Index

ʿAbd Allāh, Muhammad bin 107–9 Addison, Lancelot (1680–1710) 277

absolutism 52, 109, 145, 220, 238 adiaphora 136–7, 157, 166, 177, 178, 180 n. 17, 188,
Aconcio, Jacopo 168 203
Adam 133–4 Ah.mad, Muhammad ibn 90–91
Addison, Gulston 277 Alexander, bishop of Alexandria 272, 273
Addison, Joseph 277–90 Amyraut, Moı̈se 27, 29
Anglicanism of 285–6 Andrés, Juan 85
coffeehouses and 283, 284, 287 Andrewes, Lancelot 171
dissemination of philosophy and 282 Anglican Revolution 246–53
education of 277–8 Anjara 82
on persecution and toleration 286–7 anti-Calvinism
on politeness and civility 282–3 see Arminianism; Calvinism; Laudianism
the political and 288 anticlericalism 4, 12, 127, 195–9, 201, 204, 224,
publications 225, 226–31, 234, 279, 281
Freeholder 288 see also clergy; freethinking
Spectator 283–6 antinomianism 153, 202
Tatler 283–6 anti-popery
on restraint and social discipline 283–5, 287–9 see popery
Addison, Lancelot (1632–1703) anti-puritanism
basic biographical information 2–3, 17, 20–21, see puritans and puritanism
23, 34, 43, 84, 237, 243, 277 antiquarianism 30, 83, 93, 96, 149, 280
publications distinguished from history 75 n. 6, 97 n. 111,
Catechumen 175, 256–7 101 n. 120
Christian’s manual 258 historical epistemology and 104
Christians daily sacrifice 194–5, 277 history of politics and 79, 106
Christos autotheos 267, 271–4 history of religion and 75
Devotional poems 3, 277 learned travellers’ criticism of 81, 96
First state of Mahumedism 84, 232–7, 249–51 travel and 57, 76, 95
Genuine use and necessity of the two anti-Semitism 62
sacraments 277 see also Judaism
Introduction to the sacrament 237 Appleby 17, 19–20
Millennianism 261–2 Appleby Grammar School 17–19
Modest plea for the clergy 1–3, 4, 5, 12, 137, Arabic 65, 82, 83, 84, 85
139, 198, 229–31, 281 Book of Common Prayer translated into 65
Moores baffled 236 books and manuscripts in 44, 80, 82
Present state of the Jews 59, 66, 69, 97–103, Hugo Grotius’s De veritate translated into 64
117–21 instruction in 28
Primitive institution 132–7, 154–74, 224, 258 printing in 59
translations of, German 59 archives 38, 54, 74, 75, 79, 80, 107
West Barbary 51, 58, 59, 77–80, 81, 88, Aristotle 23, 77
106–14, 128, 137, 151–4 Arius 272, 273

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 Index 331
Arminianism 175–6, 184, 201, 202 Capel, Sir Henry 219
see also Calvinism; Laudianism Cappel, Louis 27
ars apodemica 24 Carolina 212 n. 13, 215
ars historica 74, 89, 104, 114 Carvajal, Luis del Mármol 84 n. 52
Ashmole, Elias 239, 245 Casaubon, Meric 28 n. 58
Asia, South 64, 105, 211, 277 catechisms and catechizing 18, 64, 69, 154–62,
As.ı̄lah 49, 50 175, 201, 202, 209, 222–6, 238, 242, 254,
atheism 33, 138 n. 82, 143, 165, 185, 202, 221, 226, 283, 285
267 Enlightened Christian 204
Atterbury, Francis 274 Jesuit 119, 155
Augustine, St 238 Jewish 67–8, 119, 154
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 97 missions and 63, 65
autopsy 75, 77–80, 82, 84, 92, 94, 97, 98, 102, 104 Muslim 81, 154
natural law and 132–5
Bacon, Francis 55, 97, 151 primordial 132–5
Bainbrigg, Reginald 17 as response to toleration 222–6, 258
Bangorian Controversy 281 see also preaching
Baptists 228, 240, 245 Catholics and Catholicism, Roman 98, 167, 189,
Barbados 212 n. 13, 215 203, 221, 245, 247
barbarism 128–32 during reign of James II 247, 252
see also civilization; civility; civil religion Enlightened 204–5
Barlow, Thomas 27, 28 n. 58 missionary work of 61, 62, 69, 155
Basire, Isaac 45, 63 in Tangier 48, 213, 214, 215–16, 217–19
Basnage, Jacques 121 see also Dominicans; Franciscans; Jesuits;
Bathurst, Ralph 38 popery
Baudouin, François 74, 79 censorship 167, 202, 268, 284
Baxter, Richard 28 n. 58, 65, 150 n. 5 see also restraint
Bedwell, William 44 certainty 22–3, 74, 104
Belasyse, John 218 see also credibility
Bermuda 220 n. 50 Chacon, Augustin Coronel 216
Bernard, Edward 128–9 Charles I 44, 153
Bernier, François 59, 105 Charles II 236, 237, 286
Bertram, Corneille 101 religious policies and tactics of 210, 212, 213,
Bible 66, 67, 103 215, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226,
Algonquian 64 227, 237, 258, 260
London Polyglot (1657) 27, 150 Cherbury, Edward Herbert, first Baron Herbert
scholarship on 95, 103, 149–50, 263 of 138
Turkish 65 Chillingworth, William 29, 168, 178
Bird, Benjamin 222 Cholmley, Sir Hugh 58 n. 77, 128
Bodin, Jean 111 Cicero 114, 119
Bombay 47, 212 n. 13, 213, 215 civil religion 12 n. 27, 141–5
Botero, Giovanni 90–91, 112, 113 Anglican Christianity as 141–5, 178, 202, 203,
Boyle, Robert 64–5, 67, 83 279, 281, 285, 289
Brandenburg-Prussia 204 bracketing of theological conflict and 128
Bray, Thomas 69 catechizing as centrepiece of 155
Brevint, Daniel 281 centrality to Enlightenment 115
British empire importance of ritual to 179
see empire, English; orientalism and iure divino priesthood as essential to 141–5, 196
Orientalism moral reform as centrepiece of 176
Burnet, Gilbert 252, 265, 281 political utility of religious imposture and 114,
Bury, Arthur 265 141–5
Buxtorf, Johann 28, 30, 101–102, 117 civil society 4, 62, 237, 274, 279, 283, 285, 287
Civil Wars, English
Calvin, Jean 29 see English Revolution
Calvinism 35, 176, 178, 185, 201, 234, 264, 285 civility 109–10, 128–32, 141, 204, 282–3
see also Arminianism barbarism and 128–32

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 332 Index
civility (cont.) counsel
in historical method 78 history as 45, 51, 58, 73, 76, 87, 93, 106, 114,
in public discourse 162, 284 130, 131
as rationality and utility 109–10 role of clergy in 2, 73, 142, 145, 273
Republic of Letters and 38, 39–40 Covel, John 105
see also civilization; civil religion Coventry, archdeaconry of 243
civilization 205 credibility 74, 76, 77–80, 103–5
Anglicanism as 137–45, 149, 205, 280 see also testimony; eyewitnessing
civil war destructive of 20, 40 criticism 30, 76, 80, 104
divine accommodation and 189 Croft, Herbert 231
Laudianism as 137–45, 178, 180–181 Cromwell, Oliver 153–4, 217, 250, 286
nature and 137–45 Crooke, William 87–8, 249, 256–8
puritanism destructive of 154 curiosity 25, 41, 42, 45, 56
religion as 136, 137–45, 278
see also civility; civil religion Danby, Thomas Osborne, first earl of 227, 228,
clergy 209, 226–31, 283 229, 230, 232, 233, 234
basis for authority of 195–9 Danvers, Daniel 32–3
counsellors to kings 2, 73, 142, 145, 273 deism 1, 128, 138, 180, 278
essential to natural and civil religion 2, Descartes, René 104
137–45, 280 despotism, oriental 109, 122
universal definition of 127 dialectic
see also anticlericalism; power, pastoral see logic
coffeehouses 283, 284, 287 al-Dilāʾı̄, ʿAbd Allāh 50
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 53, 54 disputation 31–6, 66–8, 118–19, 152, 155, 162–8,
colonies, English 176, 201, 202, 209, 261–76
see empire, English dissent
Comber, Thomas 191 see nonconformity
Common Prayer, Book of 31, 34, 67, 154, 155, divinity
168–73, 176, 201, 202, 209, 224, 238, 239, see theology
240, 252, 254, 266, 271 Dodwell, Henry 28 n. 58, 162–4, 165, 167, 281
missionary translations of 63, 65 Dolben, John 232
commonplacing Dominicans 68, 123, 214
see notebooks Dugdale, William 239
communion, holy 175, 176, 180–86, 191 Dunkerque 43, 213 n. 15
frequency of 239, 245, 258
Laudian understanding of 180–86, 191, 203 East India Company 105, 277
moral reform and 182, 256–8 ecclesiology 10, 156, 161, 176, 199, 200, 203, 270,
as sacrifice by priest on altar 180–86 279, 280
shechinah and 191 education 109, 110, 125, 181, 202
see also sacraments grammar school 17–19
comparative religion 10, 135, 178 Jewish 67, 68
comprehension 253, 254 see also Judaism; rabbis
see also toleration see also catechizing; travel; Oxford, University
Compton, Henry 228, 230, 232, 255, 256, 257 of; theology
Conant, John 35 Edwards, John 264
conformity, occasional 254, 257, 278, 279, 325 Eliot, John 63, 98 n. 112
conscience 157 Elizabeth I 170
liberty of 37, 39, 40, 243 empiricism 74
see also toleration empire
Constantine the Great 272, 273–4 English 47–52, 277
Constantinople 44, 63 orientalism and 43–7
Constantius II 153 religious policy in 210–20
convocation Tangier in 47–51
of 1689 256, 257 travel and 42–3
controversy over 272, 273, 274–5 see also specific colonies
Corporation Act 228, 254 Enlightenment and 58–61

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 Index 333
missionary work and 61–70 geography 94
Republic of Letters and 41 Germany 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
English atlas 57–8, 59 Ghaylān, Ah.mad al-Khad.ir bin ʿAlı̄ 48–51, 82,
English Revolution 17–20, 44, 76, 150–51, 176 92, 107, 125–6, 216
histories of 151–4 Glanvill, Joseph 151
Enlightenment globalization
Christian 203–5, 278 historiographical 74, 76, 106, 115, 187
radical 205, 279 imperial 47, 63
enthusiasts and enthusiasm 116, 128, 135 n. 69, religious 10, 62, 63, 145, 211
149, 150, 169, 170, 179, 197, 204, 233, 278, scholarly 41, 42
285, 286 Glorious Revolution 246–54
episcopacy 161, 196, 197, 200, 203, 204, 225, 228, Anglican episcopate and 166, 252, 265, 269,
231, 238 275
imperial 219–20 English Enlightenment and 4
see also prelacy Laudianism and 260
epistemology, historical missionary work before 63
see credibility public religious dispute and 200, 203, 276
Erastianism 127, 144, 196, 203, 230 toleration and 254
Erpenius, Thomas 85, 96 grammar 17–18
Essex, Robert Devereaux, third earl of 153 Grand Tour
ethnography 66 see travel
eucharist Great Tew circle 168, 178
see communion, holy Greaves, John 45
Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia 272 Greswold, Henry 259
Eusebius of Caesarea 29, 75, 91 Grew, Obadiah 35–6
evangelism Grotius, Hugo 64, 65, 83, 86
see missionaries Gulston, William 237, 277
Evelyn, John 65–6
Exclusion Crisis 219, 236 Hacket, John 239, 241, 242
see also Popish Plot Hacket, Sir Andrew 242
eyewitnessing Hales, John 178
see autopsy Halifax, George Savile, first marquis of 251
Hammond, Henry 65, 176
Faber, Tanaquil 26 Hanisius, David 56
facts 73, 77–80, 89, 279 Harmar, John 33
Falkland, Lucius Cary, second Viscount Hartlib, Samuel 64
178 Hebraism, Christian 62, 69, 97, 101–2
fanaticism 116, 128, 158, 169, 173, 184, see also Hebrew; Judaism
246 Hebrew
al-Faraj, Abū 85 books in, at the University of Oxford 44
Fathers, Church education of the English in 18, 21, 28, 30, 44,
see patristics 217
Fell, John 40, 65 see also Hebraism, Christian
fides Henchman, Humphrey 218
see credibility Henry III 68
Fowler, Edward 160, 161, 223, 252, 265 heresy 261–76
France, travel in 23–7 Herodotus 77, 93
Franciscans 67, 123 Heylyn, Peter 90, 169, 281
Franco, Solomon 217 Hickes, George 1–3, 104, 270, 279–81, 282
freethinkers and freethinking 1–2, 12–13, 119, 127, high churchmanship 1, 254, 275, 280, 281, 284,
128, 137, 142–4, 145, 153, 177, 209, 243, 287
266, 278, 279, 280, 281 as category of historical analysis 7, 144, 179,
Frejus, Roland 59 196, 219, 269, 270, 275, 279
history (scholarship on, reading and writing of )
Gassendi, Pierre 34 73–114, 115–16, 149–54, 174, 204, 264,
Geneva 204 266, 267, 275, 278

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 334 Index
history (cont.) 1672 221–2, 224, 258
ecclesiastical 75 1687 247
natural 95–6 see also toleration
philosophical 114 intelligence, political 43
political 75, 106–14, 151–4 histories as 51–2, 58, 73, 93
see also English Revolution; Maghrib; scholarship and 52–4, 55–6
popery; puritanism travel and 56, 61
religious 84–8, 97–103 Interregnum 20–40, 154, 159, 286
see also Islam; Judaism; paganism interviews 75, 82, 84
sacred 137 Ireland 214, 218
see also Laudianism irenicism 4, 6, 157, 161, 167, 168, 172, 173, 218,
universal 97, 103 219, 230, 240, 273
see also travel irreligion 200, 202, 222, 226, 229, 230, 240, 254
Hoadly, Benjamin 281 see also freethinking
Hobbes, Thomas (and Hobbism) 1–2, 23, 30, 31, Isham, Zacheus 256
139, 140, 141, 143, 169, 268, 289 Islam
Hooke, Robert 55 Christian missions and 61, 69
Hooker, Richard 29, 176, 182 described as popery and puritanism 116, 121–8
Hottinger, Johann Heinrich 85, 86, 96 European historiography, study, and views of
Hough, John 281–2 29, 84–8, 96–7, 121–8, 151–3, 154, 187,
Howard, Henry 81 188, 190, 195, 233–4, 249–51
humanism 17–18, 30, 59, 70, 75, 82, 96, 129, 130, millennium and 262
263, 265, 266, 272, 278, 279 in Tangier 48, 214
see also antiquarianism; ars apodemica; ars Istanbul
historica; history (scholarship on, reading see Constantinople
and writing of ); Renaissance
Jamaica 212 n. 13, 213, 215
Ibshı̄hı̄, Muhammad ibn Ah.mad 81 James I 170
idolatry 189, 190, 191 James II 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
ancient 135, 141, 179, 181, 194, 234 253, 260, 263, 266
aversion to, among Muslims 122, 234 Jane, William 230
Calvinists and puritans on 178, 180 Jesuits 62, 119, 124, 155
Noachide precept concerning 133 Jesus 133
prayer and 195 Jews
Roman Catholic 120, 178 see Judaism
study of 115, 116, 181, 188 Judaism
al-Ifrānı̄, ʿAbd Allāh Muhammad ibn al-H . ajj Christian missions and 61, 62, 65–9
Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh 92–3 described as popery 116, 117–21
imposture, religious 113, 121, 138, 140, 143, 149, European Christian historiography, study, and
150, 151, 197, 230, 233–4, 280, 286 views of 29, 80, 81, 97–103, 154, 178,
Christian 183, 278 179–80, 194, 195
civil religion and 142–4 millennialism and 65–6
diagnosis of, central to Restoration politics Orientalism and 98
and Enlightenment 231, 236, 237 in Tangier 48, 214–15, 216–17
disputation and preaching as 164, 165
history of 115, 116, 127 al-Khad.ir, Ah.mad 50
Jewish 119 King, Henry 34
lay 144
Muslim 84, 113, 123, 126, 233–4 L’Estrange, Roger 233, 236, 284
Independents and Independency 36, 37, 153, 221, Lake, John 243
228, 287 Langbaine, Gerard 27, 38–9, 286
see also puritanism latitudinarianism 181 n. 24, 279, 280
India as category of historical analysis 5, 7, 12, 144,
see Asia, South; East India Company 156, 161, 166, 168, 171, 173, 179, 243, 260,
induction 74 261, 269, 270, 274, 275
Indulgence, Declaration of Laud, William 21, 44, 58, 281

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Laudianism 177 n. 7, 176–91, 201, 203, 262, 278, moral virtue and 112
279, 285 prudence and 111
as cause of English Revolution 152 rhetoric and 78
moral reform and 256–8 Madras 215, 277
natural and civil religion in 137–45 Maghrib 43–4, 47–52, 58–9, 66–9, 77–84,
Tory reaction and 237, 246 88–103, 107–14, 117–21, 122–8, 129–31,
Leeward Islands 212 n. 13, 220 n. 50 151–3, 154, 165, 212–19
Leo Africanus al-Makı̄n, Jirjis 85
see al-Wazzān, Muhammad Maimonides 119, 135
Léry, Jean de 93 manners, reformation of
Leslie, Charles 270 see reform, moral
Levant Company 44, 65 marabouts 81, 122
liberalism, political 4, 289 Marcellinus, Ammianus 153
Church of England and 289 Marsham, John 135
Enlightenment and 289 Marvell, Andrew 231
in historiography 3, 4, 11, 199 Maryland 69
Republic of Letters and 37, 40 Massachusetts
restraint in 289 see New England
toleration and 211 Mediterranean 44, 47, 70
in trinitarian controversy 269 Messias, Joseph 82
Lichfield and Coventry, Anglican diocese of Mews, Peter 224
69, 237, 246, 247–9, 252–3, 256, millenarianism 65, 261–2
258–60 Milston, Wiltshire 155, 237
Lichfield Cathedral 239–40, 245, 247–8, 249, Milton, John 151
259–60, 261 missions and missionaries 43, 61–70, 86, 98
Lichfield, city of 245, 249 moderation
Lindsey, Robert Bertie, third earl of 227 attacked during reign of Anne 278, 280
Livorno 48 Church of England’s claim to 149, 168, 204,
Livy 141 277, 279, 284
Lloyd, William (1627–1717), bishop of Worcester freedom and 288
162, 235, 252, 259, 260, 261, as rhetorical and political tool 168, 178, 210
262 toleration and 210
Llull, Ramon 67 in Whiggery 288
Locke, John 76 n. 10, 134, 227, 289 monarchy, universal 122, 126
logic Monmouth’s Rebellion 246
in clerical education 22–3 Montaigne, Michel de 129
fides and 77 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron
politics and 31, 162–7, 174, 202 de 151
study of 18, 22–3 Moral Revolution
in trinitarian controversy 263, 264, 272 see reform, moral
see also disputation moralism 176
London morality
Jews in 217 see catechisms and catechizing; communion,
rebuilding of churches in 186 holy; nature, law of; reform, moral; civil
London gazette 229, 235, 236 religion; natural religion; sacraments
Long, Thomas 265 Morley, George 228
Louis XIV 213, 220 Morocco
low churchmanship 254, 275, 279, 281 see Maghrib
Lowther, Richard 21–3 Moses 133, 136
Muddiman, Henry 52, 53
Machiavelli, Niccolò (and Machiavellianism) 92, Mughal empire 98, 126
111, 113, 151, 167, 230, 231, 264 Muhammad, Prophet 44, 84–5, 233–4, 249–51
Christianity and 111, 112, 144 see also Islam
civil religion and 143, 144 Muslims
immanent critique of 112 see Islam
imposture and 143 mystery 265–6

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al-Naqsı̄s, ʿAbd Allāh Karı̄m 49, 82
Native Americans 63
natural religion 132–40
Anglican Christianity as 132–40, 178, 204,
279, 280, 289
bracketing of theological conflict and 128
catechizing and 132–40, 155
centrality to Enlightenment 115
clerical education and 29
Enlightened Catholicism and 204
Joseph Addison on 278
Laudianism as 187
morality as centrepiece of 176
necessity of ritual in 179
prayer as part of 191, 194
priesthood as essential to 137–45, 196
sacrifice as part of 180
nature, law of 67, 132–40, 187
see also natural religion
Netherlands 55, 57, 220
New England 63
New England Company 64
news 51–2, 53–4, 58
Newton, Isaac 261
Nicea, Council of 273–4
Nicholls, William 265
Nicolson, William 55–8, 59, 61
Noachide precepts 132–7
nonconformists and nonconformity
Anglican approach to characterized by
persuasion and education not coercion
157, 238, 241, 245, 248
Anglican attitudes to 199, 200, 202, 203, 226,
228, 235, 284, 285
Anglican Revolution and appeasement of 248,
251, 252, 253
catechizing and 159, 161, 165, 202, 223, 225
comprehension and 254, 259
concern over irreligion, atheism, and
anticlericalism 226
conscience and 157
Declaration of Indulgence (1672) and 220,
221, 224
disputation and 165, 201
encouraged by prelacy 243
James II and 251
moderation as rhetoric as tactic and 168
moral reform and 203, 255
as popish 236
Popish Plot and 234, 235
preaching and 169, 173, 201
punishment of 157, 223, 225, 226
supported by corrupt bishop Thomas Wood
241, 243, 248
toleration as rhetoric and tactic and 168
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Index
nonjurors 256, 259, 269, 270, 274, 275, 279
North Africa
see Maghrib
Norwood, Henry 107, 218
notebooks 55–6, 84, 86, 88–9, 91
Numa Pompilius 141–2, 281
Oates, Titus 232, 233, 234, 235
Ockley, Simon 41
Oldenburg, Henry 65
orientalism and Orientalism 44–7
Anglican theology and 149
clerical education and 30
early modern versus modern 45
English politics and 232–7, 249–51
European expansion and 44–7, 70
historical scholarship and 73, 77–114
Judaism and 117–21
oriental despotism and 109
popery and puritanism and 117–32
power and politics and 44–7, 70
Republic of Letters and 41
Ottoman empire 44–5, 126, 262
Owen, John 27, 32, 33, 38, 150 n. 5
Oxford, University of 17, 20–40, 43, 70, 270–71,
277
Act
see terrae filius
Bodleian Library 44
Convocation 35
curriculum 21–31
press 58
Queen’s College 20–22, 27–8, 34, 57
Sheldonian Theatre 58, 128
see also education
pagans and paganism 33, 65, 98, 117, 123, 141, 178,
194, 273
Palma, Don Diego Felipe de 49–51
Paris 25–7
Parker, Samuel 162–4, 190, 223, 231, 247
pastoral power
see power, pastoral
Patrick, Simon 182 n. 27, 252
patristics 29, 118, 150, 177, 263, 267, 279, 280
patronage 32
Pepys, Samuel 217
persecution 37, 286–7
philology 26–7, 83, 149, 204, 272, 280
philosophes 98, 105
philosophy
Anglican theology and 149
as category of historical analysis 73
civil and natural religion and 115
erudition in Enlightenment and 106
 Index 337
history and 114 priestcraft 90, 124, 138, 153, 264, 273, 279, 280
late humanist theology and 30 heresy as 267
scepticism in 74 shared concern in Restoration politics and
travel and 105 Enlightenment 128, 231, 236, 237
in trinitarian controversy 263, 264, 265, 266, as universalization of popery and puritanism
268, 272 116, 126, 127
Pitt, Moses 57, 58, 59 see also freethinkers and freethinking;
Platonism 264 imposture; Judaism; Islam; popery;
Pococke, Edward (1604–1691) 27, 28, 37–8, 44–5, puritans and puritanism
64, 65, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86 priests
politeness see clergy; Laudianism; priestcraft
see civility propaganda
political, the 288 from travellers 43, 53–4, 58
politics historical scholarship as 51, 52, 76
public 40, 153, 162, 228, 229, 235, 252 orientalist works as 45
as scholarly discipline 107, 108 providence
Polybius 111, 114 bracketed in Enlightenment discourse 115
Polyphemus 35 Machiavellianism and 111
popery 116, 278 Maghribi history as indirect evidence of 109
Anglican Revolution and 252 moral reform and 254
in Restoration politics 226, 231–7 as political tool 126, 153
James II’s 247–8 puritans and puritanism 39, 116, 151–2, 153–4,
Jewish 117–22, 179 177, 184, 226, 227, 233–7, 243, 285–6
Muslim 121–2, 123, 124, 151, 233 as popery 233
nonconformity as 236 moral reform and 176, 202, 254, 260
versus priestcraft 128 Muslim 122–7, 151, 233–7
see also Popish Plot preaching and 63, 169, 170
Popish Plot 231–7 scripturalism of 160
scepticism about 232, 233, 234, 236 see also nonconformists and nonconformity;
popularity presbyterians and presbyterianism
in English Revolution 151–2 Pyrrhonism, historical 76, 103–4
James II’s 249–51
Moroccan 92, 112 Quakers 64, 135 n. 69, 182 n. 27, 221, 228, 240,
Muslim 233–7, 249–51 245, 247
in Popish Plot crisis 233–7 Qurʾan 29, 81, 85, 153
see also puritanism see also Islam
Portugal 47, 48, 49, 126, 213, 214, 215–16, 218
Postel, Guillaume 84 n. 52 rabbis 67, 98, 132
power, pastoral 2, 66, 159, 283 see also Judaism
see also clergy al-Rashı̄d, Mūlāy 80, 82, 112–13
prayer 191–5 rationalism and rationality
prayer book Anglicanism’s claim to 149, 285
see Common Prayer, Book of as categories of historical analysis 6, 7, 149,
prelacy 227 264, 265, 266
Anglican opposition to 152, 241–4, 245–6, in conjectural history 139, 140
267 in trinitarian controversy 262, 264, 265,
cause of English Revolution 152 266
in trinitarian controversy 267 usually historical and rhetorical in nature 149
presbyterians and presbyterianism 116, 159, Rawlinson, Richard 21, 23, 38 n. 99
160 n. 54, 161, 170, 197, 221, 228, 229, reform, moral 156 n. 33, 253–60, 283–90
250, 286, 287 civil society as agent of 283–90
see also nonconformists and nonconformity; intra-Anglican conflict and 203, 253–60
puritanism Laudian version of 156, 253–60
present state genre 93, 97 Moral revolution and 260
Prideaux, Humphrey 84 Tory reaction and 238

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 338 Index
Reformation 167, 168, 174 rationality and 149
Christian Hebraism and 117 restraining 162–74
Enlightenment’s relationship to 73, 115, 126, ritual
128, 178 see Laudianism; natural religion; civil religion;
irenicism in 168 worship
Long, as category of historical analysis 11, 177, Rome 24, 25
209 Royal Society 55, 57, 105
Renaissance royalism 17, 19, 34, 37–40
barbarism and civilization as understood in Anglican 38, 199
129 Russell, Thomas 218
clerical education and 17 Rycaut, Sir Paul 45, 105, 106–7, 130
global Republic of Letters and 43
Islamic history as understood in 130 Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de 108–9, 111, 112, 113
roots of Enlightenment historical scholarship Sacheverell, Henry 279, 287
in 73, 74–5, 77, 80, 90, 98, 106, 115 sacraments 170, 180–86, 201, 203, 258
versus Enlightenment 77, 78, 84, 97, 104, 105, see also communion, holy; Laudianism
114, 128, 130 Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the
see also humanism Faith 69
Republic of Letters 36, 41 sacrifice 180–86
as an empire 41 see clergy; communion, holy; Laudianism;
in France 24, 26–7 power, pastoral; natural religion; civil
in Germany 55, 59 religion
globalization of 41 Safavid empire 105
ideological and vocational open-endedness of Sancroft, William
70 against prelacy 241, 242, 243
norms of 20, 36, 41 articles to bishops (1688) 252
Orientalism and 41 leader of Charles II’s commission for
politics and 36, 41 ecclesiastical promotions 237
as response to religious and civil war 20 support of Laudian reformism in 1680s 237,
violence, freedom, and restraint in 36, 41 238, 239, 243, 252, 253
restraint 37 suspension 256
civil society as means of 283–90 Sanderson, Robert 228
combination of licence and, as characteristic Saumur 23, 25, 26–7, 204
of later Stuart public politics 40, 231, Saʿdı̄ dynasty 90, 113
234–5, 261–76, 282–90 scepticism
disputation and 162–74, 209, 262–75 epistemological 268
periodicals and coffeehouses as means of historical 76
283–90 see also Pyrrhonism, historical
of public speech 202 philosophical 74
in Republic of Letters 39–40 scholasticism
of self 39 in Anglican theology 149, 176, 201
trinitarian controversy and 262–75 in clerical education 30
rhetoric in trinitarian controversy 263, 265, 268, 269
as cause of political conflict 31–6, 162–74, 202 science 73, 149
as characteristic of Enlightenment discourse human 42, 129–30
73 natural 61 n. 82, 95–6
in clerical education 18, 22 social 42
disputation and 162–74 Scotland 19, 211, 214, 235
in Enlightenment historical scholarship 76–9, Scott, John 256, 257
80 secularity
grammar school education in 18 as bracketing of theological conflict 145
as training for politics 31 as condition for Enlightenment and
in trinitarian controversy 263 environment of later Stuart politics 42,
in university education and exercises 22, 31–6 145, 177, 205
Machiavellian 78, 112 as consequence of religious pluralism 177

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 Index 339
natural and civil religion and 145 Stillingfleet, Edward 133, 149, 163, 164, 173, 181,
orientalism and 10 235, 252, 281
persuasion and immanent critique of diverse Laudian inclinations of 186–7, 188
groups as response to 177 moral reform and 255
traditional understanding of 11, 42, 211 in trinitarian controversy 265, 266
travel and 25, 42 Stubbe, Henry 87 n. 66
Selden, John 38, 39, 91, 286 sufism 81
on Judaism 98, 102
on natural law 132–6 Tacitus 111, 114, 230
orientalism and 27, 44, 96 Tangier 3, 43, 46, 52, 80–82, 128, 232, 237, 244
on relationship between Judaism and Exclusion Crisis and 218
Christianity 179 public library 80–81
Sevi, Sabbatai 65 religious settlement of 10, 66–9, 212–19, 224
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl significance in English empire 47–51
of 76 n. 10, 223, 227, 234 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste 59
Sharp, John 173 Taylor, Jeremy 28 n. 58, 40, 171, 176, 281
Shaykh, Mūlāy Ah.mad 91 Tenison, Thomas
shechinah 189–90 in controversy over convocation 274
Sheldon, Gilbert 225, 226, 228, 229, 241 Laudian inclinations of 181, 188–90, 191
against prelacy 242 moral reform and 256
importance of catechizing to 222, 224, 225, on the shechinah 188–90, 191
229 preference for controversial preaching 252
measured, critical clericalism of 224, 225, public theology and 275
230 in trinitarian controversy 270, 271
response to Declaration of Indulgence (1672) terrae filius 32–6
223 Tertullian 29, 132
Sherlock, Richard 182 n. 27 Test Act 246, 250, 254, 257
Sherlock, William 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, testimony 74, 77–80, 86, 88, 91–3, 265
271 see also credibility; eyewitnessing; rhetoric
Smalwood, Matthew 239 Tetouan 49, 50, 82
Smith, Thomas, orientalist (1638–1710) 28, 45, Teviot, Andrew Rutherford, first earl of 43, 48,
87–8, 91, 105, 232 52, 212, 213, 236
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge theatre 33
(SPCK) 64, 69, 256, 257 theology
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in advanced education in 28–31
Foreign Parts (SPG) 69 ancient 138
Socinianism 159, 197, 265, 267, 271 Anglican 175–99
see also trinitarian controversy interdisciplinary nature of 149
South, Robert 32, 34–5, 264, 265, 271 as category of historical analysis 73
Southwell, Sir Robert 53 Jewish 102
Spain 49–51, 126, 214 in trinitarian controversy 261–76
speech, freedom of 37 undergraduate education in 21
see also civil society; liberalism; restraint Thirty Years War 111, 205
Spencer, John 178–9, 281 Thorndike, Herbert 27, 176, 190
Spinoza, Baruch 1, 2, 4, 289 Thucydides 77
spying Tillotson, John 173, 235, 252
see intelligence in trinitarian controversy 265, 266, 270, 271,
St Mary the Virgin, church of, Oxford 32, 33 272, 274
St Mary, church of, Lichfield 239 Tindal, Matthew, and anticlerical
St Michael, church of, Lichfield 238 Enlightenment 1, 2, 8, 12, 279–81, 282
St Paul’s Cathedral 186, 188 Toland, John 267
state, confessional 4, 12 Toleration Act (1689) 253
Steele, Richard 283, 288 toleration, religious 210–22, 286–7
Sterne, Richard 222 Anglicans’ familiarity with, before 1689 260
Sterry, Nathaniel 40, 41 as deceit 250–51

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 340 Index
toleration, religious (cont.) Vernet, Jacob 204
in English colonies 210–22 via media
of Jews 68 see moderation
in later Stuart historiography 5 Virginia 63, 211, 212 n. 13, 219–20
Muhammad’s 250–51 voluntarism 255, 257, 260
in Republic of Letters 37
in Restoration England 210–22 Wake, William 252, 274
supported by conformists 68, 210–22 Wallis, John 38, 264, 265, 268
as tactic and slogan, not principle or Ward, Seth 38, 225
long-term strategy 37, 40, 68, 210–22, al-Wazzān, Muhammad 92, 94, 108
250–51 Westminster Shorter Catechism 160, 223
in Tangier 210–22 Westphalia, Peace of 20
see also Indulgence, Declaration of Wettenhall, Edward 268
Tonge, Israel 232, 233, 234 Whigs and Whiggery
Tories and Toryism 236, 245, 250, 279, 284–5, Church 281, 284
286, 287, 288 Enlightened 4, 127, 145, 281
on anti-popery 236 establishment 281, 283, 288
compatibility with Enlightenment 278 historical polemic of 236
Torres, Diego de 84 n. 52 Whitehall 53, 54, 57
Tory reaction 237, 246 Whitgift, John 169
Traité des trois imposteurs 137 Willes, John 259, 260
travel 41–3, 48–61, 278 William III 254, 271, 273
autopsy and 77–84 Williamson, Sir Joseph
as education 23–6 candidate for archbishopric of Canterbury 61
empire and 41–3 citizen of the Republic of Letters 23–7
Enlightenment and 41–3 opponent of James II 250
historical scholarship and 41–3, 48–61, 73, orientalist 28
75–6, 77–84, 93, 104–5 patron 53–8, 87, 88, 89, 97, 128–32, 230, 232,
philosophical 105 235, 249
Republic of Letters and 41–3, 48–61 Popish Plot sceptic 233, 235
social science and 41–3, 130 Royal Society president 54
structured and enabled by political, economic, scholar 23–7, 53–8, 89, 128–32
and religious imperatives 41–3, 48–61 secretary of state and intelligence czar 52,
theology and 149, 181 53–8, 59, 89, 128–32
see also missions and missionaries; orientalism traveller 23–7
and Orientalism tutor 21–2, 23–7
trinitarian controversy Wood, Thomas 241–4, 246, 248, 252, 259
as intra-Anglican conflict over conduct and worship 180–95
regulation of public theology 262–76 Worthington, John 161, 223
intellectual insignificance 262
Turretin, Jean-Alphonse 204 Zanchi, Girolamo 168
Zidān, Mūlāy 91
Ussher, James 28 n. 58, 228 Zouch, Richard 38

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