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LD ÑL Úma, JH 1750 - 1850 &: 11 Fy%Aksh - B Sydih Flá Igyka
LD ÑL Úma, JH 1750 - 1850 &: 11 Fy%Aksh - B Sydih Flá Igyka
tx.,ka;h uq,a lr.ksñka hqfrdamfha wdrïN jQ ;dlaIKsl mßj¾;kh miqj wksl=;a uyoaùm
j,go jHdma; úh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudcSh fjkialï we;s lf<ah'
ì%;dkHh ;=<
m%jdyk myiqlï ld¾ñl úma,jh
jHdma;ùu ìysùug n,mE Okj;=ka isàu
fya;=
ck.yk j¾Okh
nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k
wuqÞjH nyq,ùu
1733 fcdaka fla ÿjk kvdj frÈ úùu ;rula fõ.j;a úh'
z óg wu;rj t,súÜks - fldÜka cska " t,shia f.dafõ - frÈ ueiSfï hka;%h jeks
hka;% fidhd .ekSu'
z n, Yla;shla f,i c,h uÕska ls%hd;aul l< yels c, rduqj tl;= ùu;a iuÕ frÈ úùu
fõ.j;a úh' ^ fuh ksjfia ;eìh fkdyels jQ ksid c,h ,nd .; yels úYd,
l¾udka;Yd,d f,i ksßudKh úh'&
z n, Yla;shla f,i .,a w.=re yd jdIam n,h fhdod .ekSu;a iuÕ fmaI l¾udka;h kj
u.lg fhduq úh'
z fuu kj fidhd .ekSï ksid tx.,ka;fha f,dï frÈ l¾udka;hg jvd lmq frÈ
l¾udka;h ÈhqKQ úh'
ksmo jQ
j¾Ih mqoa.,hdf.a hka;%fha ku
ku myiq jQ ld¾h
1784 fykaß fldaÜ frda,¾ hka;%h hmia j, wmÞjH bj;a lsÍu'
;e,sh yels hlv fyj;a moï l< hlv
ksmoùu'
1856 fykaß fíiu¾ jdfka ksmoùfï hlv j, wmÞjH bj;a lsÍfï kj l%uhla
Wÿk fidhd .ekSu'
1860 ú,shï iSukaia újD; Wÿka l%uh Wiia ;;ajfha jdfka ksmoùu'
msßisÿ hlv ksmoùu'
1878 ú,shï iSukaia úÿ,s Wÿk hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h YS>% f,i ÈhqKq
úh'
,ekaleIh¾
fkdaoïn¾,kaâ
.,a wÕ=re nyq, ùu ksid hka;% iQ;% ls%hdlrùug n,Yla;shla f,i fhdod.; yelsùu'
jdIam tkacsu ksmoùu;a iuÕ ksjdi yd l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< .,a wÕ=re jeä jYfhka
Ndú;d lsÍu'
b,a¨ug wkqj iemhqu ,ndfok úg .,a wÕ=re m;,a b;d .eUqrg lemSug isÿúh'
túg wNsfhda.;d /ilg uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ w;r tu wNsfhda. ch .ekSug kj fidhd
.ekSï isÿ jQ ksid .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h j¾Okh úh'
1735 f;dauia jdIam tkacsu wdlr ;=< ;sfnk c,h k< uÕska bj;a lsÍu
ksõflduka yd jd;h lD;su f,i isis,a lsÍu'
1736 fÊïia fjdÜ úêu;a jdIam ish¨ l¾udka;Yd,d j,g fhdod .; yelsùu'
tkacsu
1812 yïms% fâõ wdrlaIl wdrlaIs;j ,dïmqj wdlr ;=<g wdf,dalh f.k
1815 ,dïmqj hdug yels ùu'
jdIam tkacsu yd wdrlaIs; ,dïmqj fidhd .ekSu;a iuÕ m;,a yEÍu blaukaùu yd ta
wdYs%; wNsfhda. /ila ch.; yelsùu'
1839 § hlv flan,a lïì fhdod.ekSu ksid wdlr ;=< isg blaukska .,a wÕ=re
f.dv.ekSug yelsùu' 1844 § m;,a j, fiajhg ldka;djka yd <uqka fhdod .ekSu ;ykï
úh'
jir mkyla muK ì%;dkHg muKla iSud jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj 19jk ishjfia§ wksl=;a
rgj,a lrdo jHdma; úh'
ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu m%jdykh" ikaksfõokh" ldIsl¾udka;h hk wxY j, ÈhqKqjla
we;s lf<ah'
1814 fcda¾Ê iaàjkaia ÿïßh tkacsu NdKav jeä m%udKhla tljr m%jdykh l<
yelsùu'
1807 frdnÜ mq,agka ÿï fndaÜgqj .x.d yd we< ud¾.j, m%jdykh blauka úh'
^ weußldj &
uq,a wjêfha ì%;dkH ;=< mej;s ;eme,a l%uh fkdÈhqKq iy úhoï wêl l%uhla úh'
1840 § fmkS ;eme,a fiajh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ ì%;dkHfha ´kEu ;eklg ,sms heùug
úhoï jQfha mekaihla muKs'
ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ ia:dk folla w;r blaukska mKsjqv yqjudre lr .ekSug 1844 §
ieuqfj,a fudaia úiska úÿ,s mKsjqv l%uh fidhd .kakd ,§'
1876 § wef,laiekav¾ .%eyeïfn,a úiska flan,a uÕska lgy~ska woyia yqjudre lr
.ekSug ÿrl:kh ksmojk ,§'
1895 § .=.a,s ud¾fldaks úiska úÿ,s ;rx. Ndú;d lrñka .=jka úÿ,s hka;h
% ks¾udKh
lsÍu'
1926 oS fcdaka f,d.S fnhdâ úiska rEmjdysksh ksmoùu;a iuÕ ld¾ñl Ndkav m%pdrK
lghq;= isÿl< yelsúh'
lDIsl¾udka;fha ÈhqKqj'
jevjiï l%ufha isá m%fõKsodifhda k.rj,g meñKSu ksido bvï ysñ mqoa.,hka
l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN lsÍu ksido f.dúìï md¨úh'
k.r ;=< lïlre ck;dj jeä ùu;a iuÕ wdydr wjYH;djho jeäúh'
tu wdydr wjYH;djh imqrd,Su i|yd ld¾ñl úma,jfhka fidhd.;a kj hka;% iQ;%
fhdod .ksñka f.dúìï wiajeoaoùu fya;=fjka lDIsl¾udka;h ;=< ÈhqKqjla we;súh'
l=vdjg ;snQ bvï tla lrñka úYd, f.dúìï ks¾udKh lsÍu' th bvï fldgq lsÍfï
jHdmdrh f,i y÷kajhs'
úYd, f.dúìï fldgia ;=klg fnod j.d lsÍu ;=<ska jeä wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug
yelsùu yd f,vfrda. wju lr .ekSug yelsùu'
f.dúìï j, tla fldgil m%Odk fnda.ho fojeks fldgfia w;=re fnda.ho ;=kajeks
fldgfia lsisÿ fnda.hla j.d fkdlr w;ayer ouk ,§' fuh YIH udre l%uh f,i
yÿkajkq ,eîh'
w;=re fnda.h
mqrka jq m%Odk
ìu fnda.h
fcdaka frdag,a úiska wYajhka nÈk ,o k.=,a j,ska fma<shg jemsÍfï l%uh fidhd
.ekSu;a iuÕ wvq îc m%udKhlska jeä wiajekakla .; yelsúh'
i;aj md,kh ;=<o ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka frdnÜ nelafj,a úiska neg¨ j¾.
wìckkh lsÍu fidhd .;af;ah'
1800 § .=jdfkda fmdfydr fidhd.ekSu;a iuÕ ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk
ksIamdok jeä lsÍu ;=<ska lDIsl¾udka;fha kj fmr<shla isÿúh'
m%xYh
c¾uksh
fn,acshu
yxf.aßhdj
m%Ishdj
cmdkh
YS% ,xldj
ld¾ólrKfha m%;sM,
foaYmd,k fjkialï'
uqo,a wdfhdackh lrkq ,nk Okm;s mka;shla yd Y%uh úl=Kd cSj;a jk ks¾Ok mka;shla
ìysùu'
Okm;Ska úYd, ,dN ,nd.;a w;r Y%ñlhkaf.a cSjk ;;ajh my; jegqKs'
Y%uhg iß,k jegqmla iy iqnidOk myiqlï b,a,d lïlre igka we;súh'
Okm;s - lïlre .egqï" jD;a;Sh ix.ï ìysùu" fiajl jevj¾ck" whs;sjdislï i|yd
igka we;súh'
fuys m%;sM,h jQfha ,snr,ajdoh yd iudcjd§ foaYmd,k o¾Yk we;sùuhs'
wd¾Ól fjkialï'
iudc fjkialï
ksIamdok NdKav ksIamdokh wêl ùu ;=< ±ßh yels ñ,lg ck;djg ñ,§ .;yelsùu'
l¾udka;Yd,d j, úYd, /lshd fjf<|fmd<la we;sùu'
.%dóh ck;dj kd.ÍlrKhg uqiqùu'
mka;s iys; iudchla ìysùu'^ bvï ysñ Okj;=ka yd uOHu mka;sl jHdmdr
ysñhka"lïlrejka f,i &
l¾udka; ysñhka fiajlhskag wvq jegqmla f.jd Tjqka iqfLdamfNda.S cSú;hla .; lsÍu'
ia;S%kag yd <uqkag b;d wvq myiqlï hgf;a meh 12 - 14 la muK fiajh lsÍug isÿùu'
wvq ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï iys; uqvqlal= ksjdi fma<s j, fiajlhkag cSj;aùug isÿùu'
jdhq ¥IKh yd c, ¥IKh we;sùu'
ì%;dkHfha hg;aúcs;hlaj mej;s YS% ,xldj ;=< ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu we;súh'
furg j;= j.dj wdrïN l< w;r ^ fldams" f;a" " rn¾ " fmd,a & ta i|yd hka;% iQ;%
furgg meñKSu'
1804 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd fldams flàug fuda<la wdrïN lsÍu'
f;a úh<Sfï isg j¾. lsÍu yd wmkhkh olajd jQ ls%hdj,sh hka;% uÕska isÿ lsÍu'
rn¾ ksIamdokhg wjYH hka;% iQ;% iú lsÍu'
1885 uelvï l%uh ,xldjg y÷kajd §u'
;eme,a fiajh
iudcSh fjkialï
mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoaiska fmrÈ. ;=<ska by< wd¾Ól ,dNhla ,nk ÿgq bx.S%iska wdishdjg
wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§'
bx.S%iSka yd m%xYjre w;r fnx.d, fndlal wdYs%; m%foaY j, .egqï we;s jQ wjia:d j,§
;s%l=Kdu, jrdh jeo.;a ùu'
;s%l=Kdu, jrdh flfrys bx.S%iSkaf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq ùug n,mE lreKq lsysmhls' tkï"
;s%l=Kdu,h jrdh fnx.d, fndlalg uqyqK,d msyg s d ;sîu'
bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjrf<a bx.S%is kdúl n,h /l.ekSug fuu jrdfha msysàu
jeo.;aùu'
BidkÈ. fudaiï iq<x ld,fha keõ wdrlaId lr .ekSug ;s%l=Kd,u jrdh fhdod
.; yelsùu'
wn,ka keõ w¨;ajeähd l< yels jrdhla ùu'
;s%l=Kdu, jrdh m%xYjreka w;g m;ajqjfyd;a th ;ukag wjdisodhl nj bx.S%iSka ±k
isáfhah'
YS% ,xldfõ l=re÷ fjf<|dfï taldêldrh ;uka w;g .ekSug bx.S%iSkag wjYHúh'
bx.S%iSka Wvrg rdcH w;r ¥; iïnkaO;d lsysmhla isÿù we;'
1762 fcdaka mhsnia lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd .ekSug
rcq
1795 frdnÜ rdcdêrdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka i;= n,fldgq w,a,d .ekSfï§ Wvrg
wekavDDia rcqf.a iyh ,nd .ekSu'
1789 m%xY úma,jfhka miq m%xY yuqodj 1794 § ´,kaoh wdl%uKh lsÍu'
miajk ú,shï rcq ,jd bx.S%iSkag jdisodhl jk f,i ,smshla ,shjd .ekSu' ^ th lsõ ,smsh kï
fõ &
1795 § tu ,smsh furg ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd jQ *ka tx.,afnla g ,nd ÿka kuq;a Tyq th
ms<sfkd.ekSu'
1795 wf.daia;= udifha§ ;s%l=Kdu, jrdh w,a,d .ekSu' bka wk;=rej uq,;sõ" fmaÿre;=vqj" hdmkh"
ukakdru hk n,fldgq w,a,d .ekSu'
1796 fmnrjdß udih jk úg fld<U yd .d,a, n,fldgq we;=¿ ,kafoaiSka i;= YS% ,xldfõ ish¨
m%foaY bx.S%iSka hg;g m;aùu'
frisvkaÜjrhd
iyhg
iyhg
iud.ug úhoï jQ uqo, blaukska mshjd .eksug kj nÿ mkjd tajd tl;= lsÍug fuu
md,k l%uh ls%hd;aul lf<ah'
uÿrdis ks,OdÍka furg NdIdj" ixialD;sh yd iïm%odhka fkdi<ld yßñkA nÿ tl;=
lsÍu ksid uyck;dj iuÕ .egqï we;súh'
bx.S%is md,khg úreoaOj my;rg le/,a,la ks¾udKh úh'
fmd,a.ia noao" ¨Kq noao" ud¿ noao" ÿïfld< noao jeks kj nÿ we;s lsÍu'
nÿ f.ùug isÿ jQfha uqo,a uÕsks' ^ ck;dj mqreÿ ù isáfha NdKav uÕska nÿ f.ùugh &
le/,a, u¾okh lsÍfuka wk;=rej fldñiula m;a l< w;r th o ñhqrka fldñiu kï
úh'
1798 isg 1802 olajd oaú;aj md,khla ls%hd;aul úh' tkï lsÍgh yd fjf<| iud.ï tlaj
md,kh lsÍuhs'
furg mßmd,kh yd foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùug wdKavqldr OQrhla we;s lrñka
f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;a lsÍu'
;jÿrg;a wdodhï tl;= lsÍug iud.ug n,h ,nd §u yd wdKavqldrjrhdg Wmfoia
,nd§u isÿúh'
oaú;aj md,kh wid¾:l ùu ksid 1802 § lsÍgfha md,kh hg;g uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,nd
.kakd ,§'
1803 f*âßla YS% úl%u Wvrg ck;dj rcq jgd talrdYS ùu'
fkda¾;a rdcisxy Wvrg foaY.=Kh yd N+f.da,Sh miqìu ms<sn|j
kdhl;ajh- wjfndaOhla fkdue;s ùu' ^ jeis iuh
uelafvdfj,a fya;=fldg f.k f,vfrda. me;sÍ hdu' &
bx.S%iSka úiska uq;a;=idñ rcq f,i m;a l<;a
th ck;dj ms<sfkd.ekSu'
Wv/áhka bx.S%iSkaf.a ikaksfõokh wvd,
lrñka iemhqï ud¾. wjysr lsÍu'
bx.S%is yuqodj Wv/áhka úiska iuQ, >d;kh
lsÍu'
fcdaka fvdhs,s'''''''''''''''''
flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha Wmdêodßfhla jk fudyq ,xldjg meñKsfha
isú,a ks,Odßfhla f,ih'
f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ yd frdnÜ n%jqkaßla wdKavqldrjreka hgf;a fudyq
fiajh lf<ah'
foaYSh ixialD;sh" wd.u" NdIdj fyd|ska bf.kf.k isxy, ck;djf.a
ñ;%fhla f,i Wvrgg meñKsfhah'
1815 ud¾;= 02 od isg 10 jk Èk olajd uykqjr uÕ=,a uvqfõ§ jyka;s 12 lska hq;a
.súiqu ro< m%OdkSka w;aika lf<ah'
02 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jkafka YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq yd Tyqf.a {d;Skag isyiqk
Wreu fkdjk njhs'
4jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jkafka Wvrg iïm%odhsl ks,OdÍka jQ ro<hka i;=
;k;=re yd whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrk njhs'
5jk j.ka;sfha i|yka jkafka rgjeishka woyk nqoaOd.u yd foaj wd.ïo"
NslaIQka jykafia,d yd fjfyr úydro wdrlaId lrk njhs'
6" 7 j.ka;s j, i|yka jkafka wx. fþokh jeks merKs ovqjï l%u wfydais lr
urK o~qju ,nd §fï n,h wdKavqldrjrhd i;= lsÍu'
le/,a, wid¾:l ùug fya;= - fud,a,sf.dv yd tlake,sf.dv bx.S%iSkag ys;j;aj lghq;= lsÍu'
- ler,slrejkag Yla;su;a §¾>ld,Sk wdhqO fkdue;sùu yd
ixúOdkd;aul Ndjfhka wvqùu'
- bx.S%iSka u¾okldÍ m%;m
s ;a;sh ;=<ska kdhlhka w;awvx.=jg
.ekSu'
- fodf¾ idñg rdc Wreuhla fkdue;s nj m%pdrh ùu;a iuÕ
kdhlhka w;r u;fNao we;sùu'
ùrmqrka wmamq
§ksia
le/,a, we;sùug fya;= '
uqÞKd, msysgqùu
mQcH nq,;a.u Oïudf,dal isß iquk;siai ysñ furg Okm;s yd ishï rcqf.a wdOdr we;sj
1862 .d,af,a ,xfldamldr uqÞKd,h msysgqùu'
,xldNskj úY%e; uqÞKd,h
ljg l;sl uqÞKd,h
iqo¾Yk uqÞKd,h
iriú i|/i uqÞKd,h
mxpuydjdo
noafoa.u jdoh 1865
jrdf.dv jdoh 1865
Wokaúg jdoh 1866
.ïfmd< jdoh 1871
mdkÿrd jdoh 1873
wk.dßl O¾umd, ;=ud nqoaO.hdj fírd .ekSu i|yd uyfndaê iud.u msysgqùu'
wuoHm jHdmdrh
ì%;dkHka furg uoHidr jHdma; lsÍu ksid iudchg wys;lr m%;sm, /ila we;súh'
uoHidr j,ska rg uqojd .ekSu ioyd wuoHm jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<ah'
thg kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkafka wk.dßl O¾md,;=ud " mshodi isßfiak" fcdaka o is,ajd jeks
wh úisks'
wd.ñl kdhlhka yd foaYmd,k kdhlhka tlu fõosldjl ì%;dkHhka úfõpkh lsÍu'
wdreuq.ka kdj,¾;=ud
hdmkfha jkakfmdfkhs ^jkakd¾mkafkahs& m%foaYfha uqÞKd,hla msysgj
q d WohNdkq
mqj;am; wdrïN lsÍu'
oñ< isiqkag ldKav ;=klska fm<fmd;la rpkd lsÍu'
fmßhmqrdkï" ialkaOmqrdkï jeks lD;s mßj¾;kh lsÍu'
1849 § jkakfmdfkhs ffYj m%ldYk úoHd,h wdrïN lsÍu'
ffYj mßmd,k iNdj yd yskaÿ wOHdmk iNdj u.ska mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu'
1872 § hdmkfha Ysjx., úoHd,h wdrïN lsÍu' th j¾;udkfha hdmkfha yskaÿ
úoHd,h fõ'
fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka
1851 § Wm; ,enQ t;=ud kS;sfõÈfhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
yskaÿ mdi,a wdrïN lsÍug fm!oa.,sl Okh ,nd§u' ^mrfïYajr úohd,h" rdukdoka
úoHd,h &
lDD uel,ï jHjia:dodhlfha m%:u W.;a ,dxlslhd f,i m;aùu'
1815 isxy, uqia,sñ flda,y,fha § fn!oaOhka fjkqfjka y~la ke.Su'
fmdkakïn,ï wrekdp,¾
1853 Wm; ,enQ t;=ud bx.S%iSkaf.ka ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï foaYmd,k wr.,hg tl;= ù
lghq;= lf<ah'
1919 § ,xld cd;sl ix.uh ìys lsÍfï mqfrda.dñhd f,i lghq;= l< w;r tys m%:u
iNdm;s f,i m;aúh'
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK
fldñifï ks¾foaY
jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'
Wvrg my;rg taldnoaO lsÍu'
m<d;a ixLHdj mylg wvq lsÍu'
wksjd¾h rdcldÍ fiajd l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
rcfha fjf<| taldêldrh wfydais lsÍu'
j;= j.dj wdrïN lsÍu'
iajfoaYslhkag bx.S%is wOHdmkh ,nd§u'
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍu'
isú,a ks,OdÍkaf.a jegqma lmamdÿ lsÍu'
wêlrKh fjku wdh;khla f,i msysgqùu'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
jHjia:dodhl iNdj ^ 15 &
ks,,;a 09 ks,fkd,;a 06
NdKavd.ßl
idudcslhska 5hs
.Kldêldß
ñkqïm;s
m%;sixialrKh m%;sm,'
wdKavqfõ wh jeh mr;rh wvq úh'
hqfrdamSh jHdmdßlhka furg há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq lsßug wdKavqjg n,lf,ah'
1865 fcd¾Ê fjd,a úiska ,xld ix.uh msysgqúu'
wdKavqfjka m%Yak weisu" fhdackd bÈßm;a lsßu" mqj;a m;a j,g ,sms bÈßm;a lsßu
Woaf>daIlhka úiska isÿlf,ah'
Woaf>daIKj, m%;sm,hla f,i 1889 È ks, fkd,;a msßi 8 lsßu'
1910
jHjia:dodhlh 21
ks,,;a 11 ks,fkd,;a 10
isñ; Pkaofhaka 04
kdulrKfhaka 06 ^jd¾.slj& 6
uy;aud .dkaê yd cjy,a,d,a fkare furgg meñK ck;dj weu;Su ksid furg
ck;djf.a Woafhda.h jeäúh'
bkaÈhdfõ fuka ,xldfõ o Woaf>daIK ixúOdkh lsÍu wdrïNúh'
ks,,;a 14 ks,fkd,;a 23
ks,,;a 12 ks,fkd,;a 37
Pkaofhaka 29 kdulrKfhaka 08
y÷kajdÿka kjdx.
jHjia:dodhl iNdj rdcH uka;%K iNdj kñka yeÈkaùu'
i¾jck Pkao n,h yÿkajd Èu' ^ish¨u iSudjka tljr bj;a lsÍu&
úOdhl ldrliNd l%uh'
wud;H uKav,h'
rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd
l;dkdhl Oqrh yÿkajdoSu
jd¾.sl ksfhdackh bj;a lsÍu
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uQ,dikh l:dkdhljrhdg ysñùu
1931 isg ì%;dkJka i;= n,;, iSud lrñka tajd ,dxlSh wud;Hjrekag ,nd .ekSug
Woaf>daIK jHdmdr we;súh'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh lr ,dxlShkag n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lf<ah'
weu;suKav,h" rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ idudcslhka" ,xld cd;sl ix.uh yd jdudxYsl
mlaI úiska Woaf>daIK we;s lsÍu'
iQßh u,a jHdmdrh ìysùug moku jegqfka ì%;dkHhka úiska fmdms u,a jHdmdrh wdrïN
lsÍu ksidh'
m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha m%;m
s , f,i wndê; fid,aodÿjkag yd mjq,a j,g wOdr msKsi fmdms
u,a jHdmdrh wdrïN ù we;'
hqoaO iduodk Èkh f,i fkdjeïn¾ 11 jk Èk kï l< w;r iEu jirlu tÈkg fmdms
u,a úlsKSu yd W;aij meje;aùu isÿúh'
1939 § fojk f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ ì%;dkHhkag ,xldfõ weu;s uKav,fha
iyh wjYH úh'
weu;s uKav,h iyh ÿka kuq;a hqoaOfhka miqj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla b,a,d isáfhah'
hqoaOh mej;s ÿialr wjia:dfõ§ weu;s uKavh ,nd ÿka iyfhda.h ms<sn| meyeÿKq furg
ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd we;=¿ ks,OdÍka kj wdkavql%uhla ,ndfok f,i ì%;dkHg
±kajQy'
1944 § weu;s uKav,h ieliQ flgqïm;g wkqj ieliqKq wNHka;r lghq;= ms<sn| iïmQ¾K
n,h ,dxlslhkag ,nd ÿkfkah'
,xld cd;’sl ix.uho 1942 isg rgg ksoyi ,nd .ekSu m%Odk wruqK lrf.k Woaf>daIK
j, ksr; úh'
fï ish,af,ysu m%;sm,hla f,i 1944 j¾Ifha§ fida,anß fldñiu furgg tjkq ,eîh'
1945 § fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a jQ w;r th md¾,sfïk= wdKavql%uhla úh'
fida,anß fldñifï fhdackdj wud;H uKav,h ieliQ flgqïm;g iudk úh'
1945 fkdjeïn¾ udifha§ rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska jeä Pkaofhka fida,anß wdKavql%uh
wkqu; lrk ,§'
1946 uehs udifha§ fida,anß wdKavql%uh ms<sn| rdc wd{dj ì%;dkH úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§'
j;= j.dj
j;= j.dj oshqKqj i|yd bx.%SiSka wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.'
fldams j.dj
z ,kafoaiSka úiska yÿkajdfok ,os'
z bx.%Siska meñfKk úg fldams j.dj f.j;= j.djla f,i mej;=Ks'
z fldams j.dj oshqKq jqfha bx.%Sis md,k wjêfhah'
z 1804 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd fldams fuda,la wdrïN lsÍu
rcfha
ks,OdÍka mjd
fldams j.d
lrk ,os 1845 j¾Ih jk úg
1837 - 1847 Wvrg fldams j;= 500 la
m%foaY j, jHdma; muK jeä ù we;
úh we; we;
1834-1844 fldamS
1848 f,dal wd¾Ól wmkhkh 5
mßydksh fldams fldams .=Khlska jeä úh
j.djg wys;lr j.dj
n,mEï w;sl,d
.ïfmd< " ÿïnr
ñáhdj; "
fmardfoKsh "
ud;f,a " nÿ,a, "
tu ksid fldams j;= uOHu m<df;a
w¾nqohg m;a jqkd fndfyda ia:dk j,
fldams j.dj j.d lrk ,os'
mßydkshg m;ajqkd'
1869 fyï,shd
fjiag¾á%lia oS,Sr
frda.h we;s úh
laúksla keue;s
j.d lsÍu Wia ìï T!IOh ksmoúug
j, muKs fhdod .kakd ,os'
isxfldakd uef,aßhd u¾Ok
j.dj T!IOhls
tu ksid wu;r
úhoula oeÍug isÿ
úh
ud;f,a osia;sl
% alh
j.dj i|yd fijk ;=< muKla j.djg
wjYH úh iqÿiq úh
fldfldajd
j.dj
1930 jk úg f;a
j.dìï úYd, úh
th úYd, j;=
1200 la muK úh
uq,a wjêfha
wmkhk fNda.hla hqfrdamShkag jvd
w;S;fha isg furg fkdùh iajfoaYslhka fmd,a
mej;s f.j;= j.djg fhduq úh
j.djls
fmd,a j.d
lrejkaf.ka 65] la
Y%s ,dxlslhka úh
¨Kqú, fmd,a fmd,A
m¾fhaIK wdh;kh j.dj
msysgqjk ,os ;eks;,d m%foaY
j.djg iqÿiq úh
1920 oS furg
úfoaY úksuh fmd,a j.dfõ oshqKqj
bmehSï j,ska 27]
;eks;,d m%foaY j,
fmd,aj,ska ,enqKs uyd ud¾. oshqKqjg
l=rekE., " fya;= úh
y,dj; " .ïmy
j.djg b;d iqÿiq
úh
1920 oS furg
rn¾ wmkhkh
wdodhfuka 30]
m%N+ mka;sh () wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh " iudc ;;ajh " foaYmd,k n,h w;ska fiiq ck;djg
jvd úfYaI msßils' Tjqka ro,hka f,i o yÿkajk ,os'
bx.%SiSka furgg meñKsfuka miq iudc ;=< isÿ jQ lemS fmfkk fjkiaùï'
uOHu mka;sh () ì%;dkH md,k ld,fhaoS újD; jQ wˆ;a Ofkdamdhk ud¾. j,ska uqo,a
Wmhd.;a mjq,a j, orejka bx.%sis wOHdmkh ,enQ rcfha by< ks,;,
,enQ W.;=ka msßils'
mejreu'
01' hqfrdamd cd;Ska ,xldjg meñKsu;a iu. Y%s ,xldfõ we;s jq fjkialï 3 la i|yka lr
tajd meyeos,s lrkak'
02' ì%;dkH md,kh ksid wmg Wreu jQ m%fhdackj;a wx. yd whym;a wx. 4 ne.ska
,shkak'
03' hqfrdamd cd;Ska ,xldjg meñKSu;a iu. Y%s ,xldfõ iudch ;=< isÿjQ fjkialï 3 la
,shkak'
z fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq bkaoshdj we;=¨ wdishd;sl hg;a úcs; j,g ksoyi ,nd
fok nj m%ldY lsÍu'
z 1944 foieïn¾ ui fida,anß fldñiu ,xldjg meñK ks¾foaY jd¾;djla ,nd ÿkafkah'
z Y%s ,dxlslhkag mQ¾K n,;, ysñjk md¾,sfïka;= wdKavq l%uhla ks¾foay lr ;sìK'
z fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh 1947 oS mj;ajk ,os'
z tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh wdKavqjla msysgqjd m%:u w.ue;s f,i ã' tia' fiakdkdhl m;aúh'
z fiakdkdhl uy;d ì%;dkH iu. wdrlaIl yd ndysr lghq;= .súiqï w;aika lsÍu'
z 1947 foieïn¾ 19 osk ,xld iajdëk rdcH NdIdj ksl=;a lsÍu'
z 1948 fmnrjdß 4 osk Y%s ,xldjg ksoyi ,nd.;a oskh f,i kï lsÍu'
z 1947 j¾Ifha isg 1972 ^ ckrc wdKavql%uh & olajd l%shd;aul úh'
z fid,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a rcfha lghq;= f.khdu i|yd mej;s wdh;k 04 ls'
1' w.%dKavqldrjrhd'
2' w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ ukav,h'
3' md¾,sfïka;=j'
4' wêlrKh'
w.%dKavqldrjrhd'
z wdKavqldr ;k;=r wfydais fldg w;%dKavqldr Oqrhla we;s lsÍu' tx.,ka; lsrSgh
ksfhdackh lsßu i|yd fuu ;k;=r we;slrk ,os'
z /cskf.a ksfhdacs;hd fudyqh'
z kdu ud;%sl úOdhl ;k;=rla jQ w;r Tyq ish lghq;= fufyhùfï os yeu úgu
w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia ms<smeosh hq;= úh'
md¾,sfïka;=j'
uKav, follska hqla; md¾,sfïka;=jla
idudcslhka 131
wêlrK lghq;=
fid,anß wdKavql%uhg wkqj ()
z fY%aIaGdêlrKh we;=ˆ wêlrK moaO;shla u.ska wêlrK lghq;= fufyhjk ,os'
z w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.%úksYaphldrjrhd we;=ˆ fY%aIaGdëlrK úksYaphlrejka
m;alrk ,os'
Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI
foaYmd,k mlaI
z Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI msysgqùfï wdrïNh ì%;dkH md,k iufhaoS isÿúh'
z uq,a jrg mlaI l%uh Ndú;d l< ue;sjrKhla meje;ajqfha 1947 md¾,sfïka;=
ue;sjrKfhaoSh'
z tu ue;sjrKh jk úg ,xld iuiudc mlaIh" tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh" ,xld fldñhqksÜia
mlaIh" øúv ix.uh jeks mlaI /ila mej;=Ks'
z ksoyiska miqj 1956 olajd n,fha isáfha tlai;a cd;sl mlaI wdKavqjls'
z 1956 oS tia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d hgf;a w¨;a wdKavqjla n,hg m;aúh'
1956 ue;sjrKh iudc fmr<shla we;s lsÍu i|yd uq,a jQ njg WodyrK'
z kj n,fõ. /ila nKavdrkdhl uy;d jgd tlafrdla ùu' ^iajNdId W.;=ka " NslaIqka
jykafia,d " foaYsh;ajh w.h l< msßia&
z foaYsh;ajh " foaYsh wd.ï yd ixialD;sh w.h l< m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu'
z idudkH ck;djf.a wjYH;d ms<sn|j jeä ie,ls,a,la oelaùu'
z tfy;a fkdúisÿKq wd¾:sl .eg¨ /ilau úiÿï oSug m%h;ak oeßu'
z ue;sjrK fõoSldfõ m%Odk ud;Dldj jqfha isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍfï
m%;sm;a;shhs'
z iÕ " fjo " .=re " f.dú " lïlre hk mxp uyd n,fõ. j, iydh uyck tlai;a
fmruqK jgd frdla úu'
tia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a jQ ld,fha Tyq f.ks.sh m%;sm;a;s
yd yÿkajdÿka m%;sixialrK'
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 18 jk j.ka;sfha uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï yd kkajeoEreï ksoyi
.ek i|yka fõ' bka lsysmhla my; mßos fõ'
z kS;sh mis|,Su " l%shd;aul lsÍu yd kS;sfha /ljrKh i¾j idOdrK úh hq;=h'
z kS;shg wkql+,j ñi mqoa.,hl=f.a m%dKhg ksoyig fyda iqrlaIs;;djhg ydks isÿ
fkdl< hq;=h'
z iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu is;Sfï ksoyi" yDoidlaIsfha ksoyig yd wd.ñl ksoyig whs;sh
;sfí'
z mqrjeishkag iduldój /iaùug yd woyia m%ldY lsßug ksoyi ;sfí'
z whs;sjdislï úia;rd;aulj olajd fkd;sîu ÿ¾j,;djhls'
ckddêm;s ;k;=r
z fida,anß jHjia:dfõ w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r fjkqjg fuu wdKavql%u jHia:dfõ kdñl
ckdêm;s ;k;=r we;s úh'
z ckdêm;sjrhd m;a lsÍu w.ue;sjrhd úiska isÿlrK ,os'
z m%:u kdñl ckdêm;s OQrhg m;ajqfha ú,shï f.dm,a,j uy;dh'
cd;sl rdcH iNdj
wêlrKh'
1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ wêlrK moaO;sh
z rcfha m%Odkshdh
z úOdhlfha m%Odkshdh
z wdKavqfõ m%Odkshdh
z ikakoaO fiajdjkays m%Odkshdh
ckdêm;s n,;,
z ckdêm;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjrhl= fkdfõ' kuq;a md¾,sfïka;= n,;, /ila
ysñù we;'
z md¾,sfïka;=j le|ùu
z jdr wjidk lsÍu
z ux., md¾,sfïka;=fõ uq,iqk oeÍu
z wdKqvfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh bosßm;a lsÍu'
z md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍu
z w.ue;s m;alsÍu
z weu;sjreka m;alsÍu
z weu;sjrekag úIh yd ld¾hh mejÍu
z wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= lsÍu'ta wkqj úOdhlfha kdhlhd
ckdêm;sh
md¾,sfïka;=j
uka;%ska 225
md¾,sfïka;= n,;,
z kS;s mekùu
z uqo,a mßmd,kh
z whjeh ilia lsÍu
z ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh
z uyck .eg¨ i,ld ne,Su'
wêlrKh
z fY%aIaGdêlrKh
z my< wêlrK j,ska ,nd fok ;Skaÿj, wNshdpkd kvq úuiSfï n,h i;= fõ'
z uydêlrKh
z osid wêlrKh
z mjq,a wêlrKh
z ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
z m%d:ñl wêlrKh
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
z 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd uQ,sl whs;djdislï ms<sn| 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ
mqˆ,aj yd úia;rd;aulj ú.%y lr we;'
ckdêm;sjrKh
z ckdêm;sjrKfhaoS Y%s ,xldju tlu Pkao fldÜGdihla njg m;afõ'
z m%ldYs; Pkao ixLHdfjka ksh; nyq;rh fyj;a 50] blau jQ Pkao m%udKhla ,nd.;a
wfmalaIlhd ch.%dylhd fõ'
z ks, ld,h () wjqreÿ 06 ^ jHjia:djg wkqj jir 6 OQr ld,fhka wjqreÿ 4 la
blaujQ miq kej; fojk jrg;a b,a,d isáh yel' &
z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ m%:u úOdhl ckdêm;s fca' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fõ'
z 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dffõ mlaI ,nd.;a Pkao j,g wkqj wkqmd;slj uka;%Sjre fnoS
hdu 100] kjdx.hls'
z md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Ska m;alsÍu fï ishˆu foa i|yd fuu
z m<d;aiNd uka;%ska m;a lsÍu' ksfhdack l%uh Ndú;d lrhs
z m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd ksfhdacs;hka m;alsÍu'
z fuu ksfhdackfhaoS wfmalaIlhka lKavdhula f,i bosßm;a fõ'
z ta ta mlaI ,nd.;a Pkao ixLHdjg wkqmd;slj mlaIhg ysñ wdik .Kk ;SrKh fõ'
cku; úpdrKh
ksoyiska miq f.jqKq oYl 4 ;=< furg m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol jk tlai;a cd;sl
mlaIh;a" Y%s ,xld ksoyia mlaIh;a l<ska l, n,fha isá w;r ta iEu wdKavqjlau rfÜ wd¾Ól
;;ajh oshqKq lsÍug lghq;= lr we;'
z w;= .x.d /ilska fmdaIKh jk uyje,s .Õ uOHu lÿlrfha ngysr fldgiska wdrïN
ù ÿïnr ñáhdj; Tiafia .,df.dia ;%sl=Kdu,fhka uqyqog jefÜ'
z fuu .x.d moaO;sh wd¾:sl oshqKqj i|yd fhdod .ekSu msKsi uyje,s ixj¾Ok
fhddackd l%uh u.ska isÿúh'
z úh<s l,dmfha f.djsìï M,odhs f,i lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g fhdod .ekSug wjyH
ks;H c, myiqlï iemhSu'
z by< hk úÿ,sn, b,a¨u i|yd úÿ,sn,h ksIamdokh
z c, iïmdokh ksid kj ckdjdi ìyslsÍu bvï ke;s ck;djg bvï imhd oS wdydr
fnda. jHdma; lsÍu'
z .xj;=r md,kh
z fuu jHdmdrfha wruqKq tllg jvd jeä neúka fuh nyq ld¾h fhdackd l%uhls'
Z uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackdj 1977 oS läkï lrñka udi 6 lska jev wjika lsÍug
fhdackd úh'
fld;auf,a c,dYh
úlafgdaßhd c,dYh
z uyje,s .f.a fmd,af.d,a, neïug my<ska fõ,a,la ne| fuh boslrk ,os'
z ì%;dkH rch fï i|yd wdOdr ,nd ÿks
rkafoKs., fõ,a,
z 1972 bvï m%;sixialrK kS;sh u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl=g whs;sfha ;nd.; yels bvï
m%udKh kshu lsÍu'
z 1975 bvï m%;sixialrKh u.ska jHdmdßl j;= j.dfõ fhÿKq fmdÿ iud.ï i;= bvï
cki;= fldg tu bvï f.dúhka w;r fnod oSu'
z rdcH wxYh i;= jQ bvï l<uKdlrKh i|yd wdh;k msysgqùu'
1' 1958 oS rdcH jeú<s ixia:dj'
2' 1976 oS Wvrg j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'
3' 1976 oS ck;d j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'
z 1952 oS Ök iuQydKavqj iu. we;slr.;a oaúmd¾Yúl .súiqfuka rn¾ j,g ia:djr
ñ,la ,eîu'
z iqˆ wmkhk fNda. j.dj oshqKq lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lrk ,os
z ksoyi ,nd .ekSug fmr mjd fkdñ,fha fi!LH myiqlï ,nd .ekSug bv i,id
;snqKs' kuq;a th kd.ßl m%foaYj,g muKla iSudúh'
mejreu'
flá m%Yak
01' ì%;dkH kdúl" .=jka yd fiiq hqO lghq;= i|yd furg N+ñh Ndú;d lsÍug bv
,ndfok .súiqula ì%;dkH rch iy ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d w;aika lf<a lskï
j¾IfhaoS o@
1' 1941 2' 1947 3' 1946 4' 1948
02' f,dalfha oaú mlaI l%uhla we;s rgj,a folla muKla oelafjk ms<s;=r jkafka"
1' wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd m%xYh 2' c¾uksh yd bkaoshdj
3' tx.,ka;h yd wefïßld tlai;a ckmoh 4' b;d,sh yd ,xldj
04' ,xld wdKavql%u b;sydifha m<uqjrg úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrhla wmg yuqjkafka my;
i|yka l=uk wdKavql%u jHjia:djg o @
1' fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufhks 2' fida,anß wdKavql%ufhks
3' 1972 m%:u ckrc wdKavql%ufhks 4' 1978 fojeks ckrc wdKavql%ufhks
05' Y%s ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj mrudêm;H n,h ysñjkafka ñka
ljfrl=g o@
1' ckdêm;sjrhdg 2' wud;H uKav,hg
3' uyckhdg 4' fY%I
a aGdêlrKhg
06' Y%s ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj ,dxlsl ck;dj Rcqju jHjia:d iïmdokhg
iyNd.sjk wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yelafla ñka ljrla o @
1' ckdêm;sjrKh 2' md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh
3' cku; úpdrKh 4' m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKh
07' Y%s ,dxlslhka tlu Pkao fldÜGdihl Pkao odhlhka f,i l%shdldrkafka my; lskï
wjia:djl oS o @
1' md¾,sfuka;= ue;sjrKhloSh 2' m<d;aiNd ue;sjrKhloSh
3' ckdêm;sjrKh 4' cku; úuiquloSh
rpkd
01' 1& úOdhl ckdêm;s i;= n,;, folla ,shkak'
2& iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a uyck ksfhdacs;hska f;dard .kakd wjia:d 03
la kï lrkak'
02' fid,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a rdcH lghq;= f.khdu i|yd mej;s wdh;k 4 kï lrkak'
03' 1956 ue;sjrKh Y%s ,xldj ;=< iudc fmr<shla we;s lsÍu i|yd fya;= jQjd hhs
mejiSug fya;= 4 la bosßm;a fldg folla úia;r lrkak'
04' 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj wêlrK moaO;sfha m%Odk wdh;k fol l=ula o @
05' kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrh we;slrk ,oafoa l=uk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska o @
m%:u kdñl ckdêm;sjrhd ljqreka o @
úma,jhla hkq hïlsis lafIa;%hla ;=< flá ld,hla ;=< § we;s jkakd jQ fjkialï ;=<ska
f,dalhgu n,mdk mßÈ tu lafIa;%h ÈhqKq ùu úma,jhla f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'
f,dal b;sydih wOHkh lsßfï § úúO rgj, foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha isÿ jQ úma,j 3la ±lsh
yelsh' tkï"
1 weußlka úma,jh
2 m%xY úma,jh
3 reishka úma,jh
weußld uyoaùmh ;=< ckmo msysgqjd .;a m%Odk hqfrdamd rdcHhka 4ls'
iamd[a[h - *af,dÍvd" fglaidia " le,sf*dakshd" mSre" fglaisflda
m%xYh - Ydka; f,darkaia .x.dfõ isg ñhsiscs .x.d uqjfodr olajd
mD;=.SiSka - ol=Kq weußldfõ m%foaY
tx.,ka;h - j¾cskshd" ksõfhdala" ksõ m¾is jeks ckmo 13la msysgqùu
weußld tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ks¾udKh jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re weußldfõ
ks¾udKh lr.;a ckmo 13 uq,a lr .ksñks'
ì%;dkHhka úiska tu ckmo 13 ks¾udKh lsÍug 1607 isg 1733 ld,h .; ù we;'
ckmo msysgqùug ì%;dkH rch úiska ì%;dkH iud.ï yd mqoa.,hkag wjir ,nd È we;'
fuu ckmo md,kh lsÍug ì%;dkH lsÍghg yd ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg úYd, n,hla
;sìKs'
fuu ckmo j,g wdKavqldrjre yd WmfoaYljre m;a lrk ,oafoa tx.,ka;fha rcq úisks'
wd¾Ól lghq;= iïnkaOj fuu ckmo jdiSkag iajdëk;ajhla fkd;sìKs'
kssoyia igk
wdrïNh
jHdma;sh
ch.%yKhg fya;=
fcda¾Ê fjdIskagkaf.a olaI kdhl;ajh
m%xYh " iamd[a[h " ´,kaoh jeks rgj,a tx.,ka;hg úreoaOj weußldjg iyh §u'
weußldj yd tx.,ka;h w;r we;s ÿr m%udKh b;d jeä ksid hqoafOdamhka fh§fï§
tx.,ka;hg úúO ÿIlr;d u;=ùu'
ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha wks;=;a hg;aúcs;j, wdKavq úfrdaë igka werö ;sìu'
m%xY úma,jh
1789 § m%xY rdcdKavqjg tfrysj ck;dj ke.S isàu m%xY úma,jh f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'
18 jk ishjfia§ hqfrdamfha ÈhqKq rdcH j,ska tlla f,i m%xYh j¾Okh ù ;sìKs'
nq¾fndaka rdc jxYfha 16 jk ¨ù rcqf.a md,kh yuq fõ m%xYh foaYmd,k " iudc yd
wd¾Ól mßydKshlg m;a úh'
m%xY ck;dj ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh "ifydaor;ajh hk ixl,am mokï lrf.k rcqf.a
md,khg úreoaOj igka jeÿKs'
iudc fya;=
idudkH ck;dj uqyqK ÿka ÿIalr;d'
Wmam;a;sh u; iudc ;rd;sru ;SrKh lsÍu yd mka;s úIu;djh'
mQcl
iudc mka;s ro,
idudkH ck;dj uOHu mka;sh
f.dú ck;dj
lïlre mka;sh
ro,hka wiSñ; jrm%ido N=la;s ú|Su'
wd¾Ól fya;=
rc mjqf,a w;s iqfLdamfNda.S cSú;h yd wkjYH hqo úhoï ksid m%xY
NdKavd.drh ysia ùu
widOdrK nÿ l%uh fÜ,a noao
.efn,a noao
lemsfÜYka noao
fudkafgialHq - kS;sfha idrh lD;sh ;=<ska fmkajd § we;s n, fn§fï kHdh '
fjda,afghd¾ - iajdëk u;h m%ldY lsÍfï whs;h s '
rdcdKavqj yd m,a,sfha taldêldrh úfõpkh lsÍu'
rEfida - iudc iïuq;sh kï lD;sh ;=<ska iajdêm;H ms<sn| ixl,amh bÈßm;a lsÍu'
rcq uyck;djf.a iqNisoaêh i|yd lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a tfia fkdjk md,lhka m<jd
yeÍfï whs;sh ck;dj i;= nj m%ldY lsÍu'
reishdkq úma,jh'
úYd, wêrdcHhla jQ reishdj md,kh lrkq ,enqfõ id¾jre ^rcq& úisks'
reishdfõ jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól l%uhla ;=< jeä msßi f.dú ck;dj yd lïlrejka úh'
reishdj m<uq f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu ksid reishdkq wd¾Ólh ì|jeàug ,laùu'
úma,jh jHdma; ùu
úma,jfha m%;sm,
m%xYh
m<uq f,dal hqoaOhg ñ;% msf,a rgj,a ì%;dkHh
iïnkaO jQ rgj, weußldj
reishdj
m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufha m%;sm, ;=<ska fojk f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN ùu'
1933 § ysÜ,¾ c¾uksfha kdhlhd njg m;aùu'
hqoaOhg tx.,ka;h iyNd.S ùu;a iuÕ hg;aúcs; lrdo hqoaOh jHdma; ùu'
fojk f,dal hqoaOh 1939 iema;eïn¾ isg 1945 wf.daia;= olajd ld,h ;=< isÿúh'
weußldj
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha md¾Yjlrejka ñ;% n,j;=ka m%xYh
ì%;dkH
reishdj
c¾uksh
wlaI n,j;=ka b;d,sh
^wdl%uKsl n,j;=ka & cmdkh
reishdj úiska c¾uka yuqodj mrdch lrñka c¾uksh foig yuqodj fufyhùu'
m%xY yd weußldkq fiakdj ngysßka m%ydr t,a, lsÍu'
ñ;% yuqodj n¾,ska kqjr olajdu meñKSu ksid ysÜ,¾ we;=¨ ks,OdÍka rdYshla ishÈú kid
.ekSu'
1945 uehs udifha § c¾uksh fldkafoais úrys;j hg;aúh'
cmdkh hg;aùu'
wruqKq
uyd uKav,h'
tlai;a cd;skaf.a ish¨ idudcsl rgj,a fuhg wh;a fõ'
idudcsl ixLHdj 193 hs '
iEu wjqreoaolu iema;eïn¾ ui ieisjdr meje;afõ '
ieu idudcsl rglgu tla Pkaohla ysñfõ'
ld¾hh yd n,;,
wka;¾cd;sl iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg wod< m%Yak idlÉPd lsÍu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a whjeh i<ld n,d wkqu; lsÍu'
wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY u; uyf,alï" wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhg úksYaphldrjre
m;a lsÍu yd kj idudcslhka n|jd .ekSu'
wdrlaIl uKav,h'
idudcsl rgj,a 15 ls
ks;H idudcsl rgj,a 05 ls weußldj
reishdj
tlai;a rdcOdksh
m%xYh
Ökh
wksla idudcsl rgj,a 10 ys idudcsl;ajh jir follg j;djla fjkia fõ'
ks;H idudcsl rgj,a 05 g ksfYaO n,h ysñ fõ'
ksfYaO n,h hkq fhdackdjkag tla rgla úreoaO jqjfyd;a tu fhdackdj
iïu; fkdfõ'
ld¾hh yd n,;,
iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckh úh yels .egqï ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg n,d ks¾foaY bÈßm;a
lrhs'
wdl%uKslfhl=g úreoaOj wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu yd hqO n,h fhoùu'
wruqKq
f,dal m%cdjf.a wd¾Ól" iudcsl" ixialD;sl" wOHdmksl yd fi!LH wxY jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
ld¾hhka
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdh;k j,g wjYH kS;s Wmfoia ,nd§u'
idudcsl rgj,a w;r mek kÕsk wdrjq,a iïnkaOj kS;suh úi÷ula ,nd§u'
uyf,alï ld¾hd,h''
f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh .;a m%h;ak'
f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .;yels ls%hdud¾. '
1 jk 1871 § c¾uksh ñ;% ms, hg;aúcs; msysgqjd Tiaá%hdfõ l=ure ñ;% ms, ch
f,dal tlai;a ù m%xYh .ekSfï >d;kh lsÍu ksid .ekSu'
hqoaOh hqfrdamd ì%;dkH ì;dkHhka yd Tiaá%hdj úiska
1914- n,j;=ka reishdj c¾uka i¾ìhdj wdl%uKh úYd, cSú;
1918 w;rg weußldj wêrdcHjd§kaf.a lsÍu' ixLHdjla yd
tl;=ùu' .S%ish n, wr.,h foam,
b;d,sh i¾ìhdjg reishdj m%udKhla
m%xYh ^ miqj & hqfrdamfha n, wOdr lsÍu yd úkdY ùu'
hqfrdamfha l|jqre folla Tiaá%hdjg c¾uksh
yqfol,d uOHu f.dvke.Su' wdOdr lsÍu' j¾fi,aia
lrñka n,j;=ka .súiqu we;sùu'
c¾uksh ñ;% hqO wú ;rÕh yd ñ;% ms, yd uOHu
in|;d ;r lr c¾uksh hqO udkisl;ajh n,j;=ka w;r c¾ukshg
.ekSu' Tiaá%hdj ks¾udKh lsÍu' f.dvìï yd uqyqÿ o~qjï
n,af.aßhdj igka w;sùu' meñKùu'
c¾uksh wjg ;=¾lsh wdikak;u
m%foaY fya;=j Tiaá%hdfõ ¨isgdkshd kej ksoyia
wdl%uKh Tgqkak ysñ l=ure msmsÍu;a iuÕ rdcHhka
lsÍu;a iuÕ >d;kh lsÍu' weußldj ñ;% ms,g ks¾udKh ùu'
hqoaOh wdrïN tl;=ùu'
ùu' cd;Skaf.a
c¾uksh ;=< wdydr ix.uh
w¾nqohla we;sùu' msysgqùu'
1918 c¾uksh
mrdcs;hka njg
m;aùu'
c¾uksh mrdchg
m;aùu'
cmdkh mrdchg
m;aùu'
§u'
16 jk ¨ù rcq NdKavd.drh ysia ù 1799 §
ÿ¾j, md,lfhla ;sîu' 16 j, ¨ù rcq yd kefmda,shka
ùu' ìij urKhg m;s fndkmdÜ n,h
od¾Yksl u;jdo lsÍu' ,nd .ekSu'