Biology Lecture- Botany 4 Major Groups/ 4 Major Phyla

Photosynthesis Stru Vascul Repro Oth Exa

cture arizatio ductio er mpl
- happens in the chloroplast s n n Feat es
ures
a. Light-dependent
Bryophyt No None Spores Anc Mos
- light is needed for water to be excited a (moss) ‘true’ hore ses
- site: thylakoid leave d by
- reactant: H20 s, rhizo
- product: ATP+ NADPH, O2 roots id
or
b. Light-independent/ Calvin Cycle stem
s
- site: stroma (inner membrane of the chloroplast) Filicinop Have Present Spores Leav Fern
hyta leave es s
- reactant: ATP + NADPH, CO2 (ferns) s, are
roots pinn
- product: C6H12O6 (starch/polysaccharide)
and ate
stem
s
Transpiration Conifero Have Present Seeds Woo Coni
phyta leave (in dy fers
- involves the stomata (gymnos s, cones) stem
- stomata: responsible for the uptake of CO2 perm) roots s
and release of water molecules and
- stomata have guard cells composed of stem
chloroplast which acts as photoreceptors. In s
the presence of light, the chloroplast will be Angiosp Have Present Seeds Hav Flow
excited causing the opening of the stomata ermophy leave (in e ers
- the hormone abscisic acid causes the stomata ta s, fruits) flow
to conserve water especially during the dry (angiosp roots ers
season erm) and and
stem fruits
Plant Major Function s
Hormone

Auxin Establish apical-basal polarity ● Xylem- H2O

● Phloem- food
Cytokinin Promote cell division, influence cell
specialization and plant aging

Gibberellin Stimulate cell division and cell Plant Structure

elongation, and promote seed 1. Root System
germination - holds the plant to the ground
- absorbs water and other minerals crucial to
Abscisic Coordinates defenses against
growth and development
Acid osmotic stress and pathogen
- storehouse for reserve food
attack
- developing root= radicle
Ethylene Induces fruit ripening - the area of the root hairs is the region of
maturation
- the region of the root cap is the region of cell
●
Auxin- Apical growth/ primary growth which division
is the elongation of either the shoot or root - the area between the root hairs and root cap
system; also known as Indole Ascetic Acid is the region of elongation
● Cytokinin- Cell division/ secondary growth PARTS:
which is the lateral or the increase in the a. Primary Root
width or the girt of the stem b. Lateral Root
● Gibberellin- Germination; works with both c. Tertiary Root
Auxin and Cytokinin 2. Shoot System
● Abscisic Acid- think about autumn/ falling of - includes the stem and leaves
the leaves because it coordinates defenses - in flowering plants, it includes the bud, flower,
against osmotic stress and pathogen attack fruits, and seeds
● Ethylene- a gas that induces fruit ripening
 - stem, axillary bud, apical/terminal bud, node,
petiole
a. Stem
- can be an apical or lateral meristem
- Apical Meristem: produces the terminal bud.
Growth in this site is called the primary growth
as it increases the stem length
- Lateral Meristem: secondary growth in
terms of width and thickness
b. Leaves
- composed of the blade, petiole, stipules,
midrib, vein, and small netted vein
characterized through monocots and dicot
plants
Structure of a Flower
● Complete flower- has both the male and
female parts, and presence of the petal and
sepal
● Perfect flower- both male and female parts
such as the stamen and the pistil
Monocots vs. Dicots
● Monocots
- 1 cotyledon
- venation: parallel
- vascular bundles: complexly arranged
o vascular bundle is composed of the
xylem and phloem
- root system: fibrous
- floral parts: usually in multiples of 3

1. Pistil ● Dicots
- 2 cotyledons
- the female/gyno part of the plant - venation: netlike
- has an opening called the stigma, and the stalk called - vascular bundles: arranged in ring
the style, the bottom part is the ovary - root system: taproot
- floral prats: usually in multiples of 4 or 5
2. Stamen

- the male/andro part of the plant

- composed of the anther and filament

3. Other parts

a. sepal
b. petal
c. receptacle- holds the flows
d. pedicel- the stalk

- petal and sepal are used for protection, give color to

the plant and acts as an attraction to pollinators

- petals are collectively known as corolla

- sepals are collectively known as calix

Fertilization in Plants

The pollen from the anther it will be taken by the

stigma from the same or different flower. The pollen
could be taken by the stigma through pollination via air,
insects, bugs, and birds. The pollen and the stigma will
form an elongation. This elongation will function as the
passage of the sperm known as the
microgametophyte. It goes in the ovary and form the
ovule known as the macrogametophyte.

In a structure of a flower, the presence of both male

and female parts, fertilization can occur in the same or
different flower

● Double fertilization- 2 sperm and 1 fused

ovule. This will produce seed and 1 polar
nucleus which forms the endosperm for
development. Occurs in angiosperms