EXPERIMENT NO.

OBJECT: To prepare a solution of 1N (1 normal) NaOH

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS: Volumetric flask, physical balance, distilled water, sodium
hydroxide (NaOH)

THEORY:
• SOLUTION: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution has
two parts: a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the
majority of the solution.

• TYPES OF SOLUTION:
1. SATURATED SOLUTION: A saturated solution is a chemical solution containing the
maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent. Additional solute will not dissolve
in a saturated solution.

2. UNSATURATED SOLUTION: A solution is said to be unsaturated when the solvent is not

capable of dissolving any more solute at a particular (definite) temperature.

3. SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION: Super saturation is a state of a solution that contains more

of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances

•MOLARITY (M): Molarity is defined as the number of moles of a substance per unit volume

Molarity (M) = moles of solute/liters of solution

Unit: mol/L

• MOLALITY (m): It is defined as the number of moles of a substance per unit mass of a solvent

Molality (m) = moles of solute/kilograms of solvent

Unit: mol/kg

• NORMALITY (N): It is defined as the gram equivalent weight per liter of a solution

Normality (N) = number of mole equivalents/1 L of solution

Unit: eqv. mol/L

• IMPORTANCE OF SOLUBILITY IN PHARMACY:

1. Solubility is one of the important parameter to achieve desired concentration of drug in
systemic circulation of pharmacological response to be shown.
2. Solubility is necessary as soluble drugs can only be absorbed by the tissues of a human body
showing its therapeutic effect.
3. Solubility avoids the complex formation of drugs in the stomach of the body.
4. Insoluble drugs remain longer in the body leading to adverse and sometimes fatal reactions
and gastrointestinal mucosal toxicity.
5. Solubility is the characteristic required to create effective treatment caps of drugs.
6. Solubility also assess the purity of drug.
7. It can even determine the dosage form of the drug.

PROCEDURE:
1. Collect your apparatus and rinse the volumetric flask with distilled water to remove any
impurity present.
2. Weigh the calculated amount of NaOH on the physical balance
3. Add the weighed NaOH into the volumetric flask along with small quantity of water and shake
slowly to dissolve the NaOH
4. Gradually add more water step by step and shake until the solution reaches the mark of the
volumetric flask and NaOH is dissolved completely
5. When the solution is ready, read the lower meniscus of the volumetric flask to confirm and
obtain the result

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Wash the flask thoroughly to avoid any reaction with the impurity present.
2. Check and correct the zero error in physical balance
3. Completely avoid adding water once into the flask upto the mark as solubilty of the solid
cause displacement resulting in a changed volume and normality
4. Read the lower meniscus refraining parallax error

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT: