BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 10 - GASEOUS EXCHANGE

NOTES, EXERCISE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (EXERCISE)

Circle the correct answer.

1. CO2 produced by plants is used for:

(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Synthesis
(c) Osmosis
(d) Endocytosis

2. Most of the gaseous exchange in plants takes place through:

(a) Root hair
(b) Cuticle
(c) Stomata
(d) Lenticels

3. One reason for emphysema is:

(a) Smoking
(b) Exercise
(c) Food
(d) Iron deficiency

4. In humans during expiration:

(a) Diaphragm is lowered and ribs are raised
(b) Both diaphragm and ribs are raised
(c) Diaphragm is raised and ribs are lowered
(d) Both diaphragm and ribs are lowered

5. The inner most chamber of the respiratory system into which air can be drawn:
(a) Bronchiole
(b) Bronchus
(c) Bronchial tube
(d) Alveoli

6. What is the percentage of oxygen in expired air when a person is resting?

(a) 8%
(b) 12%
(c) 16%
(d) 20%

7. Which process does not use energy released by respiration?

(a) Active transport to the glucose into the villi
(b) Diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar surface
(c) Maintenance of constant body temperature
(d) Passage of nerve impulses
8. Which path does a molecule of oxygen take as it enters the body?

a Bronchiole Bronchus Larynx Trachea

b Bronchus Bronchiole Trachea Larynx
c Trachea Bronchiole Bronchus Alveolus
d Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Alveolus

9. When you inhale, the diaphragm:

(a) Relaxes and moves upward
(b) Relaxes and moves downward
(c) Contracts and moves upward
(d) Contracts and moves downward

10. Respiration in living organisms always involves:

(a) Carbon dioxide production
(b) Energy release
(c) Gaseous exchange
(d) Oxygen consumption

11. The gas exchange portion of the human respiratory system is the:
(a) Trachea
(b) Bronchi
(c) Larynx
(d) Alveoli

12. The disease involving breakdown of air sacs of the lungs is:
(a) Pneumonia
(b) Bronchitis
(c) Emphysema
(d) Asthma

13. Which blood vessel surrounds the alveoli?

(a) Capillary
(b) Vein
(c) Venule
(d) Artery

14. In asthma, shortness of breath occurs due to:

(a) Constriction of bronchi
(b) Rupturing of alveolar walls
(c) Rupturing of bronchial walls
(d) Accumulation of pus in alveoli

15. The percentage of oxygen gas in inspired is 21% and in expired air it is 16%. This difference in the
amount of oxygen gas is due to the:
(a) Storage of oxygen gas in lung tissues
(b) Non-reactivity of oxygen gas with the blood
(c) Liberation of oxygen gas as a metabolic waste.
(d) Utilization of oxygen gas in energy production

16. Which one of the following row best describes the action of different structures associated
process of inhalation?
 Diaphragm Rib muscles Ribs
a contract Relax Remain unchanged
b Relax Relax raised
c contract contract raised
d Relax contract Remain unchanged

17. Which row correctly describe the functions of the diaphragm, cilia and mucous in human exchange
system?

Diaphragm Cillia Ribs

a Contracts to cause breathing Trap bacteria from air Absorb CO2 coming from air
out
b Contracts to cause breathing in Carry mucous to the throat Trap dust and bacteria
from air
c Relaxes to cause breathing in Filter dust from air Help in sound production
d Relaxes to cause breathing out Produce mucous Decrease acidity

SLO Based Additional MCQs

18. The correct order of the structures involved in the flow of air in the human body is:
(a) Pharynx — Trachea — Larynx — Bronchi — Bronchioles
(b) Larynx — Pharynx — Trachea — Bronchioles — Bronchi
(c) Trachea — Pharynx — Larynx — Bronchi — Bronchioles
(d) Pharynx — Larynx — Trachea — Bronchi — Bronchioles

19. Food is prevented from entering into the larynx by:

(a) Glottis
(b) Epiglottis
(c) Vocal cords
(d) Internal nostrils

20. Oxygen from the lungs enter into the blood due to:
(a) Diffusion
(b) Less affinity of O2 for air
(c) Higher affinity of CO2 for air
(d) Osmosis

21. Which part of the air passageway is also called the windpipe?
(a) Bronchus
(b) Alveolus
(d) Trachea

22. The diaphragm is flat, the ribs move out —— this occurs during:
(a) Expiration
(b) Inspiration
(c)Lungs expansion
(d) Breathing

23. The chest cavity is separated from abdominal cavity by a muscle called:
(a) Larynx
(b) Trachea
(¢) Bronchus
(d) Diaphragm

24. Respiration at cellular level is known as:

(a) Breathing
(b) Ventilation
(c) Oxidation
(d) Inhalation

25. High fever, cold and cough with sputum production are symptoms of:
(a) Emphysema
(b) Asthma
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Bronchitis

26. Chemotherapy is treatment of:

(a) Emphysema
(b) Asthma
(¢) Bronchitis
(d) Lung cancer

27. The exchange of gases in lungs occurs in:

(a) Bronchi
(b) Alveoli
(c) Bronchioles
(d) Alveolar Ducts

28. The openings in the leaves for gaseous exchange are:

(a) Lenticels
(b) Stomata
(c) Hydathodes
(d) Both stomata and lenticels

29. Inspiration is also known as:

(a) Exhalation
(b) Inhalation
(c) Expiration
(d) Breathing

30. The scientific name of sound box in human is:

(a) Larynx
(b) Pharynx
(c) Trachea
(d) Bronchioles

31. Removal of air from respiratory organ is called:

(a) Expiration
(b) Inspiration
(c) Breathing
(d) Guttation
32. Alveoli are surrounded by:
(a) Veins
(b) Arteries
(c) Capillaries
(d) Arterioles

33. Emphysema and Asthma are diseases of:

(a) Respiratory system
(b) Digestive system
(c) Nervous system
(d) Circulatory system

34. Cigarette smoke is the most common cause of:

(a) Asthma
(b) Lung cancer
(c) Bronchitis
(d) Pneumonia

35. Cigarette smoke contains:

(a) Water
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Nitrous oxide
(d)Oxygen

36. Which of the following is related to emphysema?

(a) Destruction of alveolar wall occurs
(b) Lung tissue is filled with pus
(¢) Skin colour of patient becomes purplish
(d) More mucous is produced in air passage ways

37. The process of gaseous exchange involves:

(a) Breakdown of C-H bonds to yield energy
(b) Physical movements that take air in and out of body
(c) Getting oxygen from the air and removing carbon dioxide
(d) Transport of oxygen by the blood to different parts of the body

38. Most of the gaseous exchange in a leaf occurs through:

(a) Stomata
(b) General surface
(c) Cuticle
(d) Lenticels

39. How many bronchi are there in the air passageway?

(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Many
(d) Three

40. Where does the gaseous exchange occur in humans?

(a) Pharynx
(b) Trachea
(c) Bronchi
(d) Alveoli

41. Which structure actively helps in taking the air out of lungs?
(a) Nasal cavity
(b) Bronchus
(c) Bronchiole
(d) Diaphragm

42. The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of:
(a) Carbon dioxide in blood
(b) Oxygen in blood
(c) Carbon dioxide in muscles
(d) Oxygen in muscles

43. Point out the FALSE statement about respiration.

(a) Gases can easily pass through the walls of the alveoli
(b) Gas exchange in lungs is very efficient because lungs provide large surface area
(c) In emphysema, the walls of alveoli break and there is more surface area
(d) Dust particles can damage the lung by irritating the inner alveoli surface

44. Which process does not occur in the nasal cavity?

(a) Trapping of large dust particles
(b) Humidification of the inhaled air
(¢) Warming of the inhaled air
(d) Exchange of gases

45. Gaseous exchange occurs through stomata in

(a) Leaves and young stems

(b) Woody stems and mature roots

(c) Young roots
(d) Aquatic plans

46. In humans and other higher animals, the exchange of gases is carried out by:
(a) Skin
(b)Respiratory surface
(c) Air passageway
(d) Lungs

47. The length of trachea is:

(a) 10 cm
(b) 12 cm
(c) 22 cm
(d) 20 cm

48. C-shaped cartilaginous rings are present in the wall of:

(a) Bronchi
(b) Bronchioles
(c) Alveoli
(d) Trachea
49. Pairs of ribs present in humans are:
(a) 24
(b) 12
(c) 26
(d) 36

50. No. of lobes present in right lung are:

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5

51. The normal breathing rate in human being is:

(a) 10-40 times per minute
(b) 16-20 times per minute
(c) 30-40 times per minute
(d) 5-10 times per minute

52. During exercise or other hard physical works the breathing rate may increase up to:
(a) 30 - 40 times per minute
(b) 50 - 60 times per minute
(¢) 50 - 55 times per minute
(d) 60 - 70 times per minute

53. Amount of oxygen in expired air is

(a) 21%
(b) 16
(c) 0.04%
(d) 4%

54. Amount of carbon dioxide in inspired air is

(a) 16%
(b) 0.04%
(¢) 4%
(c) None

55. Amount of nitrogen in expired air is:

(a) 70%
(b) 80%
(¢) 79%
(d) 4%

56. Cough, mild wheezing, fever, chills and shortness of breath (especially when doing hard job) are
symptoms of:
(a) Emphysema
(b) Pneumonia
(c) Bronchitis
(d) Asthma

57. In this disease, the patient has usually lost 50% to 70% of his/ her lung tissue
(a) Pneumonia
(b) Asthma
(c) Emphysema
(d) Bronchitis

58. Pneumonia is an infection of:

(a) Kidneys
(b) Digestive system
(c) Lungs
(d) Blood

59. It is a form of allergy:

(a) Asthma
(b) Bronchitis
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Lung cancer

60. “World No Tobacco Day” is celebrated on:

(a) 30 June
(b) 31 June
(c) 11 January
(d) 31 May

61. Smoking may also lead to the cancers in:

(a) Kidneys and pancreas
(b) Oral cavity and larynx
(c) Breast and bladder
(d) All of the above

62. The destruction of wall of alveoli is called:

(a) Pneumonia
(b) Emphysema
(c) Bronchitis
(d) Asthma

63. The inflammation of bronchi or bronchioles is called:

(a) Bronchitis
(b) Emphysema
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Asthma

64. It remains unaffected in expired air

(a) Oz
(b) CO2
(c) N2
(d) Water vapours

65. In developing world smoking has:

(a) Declined
(b) Risen by 5.4%
(c) No effect
(d) Risen by 3.4%

66. In young stems and leaves some gaseous exchange also occurs through:
(a) Leaf petioles
(b) Cuticle
(c) Leaf petioles and cuticle
(d) Mesophyll

67. Exchange of gases occurs through lenticels in:

(a) Woody stems
(b) Mature roots
(c) Woody stems and mature roots
(d) Young stems

68. Gases diffuse by general surface in:

(a) All stems
(b) Young roots
(c) All leaves
(d) Mature roots

69. Air passageway starts from:

(a) Nose
(b) Pharynx
(c) Trachea
(d) Bronchi

70. The glottis is guarded by a flap of tissues called:

(a) Larynx
(b) Epiglottis
(c) Pharynx
(d) Voice box

71. Temperature of expired air is:

(a) High
(b) Low
(c) Equal to the body temperature
(d) Equal to external environment

72. Cluster of pouches found in respiratory system:

(a) Bronchi
(b) Alveoli
(c) Bronchioles
(d) Trachea

73. Lungs are organs which are

(a) Spongy
(b) Elastic
(c) Spongy and elastic
(d) Tough

74. Dusky or purplish skin colour is a symptom of:

(a) Bronchitis
(b) Emphysema
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Asthma
75. Total chemicals in tobacco smoke are:
(a) 1000
(b) 2000
(c) 3000
(d) 7000

76. Tooth loss is times higher in smokers than in non-smokers.

(a) 2-5 times
(b) 1-2 times
(c) 2-3 times
(d) 4-5 times

77. Oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin is lessened by

(a) Tar
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nicotine
(d) Carbon monoxide

78. A powerful poison which damages brain is:

(a) Tar
(b) Nicotine
(c) Carcinogen
(d) Carbon monoxide

79. Function of pleural membrane is to:

(a) Enclose the lungs
(b) Help to increase the volume of cavity during respiration
(c) Increase volume of chest
(d) Secrete to help the lungs

80. Deoxygenated blood towards lungs is taken by:

(a) Pulmonary artery
(b) Aorta
(c) Superior vena cava
(d) Pulmonary vein

81. Asthma is caused by:

(a) Perfumes
(b) Vitamin B-12 deficiency
(c) Vitamin C deficiency
(d) Vitamin K deficiency

82. Some viral (Influenza virus) and fungal infections may also lead to:
(a) Asthma
(b) Pneumonia
(c) Lung cancer
(d) Emphysema

83. A thick muscular structure present below the lungs is called:

(a) Alveolus
(b) Tracheoles
(c) Diaphragm
(d) Bronchioles

84. The main cause of lung cancer is:

(a) Smoking
(b) Viral infection
(c) Bacterial infection
(d) Both viral and bacterial infection

85. Passive smoking in non-smokers has increased heart rate by:

(a) 20- 30%
(b) 25-40%
(c) 25-30%
(d) 30-40%

86. Rate of breathing depends upon concentration of

(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Hydrogen

87. Percentage of carbon dioxide in expired air during breathing is:

(a) 16%
(b) 21%
(c) 04%
(d) 0.04%

88. Which disease is not related to lungs?

(a) Pneumonia
(b) Myopia
(c) Emphysema
(d) Asthma

89. Identify the correctly matched pair:

(a) Breathing, cellular respiration
(b) Breathing, gaseous exchange
(c) Gaseous exchange, cellular respiration
(d) Both b and c

90. The major causative agent of pneumonia is:

(a) Vibro pneumoniae
(b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(c) Influenza virus
(d) b and c both

91. Stomata are frequently present on:

(a) Upper side of leaf
(b) Lower side of leaf
(c) Both sides of leaf
(d) Stem
92. Which of the following is not a had effect of smoking?
(a) Weakening of teeth
(b) Arteriosclerosis
(c) Kidney stones
(d) Cancer in kidneys and bladder

93. Chest wall is made up of ribs. The number of ribs in humans is:
(a) 12
(b) 24
(c) 36
(d) 48

94. Gaseous exchange in young roots occurs through:

(a) Lenticels
(b) Cuticle
(c) Stomata
(d) General surface

95. Breathing rate is controlled by respiratory center in the brain which is sensitive to concentration of:
(a) Oxygen in air
(b) Oxygen in blood
(c) Carbon dioxide in air
(d) Carbon dioxide in blood

96. Lungs are covered with double layer membranous sac called:
(a) Diaphragm
(b) Ribcage
(c) Peritoneum
(d) Pleural membrane

97. In woody stems and mature roots, the gaseous exchange takes place through:
(a) Stomata
(b) Cuticle
(c) Lenticel
(d) General surface

98. The opening of larynx is called:

(a) Glottis
(b) Epiglottis
(c) Trachea
(d) Pharynx

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the following terms:
(i) Respiration (ii) Gaseous Exchange (iii) Breathing

(i) RESPIRATION
Respiration is the process by which chemical energy in organic molecules is released by oxidation. This
energy is then made available to living cells in the form ATP.
Cellular Respiration
The respiration, which occurs within cell, is called cellular respiration.
Types
◆ If respiration takes in the presence of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration.
◆ If respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen it is called anaerobic respiration.

(ii) GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organisms and the
environment.
Area of Occurrence
The area where gaseous exchange takes place is called the respiratory surface. Gaseous exchange takes
place by the physical process of diffusion.

(iii) BREATHING
Breathing is the physical process during which there is movement of air into and out of the breathing
surface i.e., lungs.
Phases
It consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration.

Q2. Describe the process of gaseous exchange in plants.

Ans.
Introduction
Plants need carbon dioxide, for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration.

During respiration carbon dioxide, water and energy is produced. The carbon dioxide produced is used in
photosynthesis. There is no special organ or system in plants for gaseous exchange. Plants rely on diffusion
for gaseous exchange through inter-cellular air spaces
Explanation:
Exchange of gases in plants take place through stomata, inter cellular space, cuticle and lenticels.

(i) Stomata and Inter cellular Spaces - (How gases are exchanged in leaf?)
Stomata are the main source of exchange of gases in plants. Land plants get oxygen directly from the air
which enters through stomata. The stomata lead into the inter cellular air spaces between the spongy
mesophyll cells. The surface of the mesophyll cells acts as the gas exchange surface.
During day time plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
During night plants give out carbon dioxide and take in oxygen.

(ii) Cuticle
Some exchange of gases takes place through the cuticle of leaves and young stems.

(iii) Lenticels
In woody stems and roots there are dead cells beneath the epidermis. These dead cells constitute the cork
tissue. The cork tissues have pores called lenticels. Some exchange of gases also takes place through
lenticels.

RESPIRATION VERSUS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Respiration is the reverse process of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis glucose and oxygen is produced
which are used in respiration by plants to produce energy and surplus glucose is stored in plants as starch,
whereas oxygen is given out.
Q.3 Explain the structure and working of human air passageway and the lungs. / Describe the structure
of human respiratory system.

Ans.
AIR PASSAGEWAY AND LUNGS
The organs responsible for gas exchange in human beings are the two lungs and the air passages which
lead to the lungs.

1. AIR PASSAGEWAY
The air passageway consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

(a) Nose: The nose is an elevated structure. It is divided into two parts:
(i) Nostrils: The external openings of the nose are nostrils having hairs.
(ii) Nasal Cavity: The nostrils lead into a nasal cavity. The top of the nasal cavity has lining of nerve
cells, which are responsible for sense of smell. The walls and the base of the nasal passage are lined
with cilia. Between the ciliated epithelial cells are goblet cells, which produce sticky fluid, called mucus.

Functions of Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity performs following important functions:
(i) The air entering the respiratory system must be warmed, moistened and filtered to keep the lung tissue
healthy.
(ii) The hairs lining the entrance to the nasal cavity trap large dust particle.
(iii) The thin layer of mucus moistens the air and also traps particles of dust or smoke.
(iv) The cilia sweep the trapped particles and mucus towards the pharynx. These are either swallowed or
spit out.

By the time air reaches the lungs it is relatively dust and germ free, warm and moist. These protective
measures keep the lungs clean, so that the lungs can perform the important work of gas exchange.

(b) Pharynx
Air is drawn out of the nasal passages into a channel called pharynx, at the back of the mouth. There are
several openings in the pharynx. The air is channelized from the pharynx into the larynx.

(c) Larynx
Larynx or voice box is a cartilaginous structure. It surrounds the upper end of the trachea.

(d) Glottis and Epiglottis

The cavity of the larynx is called glottis. Epiglottis is a cartilaginous structure that guards the glottis.

(e) Trachea
The trachea is a tube running from the pharynx to the lungs.
Structure: It is held permanently open by C shaped rings of cartilage in its walls.
Functions of Cartilage: The cartilage rings also keep the trachea open when it develops a low internal air
pressure during every intake of breath.

(f) Bronchi and Bronchioles.

Trachea divides into two branches, the one leading to each lung. Inside the lungs each bronchus divides
again and again to form a mass of very fine branches called bronchioles. Bronchi have irregularly shaped
plates of cartilage, which keep the tubes permanently open.

(g) Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

The bronchioles branch into many short tubes of equal diameter called alveolar ducts, which end in tiny
hollow bags called air sacs. The air sacs have many bubble-like pockets in their walls called alveoli. The
alveoli are the respiratory surface of a mammal.

2. LUNGS
There are two lungs. The lungs are lying in the thorax on either side of the heart. The lungs are protected
by ribs and the intercostal muscles.
Structure of Lungs
Pleura
Each lung is surrounded by a membrane called pleura. It is a double membrane. The space between the
double membranes is filled by a film of fluid. The fluid enables them to glide over one another.
Functions
(i) The lungs are spongy due to presence of alveoli. Alveoli look like bunches of grapes. The arrangement of
bubble-like alveoli gives the lungs a far greater surface area.
(ii) Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries. Here the real work of respiratory system takes
place as the blood and air are side by side. The inner surface of the alveoli has moisture.
(iii) Oxygen dissolves in this moisture and then diffuses across the thin-walled blood capillaries into the
blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. It diffuses across the membrane of an alveolus
and into the air present within the alveolus. Thus, the gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the thin
membrane of an alveolus and a capillary.

Q.4 Describe mechanism of breathing. / Define breathing. Write the mechanism of breathing.

Ans.
Introduction
Breathing is a mechanical process. It is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. The force that drives
air into the lungs comes from ordinary air pressure.
The lungs themselves neither draw in air nor push it out. The expansion and contraction of the lungs is
accomplished by the diaphragm, and by intercostal muscles.

Phases
The mechanism of breathing consists of two phases:
1. Inspiration or inhalation
2. Expiration or exhalation.

1. INHALATION
Introduction
When we inhale or breath in, air rushes into the lungs to equalize a reduction of air pressure in the thoracic
cavity. It occurs in the following way:

(a) Contraction of Intercostal muscles and Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles contract and elevate the ribs. The muscles of the diaphragm contract,
lowering the diaphragm and increasing the volume of the chest cavity.
(b) Effects of Contraction
The increased size of the chest cavity causes the pressure in the cavity to drop below the atmospheric
pressure and air rushes through the respiratory passages into the lungs, equalizing the pressure.

2. EXHALATION
Introduction
It is the expulsion of air from the lungs.
Relaxation of Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm and Its Effects
Muscles of the ribs and the diaphragm relax, allowing the thoracic cavity to return to its original smaller
size. The elastic lungs contract as the air is expelled.

CHANGES DURING INHALATION

The muscles in diaphragm contract. This pulls the
diagram downwards.
The muscles between ribs contract. This pulls the
ribs upwards and outwards.
The lungs expand. When the volume increases, the
pressure decrease in the chest cavity
Air moves into the lungs from nose/mouth

CHANGES DURING EXHALATION

The diaphragm muscles relax. This allow the
diaphragm to become normal, domed.
The muscles between the ribs relax. This allow the
ribs to move downwards and inwards.
The lungs are compressed. When the volume
decreases, the pressure increases in the lungs.
Air is forced out from the lungs to the surrounding
air.

Q.5 Describe the process of breathing in the form of table.

Ans.
Process of Breathing
Structure/Process Inspiration Expiration
1 Diaphragm Contracts (moves down) Relaxes
2 External intercostal muscles Contract Relax
3 Rib cage Moves up and out Moves down and in
4 Volume of thorax Increases Decreases
5 Pressure of thorax Decreases Increases
6 Movement of air Into lungs Out of lungs

Q.6 Describe the effect of exercise on the rate of breathing.

Ans.
Normal Rate of Breathing
The normal rate of breathing is 15-20 times per minutes under resting condition. During exercise we need
more energy, which is provided by more and more oxidation of glucose. As a result, more CO2 is produced
during exercise, which cannot be given out of the body quickly. For this purpose, expiration takes place at
an increased rate.

Breathing Centre
There is a part in the brain called medulla oblongata. In it there is a breathing centre. The cells in the
breathing centre can detect the change in the concentration of CO2 in the blood, if the concentration is
more, they will give message through nerve to increase the rate of expiration, to get rid of excess of CO2.
Q.7 Describe different types of respiratory disorders in man. / State the signs and symptoms, causes and
treatment of bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, asthma and lung cancer.

Ans.
The common respiratory disorders are Bronchitis, Emphysema, Pneumonia, Asthma and Lung cancer.

(1) BRONCHITIS
Introduction
Bronchitis is the inflammation of lining of the air passages like trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

Symptoms
(i) One of the symptoms is secretion of excess mucus from the goblet cells in response to the irritation.
(ii) The main symptom is cough, which occurs repeatedly.
(iii) Coughing and breathlessness increases as the disease progress.
(iv) Bronchitis can be acute or chronic.

Causes
(i) Acute bronchitis usually lasts a few days only and is a side effect of viral infections like flu.
(ii) Chronic bronchitis is most commonly caused by smoking and to a lesser extent by air pollution. It may
last for months. The sensation of breathlessness occurs, due to the reduced gases exchange.

Treatment
The infection will generally go away on its own within one week. One should take the following steps for
some relief:
(a) Do not smoke.
(b) Drink plenty of fluids.
(c) Take rest.
(d) An inhaler may be taken.
(e) If thinks hat you have a secondary bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed.

(2) EMPHYSEMA
Introduction
Emphysema is a respiratory disease where there is over inflation of the alveoli in the lungs, causing a
decrease in lung function.

Symptoms
(i) The main sign of emphysema is increasing breathlessness.
(ii) In advance case the patient finds it difficult to walk. your doctor
(iii) The lungs loose elasticity, so that it becomes more difficult to exhale air.
(iv) Inflammation and narrowing of the finer bronchioles also occur.

Cause
(i) It is due to gradual breakdown of the thin walls of alveoli and the total surface area for gaseous
exchange decreases.
(ii) The main cause is the long-term irritation of the lungs, most commonly by cigarette smoke, air pollution
or industrial dust.

Treatment
(i) Treatment methods for emphysema do not cure or reverse the damage to the lungs.
(ii) The best way to prevent emphysema is to avoid smoking.
(iii) A variety of medications may be used in the treatment of emphysema.
(3) PNEUMONIA
Introduction
Pneumonia is defined as an inflammation of alveoli of lungs caused by acute infection.

Types
Double pneumonia is a lung infection that affects both lungs.

Symptoms:
Fever, shaking chills, chest pain, cough, headache, sore throat, nausea, diarrhoea etc.

Cause:
The most common cause of pneumonia is bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Treatment
Antibiotics are prescribed for bacterial pneumonia.

(4) ASTHMA
Introduction
Asthma is the common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways.

Symptoms
(i) The person has more difficulty in breathing out than breathing in.
(ii) A characteristic whistling sound is caused by breathing.
(iii) There is secretion of excess of mucus and swelling of the lining of the respiratory pathway.

Cause
(i) It is due to an allergic response to substances like pollen, household dust, a particular food or feathers
from pillow, cold air, exercise, and smoking etc.
(ii) Emotional disturbance may also provoke an attack.

Treatment
(i) Mild attack of asthma is controlled with bronchodilators that dilate the airway.
(ii) Different devices called inhalers help asthma patient to breathe.
(iii) Asthma is a long-term disease that has no cure.
(iv) Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick- relief medicines.

(5) LUNG CANCER

Introduction
Cancer is caused by cells dividing repeatedly out of control and form unspecialized masses of cells called
tumours. Lung cancer usually starts in the epithelium of the bronchioles. It then usually spreads
throughout the lungs.

Symptoms
(i) The first event appears to be thickening and callusing of the cells lining the bronchi.
(ii) Then there is a loss of cilia, so that it is impossible to prevent dust and dirt from setting in the lungs.
(iii) After that a tumour consisting of cancerous cells with a typical nucleus appears at one location.
(iv) Due to metastasis the cancer spreads. The tumour may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off
the supply of air to that lung.

Cause
(i) Tobacco smoke is the main cause of cancer.
(ii) Air pollution also increases the risk of lung cancer specially car exhaust, asbestos and arsenic.
Treatment
The only treatment is pneumonectomy i.e., to remove a lobe or the lung completely or destroying it
through radiation.

Q.8 Why tobacco smoke is harmful? / How does the tobacco smoke damage the human health?/
Describe bad effects of smoking.

Ans.
Introduction
Smoking is very harmful to human health. The smoke contains chemicals and gases. Dried tobacco leaves
are used in cigarettes. The tobacco on burning produces a number of dangerous and toxic compounds, that
are listed below.
1. Nicotine
2. Carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas)
3. Tar (a brown sticky substance)
4. Carcinogens (Cancer causing chemicals)
5. Irritants (Chemicals that irritate)

Number of Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke

There are 7000, chemicals in cigarette smoking including 70 known carcinogens.

Effects
(i) Emphysema and lung cancer may be the outcome of smoking cigarettes.
(ii) Cigarette smoke affects the structure and function of the lungs.
(iii) Toxins in cigarette alter the airways, alveoli, and the capillaries and immune system of the lungs.
(iv) Smoking increases a risk of pneumonia by four times and tuberculosis of the lungs by two to four times.
(v) Passive Smoking: Smoking does not harm just smokers. When someone smokes near you, you become
a passive smoker. Passive smoking is breathing in of all the poisons of cigarette smoke. Smoking in closed
spaces and indoor and indoor is even more harmful for passive smokers.
(vi) Arteriosclerosis and Damages to Brain Tissue: Smoking is a major contributing factor to the
development of coronary heart disease. Nicotine causes blood to clot more easily, hardens wall of arteries,
which can lead to arteriosclerosis. Nicotine also damages brain tissue.

Q9. Name the structure through which exchange of gases can take place in plants.

Ans. Exchange of gases in plants takes place through following structures:

i. Stomata
ii. Intercellular space
iii. Cuticle
iv. Lenticels

Q10. Name the ways through which a plant can obtain oxygen.

Ans.
(i) Land plants get oxygen directly from the air which enters through stomata.
(ii) The aquatic plants get the oxygen dissolved in water and release carbon dioxide in the water.
(iii) In young roots, gases diffuse in and out of the general surface.
(iv) In woody stems and mature roots lenticels allow air to pass through them.

Q11. Why one should not sleep under a tree at night?

Ans. One should not sleep under a tree at night because during night time plants take in oxygen and
release carbon dioxide so the amount of carbon dioxide in the air increases which leads to respiratory
problems.

Q12. Why would very wet soil be dangerous to plants?

Ans. Plant roots need oxygen. When soil is too wet or water logged, the oxygen content is reduced and
minimal oxygen is absorbed by the plant roots. With excess water, plant beds may behave like sponges in a
bowl of water, holding in water and excluding oxygen.

Q13. Why do plants not need specialized respiratory system?

Ans. Plants can live without special respiratory organs because every living cell in the plant is present very
close to the plant surface which facilitates easy exchange of gases. Also, oxygen availability is not an issue
since oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.

Q14. How exchange of gases takes place in alveoli?

Ans. Alveoli are single-celled, very thin-walled and have a network of blood capillaries. So they are an
excellent site for gaseous exchange. The blood which enters these capillaries has a low oxygen
concentration whereas the inhaled air present in the alveoli has a higher oxygen concentration. Therefore,
oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries. Similarly, the carbon dioxide concentration in the
blood present in the capillaries is more than that of the alveoli. Therefore, carbon dioxide diffuses out of
the blood and into the alveoli.

Q15. What is the effect of exercise on the rate of breathing?

Ans. The rate of breathing is controlled by the respiratory centre in the brain. It is sensitive to the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. When we exercise, cellular respiration in our muscle cells
increases. Production of carbon dioxide increases which is released in the blood. This increased
concentration of carbon dioxide stimulates stimulates the respiratory centre in brain to increase the rate of
breathing.

Q16. Compare inspired air and expired air.

Ans.
Gas Inspired Air Expired Air
1 Oxygen 21% 16%
2 Carbon dioxide 0.04% 4%
3 Nitrogen 79% 79%
4 Water vapour Variable Saturated
5 Temperature Variable About body temperature
6 Dust particles Variable Little, if any

Q17. Differentiate between:

Ans.
a) Respiration and Breathing

Breathing Cellular Respiration

Breathing is used for the process through which Cellular respiration is the process in which the C-H
animals take air in bodies to get oxygen from it and bonds in food are broken by oxidation reduction
then give out the air for getting rid of carbon reactions and the energy is transformed into ATP.
dioxide.
It is only the mechanical or physical process for It is a mechanical and biochemical process.
exchange of gases.
It occurs at respiratory system. It occurs at cellular level i.e. mitochondria and
cytoplasm.
Energy is utilized. Energy is released.

b) Respiration and Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis
It is an anabolic process, in which plants absorb
solar energy and synthesize food.
The raw materials for photosynthesis are CO2 and
H2O while O2 is released.
It occurs in green cells containing chlorophyll.
Respiration
It is a catabolic process, in which organisms
breakdown the synthesized food.
The raw material for respiration are organic
substances mainly glucose (C6H12O6), which is
broken down either in the presence (aerobic) or
absence (anaerobic) of O2 and CO2 while H2O is
released.
It occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria.

c) Inhalation and Exhalation

Inhalation Exhalation
Diaphragm contracts (moves down) Diaphragm relaxes
External intercostal muscles contract External intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves up and out Rib cage moves down and in
Volume of thorax increases Volume of thorax decreases
Pressure in thorax decreases Pressure of thorax increases
Air moves into lungs Air moves out of lungs

d) Stomata and Lenticels

Stomata
The leaves and young stems have stomata in their
epidermis.
Stomata are present on lower surface of leaves.
Opening and closing is controlled by guard cells.
Cannot be felt by hand.
Lenticels
In woody stems and mature roots, these are certain
pores in the layer of bark.
No guard cells
Lenticles are present on bark.
These are little growths that can be felt by hands

Q.18 Breathing through nose is healthier than breathing by mouth. Why?

Ans. Nose breathing is healthier than mouth breathing because nose helps filter out dust and other
allergens while simultaneously boosting oxygen consumption. Mouth breathing dries out the mouth as
well.

Q.19 What are the conditions necessary for efficient gaseous exchange between organism and
environment?

Ans.
• Large surface area for easy gas exchange.
• Fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Moist surface - air sacs are moist with mucus so that gas can dissolve before diffusion.
• Rich in blood capillaries so that large volume of gases can be exchanged.

Q.20 Describe the effects of cigarette smoking on the inner walls of trachea of human beings.

Ans. The effects of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system include:

• Irritation of the trachea (wind pipe) and larynx (voice box)
• Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung airways.
• Excess mucus in the lung passages.

Q.21 Trace the path of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.

Ans. Following is the path of air:

Nasal cavity → Pharynx larynx → Trachea → Bronchus → Bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveoli

Q.22 What is bronchitis? Lists its types. / What do you know about bronchitis?

Ans. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi or bronchioles. It results in excessive secretion of mucous
into the tubes leading to the swelling of tubular walls and narrowing of tubes. It is caused by viruses,
bacteria or exposure to chemical irritants e.g. tobacco smoke.
Types
It is of two types i.e. acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.

Q.23 Briefly explain emphysema? / What do you know about emphysema?

Ans. Emphysema is the destruction of the walls of the alveoli. It results in larger sacs but with less surface
area for gaseous exchange. As lung tissue breaks down, the lungs do not come back to their original shape
after exhalation. So air cannot be pushed out and is trapped in the lungs.
Symptoms
(i) Shortness of breath
(ii) Fatigue
(iii) Recurrent respiratory infections
(iv) Weight loss

Q.24 What do you know about nicotine?/ What is nicotine? How does it affect the human body?

Ans. Nicotine is a powerful poison and was widely used as an insecticide in the past. When inhaled through
tobacco smoking, it reaches our circulatory system and not only hardens the walls of the arteries but also
damages the brain tissues.

Q.25 Describe the structure and function of larynx.

Ans.
Definition
The larynx is a box made of cartilage. It is also called the voice box. It is present between pharynx and
trachea.
Function
Two pairs of fibrous bands called vocal cords are stretched across the larynx. When the air passes through
them, the vocal cords vibrate. This vibration produces sounds. Movements of lips, cheeks, tongue and jaws
produce specific sounds which results in speech. Speech is an ability of only humans.
Q.26 What do you know about the effects of tilling?

Ans. Tilling helps soil drainage and aeration. It creates air spaces between soil particles. These spaces in
turn allow better exchange of gases between roots and the air.