wd¾Ól" iudcsl" ixialD;sl" wOHdmksl yd fi!LH wxY jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh

wkqnoaO wdh;k cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,
f,da; fi!LH ixúOdkh
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud wruqo,
Ndrldr uKav,h '
o tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh msysg jQ wjêfha Ndrldr rdcH 11 la úh'
o 1994 j¾Ih jk úg ish¨ m%foaY iajdëk;ajhla ,enqKs'

cd;Hka;r wêlrKh '
 fko¾,ka;fha fya.a kqjr msysgd we;'

 idudcsl rgj, wêlrK lafIa;%j, by<u ;k;=re ork wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ms<sn|
úfYaI{hka w;ßka úksYaphldrjre f;dard .kq ,nhs'
ld¾hhka
 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdh;k j,g wjYH kS;s Wmfoia ,nd§u'
 idudcsl rgj,a w;r mek kÕsk wdrjq,a iïnkaOj kS;suh úi÷ula ,nd§u'
uyf,alï ld¾hd,h''
 m%Odk mßmd,kh ld¾hd,h ksõfhdala kqjr msysgd we;'

 m%Odkshd uyf,alïjrhdhs'
 wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaYh u; jir 05 ld, iSudjlg uyf,alïjrhd m;alr .kS'
 j¾;udk uyf,alïjrhd jkafka wkaf;daksfhda .=gf¾iah'
 cd;hka;r iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ydks fõ hehs is;k ´kEu m%Yakhla wdrlaIl
uKav,hg bÈßm;a lsÍug n,h we;'
f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh .;a m%h;ak'
 mrudKq fndaïn md,kh lsÍug mrudKq n,Yla;s fldñiu msysgù q u'

 iS;, hqoaOh fyj;a ksrú hqoaO hgf;a .egqï we;s ùug .sh wjia:d k;r lsÍu'
 iQjia w¾nqoh
 .,a*a w¾nqoh
 lshqndkq ñihs, w¾nqoh
f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .;yels ls%hdud¾. '
 wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu'

 kHIaál wú;ekSu iSud lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'
 idu idOl yuqod fhoùu'

f,dal uyd ix.%du

f,dal ye|skaùu iyNd.S jQ f,dal hqoaO f,dal hqoaO j, f,dal hqoaO j,
hqoaOh rgj,a we;sùug fya;= jHdma;sh m%;sm,
1 jk 1871 § c¾uksh ñ;% ms, hg;aúcs; msysgqjd Tiaá%hdfõ l=ure ñ;% ms, ch
f,dal tlai;a ù m%xYh .ekSfï >d;kh lsÍu ksid .ekSu'
hqoaOh hqfrdamd ì%;dkH ì;dkHhka yd Tiaá%hdj úiska
1914- n,j;=ka reishdj c¾uka i¾ìhdj wdl%uKh úYd, cSú;
1918 w;rg weußldj wêrdcHjd§kaf.a lsÍu' ixLHdjla yd
tl;=ùu' .S%ish n, wr.,h foam,
b;d,sh i¾ìhdjg reishdj m%udKhla
m%xYh ^ miqj & hqfrdamfha n, wOdr lsÍu yd úkdY ùu'
hqfrdamfha l|jqre folla Tiaá%hdjg c¾uksh
yqfol,d uOHu f.dvke.Su' wdOdr lsÍu' j¾fi,aia
lrñka n,j;=ka .súiqu we;sùu'
c¾uksh ñ;% hqO wú ;rÕh yd ñ;% ms, yd uOHu
in|;d ;r lr c¾uksh hqO udkisl;ajh n,j;=ka w;r c¾ukshg
.ekSu' Tiaá%hdj ks¾udKh lsÍu' f.dvìï yd uqyqÿ o~qjï
n,af.aßhdj igka w;sùu' meñKùu'
c¾uksh wjg ;=¾lsh wdikak;u
m%foaY fya;=j Tiaá%hdfõ ïsgdkshd kej ksoyia
wdl%uKh Tgqkak ysñ l=ure msmsÍu;a iuÕ rdcHhka
lsÍu;a iuÕ >d;kh lsÍu' weußldj ñ;% ms,g ks¾udKh ùu'
hqoaOh wdrïN tl;=ùu'
ùu' cd;Skaf.a
c¾uksh ;=< wdydr ix.uh
w¾nqohla we;sùu' msysgqùu'
1918 c¾uksh
mrdcs;hka njg
m;aùu'
2 jk m<uq f,dal ñ;% ms, c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ kÜisjdoh ñ;% ms,

f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sm, m%xYh ffjud¾ Ndú;d lrñka ch.ekSu'
hqoaOh ;=<ska fojk ì%;dkHh iuQydKavqfõ fldñhqksiaÜjdoh
1939 - f,dal hqoaOh reishdj ÿ¾j,;d u¾okh lrñka úYd, cSú;
1945 j¾Okh úh' weußldj rdcHhka wdl%uKh ixLHdjla yd
j¾fi,aia lsÍu' foam,
c¾ukshg w;a wlaI .súiqfï ÿ¾j,;d m%udKhla
jQ wmlS¾;sh n,j;=ka 1939 § c¾uksh úkdY ù .sh
uld .ekSu ysÜ,¾f.a foaYSh fmda,ka;h w;r th
i|yd c¾uksh yd úfoaYSh wdl%uKh lsÍu wkd.;
ysÜ,¾f.a b;d,sh m%;sm;a;s uÕska ñ;% ms, hqoaO mrïmrdjgo
kdhl;ajfhka cmdkh m%ldY lsÍu' n,mEu'
c¾uka cd;sh hqfojqjka yd
f.dvkeÕSu' meisiaÜjdoh c¾uksh fõ.fhka ì%;dkHfha
u¾okh lsßu' wjg m%foaY m%xYfha
ysÜ,¾f.a wdl%uKh lsßu' hg;aúcs;
cd;sjdoh yd hqfrdamh ;=< n, rgj,a j,g
m%foaY l|jqre ks¾udKh b;d,sh c¾uksfha ksoyi ,eîu'
wdl%uKh ùu' iyhg meñKSu'
lsÍu ;=<ska weußldj
m%xYh yd wdikak;u úkaiagka p¾ú,af.a udI,a ie,eiau
ì%;dkH fya;=j ysÜ,¾ Wml%uYS,S ls%hd;aul
c¾ukshg fmda,ka;hg myr kdhl;ajh lsÍu'
úreoaOj hqoaO §u'
m%ldY lsÍu'

cmdkh wdishd;sl f,dalfha

rgj,a wdl%uKh Okjd§ yd
lrñka m¾,a iudcjd§ n,
jrdhg myr §u' l|jqre folla
wefußldj hqoaO ks¾udKh ùu'
m%ldY lsÍu'
tlai;a
c¾uksh reishdj cd;Skaf.a
wdl%uKh lsÍu ixúOdkh
wid¾:l ùu' ks¾udKh ùu'
c¾uksh mrdchg
m;aùu'
cmdkh mrdchg
m;aùu'
f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j

úma,jh fmr mej;s ;;ajh úma,jhg n,mE fya;= úma,jfha jHdma;sh úma,jfha m%;sm,
weußlka foaY.fõIKfha ì%;dkHhka Tjqkag 1763 ka miq ksoyia weußld tlai;a

úma,jh m%;sm,hla f,i jdis jk kS;sÍ;s igk j¾Okh ùu' ckmoh kï
1763 - weußldj fidhd ieliSu' iajdëk rdcH
1776 .ekSu' ksfhdackhlaa ks¾udKh ùu'
weußlka wd¾Ólhg ke;skï nÿ;a ke;
wfußldj ;=, ì%;dkHhka úiska iSud uQ,sl ñksia
ÈhqKq YsIagdpdr mekùu' úfrdaO;d we;sùu' whs;sjdislï
mej;Su' ms<sn|j f,djmqrd
ì%;dkHhka úiska fndiagka f;a idoh Wkkaÿ ùu'
hqfrdamd cd;Ska weußldkqjkaf.ka
ckmo ks¾udKh wêl nÿ whlsÍu' m%:u uyoaùmsl ,sÅ; ikaëh
lsÍu' iïfï,kh wdKavql%u
weußldkqjka ksoyi jHjia:djla
ì%;dkH ckmo w.h lsÍu' fcda¾Ê ks¾udKh ùu'
13la ks¾udKh fjdIskagkaf.a
lsÍu' kdhl;ajfhka
.egqï we;sùu'
1776 cQ,s 04 ksoyia

m%ldYh ksl=;a
lsÍu'
m%xY hqfrdamfha ÈhqKq foaYmd,kh ÿ¾j, wdKavqfõ uqo,a uQ,sl ñksia

úma,jh rdcHhla f,i ùu' w¾nqoh whs;sjdislï
1789 mej;Su' ms<sn| Wkkaÿ
idudkH ck;dj iafÜÜ fckr,a ùu'
nq¾fndaka rdcjxYh uqyqK mE ÿIalr;d iNdj le|jd
md,k lghq;= fkd;sîu' 1791 §
lsÍu' m%N+ mka;shg muKla whs;sjdislï
ish¨ jrm%ido ysñ fgksia msáfha ms<sn| m%ldYhla
hg;aúcs; we;slr ùu' Èjqreu bÈßm;a ùu'
.ksñka n,j;a
rdcHla f,i f.dùkaf.ka wêl nÿ 1789 cQ,s 04 m%xY rdcdKavqj
j¾Okh ùu' wh lsÍu' neiaà,hg myr ì|jeàu'

§u'
16 jk ¨ù rcq NdKavd.drh ysia ù 1799 §
ÿ¾j, md,lfhla ;sîu' 16 j, ¨ù rcq yd kefmda,shka
ùu' ìij urKhg m;s fndkmdÜ n,h
od¾Yksl u;jdo lsÍu' ,nd .ekSu'
reishka f,dj f.dvìï ¥Is; taldêm;s 1905 § rdcH úfrdaë fnda,afIúla

úma,jh j,ska 6$1 la jQ rdcdKavq l%uhla le/,a,la we;sùu' mlaIh
1917 reishdj úYd, mej;Su' fldñhqksiaÜ
wêrdcHhla úh' ler,slrejkag mlaIh njg
id¾ md,kh úiska kdúl yuqodjo m;aùu'
id¾ md,khla wêl nÿ wh lsÍu' tlaùu'
mej;sfha' 1 jk f,dal
f.dú ck;dj jeä 1917 ud¾;= úma,jh hqoaOfhka reishdj
jevjiï iudc ùu ksid jevjiï bj;a ùu'
l%uhla mej;=Ks' l%uh ls%hd;aul ùu' rcqg isyiqk wysñ
lr flfrkaialsf.a fm!oa.,sl bvï
f.dùka yd f.dùkag wêl nÿ kdhl;ajfhka whs;sh wfydais
lïlrejka jeä f.ùug isÿùu' ;djld,sl lsÍu'
msßi úh' wdKavqjla msysgqùu'
w;HjYH NdKav j, l¾udka;Yd,d
1 jk f,dal ñ, by< hdu' 1917 Tlaf;daïn¾ cki;= lsÍu'
hqoaOhg iïnkaO úma,jh
úh' reishdj fidaúhÜ
f,kskaf.a iudcjd§
kdhl;ajfhka iuQydKavqj f,i
ler,s we;sùu' kï lsÍu'
f,kska kj iudcjd§ o¾Ykh

wdKavqjla ls%hdjg kexùu
ks¾udKh lsÍu' yd f,dj mqrd
jHdma; ùu'

LD ÑL Úma, JH 1750 - 1850 &: 11 Fy%Aksh - B Sydih Flá Igyka

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LD ÑL Úma, JH 1750 - 1850 &: 11 Fy%Aksh - B Sydih Flá Igyka

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11 fY%aKsh - b;sydih flá igyka

01 ld¾ñl úma,jh ^ 1750 - 1850 &

ld¾ñl úma,jh hkq '''''''''''''

ld¾ñl úma,jh tx.,ka;fha wdrïN ùug n,mE fya;='

wNHka;r yd ndysr foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh jevjiï l%uh

hg;a úcs; we;slr wdl,am yd kj

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 47

ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%fndaOh'

j¾Okh jQ lafIa;% .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h ^ bkaOkhla f,i &

hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h

fmaI l¾udka;h ;=< we;s jQ kj fidhd .ekSï'

j¾Ih ksmojQ hka;%fha ku myiq jQ ld¾h

1764 fÊïia yd.S%õia fckS hka;h

1769 ßpâ wdlarhsÜ c, rduqj fõ.j;aj kQ,a leàug yels ùu'

1779 ieuqfj,a ñhq,a hka;%h ishqï yd Yla;u

1785 tâukaâ mj¾¨ï ;dlaIKsl f,i lmq leàu'

hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h'

 ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr isg ì%;dkH ;=< hlv Ndú;d lf<ah'

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 48

hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;hg tl;= jQ hka;% iQ;%

 fmaI l¾udka;hg yd wksl=;a l¾udka;Yd,d j,g wjYH hlv tx.,ka;h ;=<u

.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h'

.,a wÕ=re nyq, f,i mej;s ì%;dkH m%foaY fhdalaIh¾

wdlr ;=< tl;= jQ c,h bj;a lsÍu'

.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg t,a, wdlr m;=f<a úI jdhq ;sîu'

wdlr ;=<g msßisÿ jd;h f.k hdu'

.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg tl;= jQ hka;% iQ;%

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 49

.,a ;dr ^uelvï l%uhg & wek,sï kï ;Ska;

.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;fha

T!IO" iqj| ú,jqka" f;,a fmdfydr

ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh'

m%jdyk lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqj'

m%jdyk lafIa;%fha ksIamdok

j¾Ih ksmojQ ksIamdokfha myiq jQ ld¾h

1811 fykaß fn,a ÿï kej uyoaùm yryd .ukd.ukh fõ.j;aùu

1885 fvï,¾ fudag¾ r:h u.S m%jdykh blauka úh'

1903 rhsÜ .=jka hdkh wyiskao .uka lsÍug yelsùu'

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 50

ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqj

uydmßudK f.dúìï wdrïN ùu'

YIH udre l%uh '

kj lDIsld¾ñl l%u yd WmlrK'

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 51

ld¾ñl úma,jh fjk;a rgj,a lrd jHdma; ùu'

 wv ishjila ;rï ld,hla ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHg muKla iSudúh'

ck.ykh by< hdu

NdKav j,g ;snQ b,a¨u

ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdma; ùug m%jdyk lghq;= j, j¾Okh

ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdma; jQ rgj,a Tiaá%hdj

weußlka ckmo ^ksoyig fmr &

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 52

 ld¾ñl úma,jh mokï lr .ksñka tu rgj, foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudcSh fjkialï

 ld¾ólrKh mq¿,a ùu isÿ jQ w;r ta ;=<ska fjf<| yd jdKsc lghq;= we;sùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mEu

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ඇල්පිටිය Page 53

furg m%jdyk wxYfha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj