Mal3e09 1

ae-bmf \mSIw
MALAYALAM DRAMA
(MAL3E09)
STUDY MATERIAL
III SEMESTER
M.A. MALAYALAM
(2019 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O.
MALAPPURAM - 673 635, KERALA
190063
Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän
hnZqc hnZym-`ymk hn`mKw
Fw.-F. aebmfw (2019 AUvan-j³)
III ska-ÌÀ
ELECTIVE
MAL3E09 : ae-bmf \mSIw
]T-\-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
tUm. cmPp-¡p-«³ ]n.-Pn.
Akn. s{]m^-kÀ
hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ymk hn`mKw
SmtKmÀ \ntI-X³, Imen-¡-ddv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-bXv

tUm. Fw.-_n. at\mPv
Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ
ae-bm-f-þ-tI-c-f-]-T-\-hn-`mKw
Imen-¡äv kÀÆI-em-ime
DISCLAIMER
"The author(s) shall be solely responsible
for the content and views
expressed in this book".
Printed @ Calicut University Press

DÅ-S¡w
]pdw
bqWnäv þ 1 1 þ 22
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn
kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä
{]l-k\w
ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw þ `mk³ (hn-h. Imhm-ew)
adn-bm-½-\m-SIw þ sImö-¸³ Xc-I³
bpWnäv þ 2 23 þ 42
\mS-Ihpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\hpw
cmjv{Sob \mS-I-§Ä
ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw þ Fw.-BÀ.-_n.
]m«-_m¡n þ sI. Zmtam-Z-c³
CXv `qan-bmWv þ sI. Sn apl-½Zv
]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS kzm[o\w
{Ko¡v \mS-I-th-Zn, tdma³ \mS-I-thZn
tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§Ä
ka-Xz-hmZn þ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c³]nÅ
B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ þ kn.-sP. tXmakv
kmtIXw þ kn.-F³ {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ
X\-Xp-\m-S-tI-hZn
Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-thZn
`c-X-hmIyw þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
Ah-\-h³IS¼ þ Imhmew
A¸p®n þ Pb-{]-Imiv IpfqÀ
h¶-tý-ImWmw þ Xpt¸-«³
Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³ þ ]n.-Fw. cmPv
]cn-£-W-\m-S-I-thZn
Ata-NzÀ \mS-I-thZn
_me-\m-S-I-thZn
sXcphp \mS-I-§Ä
tIfp þ F³ iio-[-c³, C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³
te_À dqw þ {ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic
tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv þ kXojv sI. kXojv
bqWnäv þ 1
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn þ Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w
ImfnZmksâ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw 1882-þÂ tIc-f-

hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ aWn-{]-hm-f- im-Ip-´fw F¶
t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-tXmsS ae-bm-f-
¯nÂ \mSI{]Øm\w Bcw-`n-¨p. CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶ shfp-
t¯cn tIi-h³ sshZyÀ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw hnhÀ¯\w
sNbvXv cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xmbn F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½ tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-
¶p-−v. bYmÀ°¯nÂ CXn-s\Ãmw ap¼v t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-
bpÅ k¼À¡-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v Nne t\«-
§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-co-Xn-IÄ A\p-I-cn¨v
Nne \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä DS-se-Sp-¯-Xmbn Icp-Xmw. aX-]-cn-
hÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fmbn XoÀ¶-h-cmWv
Cu \mSI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯-Xv. tdma³
N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A]-Zm-\-§Ä hmgv¯p¶ Pt\mh \mS-I-
amWv CXnÂ {][m-\w. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v ImdÂam³ \mS-Iw,
bmt¡m_p \mS-Iw, s\t¸m-fn-b³ NcnXw F¶nh cwK-¯p-h-
¶p. F¶mÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ZpÀ_-em-\p-I-c-W-
§-fmbn Ch amdn. \½psS \mS-³ Iem-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw
]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw k½n-{i-X-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-
¯nÂ ImWp-¶-sX¶pw taÂ]-dª \mS-I-§Ä¡p ap³t]
Nhn«p \mS-I-§Ä D−m-bn-h-¶-Xmbpw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-−v.
F¶mÂ CsXm¶pw {it²-b-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ ka-b-¯mWv (1882)
Bbneyw Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv imIp-´fw "`mjm-im-Ip-´fw'
F¶ t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xv. `mjm-im-Ip-´fw
\S\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-¸nÅ at\m-
tam-l\w \mS-II-¼-\n-bn-eqsS t{]£-IÀ¡v ckn¡pw hn[w
Nne s]mSn-ssI-I-tfmsS cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v
Hcp-]mSv kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w
sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\Io]cn-
Wbw 1889 (cm-a-`-{ZZo-£n-XÀ), D¯-c-cm-a-N-cnXw 1892 (`-h-`q-Xn),
sI.am-[-h-ta-t\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw 1890, sIm«m-c-¯nÂ
i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀÆ-iobw (Im-fn-Zm-k³), ame-Xn-am-[hw
1892 (`m-k³), G.-B-dnsâ amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw 1890 (Im-fn-Zm-
k³), kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w 1917 (`m-k³), sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªp-
¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-þ1893 (iàn `{Z³) XpS-
School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 1

§n-bh hnhÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-§-fm-Wv. cN-\-bpsS Imew
]cn-K-Wn-¨mÂ (1867) sIm¨n-¸³ Xc-Isâ "adn-bm½' \mS-I-
amWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ kmaq-lnI \mSIw. 1866-þÂ
Fgp-Xnb IÃqÀ D½³ ]oen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w AYhm
Hcp \Ã tIfn-k-Ãm]w (tIm-aUn Hm^v Ftdgvkv þ tjIvkv]n-
bÀ) Hcp \mSI IrXn-bmbn Icp-Xm³ {]bm-k-ap-s−¶v NneÀ
A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
\mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§-fpsS
kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-§sf A\p-
I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI \mS-I-thZn XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-
Xv. 1892-þÂ Hcp Xangv \mS-I-kwLw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-Xmbn
Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Cu Xangv\mS-I-§Ä
]mgvkn \mS-I-¯nsâ A\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ®-i-_-f-
amb thj-hn-[m-\-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]mgvkn \mSIw hnIvtSm-dn-
b³ \mS-I-¯nsâ hnIr-Xm-\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw
]mgvkn \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Xangv \mS-I-§Ä
cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-sX¶p ImWmw. Ieym-W-cm-a³ skäv,
_ºp-e³ Ip«n-iz-c³ skäv Ch-sbÃmw A¡m-es¯ {]kn²
\mS-I-kw-L-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Chsb A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ
kzX{´ \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ D−m-b-Xv. Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-]n-
Å-bpsS at\m-tam-l\w I¼\n, kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\msâ
hnt\m-Z-Nn-´m-aWn, Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS "ckn-Ic - -
RvPn\n', ]n.-F-kv.-hm-cy-cpsS "]c-a-inh hnemkw I¼\n' XpS-
§n-b-h-bmWv Cu kan-Xn-IÄ. XpSÀ¶v Ht«sd \mS-I-k-an-Xn-
IÄ tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn.
CtX Ime-L-«-¯nÂ e£-Wm-kw-Kw, N{µnI (1891,
sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«-³ X¼p-cm³) kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w (1891
tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-h-½) F{_m-b-¡p«n (1893, I−-¯nÂ
hÀ¤okv am¸n-f) XpS-§nb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw D−m-bn-¯p-S-
§n. F{_m-b-¡p«n ss__nÄ IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n cNn¨v
Cw¥ojv \mS-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D−mb BZy
\mS-I-am-Wv.
{]l-k\w
ae-bm-f-¯nse KZy-\m-S-I-§-fpsS BZn-cq-]-amWv {]l-
k-\w. Cw¥ojv \mS-I-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]l-k-\-
§-Ä ChnsS D−m-b-Xv. Ch ]cn-lmk {][m-\-am-Wv. 1885-þÂ

kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ Fgp-Xnb "N{µ-ap-Jo-hn-emkw' Cu {]Øm-\-
¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡m-\mbn Ipdp-¸n-Ãm-¡-f-cn, ]−s¯]m¨³ _SveÀ]¸³,
sNdp-tX³ sImfw-_-kv, Ibva-f-Èsâ IS-Ènss¡ XpS-§nb
H¼-Xp-{]-l-k-\-§Ä kn.hn X¿m-dm-¡n. ka-Im-en-I- km-aqly
kw`-h-§Ä¡v {]l-k-\-§-fnÂ {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p. ên-Xhpw
]cn-lm-khpw CS-I-eÀ¯n kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi\w \S-¯pI
F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p kn.-hn.-bpsS e£yw. \mS-I-cw-K¯v Cu {]l-
k-\-§Ä Ne\w krjvSn-¨-tXmsS C.-hn. IrjvW-¸n-Å, F³.-
]n. sNÃ-¸³ \mbÀ, Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn, F³.-
sI. BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hÀ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb khn-tij-co-Xn-I-fnÂ
Ht«sd {]l-k-\-§Ä cNn¨v cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Zpjn¨ kmaq-
lnI {]h-W-X-IÄ \o¡p-t]m-¡n-ÃmsX Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶-
Xnepw hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]l-k-\-§Ä ap³\n-c-bnÂ Xs¶-
bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kwKoX \mS-I§Ä
Xangv kwKo-X-\m-SIskäp-IÄ ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn
AS-¡n-hm-W-t¸mÄ ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä D−m-tI-−-
Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX t{]£-IÀ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. kwkvIr-X-`mjm
\mS-I-§Ä¡pw Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä¡pw CS-bnÂ ka-\z-
b-¯nsâ hgn-tX-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-th-Zn¡v ip`-I-
c-amb XpS-¡-ap-−m-b-Xv.
ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-{]-Øm\w XnI¨pw A\p-I-c-W-
¯nsâ krjvSn-bm-sW¶pw AXnsâ ê-ambn \½psS ]qÀÆ-
]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp \mS-I-thZn \ap-¡p-
−mbn F¶pw Pn i¦-c-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Xangv \mS-I-
kw-L-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ kZmdmw kmhn{Xn kXy-hm³, \Ã-
X¦mÄ, tImhn-e³ NcnXw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\mWv ae-bmf \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ BZyw X¿m-dm-
b-Xv. F¶mÂ Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w,
\o− kw`m-j-W-§Ä, ]Ým-¯e kwKoXw XpS-§nb LS-I-
§Ä hnI-e-ambn A\p-I-cn-¨Xv "tImamfn \mSI'¯nsâ Xe-
¯n-te¡v ae-bm-f \m-SIkanXn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ \mS-I-§Ä Xcw-
Xm-gm³ CS-bm-bn. Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS hnP-b-¯nsâ {][m\
ImcWw AXnse A\-izc Km\-§fpw kv{Xo ]mÀ«p-I-fp-am-bn-cp-
¶p. F-¶mÂ `mK-hX \S-·mÀ ]m«p-IÄ hnIr-X-ambn ]mSn
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kwKo-Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw tami-am-bXpw

kv{Xo]mÀ«p-IÄ ]pcp-j-·mÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kmt¦-Xn-I-ambn
Ah-X-c-W-¯nÂ AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-«Xpw ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-
§-fpsS ]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. I\¯ km¼-¯nI _m[y-X-
bp-−m¡n ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n³Xn-cn-tb-
−n-h-¶p.
Sn.-kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, Fcp-h-bnÂ Fw. N{I-]m-Wn-hm-
cn-bÀ, hn.-F-kv. B³{Uqkv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-§-fmWv ae-bm-
f-kw-KoX \mS-I-§-fnÂ A{Kn-a-Øm-\¯p hcp-¶-Xv. (a-e-bmf
kwKoX \mSI Ncn-{Xw)
kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä
\mtSmSn \mS-Iw, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-SIw
F¶o aq¶p ssIh-gn-I-fmWv tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]mNo-
\-L-«-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. kwkvIr-X-\m-SI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ
"IqSn-bm«w' F¶ ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-cWw IqSn DÄs¸-Sp-
¯n-bn-«p-−v. CXp-Iq-SmsX kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS ae-bmf
hnhÀ¯-\hpw ImWmw. IqSn-bm-«-¯n\v c−m-bn-c-t¯mfw
hÀjs¯ ]g-¡-ap-−v. t£{X-§fpsS `mK-amb Iq¯-¼-e-§-
fn-emWv A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ cq]-¯nÂ IqSn-bm« \mS-I-§Ä
Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p hcp-¶-Xv. Cý-bn-emsI Cu ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-
Im-h-X-cWw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ccn-§m-e-¡pS
IqSÂam-Wn-Iy-t£-{X-¯nepw XrÈqÀ hS-¡p-¶m-Y-t£-{X-¯n-ep-
amWv Ct¸mgpw CXv XpSÀ¶v hcp-¶-Xv. Ah-Xm-c-I-cmb NmIym-
·mÀ¡v {]nb-¦-c-amb \mS-I-§Ä BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, A`n-
tjI \mS-Iw, {]Xnam \mS-Iw, kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvPbw F¶n-h.
`mksâ \mS-I-§-fmb A`n-tj-Iw, {]Xn-a, {]Xn-Úm-
bu-K-Ô-cm-b-Ww, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, _me-N-cn-Xw, Ahn-am-c-
Iw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ZqX-hm-Iyw, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, Nmcp-
Z¯w F¶nh tIc-f-¯nÂ IqSn-bm-«-cq-]-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-
h¶ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. iàn-`-{Zsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, Ipe-ti-
J-csâ kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]-Xn-kw-h-c-Ww, lÀjsâ \mKm-
\-µw, atl-{µ-hÀ½sâ `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, t_m[m-b-\sâ a¯-hn-
emkw F¶n-hbpw hym]-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-t]m¶ kwkvIr-
X-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´fw IqSn-bm-« -cq-]-¯nÂ
I®qÀ PnÃ-bnÂ Ac-t§-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-
jm-tcmSn ]d-bp-¶p-−v.

B[p-\nI Ime¯v kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä¡v ]pXnb
cwK-`m-jbpw cwKm-h-X-c-Whpw krjvSn-¨Xv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-
¸-Wn-¡-cm-Wv. a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, Ducp-`w-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖpIw,
imIp-´fw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ Xs¶
Imhmew Ac-§n-se-¯n-¨p.
tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-
§-fnÂ an¡-Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v.
A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´-fw, amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-
¯w, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hm-Iyw, a[y-a-hym-
tbm-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a¯-hn-em-kw, D¯-c-cm-a-N-cnXw XpS-§n-
bh A¯-c-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv.
1882-þÂ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dnÂ tIc-f-
hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cmsâ tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw
Ac-t§dn. ]n¶oSv 1912-þÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ
efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-X-¼p-
cm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
\qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-
¦nepw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-
bnÂ `qcn-]-£-¯n-\pw Ign-ªn-Ã. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-
§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p-−mb kzX-{´-
\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N-¦-chpw
(1894) sI.-kn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw
(1894) ioshmÅn \¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨-Xv. Ch
aq¶pw \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ
\mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
X\Xp \mS-I-thZn
Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³.
{ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-
I-¯nse "b£-Km-\hpw' _wKm-fnse "Pm{X'bpw tIc-f-¯nse
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-fm-Wv. kn.-
F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967-þÂ "Ien' F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-b-
tXm-sS-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-SIw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]-¯n-
se-¯n-b-Xv. {]mNo-\-`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw
\mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS ssNX-\yhpw emfn-Xy-hpw
Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡p-I-

bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-
bpÅ At\z-jWw Cu \mSIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-
fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cy-k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ
Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-sIm−v X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-
]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. Imhm-e-¯nsâ "Ah-\-h³ IS¼'bpw Pn. i¦-
c-¸n-Å-bpsS "Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn'bpw X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-
bnÂ C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D¯-a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv.
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ
]co-£n-¡m³ X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw
\nb-X-hp-amb inev]w, ]ncn-ap-dp¡w F¶o ]mÝmXy \mSI
kt¦-X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-hr-¯-¯nÂ
Abhv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä kzoI-
cn¨ {][m\ hyXym-kw. KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨v \r¯-Ko-X-
hm-Zy-§sf kzoI-cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp
{]tXy-I-X. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ t{]£-Isâ ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-−m-¡p-
¶-Xn\pw X\-Xp-\m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967-þÂ imkvXmw-tIm-«-bnse
H¶m-as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cmWv
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. At±lw C{]-
Im-c-sa-gpXn ""]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw
A\p-I-cn¨p kabw ]mgm-¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-
¯nÂ\n¶pw Xnd-bp-sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Xn-
jvT-t\-Snb \mSy-imkv{Xkt¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶p
Huj-[-ho-cyhpw HmPÊpw DÄs¡m-−mÂ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn
Zo\-¸m-bnÂ\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw.''
tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-
§-fnÂ an¡-Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−mbn-«p-−v. A`n-
Úm-\-im-Ip-´-fw, amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w,
IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`wKw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hm-Iyw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-
Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a¯-hn-em-kw, D¯-c-cm-a-N-cn-Xw XpS-§n-bh
A¯-c-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ Ah-c-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv.
1882þÂ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dnÂ tIcf
hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cmsâ tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw
Ac-t§dn ]n¶oSv 1912-þÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ
efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-X-¼p-
cm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
\qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-
¦nepw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-

bnÂ `qcn-]-£-¯n\pw Ign-ªn-Ã. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-
§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p-−mb kzX-{´-
\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn-cm-a-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N-¦-chpw
(1894) sI.-kn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw
(1894) ioshmÅn \¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨-Xv. Ch
aq¶pw \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ
\mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-]-cn-`m-j-IÄ
hnÃyw tjIvkv]n-bÀ Ìt^mÀUv At]m¬ Gh³
F¶ {Kma-¯nÂ 1564 G{]nÂ 23-þmw Xo¿Xn P\n-¨-Xmbn IW-
¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. 37 \mS-I-§fpw 154 tkmW-äp-Ifpw 2 \o−
Ihn-X-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v. \mS-I-Ir¯v F¶ \ne-bnÂ BZy-
ambn tjIvkv]n-bsd ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶Xv tdm_À«v {Ko³ (1592)
tjIvkv]n-b-dn\v FXnsc \S-¯nb hnaÀi-\-¯n-em-Wv. ]qÀ®-
ambpw ]Zy-cq-]-¯n-se-gp-Xnb tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§-fmWv
dn¨mÀUv II, InwKv tPm¬ F¶n-h. At±-l-¯nsâ {]kn²
tIma-Un-IÄ Fan-Uvk-½À ss\äv {Uow, aÀ¨âv Hm^v sh\o-kv,
a¨v F''Up F_u«v \¯nw-Kv, G kv bp sse¡v Cäv,
SphÂ^v¯v ss\äv F¶n-h-bm-Wv. temI {]i-kvX-§-fmb
At±-l-¯nsâ {SmP-Un-IÄ amIv_-¯v, HY-tÃm, lmwe-äv, InwKv
enbÀ, BâWn Gâv ¢ntbm-]m-{S, tdmantbm Bâv Pqen-bäv
Ch IqSmsX {SmPn¡v tIma-Un-I-fmb sS¼Ìv, hntâgvkv
sSbnÂ F¶nh t{]£I lrZbw IhÀ¶-h-bm-Wv. tjIvkv]n-
b-dnsâ Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ h¨v Gähpw sNdpXpw kw£n-]vX-
hp-amb Ah-X-c-W-ssi-en-bp-Å-Xp-amWv amIv_-¯v. Hcp Ime-
L-«-¯nsâ am{X-a-Ã, FÃm-Im-e-t¯-bv¡p-ap-Å-XmWv
tjIvkv]n-bÀ IrXn-IÄ F¶v s_³ tPm¬k¬ {]IoÀ¯n-
¨p. t¥m_v Xnb-äÀ At±-l-¯nsâ Imes¯ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-
¯n-\pÅ khn-ti-j-amb cwK-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. sXwkv
\Zn-¡-c-bnÂ ØnXn sNbvXn-cp¶ Cu Xn¿-äÀ 1644þÂ XIÀ¡-
s¸-«p. tjIvkv]n-b-dnsâ FÃm IrXn-Ifpw I−p-In-«n-bn-«n-Ã. ae-
bm-f-¯nse tjIvkv]n-bÀ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä GI-tZiw \qän-
b³]-tXmfw hcpw. {SmP-Un-IÄ¡mWv ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Gähpw
IqSp-XÂ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-Å-Xv. tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-
§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ F¯p-¶Xv Xangv kwKo-Xm-\m-SI I¼-\n-
IÄ hgn-bm-Wv. Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ tKmhn-µ-]n-Å, sI.- Nn-Zw-_c
hm[ymÀ, sN¼-I-cm-a³ them-bp-[³, sI.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½, I−-
¯nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-f, kn.-]n.-e-£van-b½ F¶n-hÀ BZy-Im-

e¯v tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§Ä hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. tImaUn
Hm^v Ftd-gvkn\v BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \Ã tIfo-k-Ãm]w
F¶ t]cnÂ IÃqÀ D½³ ]oen t]mkv 1866-þÂ X¿m-dm-¡nb
hnhÀ¯-\-amWv BZy-a-e-bmf tjIvkv]n-bÀ hnhÀ¯-\w.
A¸p s\Sp-§m-Sn-bpsS Ipµ-e-X-bnÂ tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS knw_-
ensâ kzm[o\w DÅ-Xmbn Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ A`n-{]-bm-s¸-«n-«p-−v.
hnimJw Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Ime¯v Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dnse sSIvÌv _p¡v I½-än-bnÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-
bn-¯-¼p-cms\ klm-bn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ sI.-Nn-Zw-_-c-hm-[ymÀ
emw_nsâ ‘sSbnÂkv {^w tjIvkv]n-bÀ’ F¶ {KÙ-
¯nÂ\n¶v ‘Gkv bp sse¡v Cäv, hntâgvkv sSbnÂ, knw_-
sse³ F¶o IY-IÄ bYm-{Iaw Imam£n Ncn-Xw, hÀj-Im-e-
N-cnXw, knwl-f-\m-Y³ F¶o t]cp-I-fnÂ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯p-
Ibpw alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ t{]mÕm-l-\-¯n\v ]m{X-am-Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw At±lw tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS dn¨mÀUv
III, amIv_¯v, tdmantbm Bâv Pqen-bäv F¶o \mS-I-§Ä KZy-
cq-]-¯nÂ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p. NnZw-_-c-hm-[ymÀ Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-s¶¶v
sXfn-hn-Ã. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ sshIm-cnI Xo£-vW-Xbpw
Imhy-`w-Knbpw IeÀt¯-−n-S-§-fnÂ At±lw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p.
tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS \mS-I-§sf \mS-I-§-fmbn Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨-h-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ BZyw HmÀt¡-−Xv hÀ¤o-
kvam-¸n-f-tbbpw Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ F.-tKm-hn-µ-¸n-Å-tb-bp-am-Wv.
`n¶-co-Xn-bn-emWv ChÀ \mSI XÀÖa \nÀÆ-ln-¨-Xv.
‘sSbvan§v Zn jvdq’ F¶ \mS-Is¯ \½psS A´-co-£-¯n-
te¡v amän ‘Ie-ln\o Za-\Iw’ F¶ t]cnÂ Gsd Ipsd kzX-
{´-amb Hcp \mS-I-am-bmWv hÀ¤okv am¸nf Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. CXv
A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp amXr-I-bÃ ImcWw IYm-]m-{X-\m-a-
§fpw ]Ým-¯-e-§fpw amän-sIm-−pÅ XÀÖa C¶v
t{]mÕm-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. ]t£ ]pXp-a-bpÅ Hcp \mS-I-ambn
A¶s¯ hmb-\-¡mÀ CXns\ IcpXn F¶p-Å-Xn\v XÀ¡-an-
Ã.
tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§sf AXnsâ X\n-kz-cq-]-¯nÂ
KZy-cq-]-¯nÂ bYm-Øm\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v XÀÖa sNbvXXv
Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ F.-tKm-hn-µ-¸n-Å-bm-Wv. anI¨ XÀÖ-a-Im-c-\m-

bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw tjIvkv]n-bÀ XÀÖ-a-bnÂ At±lw ]cm-Pn-X-
\m-bn. 1897-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ In§v-en-b-dns\ XpSÀ¶v At±lw
amIv_-¯v, lmwsseäv HsY-tÃm, aÀ¨âv Hm^v sh\okv F¶o
IrXn-IÄ IqSn ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp-−m-bn.
tKmhn-µ-¸n-Å-bv¡p-ti-jhpw tjIvkv]n-bÀ XÀÖ-a-IÄ
ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn. Np\-¡c kn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cyÀ 1906-þÂ
{]kn-²o-I-cn¨ "hmk-ń-I-kz]v\'amWv Ah-bn-sem-¶v. CXv
BÀ.-]n.-Ir-jvW-am-Nm-cyÀ "F.-anUv k½Àss\äv {Uoan'sâ ]cn-
`m-j-bmbn Fgp-Xnb "kwkvIrXn'bpsS ]cn-`m-j-bm-I-bmÂ
aq¶mw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv. hmcyÀ AXns\ Hcp kwKo-X-am-¡pI
IqSn sNbvX-t¸mÄ sshPmXyw hfsc IqSn.
SzÂ^v¯v-s\äv F¶ IrXn¡v c−v XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-
bn-«p-−v. H¶v kn.-]n.-tXm-a-Ênsâ a\w-t]mse awK-eyhpw (1919)
c−m-a-t¯Xv tUm.-sI.-sIm-¨p-®n-ta-t\msâ "ZzmZ-i-\ni' (1954)
bpam-Wv. kn.-]n.-tXm-a-knsâ XÀÖa NnZw-_-c-hm-[ym-cpsS ]mX-
]n³Xp-SÀ¶v ASn-apSn KZy-¯n-emWv F¶mÂ sIm¨p-®n-ta-
t\m³ Ihn-Xm-`mKw ]Zy-¯n-e-h-Xn-¸n-¨Xv kµÀ`m-\p-tbm-Py-
amb coXn-bnÂ hr¯-§Ä amän-sIm-−m-bn-cp-¶p. CXv hmb-\-
¡m-c\v lrZy-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-«p. Fw.-BÀ.-\m-b-cpsS HYtÃm
XÀÖa anI¨ H¶mbn kmlnXy temIw AwKo-I-cn-¨p. AXn-
\p-Im-cWw aqe-Ir-Xn-bnÂ AKm-[-amb Ah-Km-lhpw A\p-`q-
Xnbpw D−m-b-ti-j-amWv At±lw AXv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv
F¶-Xm-Wv. kÀZmÀ sI.-Fw.-]-Wn-¡-cpsS ‘enbÀ cmPmhm’Wv
(1957) ]n¶o-Sp-−mb asämcp ]cn-`m-j. tII-hr-¯-¯nÂ ]Zy-cq-
]-¯nÂ am{Xw XÀÖa \nÀÆ-ln-¨Xv lm\n-I-c-ambn F¶
A`n-{]mbw Cu hnhÀ¯-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v D−m-bn. A¡m-e-¯p-
−mb hnhÀ¯\ ]co-£-W-§-fnÂ Gähpw {it²-b-am-bXv
sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS amIv_¯v ]cn-`m-j-bm-sW¶v A`n-
{]m-b-ap-−v. IYm-]m-{X-§-tfm-sSm¸w Pohn-bv¡m\pw hnIm-cm-\p-
`qXn sImÅm\pw ]cn-`m-j-I-\mb cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Åbv¡v Ign-
ªn-«p-−v. C{X-sbm-s¡-bmWv tjIvkv]n-bÀ IrXn-I-fpsS
{it²-b-amb XÀÖ-a-IÄ. AXm-sW-¦nÂ Hcp alm-ta-cp-hns\
{]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿m³ Hcp aWÂ Iq¼mcw D−m-b-Xp-t]mse
IW-¡m-t¡-−-XpÅq F¶mWv ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c³ \mb-cpsS
A`n-{]m-bw.

ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw
`mk³
(hn-hÀ¯\w Imhm-ew)
X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]Nm-c-I-

cnepw {]ap-J-\mWv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À. hniz-\m-S-I-
th-Zn-sb-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb ]cn-Úm\w At±-l-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-
¶p. `qX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw XpS§n \nc-h-[n-bmb `mk-\m-S-I-§Ä
At±lw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-Ibpw cwK-¯-h-
X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v
ssien-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v hnPbw ssIh-cn-¡m³ Imhm-e-¯n\v
km[n-¨p. ssZh-¯mÀ, Xncp-hm-gn-¯m³, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, km£n
XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv \mS-I-§Ä. \mS-I-N-{I-sa¶ \mS-I-¯n\v
1975-þÂ tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. Pohn-X-
Imew þ 1928-þ2016. `mk³, Imfn-Zm-k³, tbävkv, kÀZmÀ sI.-
Fw.-]-Wn-¡À, tjIvkv]n-bÀ, kmÀ{Xv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-
§fS¡w Ht«sd \mS-I-§Ä kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-«p-−v. \mS-I-
Ir-¯v, Ihn, Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hv, \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-b-I³, kwKo-X-K-
th-j-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fn-seÃmw {]i-kvX³.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
[rX-cm-jv{SÀ
Zptcym-[-\³
ZpÈm-k-\³
iIp\n
LtSmÂ¡-N³
`S³
KmÔmcn
ZpÈf
Zzmc-]m-enI
\mS-I- kw-{Klw
kq{X-[m-c³ {]th-in¨v \mS-I-¯nsâ kqN\ \ÂIp-
¶p. AWn-b-d-bnÂ\n¶v Adn-bn-¡q…. Adn-bn¡q F¶p hnfn-
¨p-]-d-bp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p. alm-`m-cX IY-bnse Hcp bp²-cw-K-
amWv ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw F¶ \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. B

cwKw kq{X-[m-c³ t{]£-I\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. AXv C{]-
Im-c-am-Wv. IrjvWsâ klm-b-¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ AÀPp-\s\
kwi-]vXI ssk\yw BIÀjnÏänb X¡w t\m¡n òjva-h-
[-¯nÂ tIm]w ]q− [mÀ¯-cm-jv{S-·mÀ H¯p-tNÀ¶v A`n-a-
\yp-Ip-am-cs\ h[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v AÀPp-\³ Iuc-hÀs¡-
Xnsc bp²-¯n\v X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-¶p. Cu hnhcw ZqX-\mb
LtSmÂ¡-N³ [rX-cm-jv{Ssc Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.
kq{X-[m-c³ h¶p-t]m-b-Xn-\p-tijw `S³ [rX-cm-jv{S-a-
lm-cm-Pm-hns\ apJw ImWn-¡m-s\-¯p-¶p. AhnsS [rX-cm-
jv{Scpw KmÔm-cnbpw ZpÈ-fbpw Zzmc-]m-en-Ibpw {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
lm! F´m-WnXv? F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. alm-cm-Pm-
th, Cu kacw \½psS ]p{X-·m-cpsS \mi-¯nÂ Iem-in-¡p-
sa¶v Ahn-Sp¶v Adn-bp-¶pt−m F¶v KmÔmcn tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
AXn-\p-¯-c-ambn A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ h[-¯nÂ tIm]n-jvT-\mb
AÀPp-\³ {ioIr-jvWsâ klm-b-t¯msS D{K-amb Xsâ
hnsÃ-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ temI-\miw kw`-hn¨v AXn-\p-ti-jta
imń ssIhcq F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p. A`n-a-\yp-hn-s\-
tbmÀ¯v KmÔmcn hnIm-cm-[o-\-bm-hp-¶p. ZpÈ-f, A`n-a-\yp-
hns\ h[n¨v D¯-csb hn[-h-bm-¡n-b-Xmtcm AbmÄ Xsâ
`mcybv¡pw ssh[-hy-tbmKw hcp-¯n-h¨p F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Cu
hnhcw Adn-bn-¨Xv Bcm-sW¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
AXp tI«p-sIm−p \n¶ `S³ AXp Rm³ BsW¶pw Xm³
Pb-{Xm-X³ BsW¶pw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Pb-{Xm-X³ ]d-bp-¶p.
At\Iw cmPm-¡-·mÀ H¶n¨p IqSn-bmWv A`n-a-\yp-hns\ h[n-
¨Xv AXn\p Imc-W-¡m-c-\m-bXv Pb-{Z-Y-Ip-am-c-\m-Wv. Pb-{Z-Y-
\mWv A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ ac-W-¯n\p Imc-W-¡m-c-s\-¦nÂ Pb-{Z-
Y³ sImÃ-s¸«p F¶p Icp-XWw F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-ªp.
AXp-tI«v ZpÈf Ic-bm³ XpS-§n. ImgvN-bn-Ãm¯ [rX-cm-
jv{SÀ¡v ZpÈ-f-bpsS kmao]yw A\p-`-h-s¸-«n-Ã. [rX-cm-jv{S-
tcmSpw KmÔm-cn-tbmSpw AhÄ D¯-c-bpsS ASp-t¯¡v
t]mIm³ bm{X tNmZn-¡p-¶p. C¶v D¯-c-bpsS AhØ \msf
F\n¡pw hcpw F¶v ZpÈf ]d-bp-¶p. KmÔmcn aItf Aaw-
Kfw ]d-b-cp-sX¶v hne-¡p-¶p. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn {ioIr-
jvWsâ klm-b-apÅ AÀÖp-\\v hn{]nbw D−m-¡n-bn«v
BÀ¡mWv Poh-t\msS Ccn-¡m³ Ign-bpI F¶v ZpÈf KmÔm-
cn-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AÑ-\mb [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ZpÈ-f-bpsS ]cm-
aÀiw icn-h-bv¡p-¶p.

A`n-a\yp sImÃ-s¸-«Xv F§-s\-sb¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ `S-
t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ ]dªp “IrjvWsâ klm-b-
¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ AÀPp-\s\ kwi-à-I-·mÀ Zqc-¯m-¡n-b-
¸Ä A`n-a\yp Ipam-c³ _mekz`mhw sIm−v B]-¯ns\]än
HmÀ¡msX bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v NmSn-bn-d-§n.” IjvSw B \ne¡v
Ahsâ h[w \S-t¡-−-Xp-X-s¶-sb¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ A`n-{]m-b-
s¸-«p. ImcWw ]pen-bpsS Kpl-bnÂ IS¶p sNÃm³
BÀ¡mWv ss[cy-ap-−m-hp-I. AXp-I-gn-ª-Xn-\p-tijw ]mÞ-
hÀ F´p sN¿p¶p F¶pw [rX-cm-jv{SÀ Bcm-ªp. `S³ ]d-
ªp. ‘AÀÖp-\³ h¶p A`n-a\yp acn-¨Xp ImWm-\mbn
]mÞ-hÀ Im¯n-cp-¶p. Ahs\ h[n¨ cmPm-¡-·mÀ Ahsâ
ico-c-¯nÂ sImSpw-{]-l-c-amWv Gev]n-¨-sX¶pw AhÀ ]c-
kv]cw ]d-ªp. [rX-cm-jv{SÀ KmÔm-cn-tbmSv Pe-]qP sN¿m³
KwKm-Xo-c-t¯¡p t]mIm-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. B kabw Zptcym-[-
\³, ZpÈm-k-\³, iIp\n F¶n-hÀ {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
A`n-a-\yp-hns\ h[n-¨-Xp-sIm−p ]mÞ-hÀ¡v \½-tfm-
SpÅ hntcm[w Ønc-ambv XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. bp²-¯nÂ i{Xp-
¡Ä ]nSªp acn-¨p. IrjvWsâ aZw \mw thtcmsS apdn-¨p,
IoÀ¯n-s¡m¸w \mw C¶v A`yp-Zbw hcn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp
F¶v ZpÈm-k-\-t\mSv Zptcym-[-\³ ]d-ªp. AXv kwi-b-an-
Ãm¯ Imcy-am-sW¶pw A`n-a\yphns\ h[n-¨-Xp-sIm−v
]mÞ-hÀ¡v Gän-cn-¡p-¶Xv im]-icw Xs¶-bm-sW¶pw ZpÈm-
k-\³ adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. Pb-{Z-Y³ Im«nb {]hr¯n Bß-]u-
cp-j-am-sW¶pw A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ hoWp-t]mb inc-Êp-t]mse
Ipó]p-{X-·m-cpsS biÊpw hoWp-t]m-sb¶v iIp\n Ah-tcmSv
]dªp.
Zptcym-[-\³ A½m-h-\mb iIp-\nsb AÑ-\mb [rX-cm-
jv{Ssc apJw ImWn-¡m³ hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn-t¸mÄ th−
F¶v iIp\n A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ Zptcym-[-\³ F´pw
hcs« F¶p ]dªv [rX-cm-jv{S-cpsS ASp-t¯¡v t]mIp-¶p.
ZpÈm-k-\³ Ahsc A\p-K-an-¡p-¶p.
Zptcym-[-\\pw ZpÈm-k-\\pw iIp-\nbpw [rX-cm-jv{Ssc
A`n-hm-Z\w sN¿p-¶p. [rX-cm-jv{SÀ {]Xy-`n-hm-Z\w sN¿m-¯-
Xp-sIm−v FÃm-hcpw Ft´ BioÀhmZw Xcm-¯Xv F¶v
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. IrjvW\pw AÀÖp-\\pw lrZ-b-amb A`n-a\yp
h[n-¡-s¸« Cu ka-b¯v Pohn-X-¯nÂ Bi-bn-Ãm¯

\n§sf Fń\v Rm³ BioÀh-Zn-¡Ww F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ
]d-bp-¶p. [rX-cm-jv{S-cpsS kw{àw I−v AÑm Fń-\mWo
kw{àw F¶v Zptcym-[\³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A\-h[n ]p{X-·m-cp-
−m-bn«pw Ah-tc-¡mÄ hninjvSbmb Hcp aIsf F\n¡v In«n.
AhÄ¡n-t¸mÄ Ah-fpsS tN«-·m-cpsS {]hr-¯n-sIm−v Aaw-
K-f-amb ssh[hyw hcp-¯n-h-¨p, F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p.
Pb-{Z-Y\v F´v kw`-hn-¨p-sh¶v Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
Abm-ftÃ sshZ-Kv[y-t¯msS ]mÞ-hsc XS-ªp-\nÀ¯n-b-Xv.
AXn-\p-tijw {Iqcm-ßm-¡-fmb Hcp-]mSv t]À _me-\mb A`n-
a-\yp-hns\ sIme-s¸-Sp-¯n. Ah-cpsS ssIIÄ \new-]-Xn-¡m-Xn-
cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\? F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn\p
adp-]-Sn-bmbn òjva ]nXm-a-ls\ h[n-¨-Xn\p ]I-c-am-bmWv
C¯-c-¯n-epÅ kmlkw sN¿m³ X¿m-dm-b-sX¶v Zptcym-[-
\³ AÑs\ [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. òjva-cpsS ]X-\hpw A`n-a-\yp-
hnsâ h[hpw F§s\ Hcp-t]m-se-bmhpw F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. kzÑµ arXyp kz´w lnX-¯mÂ hcn-¨-XmWv
òjvaÀ F¶mÂ A`n-a\yp ]mÞ-h-cpsS hwis¯ apt¶m«v
sIm−p-t]m-I− {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A`n-a\yp shdp-samcp
_me-\m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw Abm-fpsS ]cm-{I-a-¯nÂ Hcp-
]mSpt]À¡v apdn-th-sä¶pw kqcy-s\-t¸mse bp²-`q-an-bnÂ
AbmÄ Pzen¨p \n¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶pw ZpÈm-k-\³ [rX-cm-jv{S-
tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. t]mcnÂ C{X anSp¡p Im«p¶ ]p{X-s\-¡p-dn¨v
AÀÖp-\³ F{X thZ-\n-¡p-¶p-−mhpw A§-s\-bpÅ
AbmÄ \n§-tfm-sSms¡ F´p {]Xn-Imcw Bbn-cn¡pw
sN¿m³ t]mIp-¶Xv F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
AÀPp-\³ F´p sN¿m-\m-sW¶v \nÊm-c-a-«nÂ Zptcym-
[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. \o Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ AXp t\cn«p
ImWm-sa¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AÑm Cu AÀÖp-\³
F¶-h³ Bcv? F¶v Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ AÀÖp-
\sâ _e-s¯-]än Adn-hp-Å-hÀ At\-I-ap-s−¶pw Ah-tcmSv
At\z-jn-¡q-sh¶pw [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p. i{I-t\mSpw Incm-
X-cq-]n-bmb `K-hm-t\mSpw Aán-tbmSpw Nn{Xmw-K-Z-t\m-Sp-
sams¡ tNmZn-¡m³ [rX-cm-jv{SÀ aIs\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p.
AÀÖp-\s\ FXn-cn-Sm³ ]änb tbm²m-¡Ä \½psS
Iq«-¯nÂ CtÃsb¶v Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. IÀ®s\
FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ IÀ®³ A]-lm-ky-\mWv F¶
adp-]-Sn-bmWv [rX-cmjv{SÀ ]d-ªXv. iIp\n CXp-tI«v R§-
fpsS [ocX sISp-¯m³ Ahn-S-t¯¡v A[n-Im-c-ap-−tÃm

F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. NqXnÂ {]am-Wn-bmb \nsâ IÀ½w Cu
Ipe-¯nse _me-tcmSpw ImWn-¡m-Xn-cp¶p IqsS F¶v [rX-
cmjv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
henb i_vZw tI«v AsX-´m-sW¶v At\z-jn-¨p-h-cm³
Zptcym-[-\³ `S-t\mSv BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. `S³ Xncn-¨p-h¶v
AÀÖp-\³ acn¨p InS-¡p¶ ]p{Xs\ aSn-bnÂ InS¯n I®o-
cnÂ ap¡n-sb¶pw {ioIr-jvWsâ `ÀÕ\w tI«v Ic-¨nÂ aXn-
bm-¡n-bn«v AÀÖp-\³ Hcp {]XnÚ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. B
{]XnÚ tI«t¸mÄ `qan Hcp \h-bp-hXnsbt¸mse hnd-sIm-
−p-\n-¶p. Bcm-sWsâ ]p{Xs\ sIm¶Xv? BcmWv AXnÂ
BËmZw sIm−Xv; \msf kqcym-kvX-a-b-¯n\p ap³t]
Ahs\ Rm³ sImÃp-¶p-−v. {]XnÚ \S-¡m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ
KmÞo-hhpw ]nSn-¨p-sIm−v NnX-bnÂ NmSn acn-¡p-sa¶pw
AÀÖp-\³ {]Jym-]n-¨p-s−¶pw `S³ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. CXp-
tI« [rX-cmjv{SÀ Zptcym-[-\-t\mSv Iptª \osb-´mWv
sN¿m³ t]mIp-¶-sX¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Rm³ kÀÆ A£u-ln-
Wn-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ Pb-{Z-Ys\ ad-bv¡pw. t{ZmW-cpsS \nÀt±-i-{]-
Imcw tk\sb \nc-¯pw. `qKÀ`-¯n-sem-fn-¨mepw IrjvW³
Iq«p-Å-h³ Ahsâ Nm]w Ft§m-«p-sa-¯n¡pw F¶v [rX-
cmjv{SÀ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
Cu ka-b¯v ZqX-\mb LtSmÂ¡-N³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
Zptcym-[-\³, ktµ-i-a-dn-bn¡q F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ [rX-cmjv{S
alm-cm-Pm-hns\ t\m¡n LtSmÂ¡-N³ Fs´mcp efn-X-Kw-ò-
cm-IrXn hntijw hmÀ²-Iy-¯nÂ ià-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv \qdp
]p{X-·msc AS-¡n-hm-gp-¶XpsIm−m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p. kzÀ¤w
Im¯p-`-cn-¡m³ CS-h-cp-sa¶v Icp-Xn-bmWv tZh-·mÀ AÔ-
\mbn [rX-cmjv{Ssc krjvSn-¨-sX¶pw ]dªv [rX-cmjv{Ssc
hµn-¡p-¶p. ]p{X-tZm-j-¯mÂ Xm³ alm-]m-]n-bm-bn-
¯oÀs¶¶v [rX-cmjv{SÀ LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.
LtSmÂ¡-N³ Xsâ ZqXv hmbn-¡p-¶p. “lm, hÕm! A`n-a-
\yp, lm, hÕm, Ipcp-Ip-e-Zo-]-ta, lm hÕm! bZp-Ipe {]hm-
fta; \nsâ A½m-h-\mb P\mÀ±-\-t\bpw Fs¶ IqSnbpw Dt]-
£n-¨n«v ]nXm-a-l-·m-sc-¡m-Wm-\m-i-tbmsS \o kzÀ¤-¯n-te¡v
t]mbtÃm!” ]nXm-al! Hcp ]p{Xsâ hn\m-i-¯nÂ AÀÖp-\\v
Cu AhØ h¶-t¸mÄ At§-bv¡p-−m-Im³ t]mIp¶
AhØ F´m-bn-cn¡pw? AXp-sIm−v Ct¸mÄ Ahn-Sp¶v
F{Xbpw thK-¯nÂ Bß-_-e-amÀÖn-¨mepw. AXn-\mÂ

]p{X-Zpx-J-¯nÂ \n¶p-−m-Ip¶ Aán-bnÂ Ahn-Sps¯
{]mW³ lhn-sÊ-h®w Zln-¡m-sX-bn-cn-¡-s«.
Cu hm¡p-IÄ ]cn-lm-ky-am-sW¶v Zptcym-[-\³ ]d-
ªp. F´m-Wn-XnÂ ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-«p-Å-sX¶v LtSmÂ¡-
N³ tNmZn-¨p. AÀPp-\³ FÃm-h-tcbpw sIm¶v Ipew apSn-¡p-
sa-¶p-Å-XmWv ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-«pÅsX¶v Zptcym-[-\³ ]d-
ªp. Rm³ IrjvWsâ ktµ-i-hm-l-I-\mWv. At±lw ]d-bp-
¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw \n§Ä¡v bpàw F¶p ]dª
LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv £{Xn-bs\ A]-am-\n-¡p-¶-hs\ AXn-hnsS
]d-b− F¶v ZpÈm-k-\³ tIm]n-jvT-\m-hp-¶p. N{Im-bp-[-\mb
IrjvW³ \n§Ä¡v cmPm-h-Ãt¶m? F¶mtWm \n§Ä ]d-bp-
¶Xv F¶v LtSmÂ¡-N³ ZpÈm-k-t\mSv tNmZn-¨p. XpSÀ¶v
At±lw ]dªp £{Xn-b-·m-cpsS hn\miw \nÝn-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-
¶p. \qdv \r]-·m-cpsS ac-W-¯mÂ `qan `mcw Ipd-bs«
F¶mWv IrjvW³ ]d-ª-b-¨-Xv. iIp\n AXn-en-S-s¸«v
kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ iIp-\n-tbmSv NqXnse Icp-¡Ä Zqsc-I-f-
bm³ LtSmÂ¡-N³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. AXn-cq-£-amb
Bt£-]-§-fmÂ \o {]am-W-§-sfÃmw ewLn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v
ZpÈm-k-\³ {Ip²-\m-hp-t¼mÄ cm£-k-·m-tc-¡mÄ \n§-fmWv
{Iqc-·m-cm-bn-«p-Å-hÀ. ImcWw Ac-¡n-Ã-¯nÂ Dd-§n-¡n-S-¡p-
¶-hsc cm£-k-·mÀ sImÃm-dn-Ã. ktlm-Z-c-]-Xv\n-bpsS Xe-ap-
Sn-bnÂ cm£-k-·mÀ sXmSm-dn-Ã. hnIr-X-cq-]o-I-fm-sW-¦nepw
bp²-¯nÂ aIs\ sImÃp-I-sb¶ Imcyw cm£-k-·mÀ kvacn-
¡p-I-t]m-ep-an-Ã.
CXp-tI« Zptcym-[-\³ \o bp²-¯n\p h¶-h-\-sÃ¶pw
ZqX-\m-sW¶pw ktµiw R§sf Adn-bn-¨-Xn-\mÂ \o
t]mbvsImÄI ZqX-Lm-X-I-cÃ Chn-sS-bp-Å-hÀ F¶p ]d-bp-
¶p. ZqX-s\¶v Fs¶ ]cn-l-kn-t¡− Rm³ ZqX-\-Ã. FÃm-
hcpw tNÀ¶v Fs¶ B{I-an-¡m³ hm F¶p-]-dªv apjvSn
Npcp-«n-s¡m−pw Np−v ISn¨p LtSmÂ¡-N³ \nÂ¡p-¶p.
Ime-]p-cnbv¡v t]mIm³ B{K-l-ap-Å-h-cp-s−-¦nÂ Fgp-
t¶Â¡m\pw LtSmÂ¡-N³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ghcpw NmSn-sb-gp-
t¶Â¡p-¶p. B kabw [rX-cmjv{SÀ LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv
AS§q Iptª AS§q Fsâ hm¡p-IÄ tIÄ¡q F¶p ]d-
bp-¶p. tIm]w Xm§m³ Xm³ ià-\-sÃ¶pw ]nXm-a-lsâ
hm¡p-tI«v Rm³ ZqX-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw LtSmÂ¡-N³
]d-bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Zptcym-[-\³ A¼p-IÄ sIm−v Rm³
adp-]Sn ]dbmw F¶p Rm³ ]d-ª-Xmbn Adn-bn-¡-W-sa¶v

LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. [rX-cmjv{StcmSv bm{X-]-dªv
LtSmÂ¡-N³ Ahn-sS-\n¶pw t]mIm³ XpS-§p-¶p. AXn-\p-
ap³]v IrjvWsâ Ah-km-\s¯ ktµiw AhnsS ]d-bp-¶p.
“[À½w BN-cn-¡pI kzP-\-§sf BZ-cn-¡pI a\-xkm-£nsb
ap³\nÀ¯n IÀ½w sN¿pI \msf ]peÀ¨-bnÂ ]mÞ-h-
thjw [cn¨v IrXm-´³ hs¶-¯pw.” F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS
\mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. ‘\h-bp-h-Xn-I-Ws¡ `qan hnd-¨p-\n¶p’ ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw

\mS-I-¯nse Cu kµÀ`w hnh-cn-¡p-I.
2. ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw F¶ \mSIw anI¨ IYm-]m{X kwhn-[m-
\-¯n\pw anI¨ kw`m-j-W-¯n\pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Ip-¶-sX-
§-s\-sb¶v hnh-cn-¡pI?
3. [rX-cmjv{SÀ [À½-¯n\pw \oXn¡pw th−n \ne-sIm-
Åp¶ IYm-]m-{X-ambn ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw \mS-I-¯nÂ
amdnbsX§-s\-sb¶v kaÀ°n-¡pI?
adn-bm½
(\m-S-Iw)
t]mf-¨n-d-bv¡Â sImö-¸³ Xc-I³
]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³, Ncn{X Kth-j-I³, \mS-I-Ir¯v,
kck KZy-Im-c³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]i-kvX-\mb sImö-¸³
Xc-I³ Hcp `mjm-kvt\ln IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \mS-
I-§fpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw BhnÀ`-hn¨ Imew apXÂ At±-l-
¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-IÄ ssIc-fn¡v e`n-¨p. hdp-Kokv am¸nf,
tIc-f-hÀ½, DÅqÀ, sIm«m-c-¯nÂ i¦p®n XpS-§n-b-h-cp-am-bp-
−mb k¼À¡hpw kulr-Zhpw At±-l-¯nsâ kmlnXy
Iem-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf DÖz-e-am-¡n. Xc-Isâ IrXn-I-fnÂ
{]kn-²-ambXv adn-bm½ \mS-Ihpw _men-Im-k-Z\w t\mh-ep-am-
Wv. Ch IqSmsX ]cn-jv¡m-c-{`m-ń, ep_v[sâ hoSv, ]nXr-`-
àn, a[p-hÀÖ\w XpS-§nb \mS-I-§fpw At±lw cNn-¨n-«p-
−v. IuXq-le IYm-am-e-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ asämcp IrXn.
cPn-kvt{S-j³ hIp-¸nÂ Kpa-kvX-\mbn tPmen-bnÂ {]th-in-s¨-
¦nepw kmln-Xy-¯n-epÅ Ah-Kmlw aqew A½m-h-\mb

I−¯nÂ hdp-Kokv am¸nf sImö-¸³ Xc-Is\ tPmen cmPn-
sh-¸n¨v ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn-te¡v sIm−p-t]m-bn. hdp-Kokv
am¸n-f-bpsS ac-Wm-\-ćw `mjm-t]m-jnWn amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-
[n-]Xyw hln-¨Xv At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. at\m-ca \mS-I-k-`-bnse
\S³ F¶ \ne-bnepw At±lw Ign-hp-sX-fn-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. Pohn-X-
Imew 1861-þ1940.
adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
am¯-¨³
sXm½-¨³
Hutk-¸-¨³
sNdnbm³Ipªv
Ìo^³
ho«p-S-a-Ø³
h¡oÂ
hÀ¡n
Nmt¡m
tbip-Zm-k³
Um\n-tbÂ
kq{]−v
C³kvs]-IvSÀ
tIm¬Ì-_nÄamÀ
i¦-c-aqÀ¯n
am¯³
Nm−n
\mdm-W³
Iq«p-Im-c³
am¯-¨sâ `mcy
Gen-bm½
adn-bm½
kmdm½
adn-bm½ BZys¯ kzX-{´-\m-SIw
Ipam-c-\m-imsâ ‘\fn\n’¡v G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½ Fgp-

Xnb Ah-Xm-cnI kp{]-kn-²-am-Wv. \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Imhy-co-Xn-
bnÂ\n¶v ]pXnb Iev]-\-I-fn-te¡v Bim³ ae-bmf Ihn-
Xsb sIm−p-t]m-bXv A¶v G.-BÀ.-I-s−-¯p-Ibpw tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \qX-\-amb Hcp Ihn-Xm-k-cWn Bim³

t{]mZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xmbn G.-BÀ {]Jym-]n-¨p. sImö-¸³
Xc-Isâ adn-bm½ \mS-Ihpw AXp-t]mse ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-
Xy-im-J-bnÂ Ncn{Xw krjvSn¨ ]pXpa \ndª Hcp IrXn-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. `mjm Ihn-IÄ \mS-I-c-N-\-bnÂ {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ KZm-
\p-K-Xn-IXzw Ak-l-\o-b-ambn Ignª Hcp L«-¯n-emWv
lmky-{]-[m-\hpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv¡-c-tWm-·p-J-hp-amb adn-
bm½ \mS-I-¯nsâ cwK-{]-thiw A¶s¯ \mS-I-§sf
hnaÀin-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ kn.-A-´-¸mbn adn-
bm½ \mS-Is¯ apà-IWvTw {]iw-kn¨p F¶pam{X-aÃ B
IrXn-bpsS {]km-[-\-¯n\v {]uU-amb Hcp Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-
sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]m{X-c-N-\, ckm-hn-jv¡-cWw `mjm-
coXn F¶n-h-bnÂ Cu \mSIw hnP-bn-¨n-«p-s−¶pw {]Ir-Xn-
ZÀ¸Ww Bbn-cn-¡Ww \mSIw F¶ Imcys¯ Cu IrXn
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-s−¶pw kn.-A-´-¸mbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n.
\mS-I-¯n-\pÅ CXn-hr-¯-§Ä tXSn ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-
fpsS hnime taJ-e-bn-te¡v k©-cn-¡p-hm-\mWv \½psS \mS-
I-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ `qcn-]-£hpw A¡m-e¯v {ian-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. AXp-
sIm-−p-Xs¶ AhÀ [otcm-Zm¯ {]Xm-]-hm³am-cmb \mb-I-
·m-tcbpw tXSn ]gb ta¨nÂ Øe-§-fnÂ h«w Id-§n.
AXnÂ\n-s¶-¶emw hyXy-kvX-ambn A¡m-es¯ a\p-jy-cpsS
IpSpw_ kmaqly {]iv\-§-fn-te¡v adn-bm½ \mSIw k©-cn-
¨p. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯nb kzX-{´-\m-S-
I-sa¶ _lp-aXn 1888-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« IÃymWn \mS-I-
¯n\v sImSp-¡mw. XpSÀ¶v 1892-þÂ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ
N{µn-Ibpw 1893-þÂ sI.-kn.-tI-i-h-]n-Å-bpsS e£vao-I-Ãym-
Whpw {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. 1894-þÂ hdp-Kokv am¸nf ss__nÄ
IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n F{_m-b-¡p«n F¶ \mSIw cNn-¨p.
C{]-Imcw \mS-I-km-lnXyw hnI-kn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ Hcp Ime-
L-«-¯n-emWv sImö-¸³ Xc-Isâ ]pXp-a-bmÀ¶ kzX{´
kmaqly \mSIw adn-bm½ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.
1903-þ-emWv adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nsâ H¶mw ]Xn¸v {]kn-
²-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-sX¶v kn.-A-´-¸mbn ‘adn-bm½’bv¡v Fgp-Xnb
Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ\n¶v hyà-am-hp-¶p-−v. F¶mÂ \mS-I-¯nsâ
cN\ AXn\pw Ccp-]-¯n-b©p hÀj-§-tfmfw ap³]m-sW¶v
{KÙ-Im-c³ apJ-hp-c-bnÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. “Fsâ {]l-
k-\-co-Xnbpw ho«p-hm-N-Ihpw hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v ckn-¡p-tam-sb¶v
kwi-bn¨v Rm³ hfsc \mÄ sh¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p.” F¶v Xc-
I³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. F´m-bmepw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Fgp-X-

s¸« BZys¯ kzX{´ kmaqly \mS-I-sa¶ {]ikvXn adn-
bm½ \mS-I-¯n\p e`n-¨p.
kmaqly ]cn-jv¡-cWw ap³\nÀ¯n cNn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-
amWv adn-bm-½. a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ss{IkvX-h-cpsS IpSpw-
_-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp¶ AÚ-Xbpw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw
]mc-¼-cy-§fpw lmkym-ß-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn¨v kap-Zm-bs¯
ip²o-I-cn-¡p-I-sb¶ e£yw Cu \mS-I-c-N-\-bpsS ]n¶n-ep-
−mbXmbn Is−-¯mw. ss{IkvX-hÀ¡n-S-bnÂ A¡m-e-¯p-
−m-bn-cp¶ AÚcpw ep_v[cpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-amb [\n-I-
cpsS t\À¡mWv Xc-I³ Xsâ hnaÀi\w D¶-bn-¨-Xv. A½m-bn-
b-½-t]mcv {InkvXy³ `h-\-§-fnÂ Hcp amaq-embn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-
¶p. CXv Hc-h-Im-i-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-hcpw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
\m¯q³ F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ `À¯m-hnsâ ktlm-Z-cnbpw
Cu hnj-b-¯nÂ A½m-bn-b-½bv¡v Iq«p-\nÂ¡m-dp-−v. A½m-
bn-b-½-bp-tSbpw \m¯q-tâbpw t]mcnsâ {Iqc-h-i-§-fmWv adn-
bm½ \mS-I-¯nse apJy-{]-ta-bw. A¡m-e¯v kaq-l-¯nÂ
]SÀ¶p-]n-Sn-¨n-cp¶ hkqcn NnIn-Õn-¡m-\mbn F¯p¶hcpsS
a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-Xhpw ss]im-Nn-I-hp-amb {]hr-¯n-Isf lrZ-b-
t`-Z-I-ambn \mS-I-¯n-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. tPyjvTm-\p-P-·m-cpsS
IpSpw-_-h-g-¡p-Ifpw \mSIw FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. C§s\
A¶s¯ ss{IkvXh kaq-l-¯nse A\m-im-ky-§-tfbpw
A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw hnaÀin¨v CÃm-Xm-¡m-\mWv \mS-I-Ir¯v
{ian-¨-Xv. irwKm-c-¯nsâ kuay-a-t\m-lm-cn-Xbpw lmky-cu{Z
IcpW ck-§-fpsS DNn-X-amb k¶n-th-ihpw sIm−v Cu \mS-
Is¯ klr-Zb lrZ-bm-IÀj-I-am-¡m\pw \mS-I-Ir-¯n\v
km[n-¨p.
\mSI kw{Klw
s\Spw-Ip-¶¯v sN¼-I-tÈcn amfn-I-bnse am¯-¨³,
Abm-fpsS `mcy, aI³ Hutk-¸-¨³, `mcy adn-bm-½, ktlm-Zcn
Gen-bm-½, adn-bm-½-bpsS ktlm-Z-c³ Ìo^³, Abm-fpsS
`mcy kmdm-½, sNdn-bm³Ip-ªv, t]meo-kp-ImÀ, hkqcn NnIn-
Õ-¡mÀ, hmey-¡mÀ F¶n-§s\ Ccp-]-XnÂ¸cw IYm-]m-{X-§-
fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ AWn-\n-c-¡p-¶-Xv. am¯-¨³, `mcy,
Hutk-¸-¨³, adn-bm-½, Ìo^³ F¶o A©p-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä
Cu \mS-I-¯nse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv. adn-bm½ F¶
bph-Xn¡v `ÀXr-Kr-l-¯nÂ h¨v A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h¶ Zpcn-X-
]qÀ®-amb bmX-\-I-fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-

«n-«p-Å-Xv. am¯-¨sâ sN¼-I-tÈcn `h-\-amWv Cu \mS-I-
¯nsâ kt¦-X-Øm-\w. At±lw Cu \mS-I-¯nse Hcp apJy
IYm-]m-{X-amWv Adp-]-¯n-b-©p-Im-c-\mb am¯-¨-\n-eqsS ]g-
b-X-e-ap-d-bnse Hcp {]Xn-\n-[nsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A[zm-\n-
¡p¶ {]Ir-X-apÅ AbmÄ Ie¸ ]nSn¨pw aäpw Ht«sd k¼m-
Zn-¨p. F¶mÂ `mcy-bpsS sNmÂ¸-Sn-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p B
IpSpw-_-\m-Y³. Xsâ t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpw FÃm \mSp-I-fnepw
hym]n¨p Ign-ªp-sh¶v hniz-kn-¡p¶ Bfm-W-t±-lw. ip²-K-
Xnbpw apJ-kvXp-Xnbpw Zb-\ob `mhhpw At±-l-¯nÂ\n¶v
kv^pcn-¡p-¶p. `mcy-bpsS ap³]nÂ ]e-t¸mgpw \nÊ-lm-b-\mbn
t]mIp¶ am¯-¨³ t{]£-I\v \À½w \ndª Hcp IYm-]m-{X-
ambn amdp-¶p-−v.
Cu \mS-I-¯nse aqe-I-Ym-]m-{X-ambn hcp¶ "am¯-
¨sâ `mcy' \mS-I-I-Y-bpsS {][m\ I®n-bmb A½m-bn-b-½-
bmbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. kv{Xokz-`m-h-¯nsâ ]e khn-ti-j-X-
I-fp-tSbpw hnf-\n-e-ambn Cu IYm-]m{Xw amdp-¶p. \mS-I-
¯nse apJy-{]-tabw Xs¶ A½m-bn-b½t¸mcm-Wv. am¯-¨sâ
A\p-P³ sIm¨p-am-asâ IpSpw-_-t¯m-SpÅ ]I, Xs¶-¡p-dn-
¨pÅ Zpc-`n-am-\w, `À¯m-hns\ `cn-¡p-hm-\pÅ A[n-Im-c-tam-
lw, aIsâ `mcy-tbmSv t]mc-Sn-¡p-hm-\pÅ B{Klw F¶n-h-
sbÃmw H¯p-tNÀ¶ Al-¦m-cn-bmb hyàn-Xz-¯n-\p-S-a-bm-W-
hÀ. F¦nepw s]s«¶v Nen-¡p¶ Hcp ip²-lr-Z-bhpw
AhÀ¡p-−v. am¯-¨sâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v Xm³ Ib-dn-h-¶-Xn-
\p-ti-j-amWv am¯-¨\v sFiz-cy-ap-−m-bXv F¶p Xpd-¶p-]-d-
bm³ aSn-¡m¯ {]Ir-X-am-W-h-cp-tS-Xv. kv{Xok-l-P-amb
ZuÀ_-Ãy-§-fp-tSbpw Akq-b-bp-tSbpw aqÀ¯n-bmbn \mS-I-
Ir¯v Cu A½m-bn-b-½sb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. adn-bm½tbmSv
ImWn-¡p¶ {Iqc-amb t]mcp-IÄ Xsâ P·m-h-Im-i-am-sW-
¶mWv AhÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. adn-bm-½-bpsS B`-c-W-§Ä
ap¡p-]-−-§-fm-sW¶v AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv kc-k-ambn \mS-I-
Ir¯v hÀWn-¡p-¶p-−v. tamj-W-¡päw Npa-¯m\pw \njvI-f-¦-
bmb adn-bm-½sb Nqep-sIm-−-Sn-¡m\pw Xe-ap-Sn¡v Npän-¸n-Sn-¨-
Sn-¡m\pw ASn¨p s]m«nb apdn-hp-IÄ apf-I-c¨v tXbv¡m\pw
Xos¡m-Ån-sb-Sp¯v Ip¯m\pw Znh-k-§-tfmfw ]«n-Wn-¡n-
Sm\pw Cu A½m-bn-b½ kaÀ°-bm-Wv. ss{IkvXh `h-\-§-
fnÂ A¡m-e¯v \ne-\n¶ Zpjn¨ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ òI-c-amb
{]iv\-§Ä Cu \mSIw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Cu A½m-bn-
b½ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-tem-I¯v Xs¶ Hcp Ahn-kva-c-Wob IYm-
]m-{X-am-Wv.

t{]£I lrZ-b-§sf timImÀ{Z-am-¡p-hm³ t]mcp¶
a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«pÅ IYm-]m-{X-amWv \mbn-I-bmb adn-bm-
½. hnZym-`ym-k-apÅhfpw kwkv¡m-c-k-¼-¶-bp-amb adn-bm½
hn\-bw, kln-jvWp-X, `À¯r-kvt\-lw, Kpcp-P-\-`-àn, XymK-
io-ew, kz`mh ss\À½Ãyw Ch-sbÃmw H¯n-W-§nb Hcp
D¯a kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. \mS-I-c-N-\m-Im-es¯ kv{XoI-
fpsS ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS {]Xo-I-amWv Cu IYm-]m-{Xw. am¯-
¨sâ aI³ Hutk-¸-¨sâ `mcy-bmbn XoÀ¶ A¶p apXÂ
Ah-fpsS PohnXw Xmfw sXän. kz´w `À¯m-hn-t\mSv kwkm-
cn-¡m³ t]mepw AhÄ¡v A\p-hm-Z-ap-−m-bn-Ã. aI³ `mcy-
tbmSv kwkm-cn-¨mÂ AXv hen-sbm-cp sXämbn amdpw. adn-bm-½-
bpsS Cw¥o-jv]-cn-Úm\w A½-mbn-b-½-bpsS ]cn-lm-k-¯n\v
Imc-W-am-bn. adn-bm½ cm]-I-en-ÃmsX tPmen-sN-¿Ww, cm{Xn-
bnÂ t]mepw ]pg-bnÂ t]mbn shÅw sIm−p-h-c-Ww, hni-
¶mÂ `£Ww e`n-¡p-I-bp-an-Ã. Hutk-¸-¨³ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-
c¯v ]Tn-¡m³ t]mb-tXmsS adn-bm-½-bpsS bmX-\-IÄ IqSn.
Hutk-¸-¨-t\mSv AhÄ Xsâ {]iv\-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p-−v. XÃp-
sIm−v ChnsS InS-t¶mfmw ]t£ Bdp-Zn-hkw F§s\ ]«n-
Wn-In-S-¡pw. Hutk-¸-¨³ CXp-tI«v ZpxJn-X-\m-hp-¶p-−v. adn-bm-
½-bpsS IjvS-¸m-Sp-IÄtI«v s]m«n-¡-c-bp¶ sNdn-bm³
Ipªnsâ Nn{Xhpw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.
adn-bm-½bv¡v hkqcn ]nSn-s]-«-t¸mÄ sN¼-I-tÈ-cn-
bnÂ\n¶v FÃm-hcpw Hgn-ªp-t]m-bn. hÀ¡n Fs¶mcp tkh-
I³ am{X-amWv B ho«nÂ D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Hutk-¸-¨³ Xncp-h-
\-´-]p-c-¯m-Wv. adn-bm½ ]Xn-hmbn `À¯m-hn-s\-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶
I¯p-IÄ Hutk-¸-¨sâ I¿nÂ In«n-bn-Ã. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶
AXn\p adp-]-Snbpw h¶n-Ã. hkqcn NnIn-Õ-¡m-cmb ZpjvS-am-
{ń-I-·m-cpsS {Iqc-aÀ±-\-§Ä¡n-c-bmbn XoÀ¶ adn-bm½ A\p-
`-hn¨ kwLÀj-§Ä Cu \mS-I-¯nse lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-amb `mK-
am-Wv. A¡m-es¯ hkqcn NnIn-Õ-I-cpsS arKo-bX Xpd-¶p-
Im-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv \mS-I-Ir¯v sN¿p-¶-Xv. hkqcn ]nSn-s]«v
`b¶v apdn-bv¡p-ÅnÂ Ign-bp¶ adn-bm-½sb sIme-s¸-Sp-¯m³
Xs¶ aZy-e-l-cn-bn-emb NnIn-Õ-IÀ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¯p. i¦-c-
aqÀ¯n, \mcm-b-W³ XpS-§nb NnIn-Õ-IÀ adn-bm½ IXIp
Xpd-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ hmXnÂ sh«n-s]m-fn¨v AI¯p IS-¶p.
Fhn-tSbpw A`-b-an-Ãm-XpÅ adn-bm½bpsS hnem]w Bcp-
tSbpw Ic-f-en-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Ah-tcmSv ]e Xc-¯n-e-t]-£n¨p
t\m¡n-sb-¦nepw i¦-c-aqÀ¯nbpw aäpw B hm¡p-I-sfm¶pw
sNhn-sIm-−n-Ã. ssIIm-ep-IÄ IbÀsIm−v hcnªp sI«n

Xe-ap-Sn¡v Npän-]n-Sn¨v adn-bm-½sb AhÀ aÀ±n-¨-h-i-bm-¡n.
Xe-bv¡-Sn¨v Ahsf sIm¶p-I-f-bm³ i¦-c-aqÀ¯n BÚm-]n-
¨p. F¶mÂ DNnX ka-b¯v adn-bm-½-bpsS ktlm-Z-c³
Ìo^³ a{´-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-\mbn A`n-\-bn¨v adn-
bm-½sb Hcp henb s]«n-bn-em¡n Ahn-sS-\n¶pw c£-s¸-Sp-
¯n. CsXÃmw cl-ky-am-bmWv kw`-hn-¨-Xv.
adn-bm½ hkqcn h¶v acn-¨p-sh-¶mWv FÃm-hcpw
IcpXnbXv. NnIn-Õ-Icpw AXp-Xs¶ {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. adn-bm-½-
bpsS tcmK-hmÀ¯-b-dnªv Hutk-¸-¨³ \m«n-se-¯n. AhnsS
h¨v adn-bm½ acn-¨p-sh-¶-dnªv AbmÄ sR«n-t¸m-bn. ZpxJ-
`mcw sIm−v AbmÄ BsI XIÀ¶p-t]m-bn. F¶mÂ Ht«sd
kw`-h-§Ä¡ptijw adn-bm½ ktlm-Z-c-\mb Ìo^\pw `mcy
kmdm-½-bv¡p-sam¸w Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ps−¶v AbmÄ a\-Ên-em-
¡p-¶p. AhÀ H¯p-tNÀ¶v kt´mjw ]¦n-Sp-¶p. Xs¶
aÀ±n¨ hkqcn NnInÕIcv t]meokv ]nSn-bn-em-hp-¶p.
AhÀ¡p am¸p-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa¶v adn-bm½ t]meo-kp-Im-tcmSv
At]-£n-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ D]-{Z-hn¨ A½m-bn-b-½-tbmSv s]mdp-
¡m\pw Ah-cpsS ]cm-{I-a-§Ä Adn-hn-Ãm-bvI-sIm−v kw`-hn-¨-
Xm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS B lrZ-b-hn-im-e-Xbv¡p ap¶nÂ
A½m-bn-b½ FÃm A]-cm-[-§Ä¡pw am¸-t]-£n-¡p-¶p.
AhÀ {]iv\-§-fn-ÃmsX Pohn¡pw F¶v \mSIw kaÀ°n-¡p-
¶p. A\p-cq-]-\mb `À¯m-hn-t\mSp IqSn Hcp \qdp-hÀjw adn-
bm½ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡-s«-sb¶v C³kvs]-IvSÀ Biw-kn-¡p-¶-
tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. adn-bm-½ \mSIw hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯pw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶-sX-
§s\?
2. \mS-Io-bX F¶ KpWw adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nÂ ebn¨p
tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ kaÀ°n-¡pI
3. adn-bm½ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-kr-jvSn-bnÂ \mS-I-Ir¯p hnP-bn-
¨n-cn-¡p¶p? ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.
4. adn-bm-½-m\m-S-I-¯n\v Hcm-kzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡pI?

bqWnäv 2
\mSIw kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ
am[yaw
ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xs¯ ià-ambn kzm[o-

\n¨ Iem-cq-]-amWv \mS-Iw. AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnÂ IpSp§n ]c-
kv]cw Xpcp-¯p-I-fmbn amdnb aebmfnsb t_m[-h-Xv¡-cn-
¡m\pw AXn-eqsS kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n\v t{]cn-¸n-¡m\pw Ign-ª-
Im-e¯v Gä-hp-a-[nIw klm-bn-¨Xv ChnsS D−mb kmaq-ly-
cm-jv{So-b-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.
hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ‘ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-

t¯¡v’ (1930), Fw.-BÀ.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ‘ad-bv¡p-S-¡p-Ånse
alm-\-cIw’ (1930), Fw.-]n.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ‘EXp-aXn’ (1944)
F¶o \mS-I-§-fmWv tbmK-t£-a-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶v Adn-b-s¸-
Sp-¶-Xv. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡p-th−n
{]hÀ¯n¨ kwL-S-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p tbmK-t£-a-k-`bpw bph-P-\-
kw-L-hpw. anX-hm-Zn-I-fmbn tbmK-t£-a-¡mÀ Ime-L-«-¯n-\-\p-
k-cn-¨pÅ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä B{K-ln¨p F¶mÂ Xo{h-amb
\ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-bmWv bph-P-\-kwLw {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv. kap-Zm-b-
¯nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw sNdp-¯p-
tXmÂ¸n-¡m³ hn¹-h-I-c-amb apt¶äw Bh-iy-am-sW¶v Ah-À
hiz-kn-¨p. AXnÂ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Spw. Ch-
cpsS \mS-I-§Ä \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-bs¯ A\m-Nm-c-§-
fnÂ\n¶v tamNn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ hnP-bn-¨p. A{]-Imcw Hcp kmaq-
lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ am[y-a-ambn Cu \mS-I-§Ä
{]hÀ¯n-¨p.
\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse Iq«p-Ip-Spw_ kwhn-[m\w
k¼¯v Imc-W-h-cnÂ F¯n-t¨-cm³ Imc-W-ambn am{X-aÃ
aq¯-a-I-s\m-gn¨v aämÀ¡pw kzk-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶v hnhm-l-
_Ôw ]mSn-sÃ-¶Xpw k¼-¯n-\-h-Imin aq¯-]p-{X³ am{X-am-
sW-¶pÅ kap-Zm-b-\n-b-ahpw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-bmw-K-§-fpsS
PohnXw Zpjv¡-c-am-¡n. Cu AhØbvs¡Xn-sc-bpÅ t_m[-
h-Xv¡-c-Whpw hr²-·mÀ¡v I\y-I-amsc thfn-I-gn¨p sImSp-
¡pI F¶ A\m-Nm-c-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-
cp¶p ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v F¶ \mSIw.

cmjv{So-b-\m-S-I-§fpw \mS-Io-b-Xbpw
GsXmcp kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw Ak-a-Xz-¯nsâ {][m\
ImcWw km¼-¯n-I-k-a-Xz-am-bn-cn-¡pw F¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−mWv sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c³ BZy-cm-jv{So-b-\m-SIw
‘]m«-_m¡n’ cNn-¨-Xv. CXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS
‘Iq«p-Irjn’ sNdp-Im-Snsâ ‘\½-sfm¶v’ XpS-§nb cmjv{So-b,
ImÀjnI {]iv\-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-§-fp-−m-bn.
kaq-l-¯nÂ Nqj-Ww, Zmcn-{Zyw, Ak-a-Xzw, PmXobX Ch-
sbÃmw \S-am-Sp¶ Ah-Ø-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-Xs¶ Cu
\mS-I-§-fpsS ]nd-hn¡v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. t£{X-{]-th-i-\-¯n\pw
aäpw th−n \S¶ ka-c-§-fp-sSbpw \nhÀ¯\ {]t£m-`-¯n-
sâbpw IÀjI ka-c-§-fp-sSbpw A´-co-£-¯nÂ Abn-¯-
¯n\pw Ak-a-Xz-§Ä¡pw FXn-cmb {]t£m-`-W-§-tfmSv
_Ô-s¸«v ]pXn-sbmcp \mS-I-kw-kv¡mcw 1930-þÂ Xs¶ ae-
bm-f-¯nÂ DS-se-Sp-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. 1937-þÂ s]m¶m\n ImÀjn-I-
k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ th−nbmWv sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c³
]m«-_m¡n Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. ASp¯ hÀjw AXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-
¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-¯nsâ AXn-cn-\-¸pdw aqe-
Im-c-W-amb km¼-¯n-Im-k-a-Xzs¯ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv
]m«-_m-¡n-bnÂ Zmtam-Z-c³ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Pn.-i-¦-c-
¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-−mb
‘cmjv{So-b-\m-S-§-fpsS’ Nn«-bnepw {Ia-¯nepw \n¶v AXy´w
hn`n-¶-amb cmjv{So-b-\m-S-I-amWv ]m«-_m-¡n-sb-¶pw At±lw
XpSÀ¶p ]d-bp-¶p. kn.-sP.-tXm-akv ‘Db-cp¶ bh-\nI’ bnÂ
]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse “IYm-L-S-\-bpsS emfn-Xyhpw DÅ-S-¡-
¯nsâ kXym-h-Øbpw ]m«-_m-¡nsb ae-bm-f-¯nsâ Gähpw
hnP-b-I-c-amb cmjv{So-b-\m-S-I-am¡n XoÀ¡p-¶p. ae-_m-dnse
IÀj-I-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ\n¶pw DS-se-Sp¯ Iem-kr-jvSn-bmWv
]m«-_m¡n”. km¼-¯nI Ak-a-Xz-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-−mb A¡m-
es¯ Akz-Ø-X-I-fmWv Cu \mSIw apt¶m-«p-sh-¨-sX¶p
ImWmw. \mS-Io-b-Xsb \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯m¯ cmjv{Sob \mS-I-§-
fmbn Ch cq]w-{]m-]n-¨p.

ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw
Fw.- cm-a³ `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv (Fw.-BÀ.-_n)
ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse ]g-b-s]m-¶m-\n-Xm-eq-¡nÂ 1908-þÂ
P\n¨ Fw.-BÀ.-_n.-km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv¡À¯mhpw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-
I\pw kmln-Xy-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. \mSIw, Ihn-X, D]-\ymkw
Ch Htct]mse ssIImcyw sN¿m\pw {i²-t\-Sm\pw At±-l-
¯n\v km[n-¨p. apf-s]m-«n-b-hn-¯p-IÄ, kphÀ®m-Om-b-IÄ,
hf-s¸m-«p-IÄ, Xma-c-bn-X-fp-IÄ, apJ-Ñmb hmÂ¡-®mSn
F¶nhbmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. kz´w {]b-Xv\w-sIm−v
Cw¥ojnepw ae-bm-f-¯nepw kwkvIr-X-¯nepw At±lw Ah-
Kmlw t\Sn. hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ A\p-bmbn F¶ \ne-bnÂ
At±lw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw
A\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡p-sa-Xnsc t]mcmSn ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-eq-sS-
bmWv Fw.-BÀ.-_n.-bpsS s]mXp-Po-hnXw hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv.
bph-Zo-]w, D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn, kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯v, tZim-`n-am-\n,
tIfn F¶n-h-bp-ambn At±lw \nc-ćw _Ôw-]p-eÀ¯n.
PohÂkm-lnXy {]Øm\w tIc-f-¯nÂ thcp-d-¸n¨ Ime¯v
At±lw AXnsâ kwLm-S-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-
¯nse BZys¯ hn[-hm-hn-hm-l-am-bn-cp¶p Fw.-BÀ.-_n-bp-tS-
Xv. hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ `mcy-k-tlm-Zcn Dam-tZhn A´ÀÖ-\-
s¯-bmWv At±lw hnhmlw Ign-¨Xv. bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-Xz-
t¯mSv At±lw kÔn-bn-ÃmsX s]mcpXn 2001-þÂ At±lw
A´-cn-¨p.
\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Ah-
X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸« aq¶p \mS-I-§-fmWv ASp-¡-fn-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-
t¯-¡v, ad-¡p-S-¡p-Ånse alm-\-c-Iw, EXp-aXn F¶n-h. ad-¡p-
S-¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw bYmÀ°-kw-`-hs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n
cNn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-am-Wv. kv{XoIÄ \¼q-Xncn Krl-§-fnÂ
A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶ A\o-Xn-IÄs¡-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-
bn-cp¶p Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ Dt±-iw. A¡m-e¯v ]pd-ta-\n¶v
BÀ¡pw {]th-i-\-an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ \¼q-Xncn Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnÂ
`À¯m-hn\v `mcysb sImÃm³ hsc A[n-Im-c-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.
C§s\ a\p-jy-Xz-\n-tj[w A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp¶ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-
Ø-bmWv ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-c-I-¯nÂ Fw.-BÀ._n
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
C«n-¸m]vXn
C®o¨
C«n-¯m{Xn
\§¿
]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn
]pXn-\-¸Ån AÑ³
A]v^³ \¼q-Xncn
]t«cn
cma³ \¼q-Xncn
\t§a
ap¯Èn A½
hncq-]m-£³ \¼q-Xncn (aq-Êv)
C«n-\-§¿ A´ÀÖ\w
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
H¶mw A¦w Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]qap-ä¯v {io tImhn-
eIw kÔym-k-abw C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw C®o-¨bpw Npacpw Nmcn
N{aw ]Sn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS A½ C«n-¯m{Xn `{Z-Zo]w
sImfp¯n \a-kvI-cn-¡p-¶p. C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw C®o-¨bpw
{]mÀ°\ sNmÃp-¶p. c−p t]scbpw ssZh-§sf \a-kvI-cn-
¡m³ A½ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. cwKw c−nÂ ]qap-äs¯ ]qap-
J¯v ]IÂ \mep-a-Wn¡v apdp¡n sIm−n-cn-¡p¶ ]c-ta-iz-c³
\¼q-Xncn (C®o-¨-bp-tSbpw C«n-¸m-]vXn-bp-tSbpw AÑ³) B
ka-b¯v ]pXn-\-¸Ån AÑ³ Ahn-sS-sb¯n Xsâ aIsâ
aq¶mw-thfn \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-¯nsâ Ah-
km\w ]d-t§m-Ss\ hnfn¨v ]pXn-\-¸Ån \¼q-Xn-cn¡v Ipfn-¡m-
\pÅ Nn«-h-«-§Ä Hcp-¡p-¶p. cwKw aq¶nÂ C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS
hoSv. C«n-¸m]vXn A½-bpsS Acn-I-¯n-cp¶v ]pkvXIw hmbn-
¡p-¶p. ]pkvX-I-¯nse tÇmIw sNmÃn-sIm-Sp-¡m³ A½ C«n-
¸m-]vXn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AXv ssZh-kvXp-Xn-b-sÃ¶v a\-Ên-em-
¡nb C«n-¯m{Xn aIsf imkn-¡p-¶p. AhnsS \§¿ IS-¶p-
h-cp-¶p. ]pXn-\-¸Ån CÃs¯ hncq-]m-£³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-ambn
C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS hnhmlw Dd-¸n-¨-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v \§-¿bpw C«n-
¯m-{Xnbpw X½nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn
FÃmw Hcp tbmKw AtÃ-sb¶v C«n-¯m-{Xn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p.
cwKw \menÂ ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw ]pXn-\-¸Ån AÑ\pw
A]v^³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw ]t«-cnbpw X½nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.

]pXn-\-¸Ån CÃ-t¯¡v C«n-¸m-]vXnsb hnhmlw Ign¨p
sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-t\mSv ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS A\p-P-\mb
cma³ \¼q-Xn-cn¡v XmÂ¸-cy-an-Ã. hncq-]m-£³ \¼q-Xncn c−p-
`m-cy-am-tcbpw imco-cn-I-ambn D]-{Z-hn-¡p-Ibpw No¯-hn-fn-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv \m«nÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw Adn-bm-hp¶ Imcy-am-
WtÃm F¶v cma³ \¼q-Xncn ]d-bp-¶p. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-
cn¡v AXp-tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ tIm]w hcp-¶p-s−-¦nepw asä-
´mWv hgn F¶v Btem-N-\-bn-embn t]mIp-¶p. hr²-\mb
hncq-]m-£\v aq¶mw thfn-bmbn aIsf \ÂtI−n-h-cp-¶Xv
\¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS CS-bnÂ \ne-\n¶ BNm-c-§-fp-sSbpw AÔ-
hn-izm-k-§-fp-tSbpw ê-am-Wv.
cwKw A©nÂ C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS ho«nÂ hnhm-l-s¯-
¡p-dn¨pw aäpw \t§-abpw C«n-¯m{Xnbpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.
AhÀ ]q¡Ä \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw aäpw sN¿p-¶p. \t§-a-
bp-tSbpw C«n-¯m-{Xn-bp-tSbpw kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ\n¶v Xsâ
hn[n a\-kn-em¡n C«n-¸m]vXn C{]-Im-cw Bß-KXw sN¿p-¶p.
“Fs¶ sImS-¡-WXv ]pXn-\-¸Ån¡msW-¶pw, aq¶mw thfn-
¡m-sW¶pw H¡-sÃ, At½w \t§-ta-S¯ow IqSn ]td-tW-«-Xv,
Rms\-§\m AhsS t]mbm Ign-¨q«m? AhvSs¯ they
Bt¯-½mcv sNtdy Bt¯-½m-cpsS iotems¡ I¯n¨p If-
ªq¶pw c−mtfw At±lw ]e-tbm-−-Sn-¨p¶pw Hs¡ tI«p.
F\n-¡-h-tcm-sSm¸w ]nSn-¡m³ tijo-tey.”
cwKw BdnÂ C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw C®o-¨bpw A½ C«n-¯m-
{Xnbpw `À¯m-hnsâ ho«n-te¡v t]mIm-\mbn X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ
\S-¯p-¶p. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn aIsf A\p-{K-ln¨v ]d-ª-
b-¡p-t¼mÄ C«n-¸m]vXn s]m«n-¡-c-bp-¶p.
c−mw A¦-¯nÂ hncq-]m-£m³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS (aq-Êv)
]pXn-\-¸Ån CÃw. C«n-¸m-]vXn-tbmSv tZjy-s¸«v \nÂ¡p¶
aqÊv. cwKw c−nÂ DuWv Ign-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ aqÊv. shÅw
tNmZn-¨-t¸mÄ tNmdp-hn-f-¼n-s¡m-−n-cp¶ C«n-¸m-]vXnsb
shÅw sImSp-¯nÃ F¶m-tcm-]n¨v C«n \§¿ A´ÀÖ\w
C«n-¸m-]vXnsb ]nSn¨p XÅp-¶p. aqÊv AXns\ icn-h-bv¡p-¶p.
cwKw aq¶nÂ aqÊnsâ `mcyw C«n-\-§¿ ]pXnb `mcy-
bmb C«n-¸m-]vXnsb Hmtcm¶v Ipä-s¸-Sp¯n Ic-bn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
A§s\ Ic-ªp-sIm-−p-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-I− C«n-\-§¿
sN¼nÂ\n¶pw shÅ-sa-Sp¯v C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS apJ-t¯-s¡m-

gn-¡p-¶p. cwKw \menÂ ASp-¡-f-bnepw aäpw tPmen sNbvXv
Ipfn-¡m³t]mepw ka-b-an-Ãm¯ C«n-¸m-]vXnsb ImWm-\m-hp-
¶p. Idn \nd¨ IÂ¨-«n-bp-am-bn, C«n-¸m]vXn \ne-¯p-ho-gp-¶p.
B hnhcw Adn-bp-t¼mÄ ‘IÂ¨«n s]mt«ym?”F¶mWv aqÊv
tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp IÂ¨-«n-bpsS t]mepw hne-bn-Ãm¯XmWv
A¡m-es¯ \¼q-Xncn kv{Xo PohnXw F¶v CXv sXfn-bn-¡p-
¶p-−v. IÂ¨-«n-bp-ambn hoWv ]cn-t¡äv \nÂ¡p¶ C«n-¸m-
]vXnsb Bh-W-¸-eI sIm−v Fdnªv ico-c-¯nÂ sImÅn-
¨mWv aqÊv Xsâ tZjyw XoÀ¡p-¶-Xv. Gdp-sIm− C«n-¸m]vXn
‘Hu’ F¶v \ne-hn-fn¨v hogp-¶p. cwKw A©nÂ C«n-¸m-]vXn-sb
ImWm³ kz´w ho«nÂ\n¶v C«n-bm-Xnbpw C«n-am-bbpw {]th-
in-¡p-¶p. A½bv¡v kpJ-an-sÃ¶pw Ft¸mgpw C«n-¸m-]vXnsb
At\z-jn-¡p-¶p-s−¶pw AhÀ ]d-ªp. A½-bpsS Akp-J-hn-
h-c-§fpw \t§-ta-S-¯n-bpsS hnti-j-§fpw C«n-¸m]vXn At\z-
jn-¡p-¶p. hoWp ]cn-t¡äpw Bh-W-]-e-I-sIm−v Gdp-
sIm−pw D−mb apdn-hp-IÄ I−v h¶-hÀ BÝ-cy-s¸-Sp-¶p.
apdnhv t`Z-am-bmÂ Xm³ hcm-sa¶v ]dª B hmey-¡m-cn-Isf
C«n-¸m]vXn ]d-ª-b-¡p-¶p. Bdmw cwK-¯nÂ \t§-½bpw
C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw Npa-cnÂ Nmcn-bn-cp¶v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. `À¯m-
hnsâ ho«nÂ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ sImSnb ]oU-\-§Ä C«n-¸m]vXn
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. sImSnep ]gp-¸n¨v ImenÂ h¨v s]mÅn-¨Xpw
aäpw \t§-½-tbmSv ]dªv AhÄ Ic-bp-¶p. cwKw GgnÂ
aqÊv ]hn{Xw sI«n-¡-gnªv FÃm-h-tcbpw hnfn-¡p-¶p. aq¯-`m-
cy-bmb C«n-\-§-¿bpw c−mw A´ÀÖ-\hpw ]e-I-taÂ h¶n-
cn-¡p-¶p. aqÊv C«n-¸m-]vXnsb At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. Bhiyw hcp-
t¼m-gtÃ Fs¶ th−q F¶v C«n-¸m]vXn kzcw Xmgv¯n ]d-
bp-¶p. AXp-tI«v tIm]n-jvT-\mb aqÊv ImXv Npän-¸n-Sn¨v hen-
¨n-g-bv¡p-¶p. C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS ImXSÀ¶v tNmc hogp-¶p. cwKw
F«nÂ C«n-\-§¿ Xsâ tImÂhn-f¡v At\z-jn-¡p-¶p.
aqÊnsâ A½-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. tImÂhn-f-¡p-ambn C«n-
¸m]vXn Ipf-¯n-te¡v t]msb¶v A½ ]d-bp-¶p. Xncn¨p h¶
C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS I¿nÂ\n¶v B cm{Xn ka-b¯v hnf¡v ]nSn-
¨p-hm§n ]pd-t¯¡v XÅn-bn«v hmXn-e-S-bv¡p-¶p. A½-tbbpw
C«n-\-§-¿-tbbpw amdn amdn hnfn¨v hmXnÂXp-d-¡m³ ]dªv
C«n-¸m]vXn Ic-bp-¶p. Ccp«v \ndª Npäp-]m-Sn-te¡pw aqSn-sI-
«nb BIm-i-t¯¡pw ASª hmXn-en-te¡pw C«n-¸m]vXn
`b¶v t\m¡p-¶p. an¶epw CSnbpw agbpw Ipf-¯nÂ \n¶pw
Xh-f-I-fpsS Ic-¨nepw C«n-¸m]vXn t]Sn¨p hnd¨v D½-d-]-Sn-taÂ
hmXnÂ Nmcn Ccn-¡p-¶p. Rm³ Fń-\m-Wn-§s\ Pohn-¨n-cn-

¡p-¶-sX¶pw BÀ¡mWv CXp-sIm-s−mcp ]pWy-sa¶pw Nmhp-
I-bmWv \Ã-sX¶pw Hcp CSn-sh«v sIm−n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F{X
\¶m-bn-cp¶p F¶pw Fs´ms¡ A\p-`-hn-t¡−n hcp-¶p-
sh¶pw C«n-¸m]vXn Btem-Nn-¡p-¶p. Hcp tXmÀs¯-Sp¯v
Noń sI«n Igp-¯nÂ IpSp-¡p-¶p. “At¿m, ât½, âÑm, sâ
\t§-t½-S-¯n, Rm³ Nmhm-bn. \n§-sfms¡ H¶p I−n«v
Nmhm\pw IqSn F\n¡v `mKyey {X `mKy-eym-t¯m-fm-btÃm
Rm³. §\m-bntem Fsâ Ite-se-gp-¯v. F\n-bv¡n\n Hcp
\antjmw hvsS Igv¨q-«m³ h¿. BÀ¡pw th−ms− Rms\-
ń-\m-§s\ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡Wv?” F¶p ]dªv ASp-¯pÅ Dc-
en³taÂ Ibdn tXmÀ¯nÂ Xq§p-¶p. I®p Xpdn-¡p-Ibpw
\mhp-I-Sn-¡p-Ibpw I¿p-sIm−v XpS-bnÂ am´p-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶p. B icocw \nÝ-e-am-Ip-¶p. CtXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-
¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. C«n-¸m]vXn BNm-c-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw krjvSn¨ Zpc-
´-I-Ym-]m-{X-amWv? kaÀ°n-¡p-I.
2. \¼q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m-¡pI F¶ IÀ½-amWv ad-¡p-S-
bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw F¶ \mS-I-¯n-eqsS Fw.-BÀ._n
\nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv? hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.
3. Fw.-BÀ.-_n. F¶ kmaqly ]cn-jv¡À¯m-hnsâ ImgvN-¸m-
Sp-IÄ AhX-cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-amWv ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse
alm-\cIw? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
]m«-_m¡n
sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c³
cmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-þ-km-lnXy cwK-§-
fnÂ \ndªp \n¶ {]Xn-`m-[-\-\m-bn-cp¶p sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c³. ae-
¸pdw PnÃ-bnse Xncq-cnÂ P\n¨ At±lw hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cn-
¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p. cmjv{So-b-
{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v PbnÂhm-khpw {Iqc-amb t]meokv
aÀ±-\hpw At±-l-¯n\v GÂt¡−n h¶n-«p-−v. kzmX-{ý-k-a-
c-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xn\v Ggp-hÀjw At±lw PbnÂhmkw
A\p-`-hn-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ F®-aä teJ-\-§fpw eLp-te-J-
Ifpw ]pkvX-I-§fpw 1930 IfpsS a²yw apXÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ

I½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-¯nÂ \nÀ®m-bI ]¦v hln-¨p.
Cý-bpsS Bßm-hv, `mc-Xob Nn´, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, a\p-jyÀ
XpS-§nb {KÙ-§Ä-§nb {KÙ-§Ä `mc-Xob XXz-Nn-´-bnepw
Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-apÅ Zmtam-Z-csâ AKm-[-]m-Þn-Xy-¯n-sâbpw
imkv{Xob A]-{K-Y-\-]m-S-h-¯n-sâbpw sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv. kÀ¤m-
ß-I-km-ln-Xy-¯nepw Zmtam-Z-csâ kw`m-h-\-IÄ hne-s¸-«-Xm-
Wv. \mS-Iw, Ihn-X, sNdp-IY F¶n-h-sbÃmw Zmtam-Z-c³ cNn-
¨p. Hcp I½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-tem-I-¯nÂ \n¶psIm−mWv
At±lw ae-bmf \mS-I-N-cn-{X-¯nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãmb ‘]m«-
_m¡n’ cNn-¡p¶Xv.
\mSIkw{Klw
kaq-l-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ `qcn-]£w hcp¶ km[m-c-W-¡mÀ
km{¼-Zm-bn-I-ambn GXp Ncn-{X-¯n\pw ]pd-¯m-Wv. \nÀ½m-Wm-
ß-I-ambn A[zm-\n-¡p-¶Xpw kwkvIm-cs¯ t]mjn-¸n-¡p-
¶Xpw ChÀX-s¶-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-¯nsâ hnhn-[-a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ
Ah-Imiw Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡m-\mbn AhÀ ka-c-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«p-
sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1930þIfnÂ am{X-aÃ AXn\pw ]Xn-äm-−p-
IÄ¡p ap³t]Xs¶ C¯cw {]hÀ¯\w ]Xps¡ XpS-§p-¶p-
−v. km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS, `qan-bn-Ãm¯ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-
sS, aäp sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS, kv{XoI-fpsS {]m´-h-XvIr-X-cpsS
apt¶-ä-amWv \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ `mK-sa¶p \ymb-ambpw hnfn-
t¡− Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡w. ChÀ ]e Xc-¯nÂ
{]I-S-ambpw AÃm-sXbpw htc-Wym-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ A¶s¯
P·n-þ-\m-Sp-hm-gn-¯-þ-]u-tcm-lnXy tNÀ¨-bpsS bpàn-I-sfbpw
Nn«-I-sfbpw A[n-Im-tcm-]-I-c-W-§-sfbpw shÃp-hn-fn-¨p.
AXnsâ `mK-ambn Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw CS-s]«p
kz´w Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä km[n¨p ‘]m«-_m¡n’ Cu Ncn-{X-
¯nsâ Hcp I\n-bm-sW¶v C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp-¶p.
\mS-I-¯nsâ t]cp-t]mse Hcn-¡epw sImSp-¯p-
XoÀ¡m-\m-hm¯ ]m«-¯nsâ _m¡n-X-s¶-bmWv CXnse {]ta-
bw. P·n IpSn-bm³ _Ô-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-
bpsS NnÓ-amWv ]m«-_m-¡n. AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ AXnsâ
cmjv{So-bmÀ°w Gsd {]k-à-hp-am-Wv. C¶s¯
k¼ZvhyhØ ]m«-_m-¡n-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb B k¼Zvhyh-
Ø-bpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bm-Wv. `qkz¯v ]−m-c-h-Ibpw kzIm-cy-

kz¯v DbÀ¶ PmXn¡pambn-cp¶p AYhm Ah-cXv Ip¯-I-bm-
¡n-h-¨n-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ Irjn-`q-an-sbÃmw AhÀ¡pw t£{X-
§Ä¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ B `qan-bnÂ Irjn-sNbvXv hnf-
hnsâ knwl-`m-Khpw ]m«hpw hmc-hp-ambn P·n¡v sImSp-t¡-
−Xv IpSn-bmsâ Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p. P·n¡v A\njvSw
tXm¶n-bmÂ B \nanjw IpSn-bms\ Hgn-hm-¡pw. IÀjI
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnXw AXn-tesd Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-am-bn-cp-¶p.
Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cmb AhÀ¡v bmsXmcp kmaq-lnI Ah-Im-i-
§-fp-anÃ. Hcp hne-bp-an-ÃmsX A[zm-\n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
am{Xta Ah-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶pÅq Akzm-X-{ý-hpw. Zpcn-X-
]qÀ®hpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw \nÊ-lm-b-hp-amb Cu a\p-jym-h-Ø-
bmWv ]m«-_m-¡n-bnse {]ta-bw.
A[n-Im-c-Øm-\-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ krjvSn¨ kmaqly
hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄ km[m-cW a\p-jy\v F§s\ hn\-bm-bn-¯o-
cp-sa¶v ]m«-_m¡n t{]£-I-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. kmaqly hyh-
Øn-Xnsb tI{µ-¯nÂ \ndp-¯n-bmWv \mS-I-¯nsâ CXn-
hr¯w hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp `mK¯v Zcn-{Zcpw ZpxJn-Xcpw
\nÊ-lm-b-cp-amb a\p-jyÀ A[zm-\n-¡p¶ Ch-cmWv \mb-I-]-
£-¯v. In«p®n Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. adp-`m-K¯v `qan
apgp-h³ kz´-am-¡n-h¨v AXnÂ ]Wn-sbm-¶p-sa-Sp-¡msX
A\ysâ A[zm-\-êw NqjWw sNbvXv [\n-Icpw kpJn-
am³am-cp-ambn Pohn-¡p¶ apX-em-fnbpw aq¡m-«ncn a\-bnse
\¼q-Xn-cn-bpw. \mS-I-¯nÂ ChÀ X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw \nc-
ćw \S-¡p-¶p. _mly-kw-LÀj-¯nÂs¸«v In«p-®n¡v
kÂt¸cv, InS-¸m-Sw, A½, s]§-fpsS am\w F¶nh \jvS-am-
Ip-¶p. hyh-ØnXn s]§-fpsS am\w IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p¶p F¶
\c-I-Xp-ey-amb Ah-Ø-bn-emWv ss¢am-Ivkv. Ahn-sS-h¨v
In«p®n kz´w PohnX ho£-Whpw kZm-Nm-c-k-¦-ev]hpw
Xncp-¯p-¶p. ASn-a¯w \nd-ª, s\dn-tISpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw k½m-
\n-¡p¶ kap-Zmb kwL-S-\sb DS-¨p-hmÀ¡Ww F¶ Xocp-am-
\-¯n-se-¯p-¶p.
]Xn-\mev cwK-§-fpÅ \mS-I-¯nsâ BZys¯ \mev
cwK-§Ä In«p-®n-bpsS IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Zmcn-{Zyhpw \nÊ-lm-b-
Xbpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\mWv \mS-I-Ir¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-
Xv. ]m«m-_m¡n hf¨p-sI-«n-ÃmsX IY-]-d-bp¶p: A½, Ipªn-
am-fp-sh¶ sNdp-¸-¡m-cn-bmb aIÄ, In«p-®n-sb¶ aI³,
_me³ F¶ sNdn-b-a-I³-þCu IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Zpcn-X-amWv
"]m«-_m-¡n'. P·n-þ-Ip-Sn-bm³ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ Cc-I-fm-W-hÀ.

In«p®n hyh-km-b-s¯m-gn-em-fn-bmWv AbmÄ¡pw IjvS-¸m-Sp-X-
s¶. cmjv{So-b-t_m-[-ap-Å, tkmjy-en-k-¯nÂ ASn-bp-d-¨p-hn-
iz-kn-¡p¶ apl-½-ZmWv In«p-®n-bpsS kplr-¯v. In«p-®n-bpsS
ho«nÂ ISw ]ncn-¡m³ hcp¶ Ah-dm³ F¶ ]e-N-c-¡p-I-S-
¡m-c³ B hoSnsâ ssZ\yw FSp¯p ImWn-¡p-¶p. P·n-bpsS
Imcy-Ø³ cma³\m-bÀ hy`n-N-cn-s¨-¦nepw ]m«-_m¡n
XoÀ¡Ww F¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ AhÀ F¯n \nÂ¡p¶ Kuc-h-
amb AhØ hyà-am-hp-¶p. apX-em-fn-bpsS ho«Iw ImWn-
¡p¶ cwKw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¸än
apX-em-fn-hÀ¤-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-sa-´m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v Im«n-¯-cp-
¶p-−v. _p²n-Po-hn-hÀ¤w \ÂIp¶ ]n´pW kmln-Xy-Im-c-
\mb ‘kvt\lnsâ’ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Adn-bm³ km[n-
¡p-¶p. ‘kvt\ln-X\pw’ apX-em-fn-bpsS `mcybpw X½n-epÅ
cl-ky-_Ôw apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ PoÀ®-Xsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶p.
\meW tNmZn¨p hcp¶ In«p-®nsb apX-emfn B«n-bn-d-
¡p-¶p. kml-N-cy-§-fpsS k½À±-¯nÂ A¯³Ip-«n-bpsS
]oSn-I-bnÂ\n¶v Acn tamjvSn¨v ]nSn-bn-em-Ip¶ In«p-®n-sb-
bmWv XpSÀ¶p ImWm-\m-Ip-¶-Xv. ASp¯ cwK-¯nÂ hy`n-Nm-c-
tam-l-hp-ambn hcp¶ cma³ \mbsc HmSn-¡p¶ Ipªn-am-fp-
hns\ ImWm-\m-hp-¶p. CXn-sâ-sbms¡ A\-´-c-^-e-sa-
t¶mWw Imcy-Øsâ IqSn t{]c-W-bnÂ P·n-bmb A]v^³
\¼q-Xncn In«p-®n-bpsS IpSpw-_s¯ ]Sn-bn-d-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-
¡p-¶p. IpSn-bn-d¡v \S-¡p-¶p. s]cp-h-gn-bnÂ Ign-bp¶ In«p-®n-
bpsS IpSpw-_s¯ ASp-¯-cw-K-¯nÂ ImWp-¶p. A½-bpsS
ac-Ww, hy`n-Nm-c-im-e-bn-se-¯p¶ Ipªn-amfp F¶n-h-bmWv
XpSÀ¶p-h-cp¶ kw`-h-§Ä. Pbn-enÂ h¨v I−p-ap-«p¶ In«p-
®n-bp-sSbpw apl-½-Zn-sâbpw cmjv{So-b-kw-hm-Z-§Ä BWv
{it²-b-amb asämcp cwKw. Ah-km-\s¯ cwK-¯n-ep-ÅXv
hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-bm-bn-¡-gnª s]§-fp-sSbpw Pbn-enÂ\n¶v Cd-
§nb B§-f-bp-sSbpw tNÀ¨bmWv. ‘amäw’ F¶ {]ta-b-
t¯mSv X§Ä¡pÅ kao-]\w hyà-am-¡p¶ Ahsc \mS-I-
¯nsâ HSp¡w t{]£-I³ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
P·n-Xz-¯nsâ £oW-Z-i-sbbpw apX-em-fn-Xz-¯nsâ
Bcw-`-Z-i-sbbpw ap³\nÀ¯p¶ ]m«-_m-¡n-bnÂ {Kma-s¯-
¡mfpw \K-c-amWv hcp-¶-Xv. In«p-®n, \¼q-Xncn Ch-cpsS hoSp-
IÄ Hgn-hm-¡n-bmÂ \K-c-amWv \mS-I-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. apX-em-fn-

bpsS hoSv, A¯³ Ip«n-bpsS IS, hy`n-Nm-c-im-e, PbnÂ
F¶n-h-sbÃmw \K-c-¯n-em-Wv.
Cu \mSIw Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ {]am-W-am-Wv. amdp¶
Imes¯ \mS-I-¯nse Hmtcm Øehpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p
F¶mÂ \mS-Im-h-X-cWw kc-f-ambn apt¶-dn. \mSIw P\-Io-b-
am-bn, BZy-Ime A`n-t\-Xm-¡-sfÃmw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡-fm-b-
Xp-sIm−v AhÀ cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯\w Xs¶-bmWv \S-¯n-b-
sX¶p ImWmw. ka-Im-en-I-amb CXn-hr-¯hpw Iq«mb ]cn-{i-
a-§-fpsS Iem-]-c-amb sa¨hpw P\m-[n-]Xy kaqlw F¶
ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Iem-hn-jv¡m-c-hp-am-I-bmÂ ]m«-_m¡n Ncn{Xw
krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. ]m«-_m¡n Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob {]iv\-
§-fmWv? kaÀ°n-¡pI.
2. ]m«-_m¡n Hcp cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-amWv F§s\?
3. In«p®n Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ IYm-]m-{X-amWv! hni-Z-am-
¡pI.
CXp `qan-bmWv
sI.-Sn.- ap-l-½Zv
1929-þÂ at©-cn-bnÂ P\n¨ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½Zv ae-bm-f-
¯nse anI¨ \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ {]ap-J-\m-Wv. ae-bmf \mS-
I-cw-K¯v B[p-\nI {]h-W-X-IÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. temI-a-
e-bmf IYm-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ H¶mw k½m\w t\SnbtXmsS {]kn-
²-\mbn XoÀ¶ At±lw ]n¶oSv {it²-b-\mb \mS-I-c-N-bn-Xm-
hmbn amdp-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv. \mSIw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n¨v km£m-
Xv¡mcw sImÅm-\p-Å-Xm-sW¶pw cwK-{]-tbm-K-£-a-X-bn-Ãm-¯-
hsb \mS-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw sI.-Sn.-A-`n-{]m-b-
s¸-«p. \mS-I-¯nsâ auen-I-e£yw kmaq-lnI amä-¯n-\p-
th−n \ne-sIm-ÅpI F¶-Xm-Wv. t{]£-Is\ ap¶nÂ I−p-
sIm-−m-hWw \mS-I-cw-Ks¯ ]co-£-W-§Ä F¶v sI.-Sn.-D-
d¨p hniz-kn-¨p. Cu ]co-£-W-§Ä \mS-I-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\
KpW-§-fnÂ Du¶n-\n-¶p-sIm-−m-h-Ww. C¶s¯ Ah-Ø-

bnÂ \mS-I-t¯-¡mÄ \mS-I-_m-ly-amb Imcy-§Ä¡p sImSp-
¡p¶ {]m[m\yw \mS-Is¯ apc-Sn-¸n¡pw F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-
l-¯nsâ `mjyw. AÀ°-h-¯mb ]co-£-W-§Ä BZy-Im-e-
¯p-Xs¶ XpS-§n-sb-¦nepw kmIm-cmZy \mS-I-§-fmb krjvSn,
ØnXn, kwlm-cw, km£m-Xv¡m-cw, ka-\z-bw, k\m-X\w
F¶nh cNn-¨-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv sI.-Sn-bpsS \mS-I-]-co-£-W-
§Ä {it²-b-am-hp-¶Xpw NÀ¨m-hn-t[-b-am-hp-¶-Xpw. Id-hä
]ip, CXp `qan-bm-Wv, Nph¶ LSn-Im-cw, \mÂ¡-h-e, ssI\m-
«n-IÄ, kmIm-cmZy \mS-I-§Ä XpS-§n-bh {]ikvX \mS-I-§-
fm-Wv. Nncn-¡p¶ I¯n, i_vZ-§-fpsS temIw, Ifnbpw
Imcyhpw F¶nh IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä. amwk-]p-jv]-§Ä, Imäv
F¶nh t\mh-ep-IÄ. 1965-þÂ Im^-dn\p tIc-f-km-lnXy
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. Ac-U-k-\n-tesd Ne-¨n{X IYm
Xnc-¡-Y-Ifpw sI.-Sn.-c-Nn-¨n-«p-−v. tI{µ-kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-
Zan AhmÀUv tI{µ-tZ-io-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ AhmÀUv, ]n.-sP.-û-
t−-j³ AhmÀUv, F³.-Ir-jvW-]nÅ AhmÀUv, _joÀ ]pc-
kv¡m-cw, ]ß{]`m-]p-c-kv¡mcw F¶n-hbv¡v AÀl-\m-bn.
tIcf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-A-¡m-Zan s^tÃm-jn¸v \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p.
tIcf kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan sNbÀam³, kwØm\ Ne-
¨n{X hnI-k\ tImÀ¸-td-j³ sNbÀam³ XpS-§nb Øm\-
§fpw hln-¨n-«p-−v. 2008 amÀ¨v 25-þ\v A´-cn-¨p.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
apX-emfn
Hu¡ÀtImb
lÊ³
IZoi
Dkvam³
Bao\
JmenZv
]mt¯bv
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
1953-þ-emWv Cu \mSIw Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. sshImsX
cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n¨v XpS-§n. aX-hn-izm-k-§Ä F§s\ a\p-
jys\ hcn-ªp-ap-dp-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw kzmX{ýw F{]-Imcw CÃm-
Xm-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw hnizmkw F§s\ amän-a-dn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw
Cu \mSIw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p. “aX-§Ä a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS

ImcWw Is−-¯m-\m-hm¯ `b-hn-lz-e-X-I-fpsS ap³]nÂ ]nd-
¶-Xm-hmw. AXv Aeu-In-I-amb Bßo-b-`m-h-§-fnÂ Du¶n-
sIm-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ssZh-§Ä F¶ iàn hnti-j-§-fpsS
t\sc hnc-ep-IÄ Nq−n Ah a\p-jy-t\mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.
B {]{In-b-bnÂ BImiw ssZh-§-fp-tSbpw `qan a\p-jy-cp-
tSbpw {]mXn-\n[yw kzoI-cn¨v t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶Xv \ma-dn-bp-¶p.
F¶mÂ a\p-jy-t\bpw a\p-jy-Xz-t¯bpw A\m-Z-cn-¨p-sIm-
−pÅ aX-k-¦Â¸-§Ä a\p-jysâ ss\kÀKn-I-amb ssNX-
\ys¯ \ntj-[n¨p IqSm-¯-Xm-Wv. A\-´-X-I-fnepw AÚm-
X-§-fmb kXy-§-fnepw At\z-jWw \S-¯m³ `qan-bpsS
\nbm-a-Ii-àn-I-fnÂ\n¶v F{X-am-dnbpw AI¶pw \n¶mepw
a\p-jysâ Poh-kv]-µ-\-§-tfbpw Nn´-I-tfbpw `qan-
bnÂ\n¶pw amän \nÀ¯m-\m-hn-Ã. a\p-jy³ cq]-s¸-«Xv `qan-
tbmSv _Ô-s¸« ]©-`q-X-§-fnÂ\n-¶m-Wv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶
CXp `qan-bmWv F¶ kXyw Hcp aX-¯n\pw A\m-Z-cn-¡m-\m-hn-
Ã. aX-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-ime a\p-jy-a-\-Êp-I-fm-Wv. B a\-
Êp-I-fnÂ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS al-Xz-§sf DWÀ¯m³ ssZh-
§Ä¡pw \c-I-þ-kzÀK k¦Â¸-§Ä¡pw Aan-X-amb {]m[m-
\yhpw {]k-ànbpw aX-§Ä \ÂIn ImWp-¶p. aX-¯nsâ
euInI bmYmÀ°y-§-fp-ambn CXv s]mcp-¯-s]-Sm-¯Xpw
Fs¶ Akz-Ø-\m-¡n. Ahn-sS-\n-¶mWv Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ
]nd-hn” (sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½-Zv).
\mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ Dkvamsâ hoSv `mcy Ban\
Hcp Itk-c-bnÂ Ccp¶v Dd-§p-I-bm-Wv. tai-¸p-d¯v hnf¡v
I¯p-¶p-−v. Hcp òI-c-cq]w Ban-\-bpsS sNhn-bv¡-Sp-¯p-h¶v
Ft´m ]ndp-]n-dp-¡p-¶p. Ban\ sR«n-sb-gp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. sâ
dtº! Imt¯m-fo……… Ban\ t\m¡n-\nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ cq]w
hoSn-\-I-t¯¡v t]mIp-¶p. ho«nÂ h¶p Ib-dnb Dkvam-t\mSv
hnhcw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Dkvam-\Xv Ku\n-¡msX A{i-²-am-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Ban\ `À¯m-hn-t\mSv tZjy-s¸-Sp-
¶p. ho−pw cq]w {]Xy-£-s¸«v Ban-\sb `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
Dkvam³ s]m«-¨n-cn-¨p-sIm−v cq]-¯nsâ hkv{Xw \o¡p-t¼mÄ
AhnsS `qX-¯nsâ Øm\¯v lÊs\ ImWp-¶p. lÊ³
_pÀ¡-b-gn¨v hen-s¨-dnªv ]pd-t¯-bvt¡m-Sp-¶p. As¶
]−m-d-S¡n-t¸ms« ssi¯ms\ F¶v ]dªv Ban\ Dkvam-
t\mSv kwkm-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ aI-\mb JmenZv ]pd-¯p-\n¶v
hmXn-enÂ ap«n-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. aI³ ]Xn-\mdv hb-ÊpÅ Hcp
s]®n-t\bpw sIm−mWv h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ahsf ho«n-te¡v

Ib-äm³ _m¸-tbmSpw D½-tbmSpw JmenZv A\p-hmZw tNmZn-¨p.
F´m− ldm-¼-d-t¶m-t\Xv? F¶v Ban\ Jmen-Zn-t\mSv
tNmZn-¨p. s]¬Ip-«nsb ho«n-te¡v Ib-äm³ Ban\ k½-Xn-¨n-
Ã. Ah-km\w Dkvam³ CS-s]«v s]¬Ip-«nsb ho«n-te¡v Ib-
äp-¶p. JmenZv D½-tbmSpw _m¸-tbmSpw “henb k¦-SmWv
_m¸ Ahsf Imcyw. D½, AhÄ¡v hÃ-Xp-−¦n sImSp-¡n.
hni¶p hoWp InS-¡p-t¶-S¯v \n¶m Iq«n sIm−v hcp-¶-Xv.
Cu Ań-¸m-Xn-cm¡v Hcp _mey-¡m-c-¯n-s¸-®ns\ ho«n-te¡v
hnfn¨p sIm−p-h-¶Xv icn-bm-bn-sÃ¶v Ban\ ho−pw ]d-
ªp. JmenZv s]®n-t\mSv Imcy-§Ä tNmZn-¨-dn-bp-t¼mÄ
ImXÀIp«n apX-em-fn-bpsS ho«n-em-bn-cp¶p AhÄ tPmen¡v
\n¶n-cp-¶-sX¶pw aZn-cm-in-bnÂ\n¶v apX-em-fn-bpsS aI³ h¶-
t¸mÄ Ahn-sS-\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-«-Xm-sW¶pw s]®v ]d-ªp.
kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm−v \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ ZpxJhpw Nn´bpw
£oWhpw aqew s]®v Xe-I-d§n hogm³ XpS-§p-¶p. Ban\
Ahsf Xm§n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.
Dkvamsâ tPyjvT-\mb apX-emfn F¶ IYm-]m-{X-
¯nsâ ho«n-emWv c−m-as¯ cwKw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. t\m¼p-Im-e-
am-Wv. apX-emfn A¯mgw Ign¨v hn{i-an-¡p-¶p. aI-fmb IZo-
isb hnfn-¡p-¶p. t\m¼v ]nSn-¨-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn-¡p-¶p.
aq¯ aI-\mb Hu¡-dns\ hnfn¨v c−m-as¯ aI-\mb
lÊs\ hnfn¨v Fgp-t¶Â¸n-¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p. tKm]m-e³\m-b-
cpsS tlm«-enÂ\n¶pw lÊ³ `£Ww Ign-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-
−mWv A¯mgw Ign-¡m³ Ah³ Fgp-t¶Â¡m-¯-sX¶v
Hu¡À _m¸-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. apX-emfn lÊs\ hg-¡p-]-d-bp-
Ibpw ASn-¡m-t\m-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ lÊ³
Jmen-Znsâ Iq«p-sI-«nÂs]«v tamiw kz`mhw BIp-¶p-sh¶pw
Hu¡À _m¸sb [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. JmenZv \mSIw Ifn-¡p-¶-Xns\
apX-em-fnbpw Hu¡dpw hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. B kabw IZoi
Ft´m I−v t]Sn¨v \ne-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. lÊ-t\mSpw Hu¡-
tdmSpw t]mbn-t\m-¡m³ apX-emfn ]d-bp-¶p. lÊ³ h¶v ]gb
IpS-¡-−mWv AhÄ t]Sn-¨-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Pn¶n-t\bpw
ssi¯m-t\bpw N§-e-bv¡n-Sp¶ amk-am-Wn-sX¶pw \ns¶
t]Sn-¸n-¡m-\mbn ]pXn-sbmcp ssi¯m³ hcnÃ F¶pw apX-
emfn aI-fmb IZo-i-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS c−mw cwKw Ah-
km-\n-¡p-¶p.
aq¶mw cwK-¯nÂ Dkvamsâ hoSv. JmenZv Xm³ ho«n-

te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-−p-h¶ ]mt¯-bnsb AhnsS tPmen¡v
\nÀ¯m³ D½-tbmSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¡mcyw Adnªv
aq¯m¸ tZjy-¯n-em-sW¶pw AXp-sIm−v Ahsf F{Xbpw
thKw Chn-sS-\n¶pw ]d-ª-b-¡-W-sa¶v Ban\ ]d-bp-¶p.
F¶mÂ Dkvamsâ k½-X-t¯msS JmenZv ]mt¯-bnsb
AhnsS Xs¶ \nÀ¯p-¶p. IZoi B ho«n-te¡v hcp-¶p. IZo-
i-bpsS hnhmlw Dd-¸n-¨-Xns\ Ipdn¨v AhnsS kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.
tate ]d-¼nse tImb-sam-bvXos\ IZo-isb sI«n¨v sImSp-¡p-
¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v JmenZv Ifn-bm¡n ]eXpw ]d-bp¶p. kv{XoI-
fpsS k½-Xtam Adnthm CÃmsX Ah-cpsS hnhmlw \S-¯p-
¶-Xns\ Cu cwK-¯nÂ \mSIw ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. IZo-ibpw
]mt¯-bnbpw \Ã kulr-Z-¯n-em-hp-¶Xpw Cu cwK-¯nÂ
ImWmw. ]mt¯-bn-bpsS bYmÀ° t]cv ^m¯na F¶m-
sW¶pw A§s\ hnfn-¡-W-sa¶pw JmenZv ]d-bp-¶p.
AsXm¶pw Fs¶-sIm−v Ign-bn-sÃ¶v IZoi ]d-bp-¶p.
F¶mÂ ]ns¶ hnfn-tIÄ¡n-sÃ¶v ]mt¯-bnbpw JmenZpw
Ah-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Ban\ ]mt¯-bnsb hg¡p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ
AhÄ Ic-bp-¶p. JmenZv Ahsf Biz-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw D½ ]d-
bp-¶Xv tI«v kln¨v ChnsS \nÂ¡m³ X¿m-dm-h-W-sa¶pw
]mt¯-bn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Ahsf Nne-sXÃmw ]Tn-¸n-¡m³
AbmÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.
\mew cwK-¯nÂ apX-em-fn-bpsS hoSv. Ad_n ae-bm-f-
¯n-epÅ Hcp ]m«p ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn IZoi apX-em-fn-bpsS
Itk-c-bpsS ]n¶n-embn \nÂ¡p-¶p. AXnse ]m«v ]mSm³
IZo-i-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AXnsâ Xmfw ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p.
]m«nse \c-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨v FSp¯v ]dªv IZo-isb \Ã
hgn¡v \S-¡-W-sa¶v AbmÄ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. ]m«nsâ bpàn-
bn-Ãm-bvasb IZoi tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-tXmsS ssi¯ms\
\nÀ¯v F¶v _m¸ _lfw hbv¡p-¶p. lÊ³ IZo-isb
CsXms¡ ]dªv Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. lÊ³ kn\n-abv¡v t]mIp-
¶Xv _m¸-tbmSv ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-sa¶v IZoi t]Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Ah-cpsS kwkmcw tI«p-h¶ _m¸ sR«n-¯-cn¨v Ah-tcmSv
Imcyw Xnc-¡p-¶p. Ffm-¸-bpsS ho«nse Imcy-amWv ]d-ª-
sX¶v ]dªv AhÀ c£-s¸-Sp-¶p. apX-emfn ]mt¯bn KÀ`n-
Wn-bm-sW-¶pÅ \m«nse kwkmcw AhnsS NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p.
Hu¡À AXns\ ]n³Xm-§p-¶p. AbmÄ Jmen-Zns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-
¯p¶p. JmenZv ImcWw apX-em-fn¡pw Cu IpSpw-_-¯n\pw
\mW-t¡-Sm-sW¶v Hu¡À AhnsS ]d-bp-¶p. Cu Btcm-]-W-
§-sfÃmw A\p-P-\mb Dkvams\ hcp¯n tNmZn-¡m³ apX-

emfn X¿m-dm-hp-¶p. lÊs\ Dkvamsâ ho«n-te-¡-b¨v Abmsf
hnfn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ahn-sS-t]m-b-t¸mÄ IZo-i-tbmSv hÀ¯-am\w
]d-ª-Xn\v lÊs\ AbmÄ ASn-¡m³ apXn-cp-¶p. lÊs\
aX-Im-cy-§Ä tNmZn¨v AbmÄ `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-tXmsS \memw
cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
A©mw cwK-¯nÂ Dkvamsâ ho«n-te¡v ]m«p-]m-Sn-
s¡m−v IZoi {]th-in-¡p-¶p. JmenZv ]m«nsâ hcn-Ifpw
Xmfhpw amän ]mSp-¶p. ]m«p-IÄ D−m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ AÔ-hn-
izm-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bmWv JmenZv ]pXnb hcn-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-
Xv. Dkvams\ tPjvT-\mb apX-emfn hnfn-¸n¨v ]mt¯-bnsb
ho«nÂ\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-S-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. IZoi ho«n-
te¡v hcp-t¼mÄ ]mt¯bn AhnsSbncp¶v Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv.
IZo-i-]m-Sp¶ ]mt«m tNmZn-¡p¶ Imcy-§tfm ]mt¯bv {i²n-
¡p-¶n-Ã. JmenZv h¶v IZo-i-tbmSv ^m¯na F¶p hnfn-¡m-¯-
Xp-sIm-−mWv ]mt¯bv H¶pw an−m-¯-sX¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
Dkvam\pw Ban-\bpw Jmen-Zn-t\mSv hnhmlw Ign-¡m\pw
]mt¯-bnsb Ahn-sS-\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-Sm\pw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.
A§s\ Cd-¡n-hn-«mÂ Fhn-sSbpw A`bw e`n-¡msX \nc-¯n-
t·Â KXn-sI«v \S¶v hni¸p kln-¡msX BÄ¡m-cpsS Nqj-
W-¯n\v \n¶p-sIm-Sp¯v Ah-km\w \nc-¯n-t·Â Xs¶
]pgp¯v acn-t¡-−n-hcpw F¶v hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\mbn JmenZv D½-
tbmSpw _m¸-tbmSpw ]d-bp-¶p. CsX-Ãm-a-dn-ªn-cp-¶n«v Ahsf
Cd-¡n-hn-t«m-fm³ JmenZv ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS tZjy-t¯m-sS-bm-sW-
¦nepw Ban-\-bpsS a\Êv amdp-¶p. Dkvam\pw \ni-_vZ-\m-hp-¶-
tXmsS B ho«nÂ\n¶pw t]mIm³ X¿m-sd-Sp¯ ]mt¯bv Ic-
¨n-e-S¡n hoSn-¶p-Ån-te¡p t]mIp-¶-tXmsS A©mw cwKw
Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
Bdmw cwK-¯nÂ Dkvamsâ ho«n-te¡v IZoi IS-¶p-h-
cp-¶p. ]mt¯-bn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. `qan Dcp-−-XmtWm
]c-¶-XmtWm F¶pÅ kwibw IZoi ]mt¯-bn-tbmSpw
lÊ-t\mSpw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `qan hen-sbmcp Imf-bpsS sIm¼n-
emWv \nÂ¡p-¶-sX¶ lÊsâ IY-bn-eqsS kw`m-jWw
apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶p. IZo-i-bpsS `À¯mhv Icn-¼q-¨-sb-t]m-se-
bm-sW¶p ]d-ª-t¸mÄ AhÄ I®p-s]m-¯n-¡-cªp Ahn-
sS-\n¶pw t]mbn. ChnsS kap-Zm-b-¯nse hnhm-l-§Ä F{]-
Imcw ]cn-lm-ky-am-bmWv \S-¡p-¶-sX¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v.
BZw-\-_n-bpsSbpw lÆm-bp-½-bp-sSbpw IY ]d-bp¶ ]m«n-
eqsS FÃm sXäp-IÄ¡pw Imc-W-¡m-c³ C_n-en-km-sW¶pw

lÆm-bp½ sNbvX sXäp-sIm-−mWv FÃm kv{XoIfpw ZpcnXw
A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶-sX¶pw kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p-s−¶v \mS-I-
¯nÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. lÊ³ apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯nse
BNm-c-§sf hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. _m¸sb `b-¶n-«mWv AbmÄ
AXv ]men-¡p-¶-Xv. aX-\n-b-a-§sf¡pdn-¨pÅ kwi-b-§Ä
AbmÄ _m¸-tbm-Sp-Xs¶ tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. tNmZyw sN¿m³
]mSn-Ãm-¯-XmWv Ah-sb¶v _m¸ Abmsf òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶p-−v. kv{XoI-fpsS kzmX-{ý-an-Ãm-bva-sb-¡p-dn¨v lÊ³
hmNm-e-\m-Ip-¶p-−v. IqSp-XÂ kzmX{ýw e`n-¨mÂ ]ns¶
s]®p-§-sfÃmw hgn-sX-än-t]m-IntÃ F¶ adp-]-Sn-bmWv
]mt¯bv CXn\v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. JmenZv Hcp-]mSv kln-¨n-«mWv
]mt¯-bnsb B ho«nÂ \ndp-¯n-s¡m-−p-t]m-Ip-¶-sX¶v
lÊ³ ]mt¯-bn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AtXmsS AhÄ henb
k¦-S-¯n-em-hp-¶p. B kabw IZoi Xncn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. lÊ³
_m¸ hnfn-¡p¶p F¶p IZoi ]d-bp-¶-Xp-tI-«-tXmsS Ahn-sS-
\n¶p t]mIp-¶p. ]mt¯bv ZpxJ-`m-c-t¯msS IZo-isb sI«n-
¸n-Sn¨p Ic-bp-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
Ggmw cwK¯v Dkvamsâ hoSv JmenZv Hcp s]mXn-bp-ambn
h¶v D½sb ]n¶nÂ\n¶v Dds¡ hnfn¨v sR«n-¡p-¶p.
F´m−m I¿n-semcp s]mXn F¶v Ban\ tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ
AXv ImWn-¨p-X-cm³ ka-b-am-bn-«n-sÃ¶pw a«w-t]mse ImWn-¨p-
X-cm-sa¶pw JmenZv ]d-bp-¶p. Dkvam\pw Ban-\bpw Jmen-Zns\
hnaÀin¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Ban-\-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ Jmen-
Znsâ Xebv¡v Ft´m Ipg-¸-ap-−v. B ka-b¯v lÊ³ Ahn-
tS¡v Ib-dn-h-cp-¶p. Ban-\bpw lÊ\pw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.
Jmen-Zn-t\mSv kq£n-t¨m-fm³ lÊ³ ]d-bp-¶p. ImcWw
sambn-eymcpw lÊsâ _m¸bpw ImZÀIp«n apX-em-fnbpw
tNÀ¶v Jmen-Znsâ \mSIw CÉm-an-s\-Xn-cm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p-−v.
AXp-sIm-−v B \mSIw Ifn-¡m³ ]mSn-Ãm-sb-¶mWv Ahcp
]d-bp-¶-Xv. Ban-\bpw Dkvam\pw CXp-tI«v A¼-c¶p t]mIp-
¶p. IZoi kmcn-bp-Sp¯v h¶ ]mt¯-bnsb Ban-\bv¡pw
Dkvam\pw ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. AhÀ A¼-c¶v \nÂ¡p-
t¼mÄ JmenZv ]mt¯-bnsb Iq«n ]pd-t¯bv¡v hcp-¶p.
JmenZv ]mt¯-bnbv¡v Rms\mcp kmcn hm§n F¶v D½-tbmSv
]d-bp-t¼mÄ D½ ‘Hmfsâ Bcm’ F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. Ah-
sfmcp s]®m-sW¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-t¼mÄ CXp-t]mse tImew
sI«n \S-¡m³ Xm³ k½-Xn-¡n-sÃ¶pw Hmsfmcp sX½m-
Snÿm−m Asâ I®v s]m«n-t]mtbm Fs¶Ãmw ]dªv

Ban\ hg-¡p-−m-¡p-¶p. JmenZv CXp-hsc kn\na ImWm¯
]mt¯-bnsb kn\na ImWn-¡m³ sIm−p-t]m-hp-I-bm-sW¶v
D½-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. H¶pw an−-cpXv D½m Rm\n-t¸mÄ ]d-
ªmÂ \n§Ä¡v apgp-h³ a\-Ên-em-hn-sÃ¶v ]dªv aSn-¨p-
\nÂ¡p¶ ]mt¯-bnsb sIm−v apt¶m«v t]mIp-¶p. B
hoSmsI _l-f-a-b-am-hp-¶p. lÊ³ ]n¶mse HmSn \m«p-ImÀ
Ahsc XS-bp-¶pt−m F¶-t\z-jn¨p hcp-¶p. B ka-b¯v
C¡m-cy-a-dnªv apX-emfn Dkvamsâ ho«n-se-¯p-¶p. AÅmsâ
HX-¡-t¯mSv IqSn Pohn-¡m-¯-Xn\v AbmÄ _lfw hbv¡p-
¶p. Ah-km\w Dkvam³ Fsâ aIsâ Imcyw Rm³ t\m¡n-
t¡mfmw F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ A¼-c¶v ]Ãn-dp-½n-
s¡m−v Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Ban\ Dkvams\ Xpdn¨v t\m¡p-
¶p. AtXmsS Cu cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
cwKw F«nÂ Dkvamsâ hoSv ]mt¯bn kmcn-b-Wnªv
Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn¨p sIm−p \S-¡p-¶p. JmenZv tZjy-
t¯msS Ahsf ho£n-¡p-¶p. ]mt¯bn kv{Xo hnZym-`ym-k-
¯n\pw kzmX-{ý-¯n\pw th−n \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. AXnÂ
Akz-Ø-\mb JmenZv Xs¶bpw _m¸-tbbpw D½-tbbpw
A\p-k-cn¨v ASn-a-bmbn AhnsS Pohn-¡-W-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
Cu temIw kv{XoIÄ¡pw AhIm-i-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v ]mt¯bn
hmZn-¡p-¶p. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ CXv \mSI dntl-gvk-em-sW-¶-dn-
bmsX lÊ³ Ib-dn-h¶v AhÀ ]dª kw`m-j-W-§-tfmSv
A\p-`mhw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. ^m¯na B \mS-I-¯nÂ A`n-\-bn-
¡p¶ hnhcw JmenZv lÊ-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. At¸mÄ F§-s\-
sb-¦nepw Hfn-¨m-sW-¦nepw \mSIw ImWm³ hc-W-sa-¶p-−m-
bn-cp-¶p. C§-s\-bm-sW-¦nÂ C\n Xe-Im-WnÃ F¶v lÊ³
]d-bp-¶p. IZoi ]mt¯-bn-bpsS kmcn-bp-Sp¯vsIm−v AhnsS
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]ptcm-K-an-¡m-\pÅ B{Klw Ah-fnepw
D−m-bn-Xp-S-§n. AhÄ ]mSm-dpÅ ]m«v JmenZv amän ]mSn-sIm-
Sp-¡p-¶-tXmsS B cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
Ah-km-\s¯ cwK-¯nÂ apX-em-fn-bpsS hoSv. I¿nÂ
\nhÀ¯n ]nSn¨ Hcp I¯p-ambn apX-emfn tZjy-t¯msS \S-
¶p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. IZoi `b¶v \ni-_vZ-bmbn Hcp `mK¯v
\nÂ¡p-¶p. apX-emfn IZo-i-tbmSv Is¯-´m-sW¶v Adn-
bptam F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v lÊ-t\bpw IZo-i-tbbpw
ASn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS \ne-hnfn Db-cp-¶p. Hu¡À {]Xy-£-s¸«v
AhÀs¡-Xnsc Xncn-bp-¶p. IÃymWw apS-§n-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw
IÃymW sNdp-¡sâ ho«n-te¡v Is¯-gp-Xn-b-Xns\ Ipdn¨pw

AhÀ X½nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. CXn-s\Ãmw ImcWw JmenZpw
]mt¯-bnbpw AhÀ Ifn-¡p¶ \mS-Ihpw BsW¶v Hu¡À
]d-bp-¶p. apX-emfn ]mt¯-bnsb Xsâ ho«n-te¡v hnfn-¸n-¡p-
¶p. ]mt¯bn Abmsf im´-ambn t\cn-Sp-¶p. AhÄ adp-]Sn
]d-bp-¶-Xp-Xs¶ Abmsf Ip]n-X-\m-¡p-¶p. hSn-tbm§n apX-
emfn ]mt¯-bnsb ASn-¡m-t\m-§p-t¼mÄ JmenZv AXp XS-
ªp-sIm−v Ahn-tS-s¡¯nt¨cp-¶p. Dkvam\pw Ahn-sS-sb-
¯n-t¨À¶v \n§Ä¡v F´m-Wn-¡m¡ F¶v apX-em-fn-tbmSv
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. JmenZv ]mt¯-bnsb AhnsS\n¶v ho«n-te¡v
]d-ª-b-¡p-¶p. apX-emfn Jmen-Zns\ t\m¡n ‘FSm Hä-Sn¡v
As¶ a¿-¯m¡ym Hcp tZmjqw s_cqe’ F¶p Bt{Im-in-
¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Fs¶ a¿-¯m¡n Ifbq F¶v JmenZpw ]d-
bp-¶p. Ban\ Ahn-sS-sb¯n Jmen-Zns\ amän \nÀ¯p-¶p.
apÉo-§Ä \mSIw Ifn-¡p-¶Xpw apÉo-am-sbmcp s]®ns\ \mS-
I-¯nÂ A`n-\-bn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw \c-I-¯nÂ t]mIp-¶-Xn\v Imc-
W-am-hp-sa¶v apX-emfn ]d-bp-¶p. Jmen-Znsâ t\sc Xncnªv
F´mSm \nsâ \mS-I-¯nsâ t]cv CXp `qan-bm-sWt¶m `qan-
bm-sW¶v BÀ¡mSm Adn-bm-¯-Xv. R§-sfms¡ CXns\
BImiw F¶mtWm ]d-bm-dv. Chsâ Xe-bvs¡t´m XI-cm-dp-
−Sm Dkvamt\ F¶v apX-emfn ]d-bp-¶p. JmenZv CXv `qan-bm-
sW¶v \n§Ä¡-dnbmw aq¯m¸ \n§Ä Bcpw AtXmÀ¡-Wn-
Ã. \n§-fpsS ssIbn-epÅ hSn-sIm−v \n§-fpsS a¡sf
\¶m-¡m³ Ign-bnÃ. apX-emfn AhnsS-\n¶v Ah-tcmSv
t]mIm³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AhÀ AhnsS \n¶pw t]mIp-¶p. AXn-
\p-tijw FÃmw-IqSn Btem-Nn¨v apX-emfn {`mń-fIn \S-¡p-
¶p. Hu¡-dn-t\bpw IZo-i-tbbpw lÊ-t\bpw hnfn¨v ASp-
t¯¡v hcm³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. Hu¡-dn-t\mSv t]mbn c−v
a¿¯p I«n-ep-sIm-−p-h-cm³ ]d-bp-¶p. hnfn-¨n«p ImWm¯
IZo-i-bp-tSbpw lÊ-tâbpw a¿¯v Ct¸mÄ sIm−p-h-cp-sa¶v
]dªv hSnbpw \o«n apX-emfn ]pd-t¯-bvt¡m-Sp-¶p. AXp-Im-
Wp¶ Hu¡À C\n hSn-bm-bn«v t]mhm-ªn-«mWv Hcp Ipt´mw
sN¿m³ Ign-bnÃ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-
¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä
1. apX-emfn F¶ IYm-]m{Xw Ime-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-
Wv. ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI?
2. JmenZv F¶ \mS-I-¡m-c³ kmaqly ]cn-jv¡-c-W-
amtWm e£yw hbv¡p-¶-Xv. kaÀ°n-¡pI?
3. ]mt¯bn F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½Zv
kv{XoI-fpsS Zpc-hØ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?
4. CXp `qan-bmWv F¶ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯Â Bsc Dt±-in-
¨mWv sI.-Sn. ]d-bp-¶Xv?

bqWnäv 3
]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS kzm[o\w
]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-thZn Cý³\m-S-I-th-Znsb kzm[o-\n-

¨n-«p-s−¶p ImWmw. F¶mÂ `mc-Xo-b-\m-S-I-thZn hf-sc-b-
[nIw hfÀ¨ t\Snb H¶m-bn-cp¶p F¶v \ap¡v HmÀ¯n-cn-¡m-
hp-¶-XmWv. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Nhn«p \mSIw apX-en-t§m«v
Ah-cpsS Xn¿-äÀ coXn-Ifpw i_vZ-X-cwK hn\ym-k-§-fp-saÃmw
]e-t¸mgpw \mw ISw hm§n-bn-«p-−v. ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-§Ä
Xs¶ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-Ibpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-ap-−m-
bn-«p-−v. tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§fpw Ah-bpsS Ah-X-c-W-co-
Xn-bp-saÃmw \½psS \mS-Is¯ kzm[o-\n-¨-Xmbpw ImWmw.
]nÂ¡m-e¯v \½psS \mS-I-cwKw _lp-ap-J-amb hfÀ¨ t\Sn-
b-Xn\p ]n¶nÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-¯nsâ kzm[o\w Ds−¶p
]d-bmw.
{Ko¡p-\m-S-I-thZn
asäÃm \mS-I-§-sfbpw t]mse aXm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ
\n¶mWv {Kn¡p-\m-SIw DÛ-hn-¨-Xv. \mS-I-Im-hy-§-sf¶v Adn-
b-s¸-«p-h¶ {Ko¡p \mS-I-§Ä Imhy-¯nsâ DXvIr-jvS-cq-]-§-
fm-bmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {Ko¡p-Im-cpsS {]Ir-Xn-tZ-h-\mb
Utbm-Wn-k-kns\ {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ AhÀ A\p-jvTn-¨n-cp¶
Iem-cq-]-§Ä hnI-kn-¨mWv {Ko¡p-\m-S-I-¯nsâ DÛ-hw. _n.-
kn. Bdmw iX-I-t¯msS {KoknÂ \mSIw cwK-{]-thiw sN¿-
s¸-«-Xm-bmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ¹mtäm-bpsS injy-\mb Acn-
tÌm-«n-enÂ\n-¶mWv {Ko¡p-\m-S-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v temI-¯n\v
Adnhp e`n-¨-Xv. FkvIn-e-kv, tkmt^m-¢n-kv, bpdn-¸o-Ukv
F¶n-h-sc-bmWv {Ko¡p\mSI-¯nsâ ]nXm-¡-fmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-
¶Xv. Ch-cnÂ A{Kn-a-Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶Xv FkvIn-e-km-
Wv. bh-\-\m-SIw aq¶v "P'Isf hnaÀin-¡m-\mWv cNn-¡-s¸-«-
sX¶p ImWmw. Ah t]meo-kv, cmjv{So-bw, ]ptcm-ln-X³
F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Ch-cmWv temIs¯ \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. ChÀ If-¦-
an-Ãm-¯-h-cm-hWw F¶pw Cu hnaÀi\-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ e£y-
an«n«p-−v. Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ sFIy-{Xbw (Ø-ew, Imew,
{Inb) {Ko¡p-\m-S-I§fnÂ hfsc {][m\am-Wv. sFIy-{X-
bs¯ hnaÀin-¡p¶ ]Þn-X-·mcpw D−v F¶Xv Hcp

bmYmÀ°y-amWv ]mÝm-Xy-tZ-is¯ \mS-Is¯ kw_-Ôn¨
Xm¯zn-I-{K-Ù-amWv Acn-tÌm-«nÂ cNn¨ t]mb-än-Ivkv.
Zpc-´-\m-S-I-k-¦ev]w
an¯p-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n cnN-¡-s¸-«-XmWv H«p-an¡
{Ko¡v Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§-fpw. Cu \mS-I-§-fnse tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-
§Ä Zpc-´-§-fnÂ \nÝ-b-ambpw ]Xn¡pw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p
khn-ti-j-X. km[m-c-W-¡m-tc-¡mÄ {]i-kvXnbpw {]mK-
Ûyhpw kz`m-h-an-I-hp-apÅ ChÀ X§-fpsS kz`m-h-¯n-epÅ
GsX-¦n-ep-samcp ZuÀ_eyw (l-ta-jy) aqew Zpc-´-¯n-\n-c-bm-
hp-¶-XmWv {SmP-Un-bnÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. CXp-\p-Zm-l-c-
W-amWv CuUn-¸kv cmPm-hnsâ IY. CuUn¸kv FÃm kz`m-
h-Kp-W-§Ä XnI-ª-h-\m-bn«pw Zpc-´-¯nÂ hog-cp-sX¶p
IcpXn asämcp hgn k©-cn-¨n«pw AÑ-\-½-amÀ Abmsf
asämcp cmPy¯v Zpc-´-¯nÂ\n¶v c£-t\-Sm³ Dt]-£n-¨n«pw
Ahn-\m-cy-amb Zpc-´-¯nÂ CuUn-¸kpw AÑ-\-½-amcpw
cmPyhpw hoWp-t]m-bn. FÃm-hcpw \nc-]-cm-[n-IÄ ]s£ A\n-
hm-cy-amb Zpc´w kw`-hn-¡pI Xs¶ sNbvXp. aq¶v A`n-t\-
Xm-¡Ä am-{Xta {Ko¡v Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ Htc ka-b¯v
{]Xy-£-s¸-«n-cp-¶p-Åq. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡\p-k-cn-¨v AhÀ
apJw aqSn AWn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p sNbvX-Xv. kv{Xoth-jhpw
]pcp-j-·mÀ Xs¶-bmWv sI«n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. {SmP-Un-Isf hymJym-
\n¨ Acn-tÌm-«nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§Ä I−v hnIm-c-
X-c-fn-X-cm-bn-¯o-cp¶ t{]£-I-lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ hnIm-c-hn-tc-N\w
(I-YmÀkn-kv) kw`-hn-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. CkvInekv BWv
{Ko¡nÂ Pohn-¨n-cp¶ {]i-kvX-\mb BZy Zpc-´-\m-S-I-Ir-¯v.
F¶mÂ At±-ls¯ At]-£n¨v \mS-I-L-S-\-bnepw hnIm-k-
¯nepw \mS-Im-ý-¯nepw anI-¨h-bm-bn-cp¶p tkmt^m-¢n-
knsâ \mS-I-§-sf¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-−v. tkmt^m-¢n-
kmWv cwKs¯ IY-]m-{X-§sf c−nÂ \n¶pw aq¶m¡n amän-
b-Xv. tkmt^m-¢n-knsâ Gähpw {]ikvXamb Zpc-´-\m-S-I-
amWv CuUn-¸kv cmPm-hv. hpa¬ Hm^v {Sm¡okv, Ce-Iv{Sm,
^ntem-I-sä-ä-kv, APmIvkv F¶n-h-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ
{][m\ \mS-I-§Ä. sskt¢m-]vkv, Ctbm¬, B³s{Um-a-¡n,
lnt¸m-sseävkv, aoUn-b, AÂssk-Ìnkv F¶o \mS-I-§-fpsS
cN-bn-Xm-hmb bpdn-¸n-sUkv BWv {it²-b-\mb asämcp Zpc-´-
\m-S-I-Ir-¯v. At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§-fpsS KpW-ambn Icp-X-
s¸-Sp-¶Xv "kz`m-hn-I-Xbm-Wv'. a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb kao-]\w
D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯n t{]£-Isc ckn-¸n-¡m³ bqdn-s¸-Un-kn\p

Ignªp. Cu ]dª aq¶p Zpc-´-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡fpw {Ko¡v
\mS-I-tem-Is¯ {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄ F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
tdma³ \mS-I-thZn
tdmam-km-{amPyw bqtdm¸p apgp-h³ hym]n-¨Xpw AtXm-
sSm¸w {InkvXp-aIw hnImkw {]m]n-¨Xpw \mS-I-¯n\p {]Xn-
Iq-e-ambn XoÀ¶p. ss{IkvX-h-k` aX-hn-izm-kn-Isf A`n-\-b-
¯nÂ\n¶v hne¡n anI¨ \mS-I-§Ä kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ am{X-
ambn HXp-§n-t¸m-bn. a[y-Im-e¯v ss{IkvXh tZhm-e-b-§-
fnÂ \mS-Im-h-X-cWw \S-¯-s¸-«p. tdmam-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ ]X-
\-¯n\pw \thm-°m-\-¯n\panS-bn-epÅ ]¯p \qäm−pIÄ
bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS PoÀ®-Im-e-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶p. a[y-
Im-e¯v bqtdm-¸nse \mS-I-th-Znbnep-−mb FSp-¯p-]-d-b-
¯¡ kw`-h-hn-Imkw "andm-¡nÄt¹'bpsS DÛ-hhpw {]Nm-c-hp-
am-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-a-X-hn-izmkw Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡m-\mWv Cu
\mSIw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. ss__n-fnse AÛp-X-I-Y-I-fm-bn-
cp¶p AXnsâ {]ta-bw. FÃm-bn-S¯pw Hcp-t]mse Bbn-cp-
¶nÃ AXnsâ D]-tbmKw F¶mÂ AXv ]cn-W-an-¨mWv tZio-
b-kz-`m-h-apÅ \mS-I-§Ä D−m-b-Xv. and-¡nÄt¹-I-tfm-sSm¸w
anÊ-dn-t¹-Ifpw Ac-§n-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. tbip-hnsâ P\-\w,
{XnXz-hn-izmkw, Znhy-c-l-ky-§Ä Chsb B[m-c-am¡n cNn-¡-
s¸-«-h-bm-bn-cp¶p anÌ-dn-t¹-IÄ. ZpÀKp-W-§fpw kZvKp-W-
§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-bn-h-cp¶ samdm-en-än-t¹-Ifpw C¡m-e¯v
Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p h¶p. Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯n-\n-S-
bnse CS-th-f-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-XmWv CâÀeq-Uv. \mS-I-
¯n\p ap³]pw tijhpw CâÀeqUv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ A\p-
hm-Z-hp-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. aXm-[n-jvTn-Xamb Cu \mS-I-§sf
_p²n-Po-hn-I-fmb A[ym-]-Icpw h¡o-e-·mcpw A¡m-e¯v
hnaÀin-¨n-cp-¶Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-−v.
{]iv\-\m-S-I-thZn
t{]m»w t¹ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ {]iv\-\m-S-I-§Ä kaq-
l-¯nse {]iv\-§-fmWv \mS-I-cq-]-¯nÂ Ac-§n-se-¯n-¡p-¶-
Xv. ]e-t¸mgpw IpSpw-_-¯nse kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§-tfmSv
tNÀ¯mWv kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§Ä Cu \mS-I-§Ä ssIImcyw
sN¿p-¶-Xv. sl³{SnIv C_vk¬ F¶ \mS-I-Ir-¯mWv
{]iv\-\m-S-I-§-fpsS {]tbm-àm-hv. At±lw cNn¨ "tUmÄkv
lukv' BWv {]iv\-\m-S-I-§-fnse {][m\ IrXn-bmbn Icp-X-

s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kv{Xohm-Z-{]-Øm-\s¯ \mS-I-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-
−p-h¶ IrXn-bmWv tUmÄkv lukv F¶p ImWmw. ae-bm-f-
¯nse BZys¯ {]iv\ \mS-I-amWv I\y-I. DtZym-K-Ø-I-
fmb kv{XoI-fpsS am\-knI {]iv\-§sf Ac-§n-se-¯n-¡m-
\mWv I\yI {ian-¨-Xv. sshhm-ln-I-Po-hnXw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-
Sp¶ kv{XoI-fpsS PohnX-{]-iv\-§-fmWv Cu \mSIw NÀ¨
sN¿p-¶p. temI-{]-ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯mb hneyw tjIvkv]n-
bdpw {]iv\-\m-S-I-§Ä cNn-¡p-Ibpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-«p-−v. Hcp {]iv\-¯nsâ Ccp hi-§fpw t{]£-
IÀ¡mbn Hcp Xocp-am-\saSp¡msX Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶-
XmWv {]iv\-\m-S-I-¯nsâ Hcp kz`m-hw. {]iv\-\m-S-I-§-fpsS
Hcp kq{X-hmIyw CXm-Wv. kaq-l-¯nsâ Øm]n-X-\n-b-a-§Ä
shÃp-hn-fn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p, kaq-l-¯nÂ Acm-P-IXzw hmgp-¶p, Hcp
]pXnb {Ia-¯nsâ Øm]\w Acm-P-IXzw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶p.
C_vk¬
B[p-\n-I-\m-S-I-¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶
t\mÀho-Pn-b³ \mS-I-Ir-¯mWv C_vk³. temI-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-
¡-fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-h-cnÂ Hcm-fmbn 1928 apXÂ 1906
hsc Pohn¨ C_vks\ Icp-Xp-¶p. t\mÀho-Pn-b³
Fgp¯pIm-cnÂ {][m-\n-bmbpw Ct±-ls¯ IcpXp¶p.
At±lw Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Ime-L«¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-
§Ä A]-Jym-Xn-bm-bmWv hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«-Xv. hnIvtSm-dn-b³
aqey-t_m-[-am-bn-cp¶p AXn\p Imc-Ww. Cu aqey-t_m-[-t¯m-
SpÅ FXnÀ¸v C_vksâ \mS-I-§-fnÂ {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]e
s]mbvap-J-§Ä¡pw ]n¶n-epÅ bmYmÀ°y-§sf C_vk³
hni-I-e\w sNbvXp. ka-Im-en-Isc Akz-Ø-cm-¡m³ t]m¶
shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ AS-§n-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p C_vksâ IrXn-IÄ.
kaq-l-¯n\pw aqey-§Ä¡pw ap³t] ]d¶ ]£n-bm-bn-cp¶p
A¡m-e¯v C_vk¬. hnIvtSm-dn-b³ kZm-Nm-c-\m-S-I-§-
fnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-amb \mS-I-§Ä krjvSn-¨-XmWv
C_vks\ hnaÀin-¡m-\p-−mb {][m\ Imc-Ww. t{]£-
Isâ \mS-I-k-¦-ev]-§sf XInSw adn-¨p-sIm-−mWv B[p-\nI
\mS-I-th-Zn¡v At±lw ASn-¯d ]mIn-b-Xv. Imäo-en³, skâv
tPm¬kv Cuhv, Zv ôÌv Aävtkm-fm-Kv, ehvkvtIm-a-Un,
{_mâv, Z eoKv Hm^v bq¯v, Fs¼-dÀ Bâv Keo-en-b³,
]ntÃÀkv Hm^v skmsskän XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv C_vksâ
IrXn-IÄ.

{_lvXv
s_Àt{SmÄUv s{_lvXv hnJym-X-\mb PÀ½³ \mS-I-
Ir¯pw Ihnbpw kwhn-[m-bI\pam-Wv. 1898 apXÂ 1956 hsc-
bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-Im-ew. F¸n¡v Xntb-äÀ F¶
Bibw Ct±-l-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. ac-Wm-\-´-c-amWv
Ihn-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ At±lw {]i-kvX-\m-hp-¶-Xv. Pohn-X-Im-
e¯v \mS-I-Ir¯v F¶ \ne-bn-emWv Adn-b-s¸-«-Xv. AtX
F¶p ]d-ª-h³, A½ Dcp-f³ Xe-Ifpw Iq¼³X-e-I-fpw,
GSp-Nmhp tZmj-§Ä, A[o-i-hÀ¤-¯nsâ kzIm-cy-Po-hn-Xw,
Iayq¬Zn-\-§Ä, skÕzm-\nse \Ã kv{Xo XnS-§n-b-h-bmWv
At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§Ä. At±-l-¯nsâ kw`m-j-W-§fpw
Fgp-¯p-Ifpw hfsc {]kn-²-am-Wv. AXn-sem¶v C§-s\-
bmWv "Hcp \K-c-¯nÂ A\o-Xn-bp-−m-bmÂ AhnsS Iem-]-ap-
−mIWw CsÃ-¦nÂ kÔy-a-b§pw ap³]v B \Kcw I¯n-¨m-
¼-e-Ip¶XmWv \ÃXv'.
]oäÀ{_q¡v
emXzn-b-bnÂ\n-¶pÅ enXzm-\n-b³ PqX IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-
cmb sska¬ {_q¡n-tâbpw CuU-bp-tSbpw aI-\mbn e−-
\nse tS¬ tlmw {]tZ-i-¯mWv {_q¡v P\n-¨-Xv. At±lw
kwhn-[m\w sNbvX tUm. t^mÌkv {]i-kvX-amb \mS-I-am-
Wv. 1947 apXÂ 1950 hsc e−-\nse tdmbÂ Hm¸d luknÂ
s{]mU-£³ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp¶p. 1970Â antj-en-³ tdmk-\p-
sam¯v {_q¡v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ skâÀt^mÀ Xnb-äÀ dnkÀ¨v
Øm]n-¨p. Ht«sd \mS-I-§Ä kwhn-[m\w sN¿pIbpw ]pXn-b-
Im-es¯ \mS-I-§Ä¡v Znim-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw sN-
bvXp. A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä, \À¯-IÀ, kwKo-X-ÚÀ F¶n-h-cpsS
Iq«n-sI-«p-−m¡n anUnÂ Cukvänepw B{^n-¡-bnepw hym]-I-
ambn k©-cn-¨p. CXv At±-l-¯nsâ \qX-\-amb Bi-b-§sf
hnhn-[-bn-S-§-fnÂ {]N-cn-¸n-¡m³ Imc-W-am-bn. ]pXnb Xnb-äÀ
kwkvIm-c-¯n\v {_q¡nsâ \mS-I-§Ä {ian-¨p.
\mS-Ihpw hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â kw`-hn¨ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§fpw
1944 Ime-L«w kzmX-ý-Zm-l-t¯m-sSm¸w Zmcn-{Zy-
¯nÂ\n¶pw P·n-Xz-¯nÂ\n-¶p-saÃmw tamN\w t\Sm³
kaqlw B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw AXn-\p-th−n Ht«sd t]mcm-«-§Ä
\S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I-

X-bpsS `mK-ambn ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ Bi-b-§Ä \½psS kaq-l-
¯n-te¡pw Iem-Im-c-·m-cn-te¡pw IS-¶p-h¶ Hcp Imew-Iq-Sn-
bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. \mSIw hyàn-tbm, kaq-ls¯ hf-sc-thK-
¯nÂ BIÀjn-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v klm-bn-¡pbpw
sN¿p¶ Iem-cq-]-am-Wv. FIvkv{]-j-WnÌp \mS-I-amb kaXz-
hmZn ]mÝm-Xy-tZ-i-¯p-\n-¶pÅ kzm[o-\-^-e-am-bp-−m-b-Xm-
Wv. P·n-Xz-¯n\pw {]`p-Xz-¯n-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bpÅ kaq-l-¯nsâ
hn¹-hm-i-b-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
kzmX-{ým-\-ćw hyàn `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Hcp ]cn-
c-£-bn-te¡v amä-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A¡m-e-a-{Xbpw Xs¶ th«-bm-
Snb kaq-l-¯nsâ \mSp-hm-gn¯ aX-þ-PmXn \nb-a-§-
fnÂ\n¶pw c£-{]m-]n-s¨¶p Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ
`c-W-IqSw Xs¶ \nb-a-§sf A«n-a-dn-¡p-Ibpw \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf
{]Xn-I-fm-¡p-Ibpw in£n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp¶ B[p-\n-I-
k-aqlw F§s\ a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs¯ {]iv\-¯n-em-¡p¶p
F¶-Xnsâ t\Àkm£yw ss{I\m-S-I-¯nepw ka-Xz-hmZn-bn-ep-
saÃmw \ap¡v ImWm-\m-hp-¶p.
temI-\m-S-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS kzm[o-\-§Ä
temI-\m-S-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS kzm[o-\-§Ä ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-
¯nÂ \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. C_vksâ "tUmÄkv
lukpw' _ÀWm-Uvjm-bpsS "kokdpw ¢ntbm-]m-{Sbpw'
Bâ¬ sNtJm-hnsâ "sNdn HmÀ tNÀUv' knRvPnsâ
"t¹t_mbv Hm^v Zn shtÌ¬ thÄUv' ]ncm³U-tem-bpsS
"knIvkv Iymc-Ivtägvkv tkÀ¨v Hm^v B³ HmYÀ', Fen-b-änsâ
"aÀUÀ C³Z I¯n-{UÂ {_lvXnsâ "aZÀ ItdPv' A\p-bn-
ensâ "Bân-KWn' sS\nkn hneyw-knsâ "¥mkv ant\m-Pdn'
kmap-hÂ_-¡-änsâ "shbvänwKv t^mÀ tKmtZm' ]nâ-dpsS
"s_À¯vtU ]mÀ«n' F¶n-§s\ khn-tij {i²-bÀln-¡p¶
\mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-t\m-S-I-tem-Is¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-
hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C_vksâ "t¥mÌvkv' F. _me-
IrjvW¸nÅ 1936Â ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.
C¯cw hnhÀ¯-\-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eqsS temI-\m-S-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS
kzm[o\w \½psS \mS-I-§-fnÂ henb amä-§-fp-−m-¡n.
{]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw `mh-]-chpw cq]-]-c-hp-ambn ae-
bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xys¯ ]qÀ®-ambpw kzm[o-\n¨ \mS-I-
Ir¯v C_vk\m-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ am{X-aÃ temI-s¯-¼m-Spw
Cu kzm[o\w ImWm³ Ign-bpsa¶p tXm¶p-¶p. "kpL-Sn-X-

\m-SIw' F¶ k¦ev]w C_vk\p apt¼ cq]-sa-Sp-¯n-cp-s¶-
¦nepw AXn\p kmt¦-Xn-I-Xz-¯n-\-¸p-d-apÅ AkvXn-Xzhpw
Bghpw \ÂIn-bXv At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. aqÀ²-\y-¯nÂ \mSIw
Bcw-`n-¡p¶ {]tXyI km{¼-Zm-bw, ]qÀh-I-Ym-]p-\-cm-Jym-\-
¯nÂ ImWn-¡p¶ AXy-]qÀÆ-amb inev]-`w-Kn, kwL-«-\-
¯n\p \mS-I-L-S-\-bnÂ \ÂI-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ ]ca-{]m-[m\yw
IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kwhn-[m-\-¯nÂ ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ anX-
Xzhpw HuNn-Xy-hpw, kw`m-j-W-¯nsâ sXfn¨w XpS§n cwK-
kq-N-\-I-fn-e-S¡w hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ [z\-\-tijn F¶n-h-
sbÃmw C_vksâ \mS-I-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-\m-
S-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ {it²-b-\mb kn.-sP. tXma-knÂ Cu ]mÝm-
Xy-kzm-[o\w Ds−-¶p-f-fXv hyà-am-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ
hnhÀ¯-\-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kzX-{´-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Cu kzm[o\w
ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.
ka-Xz-hmZn
]pfn-am-\- ]-c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ (1913 þ 1949)
bix-i-co-c-\mb ]pfn-am-\-bpsS {]kn-²o-Ir-X-amb Htc
Hcp \mS-I-amWv ka-Xz-hm-Zn. Ihn-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IY-I-fn-eq-
sSbpw kz´w hyàn-ssh-`hw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯nb B {]Xn-`m-
imen Cu Hscmä \mSIw sIm−v ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v Ahn-
kva-c-Wo-b-\m-bn-XoÀ¶p. Pohn-X-t¯bpw Ie-tbbpw \nÀ`bw
hnaÀin¨v hnt\m-Zn¨ kml-kn-I-\m-bn-XoÀ¶p. Pohn-X-t¯bpw
Ie-tbbpw \nÀ`bw hnaÀin¨v hnt\m-Zn¨ kml-kn-I-\m-bn-
cp¶p ]pfnam-\. Kmb-I³, \S³, Ihn, IYm-Ir-¯v, \mS-I-c-N-bn-
Xmhv XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fnÂ ssh`hw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp¶
At±lw Imap-In, ag-hnÃv F¶o IYm-k-am-lm-c-§fpw {]kn-²o-
I-cn-¨p.
FIvkv{]-j-Wnkw
Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ {]mcw-`-¯nÂ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ
Bcw-`n¨v ]mÝm-Xy-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ {]_-e-ambn XoÀ¶ Hcp
{]Øm-\-amWv FIvkv{]-j-Wnkw. hkvXp-¡-tfbpw kw`-h-§-
tfbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-amtbm Ah-t_m-[m-ß-I-amtbm Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw A\p-`-hm-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv
Cu {]Øm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. aäp Iem-cq-]-§tfmsSm¸w kmln-
Xy-¯nepw CXnsâ kzm[o\w ImWmw. ]m-Ým-Xy-\m-S-I-km-ln-

Xy-¯nÂ bpPo³ Hm\n-emWv FIvkv{]-j-Wn-Ìp-co-Xn-bpsS
{]tbmàm-hv. a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ah-t_m-[s¯ {]Xn-Im-
ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS B´-c-cq-
]-§Ä cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
ka-Xz-hmZn \mSIw
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ FIvkv{]-j-Wn-Ìp-\m-SIw
F¶p tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ hnti-jn-¸n¨ ka-Xz-hmZn
1944 emWv {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-Ip¶Xv. ""C_vksâ \mS-I-co-Xn-
t]mepw ]qÀ®-ambn IS-¶p-h-¶n-«n-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ \½psS \mSI
kmln-Xy-¯nÂ, At±-l-¯n-\p-tijw bqtdm-¸n-ep-−mb Nne
Ne-\-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-hm³ \S-¯n-b- au-en-Ihpw [oc-hp-amb
]co-£-W-am-bn-cp¶p ka-Xz-hm-Zn-sb¶v Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ ae-bmf
\mS-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. a\p-jy-a-\-
Ênsâ At_m-[-X-e-§sf {ia-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Iem-
kr-jvSn-bmWv ka-Xz-hm-Zn. ka-Im-enI kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-amWv
]pfn-am\ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-sX¶v tXm¶m-sa-¦nepw AXn-t\-
¡m-tfsd a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ah-t_m[w Cu IrXn {]I-Sn-¸n-
¡p-¶p.
kaXzhmZn-bpsS cN-\bv¡p ]n¶n-ep-−mb e£ys¯
{KÙ-Im-c³ -C-§s\ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ""CXmWv Rm³
sNbvX-Xv, Cu Acn-tÌm-{I-kn-bp−tÃm AXns\ Hcp ]nSn-a-
®p-hmcn Xd-bn-en«p NnI-ªp-t\m-¡pw-t]mse DZm-ko-\-am-bn,
]t£ Hcp Zm£nWyhpan-ÃmsX Rm³ H¶p ]cn-tim-[n¨p
At{X-bp-Åq.'' hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-¡p-¶, PoÀ®n¨p XpS-§nb B Acn-
tÌm-{I-kn-bpsS A´-co-£s¯ FXnÀ¡m\pw \in-¸n-¡m\pw
apt¶m-«p-h-cp¶ ]ptcm-K-a-t\Ñ Xs¶-bmWv ]pfn-am-\-bpsS ka-
Xz-hm-Zn.
GsXmcp `mhm-ß-I-\mSI¯n-se-¶-Xp-t]mse CXnepw
H¶n-e-[nIw Xe-§-fp-−v. A´-co-£-¯nepw IYm-]m-{X-§-
fnepw Ah-bn-eqsS Dcp-¯n-cn-bp¶ Ań-a-e-£y-¯nepw \ap¡v
AXv ImWm³ Ign-bpw. Cu \mS-I-¯nse Hmtcm LS-I-§fpw
kzbw ]qÀ®-am-sW¶p am{X-aÃ Ah asäm-¶nse [z\n-¸n-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
Ggp IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv ka-Xz-hm-Zn-bn-ep-f-f-Xv. Hcp
{]`p-a-µncw AXnÂ kÀÆm-[n-Im-c-hp-apÅ Hcp {]`p Abm-fpsS

c−p s]¬a-¡Ä. {]`p-hnsâ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-\mb ka-Xz-
hmZn ]mc-¼-cy-hm-Zn-bmb aq¯-a-I-fp-ambn kvt\l-¯n-em-Wv.
c−m-as¯ aIÄ asämcp {]`p-Ip-am-c-\p-ambn kvt\l-¯n-em-
Wv. Imap-I³ F¶ Cu IYm-]m{Xw {]`pXz¯nsâ A´-co-£-
¯nÂ ebn-¨p-tN-cp-¶-bm-fm-Wv. aq¯-a-Ifpw ka-Xz-hm-Znbpw
X½n-epÅ _Ôs¯ \nc-ćw {]`p FXnÀ¡p-¶p. Cu IYm-
]m-{X-§-tfm-sSms¡ \ymb-hmZap¶-bn-¡p-¶, Ah-scÃmw hnIm-
c-]-c-h-i-cm-Ip-t¼mÄ \ntj-[-lm-k-¯nsâ kzc-¯nÂ Ahsc
D]-tZ-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ IYm-]m-{X-amWv IpSpw_ kplr-
¯mb _mcn-ÌÀ. Xsâ B{K-l-¯n-s\-Xncp \nÂ¡p¶ {]`p-
hns\ kml-N-cy-§-fpsS k½À±-¯n-\-Sn-a-bmb ka-Xz-hmZn
shSn-sh¨p sImÃp-¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-hn-izm-kn-bmb aq¯-a-IÄ (k-a-
Xz-hm-Zn-bpsS Imap-In) AÑ-t\m-SpÅ ISa \nd-th-äm³ ka-Xzm-
hm-Zn-s¡-Xn-cmbn tImS-Xn-bnÂ km£n ]d-bp-¶p. AXn\p
]n¶nÂ Cf-b-a-I-fpsS t{]c-W-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ka-Xz-hm-Zn¡v
sImSp¯ kvt\lw Xncn-¨p-In-«m-¯-Xn-epÅ {]Xn-Imcw B
t{]c-Wbv¡v ]n¶n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ka-Xz-hm-Znsb Xq¡n-s¡m-
Ãm³ hn[n-¨p. IpSpw_ kplr-¯mb _mcn-ÌÀ aq¯-a-Isf
A\p-tam-Zn-¨p-sIm−v C§s\ ]d-ªp. ""\n§Ä sNt¿-−Xp
sNbvXp . . . Hcp kv{Xo F¶ \ne-bnÂ \n§Ä \n§sf
kvt\ln-¨-hs\ sImebv¡p sImSp-¯p.'' Cfb aIÄ Xsâ
kv{XoXzs¯ am\n-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯, ]mc-¼-cys¯bpw \nb-a-
§-sfbpw adn-¡-S-¡m³ th− ]ucpjy-an-Ãm¯ {]Xn-{ip-X-
hcs\ Dt]-£n¨v _mcn-Ì-dpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v Hcp ]pXnb temI-
¯n-te-¡v, kzmX-{ý-¯n-te¡v \S¶p \o§p-¶p. AÑ³ acn¨
cm{Xn-bnÂ Ian-Xm-hp-am-bp-−mb `b-hn-lz-e-amb kam-K-a-th-f-
bnÂ Xsâ DZcw kzoI-cn¨ ssNX-\ys¯ In\m-hp-Im-Wp¶
\nXy-hn-c-l-Wn-bmb aq¯-a-IÄ. ka-Xz-hm-Zn-bpsS BZÀi-§Ä
]nd-¡m³ t]mIp¶ aI-\nÂ ImWp-sa¶v AhÄ hniz-kn-¡p-
¶p. {]`p-Ip-am-c-\mb "Imap-I³' Ct¸mÄ aq¯-a-I-fpsS `À¯m-
hm-Wv. kaXzhmZn-tbm-SpÅ Bcm-[-\sb `À¯m-hn-t\mSv
AhÄ ad-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. C§-s\-bmWv aq¯-a-Isf \mS-I-
¯nsâ Ah-km\w ImWp-¶Xv ka-Xz-hm-Zn-bpw aq¯-a-I-fp-amWv
Cu \mS-I-¯nse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. IYm-
]m{X§Ä¡v {]`p, aq¯-a-IÄ, ka-Xz-hm-Zn, Cf-b-a-IÄ, Imap-
I³, _mcn-ÌÀ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hnti-j-W-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-t¼mÄ kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bpsS {]Xo-I-§-fmbn Ah amdp-¶p.

B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶
kn.-sP. tXmakv
1918Â P\n¨ kn.-sP. tXmakv D¶-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn
A[ym-]-I-\mbpw cmjv{So-b-¡m-c-\mbpw \mS-I-Ir-¯mbpw
{]hÀ¯n¨ _lp-apJ {]Xn-`-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXoh k¦oÀ®
hyàn-Xz-¯n-\p-S-a-bmb kn.-sP. ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v anI¨
kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn. \mS-I-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \ncq-]-W-
§Ä, XÀÖ-a-IÄ, kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶n-§-s\-bmWv At±-
l-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\. 1950Â ]pd-¯n-d-§nb Db-cp¶ bh-
\nIbmWv \mS-I-\n-cq-]-W-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {][m-\w. ]mÝmXy
\mS-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co-£-W-§Ä ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡p
]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ kn.-sP. hen-b ]¦p hln-¨p. "Ah³
ho−pw hcp¶p' kn.-sP tXma-knsâ BZy \mS-I-am-Wv. {Ko¡v
Zpc-´-\m-SI k¦-ev]-t¯bpw {]iv\-\m-S-I-t¯bpw Ipdn-¨pÅ
[mc-W-IÄ "B a\p-jy³ \n Xs¶' F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ kn.-sP.
hnf-¡n-t¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv t{]£-I\v ImWm-\m-hpw.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
ZmhoZv þ C{k-tbÂ cmPmhv
tbmhm_v þ tkm\m-]Xn
Dudnb þ iXm-[n-]³
Ckvlm¡v þ Hcp blq-Z-{]`p
Aamkþ kÀhm--[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ
Fenbmw þ _¯vti-_-bpsS ]nXmhv
bqZm þ sIm«mcw jÞ³
\mYm³ þ {]hm-N-I³
_¯vti_ þ Dudn-bm-hnsâ `mcy
A¶ þ _¯vti-_-bpsS tNSn
{]`p-¡-·mÀ
`S-·mÀ
kv{XoIÄ
thZ-im-kv{Xn-IÄ
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
B a\p-jy\v \o Xs¶ F¶ \mSIw ss__nÄ
IYsb B[m-c-am-¡n-bmWv cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]qÀÆm-¦-¯nÂ

ss__nÄ hmbn¨v AXnÂ Xe Nmbv¨v Dd-§p¶ Ip«nsb
ImWmw. AXnt\msSm¸w ss__nÄ hN-\hpw tIÄ¡mw.
F¶mÂ Cu \mSIw ss__n-fns\ AÔ-ambn A\p-I-cn-¡p-
IbÃ ]Icw Zpc-´-\m-S-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v ap\-jysâ
k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv, H-¶m-a-¦-¯nÂ ZmhoZv
cmPm-hnsâ sIm«m-cw. ZmhoZv cmPmhv Hcp CS-b-_m-e-\m-bn-cp-
¶p. ssZhw Ahs\ A\p-{K-ln¨v cmPyw sImSp¯v cmPm-
hm¡n amän. bp²-hn-P-b-§Ä sIm−v henb {]ikvXn
k¼mZn¨ ZmhoZv ]n¶oSv kvt\l-¯n\pw Icp-Wbv¡pw th−n
\ne-sIm-Åm³ {ian¡p-¶p. iXm-[n-]-\mb Dudnbm cmPy-kvt\-
lnbpw bp²-\n-]p-W-\p-am-Wv. cmPy-¯n\p th−n Poh-XymKw
sN¿m³ AbmÄ Hcp-¡-am-Wv. cmPm-hns\ Dudnb AÔ-ambn
hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
cmPyt¯mSpÅ kvt\l-am-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ww. ZmhoZv bp²-cw-K-
t¯¡v Dudn-bm-hns\ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp¯n ]d-ªp-hn-Sp-¶p.
I®p-ÅXv Xpd-¡m³ am{X-aÃ AS-bv¡m³ IqSn-bm-sW¶v
ZmhoZv cmPmhv Dudn-bm-hns\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Dudn-bm-hnsâ
kpµ-cn-bmb `mcy _¯vti-_sb cmPmhv ImWm-\nShcp-Ibpw
Ah-tfmSv Xo{h-{]-W-b-¯n-em-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ZmhoZv Ihn-
bm-b-Xp-sIm−v \Ã hm¡p-IÄ ]dªv _¯vti-_sb X¶n-
te¡v BIÀjn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. _¯vti_ cmPm-hnsâ
{]W-bs¯ BZy-saÃmw \nkm-c-am-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. Xsâ tNSn-
bmb A¶-tbmSv A¡mcyw ]dªv AhÄ Nncn-¡p-¶p. ZmhoZv
_¯vti-_sb Xsâ A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn¨v H¶n\pw \nÀ_-
Ôn-¡p-¶n-Ã. sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡v sNÃm³ _¯vti-_-tbmSv
Bh-iy-s¸-s«-¦nepw AhÄ AXn\v X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. ZmhoZv
cmPm-hnsâ A[n-Im-chpw aäpw amän-h¨v _¯vti-_sb
kµÀin-¡p-¶p. Hcp-]mSv `mcy-am-cpÅ X\n¡v am\-knI Pohn-
X-an-sÃ¶pw AXp Xcm³ _¯vti-_bv¡v am{Xta Ignbq
F¶pw ZmhoZv ]d-bp-¶p. Zmho-Znsâ {]W-b-¯n\p ap³]nÂ
_¯vti_ AÀ²-a-\-Êmse Iog-S-§p-¶p. AhÄ sIm«m-c-
¯n-se¯n cmPm-hn-s\m¸w Ign-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ `À¯m-hn-t\m-
SpÅ kvt\l-¯mÂ AhÄ ho«n-te¡v aS-§n-h-cp-¶p. Zmho-Zp-
am-bpÅ _Ôw A[n-I-Imew aqSn-h-bv¡m³ ]äm-¯-Xmbn amdp-
¶p.
ZmhoZv Dudn-bm-hns\ bp²-cw-K-¯p-\n¶pw aS-¡n-hn-fn-
¡p-¶p. Abm-tfmSv ho«nÂ hn{i-an-¨n«v Xncn-¨p-t]m-bmÂ aXn-
sb¶v Iev]n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ Iq«p-ImÀ bp²-cw-K-¯m-bn-cnt¡
X\n¡v am{Xw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hn{iaw Bh-iy-an-sÃ¶v cmPm-

hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. AbmÄ sIm«mc¯nÂ Xs¶ hn{i-an¨v
bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. bqZm-hp-ambn tNÀ¶v cmPm-
hp-−-m¡nb ]±Xn Dudn-bm-hnsâ ASp¯v hne-t¸m-bn-Ã.
AXnÂ cmPmhv {Ip²\mbn. tk\m-[n-]-Xn-bmb tbmhm-_n\v
AbmÄ Dudn-bm-hns\ Ipdª ]S-bm-fn-IÄs¡m¸w bp²-
¯n\v ]d-ª-b-¡m³ Dff ktµiw Dudn-bm-hnsâ I¿nÂ
Xs¶ sImSp-¯p-hn-Sp-¶p. AXnsâ êambn Dudn-bmhv sImÃ-
s¸-Sp-¶p. CX-dnª _¯vti_ s]m«n-¡-c-bp-¶p. ZmhoZv
_¯vti-_sb Biz-kn-¸n-¨p-sIm−p ]d-bp¶p "_¯vti_
Ic-b-cp-Xv, ac-Ws¯ ad-t¶-¡q. Pohn-X-amWv \mtf-¡p-f-fXv'.
CXp ]dªv cmPmhv AhnsS\n¶pw t]mIp-¶p. _¯vti_
kmh-[m\w \S-¶p-sN¶v Dudn-bm-hnsâ ]S-s¯m¸n t\m¡n Ic-
bp-¶p. hnd-bv¡p¶ hnc-ep-IÄsIm−v AhÄ AsX-Sp-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ AXv Ah-fpsS I¿nÂ \n¶pw hgpXn henb i_vZ-
t¯msS Xmtg¡v hogp-¶p. CXp-I− A¶ _¯vti-_sb
tNÀ¯v ]nSn¨v ]d-bp-¶p, kmc-an-Ã, AXn\p henb `mc-amWv
Inco-S-§Ä¡p `mcw Ipd-bpw, AXv _¯vti-_-bpsS I¿nÂ
\n¶pw hgpXn t]mhp-I-bn-Ã. cº-bnse hnP-b-hp-ambn _Ô-
s¸«v hncp¶v kXv¡m-c-§Ä \S-¶p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. cmPmhv
h¶v X\n-s¡mcp ]p{X-\p-−mb hnhncw FÃm-h-tcbpw Adn-bn-
¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ tbmhm_v cmPm-hnsâ Bß-\n-b-{´-W-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. At±lw kÀh{X Ipg-¸-§-fpsS \Sp-hn-em-
Wv. PohnXw apgp-h\pw At±-l-¯n\p ka-c-am-Wv. AXn-\p-]p-
dsa Btem-N-\-Ifpw KqVm-tem-N-\-I-fpw. ]p{X-·m-cm-sW-¦nÂ
Hs¶-¦nepw tht− sImÅm-hp-¶-Xm-bn-«v. cmÚn-bm-sW-¦nÂ
Cu Ah-Ø-bnepw F¦nepw cº-bv¡p-th−n Cu hncp¶p Xcn-
I-bmWv. cmPy-Imcyw cmÚn-tb-¡mÄ {][m-\-am-W-t±-l-¯n-\v.
C{km-tb-en\v C§-s\mcp cmPm-hns\ In«m-\n-Ã. cmÚn
_¯vti-_-bpsS AÑ-\mb Genbmw Zmho-Zn-t\mSv cmÚn-
bpsS ASp¯v sshZy-\p-−-tÃm-sb¶pw A§v hncp¶p Øe-
t¯¡v s]mbvs¡m-Åm\pw ]d-bp-¶p. tbmhm_v Hcp ]m{X-
¯nÂ hosª-Sp¯v ap«p-¡p-¯n-\n¶v cmPm-hn\v sImSp-¡p-¶p.
ZmhoZv AXv hm§n IpSn-¡m³ XpS-§p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Aamk
]cn-{`-a-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Ahn-tS¡v hcp-¶p. A_vimtemw sIm«mcw
B{I-an-¡m³ hcp-s¶-¶pw. sIm«mcw AhÀ hf-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bm-
sW-¶p-apÅ hnhcw ]d-bp-¶p. tbmhm_v cmPm-hn-t\mSv bp²-
¯n\v X¿m-dm-hm³ A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p. AXp-tI« cmPm-hn\v X\n-
¡n-\n-sbmcp bp²-¯n\p XmÂ]-cy-an-sÃ¶pw Xsâ koa-´-]p-
{X-\mb A_vimtemans\ kzoI-cn-¨p-sIm-Åm\pw Xs¶

shdpsX hnSm\pw Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Hcp Inco-S-¯nsâ `mcw
F´m-sW¶v Ah-\-dn-b-s«-b¶v Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p.
]nXm-hn-s\-Xnsc hmsf-Sp-¡p-¶-h³ C{km-tb-ensâ
cmPm-hm-Im³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw AXv R§Ä A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-
sÃ¶pw ]dªv tbmhm_v hmsf-Sp-¡p-¶p. btlm-h-bpsS
CjvSw AXm-sW-¦nÂ \S-¡s« F¶v ]dªv cmPmhv £oW-
t¯msS ]oT-¯n-en-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ bqZm h¶v
\mYm³ h¶ hnhcw cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. \mY³ {]hm-
N-I³ Zmho-Zns\ Im¯p-\nÂ¡p¶ hnhcw ]d-bp-¶p. ZmhoZv
{]hm-N-Is\ ImWm³ t]mIm³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ Aamk XS-bp-
¶p. Cu hnªn-sâ-bn-S¡v At§m«v t]mtI-s−¶v Zmho-Zn-
t\mSv At]-£n-¡p-¶p. AXp -km-c-an-sÃ¶v ]dªv cmPmhv
t]mIm³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ hmXn-ev¡Â {]hm-N-Is\ ImWp-¶p.
ZmhoZv ap«p-Ip¯n {]hm-N-Is\ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. ZmhoZv
{]hm-N-I\v Ccn-¡m³ ]oTw kÖo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. cº-bnse hnP-
b-¯n-\p-th-−n-bpÅ hncp-¶m-sW¶pw hcm³ Aev]w sshIn-
t]m-sb¶pw {]hm-N-I-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. BtLm-j-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ
Xm³ h¶-XnÂ hntcm-[-sam¶pw CÃtÃm F¶v {]hm-N-I³
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. GXp-k-a-b¯pw A§v kzmKm-XmÀl-\m-sW¶v
ZmhoZv {]hm-N-I-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. {]hm-N-I³ Zmho-Zn-t\mSv
knwl-k-\-¯n-en-cn-¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p. Zmhn-Zn\v Hcp ]p{X³ P\n-
¨-Imcyw Adn-ª-Xmbn {]hm-N-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. X\n¡pw Cu
BtLmj-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯mÂ sImÅm-sa¶pw AXv F§-
s\-bm-sW¶v Hcp cq]-hp-an-sÃ¶pw ]dªv Xm³ Hcp IY
]dbmw F¶pw BÀ¡pw [rXn-bn-se-¦nÂ FÃm-h-tcmSpw Ccn-
¡m\pw ]d-bp-¶p. {]hm-N-I³ FÃm-h-tcm-Sp-ambn IY ]d-bp-
¶p.8 IY tI«p Ign-ª-t¸mÄ ZmhoZv IY-bnse \ymbm-\ym-b-
§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hmNm-e-\m-bn. CXp sNbvX-h³ ac-W-tbm-Ky-\m-
sW¶v ZmhoZv ]d-ªp. CXp bYmÀ°-¯nÂ \S-¶-Xm-tWm-
sb¶v {]hm-N-I-t\mSv tNmZn-¨p. {]hm-N-I³ AsX F¶v
D¯cw ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Cu sXän-\pÅ in£ sshIn-¨p-Iq-
sS¶pw CXp sNbvXXv Bcm-sW¶pw ZmhoZv tNmZn-¨p. [rXn
]nSn-t¡-s−¶pw BtLm-j-§-sfms¡ Ignªv kmh-Imiw
in£ \S-¸n-em-¡n-bmÂ aXn-sb¶pw {]hm-N-I³ ]d-ªp.
BtLm-j§Ä \oXn \nÀÆ-l-W-¯n\p XS-Ê-am-In-sÃ¶pw
kt´m-j-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ Xs¶-bmWv AXv \S-t¡-−-sX¶pw
Zmho-Znsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v C{km-tb-enÂ \oXn Xs¶ \S-¡Ww
AXp-sIm−v C\nbpw sshIn-¨p-Iq-Sm, Bcm-sW¶v ]dbq

C\nbpw Ahs\ ad-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ A§pw B sXäp-Im-csâ
]¦m-fn-bm-sW¶v Rm³ ]d-tb-−n-hcpw F¶v ]dªv, ZmhoZv
Ip]n-X-\mbn B a\p-jy³ Bcm-sW¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. {]hm-N-
I³ Zmho-Znsâ t\sc ssINq−n B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶
F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. C{km-tb-ensâ ssZh-amb btlmh \n\¡v
FÃmw X¶p F¶n«pw \o Fń\v Dudn-bm-hns\ sIm¶v
Ahsâ `mcysb X«n-sb-Sp-¯p. CXp-tI« ZmhoZv t_m[-c-
lnX\mbn. ]m]-¯nsâ i¼fw ac-W-am-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p¶
ZmhoZv `b-s¸-Sm³ XpS-§n. cmÚn¡pw ]p{X\pw A]-I-S-sam-
¶p-an-sÃ¶v sshZy³ Adn-bn¨ hnhcw bmthm_v cmPm-hn-t\mSv
]d-bp-¶p. ZmhoZv AXv hniz-kn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. C\n
\½p¡v A_vim-tem-ans\ t\cn-Sm-sa¶pw D]-hm-khpw {]mÀ°-
\bpw Ign-ªn-tÃ-sb¶pw bmthm_v ZmhoZv cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-
bp-¶p. F¶mÂ Zmho-Zn\v ac-W-`bw hns«m-gn-bp-¶n-Ã. Xsâ
]m]-¯nsâ êw ac-W-am-sW¶pw ac-W-Zq-X³ Cu Krlw
hns«m-gn-ªn-«n-Ã. Poh\p ]Icw Poh³ AXmWv C{km-tb-en-
tâbpw ]m]-¯n-tâbpw \nbaw. AXv Xsâ taÂ Xs¶ BI-
W-sa¶pw ZmhoZv B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. A_vim-tem-ansâ ssk\yw
]Sn-hm-Xn-¡Â F¯n-sb¶pw C\nbpw A§v bp²-¯n\v X¿m-
dm-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ A§v ]d-ª-t]mse Hcp-]t£ acWw kw`-
hn¡mw F¶v bmthm_v ]d-bpt¼mÄ bmtlm-h-bpsS CjvSw
AXm-sW-¦nÂ AXv kw`-hn-¡s« F¶v ZmhoZv ]d-bp-¶p.
bmtlm-h-bpsS \maw Fń-\mWv A§v ]d-bp¶Xv. cmPm-
hnsâ Npa-X-esb ]än bmthm_v Zmho-Zns\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
bmthm_v ]e-X-c-¯nepw ]d-ªp-t\m-¡n-sb-¦nepw Zmho-Zv
Xsâ ]m]¯nÂ Akz-Ø-\m-hp-¶p. ]m]-¯nsâ êw A\p-`-
hn-¡msX btlm-h-bpsS A\p-{Klw F\n¡pw cmPy-¯n\pw
D−m-In-sÃ¶v ZmhoZv hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. AI-¯p-\n¶pw Hcp \ne-
hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶p. bmtlm_v ]cn-{`m-´-\mbn F´m-sW¶v
At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n acn¨ hnhcw bqZm ]d-bp-¶p.
A_vimtemw F¶ i{Xp Pbn-¨Xp Xs¶, C\n ZmhoZv cmPm-
hn-s\-sIm−v F§s\ bp²w sN¿n-¡pw. {]hm-N-I-\mWv FÃm-
{]-iv\-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-sa¶v bmthm_v {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
cmPmhv \s½ ssIsh-Sn-bp-sa¶v hnNm-cn-¨nÃ F¶v ]dªv
Ckvlm¡v ZpxJn-X-\m-hp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Ducnb hmfp-ambn
ZmhoZv cmPmhv hcp-¶p. Rm³ Hcn-¡epw \n§sf ssIsh-Sn-bp-
I-bnÃ. Fsâ {]mb-Ýn¯w Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]m]-¯nsâ
êw ac-W-ta-sä-Sp-¯p. kw`-hn-t¡-−Xv kw`-hn-¨p. btlmh
Ft¶m-sSm-¸-ap-−v. A_vim-tem-ans\ hnfn-¨p-sIm-−p-h-cm³

bmthm-_n-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ cmPmhv ]d-ª-Xp-t]mse
A_vim-tem-ans\ hnfn-¨p-sIm-−p-h-cm³ bthm-_n\v km[n-¨n-Ã.
ZmhoZv bp²-¯n\v X¿m-dm-b-X-dnªv ssk\yw A_vim-tem-
ans\Xnsc Xncnªp. AXn-\mÂ A_vim-tem-an-t\mfw thK-¯n-
tem-Sm³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp ZqXs\ In«n-bnÃ F¶v Zmho-Zn-t\mSv ]d-
bp-¶p. Fsâ aI³ acn-¨p. btlm-h-bpsS \maw hmgv¯-s¸-
Ss«! ssk\y-§-fpsS bmtlm-hbv¡v Hcp k¦oÀ¯\w F¶v
ZmhoZv ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. "I®p-IÄ Xpd-¡m-\mÃ AS-bv¡m\pw IqSn-bp-Å-XmWv'
F¶v ZmhoZv Dudn-bm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ s]cp-sf´v?
2. B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ F¶ \mS-I-¯nse Zpc´
k¦ev]w hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
3. B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ F¶ \mSIw kn.-sP.-tXm-a-knsâ
{]Xn-`bv¡v D¯a DZm-l-c-W-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?
kmtIXw
kn. F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ
1928 amÀ¨v 31\v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v P\n-¨p. ]T-\-Im-
e¯v kzmX{ý ka-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-teÀs¸-«p. 1948 Â AJn-
teý hnZymÀ°n tIm¬{K-Ênsâ {]kn-Uâm-bn. tZi-
_Ôphmcn-I-bp-tSbpw tIcf`qj-W-¯n-tâbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-
cp-¶p. 1950 IfnÂ At±lw \mS-I-c-N\ Bcw-`n-¨p. X\Xp \mS-
Iw, {]l-k-\-kz-`m-h-ap-ff \mS-I-§Ä, kmaq-lnI \mS-I-§Ä,
cmam-bW IYsb Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-ff \mS-I-§Ä F¶n-§s\
At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§sf XcwXncn-¡mw. Im©-\-ko-X,
kmtI-Xw, e¦m-e£van F¶n-h-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ cmam-b-W-
\m-S-I-{X-bw. \mS³Iem]mc-¼cyw Xsâ \mS-I-§fnÂ k¶n-
th-in-¸n-¡m³ {ioI-WvT³\mbÀ¡v Ign-ªp. CXn-lmk IYm-
]m-{X-§sf AXp-ey-]-cm-{I-an-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Ah-
cnse am\p-jnI ZuÀ_-ey-§Ä FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶Xv kn. F¶nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. cma-t\bpw cmh-W-
t\bpw koX-tbbpw I−p ]cn-Nbn¨ cq]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-
kvX-am-b ]m{X-§-fm-¡m³ kn. F¶n\v Ign-ªp.

\mS-I-kw-{Klw
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
Zi-c-Y³ þ alm-cm-Pmhv
hkn-jvT³ þ Ipe-Kpcp
kpa-{´À þ a{ń
Kpl³ þ kma-´-cm-Pmhv
{iocm-a³ þ bph-cm-Pmhv
e£va-W³ þ cmasâ ktlm-Z-c³
Iukey þ cmP-am-Xm-hv, cmasâ A½
ssItIbn þ `c-Xsâ A½
koX þ cmasâ ]Xv\n
aÙc þ hr²-Zmkn
A¦w 1
H¶mw A¦¯nÂ kq{X-[m-c³ kZ-Êns\ A`n-kw-t_m-
[\ sN¿p-¶p. kq{X-[m-c-\m-bmÂ am{Xw t]mc \mS-I-¯nÂ
thjhpw sI«-W-sa-¶mWv Cu \mS-I-Ir-¯n\v \nÀ_Ôw
F¶v kq{X-[m-c³ kZ-Ên-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. kc-bqhnsâ Xoc-
¯p-ff km{am-Py-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw AhnsS DbÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶
aWn-ku-[-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Nn{X-hn-am-\-Kr-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw NXz-
c-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw sIm«m-c-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw shffw Xqhn ]qhn-cn¨
cmP-ho-Yn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw kwKoX kZ-Êp-Isf¡p-dn¨pw At±lw
]d-bp-¶p. AXmWv Atbm²y! C£zmIp-hnsâ hwi-¯nÂ
]nd¶ Zi-c-Y³ ChnsS cmPm-hm-Wv. hoc\pw hniz-\m-Y-\p-am-
sW-¦nepw Zp:Jw Zi-c-Y\pw D−m-bn. Zi-c-Ysâ ]«-a-lnjn
Iuk-eybvt¡m CjvS-]Xv\n ssItI-bnbvt¡m aq¶m-as¯
]Xv\n kpan-{Xbvt¡m 350 Hmfw hcp¶ aäp Zbn-X-amÀt¡m
Ip«n-I-fp-−m-bn-Ã. ""]p{X-tim-I-¯mÂ \obpw acn¡pw''
Fs¶mcp im]w Zi-c-Y\v Gän-«p-−v. Cu hnjm-Z-¯nÂ \n¶pw
c£-t\-Sm³ hkn-jvT-a-lÀjn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw ]p{X-Im-ay-
bv¡v bmKw \S-¯n. A§s\ Iuk-eybv¡v cma\pw ssItI-
bnbv¡v `c-X\pw kpan-{Xbv¡v e£va-W i{Xp-Lv\-·mcpw P\n-
¨p. AtXmsS Hma-Â-]p-{X³ Hfnb-t¼äv ]nS-bp-t¼mÄ Zp:Jw
Xm§m-\m-hmsX i]n¨ hr²-Xm-]-ksâ s]m«nb I®pIÄ Zi-
c-Y³ ad-¶p.
a{ń-bmb kpa-{´À {]th-in¨v cmas\ bph-cm-Pm-hmbn

A`n-tjIw sN¿m-\p-ff Hcp-¡-§Ä \S-¯m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-
¶p. ZqX-·mÀ Cu hmÀ¯ Adn-bn-¡m³ hnhn[ Zn¡p-I-fn-te¡v
]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ipe-Kpcp hkn-jvT-a-lÀjn-bpsS imk\w cmP-[m-
\n-bnÂ ap-g-§p-¶p. cmPm-`n-tj-I-¯n-\p-ff hkvXp-¡Ä
At±lw sIm−p-h-cm³ ]d-bp-¶p. cmP-[m-\n-bnÂ BtLm-j-
§Ä¡p-ff X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ \S-¡p-¶p. hkn-jvT-tâbpw kpa-
{´-cp-tSbpw Acn-In-te¡v cmasâ amXmhv Iuk-ey- F-¯n-t¨-
cp-¶p. cma³ cmPm-hm-Ip-¶-Xnse Af-hä kt´mjw Iukey
Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. `c-Xs\ cmPm-hm-t¡−n hcptam, ssItI-bn¡v
Zi-cY³ sImSp¯ hcw ]men-t¡−n hcptam F¶n-§-s\-bp-
ff i¦-IÄ Iukey hkn-jvTs\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. cmas\ adn-I-
S¶v cmPm-hm-Im³ `c-X³ CjvS-s¸-Sn-sÃ¶v hkn-jvT³ Iuk-
ey-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p.-am-Xp-esâ cmP-[m-\n-bnÂ ]mÀ¡p-¶ -`-c-X-
t\-bpw i{Xp-Lv\-t\bpw Cu \nÝbw Adn-bn-t¡−Xmbn-cp-
¶ntÃ F¶v Iukey tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Kpcp-hns\ `àn-]qÀÆw
\a-kv¡-cn-¨p-sIm−v cma³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. kt´m-jm-[n-Iy-
¯mÂ Iukey "Cu A½bv¡v Ct¸mÄ FÃm ku`m-Ky-
§fpw XnIªp' F¶v IWvT-an-Sdn ]d-bp-¶p.
bph-cm-Pm-hmbn A`n-tj-Iw sN¿-s¸-Sp¶Xn\p ap¼v
AÑ-\mb Zi-c-Ys\ kµÀin¨v cma³ A\p-{Klw hm§p-¶p.
Zi-c-Y³ Aip-`-§fpw tLmc-§fpw \mw kz]v\-¯nÂ ZÀ-in-¡p-
¶p-sh¶pw \nan-¯-§Ä ip`-aÃ F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. alm-hn-
jvWp-hns\ {]mÀ°n¨v Hcp ]m]hpw Rm³ sNbvXn-«n-sÃ¶pw
Aev]-\mÄ IqSn X\n¡v Bß-iàn \ÂI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-
¶p. cma³ knwlm-k\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm³ hm\-
{]Øtam ac-Wtam hcn¨p sImffmw F¶pw Zi-c-Y-³ ssIIq-
¸p-¶p. cma-t\mSv koXsb Cu hntijw Adn-bn-¨ntÃ F¶v
Zi-c-Y³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. FÃmw A½sb [ym\n-¨p-sIm−v \nÀÆ-
ln-¨p-sIm-f-fm³ D]-tZ-in-¨p-sIm−v Zi-c-Y³ e£va-Ws\
hnfn¨v tPyjvT\v `{Z-ambn ImhÂ \nÂ¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p. Zi-c-
Ys\ hW§n cma\pw e£va-W\pw t]mIp-¶-tXmsS H¶mw
A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
A¦w 2
kÀÆm-e-¦mc hn`q-jn-Xbpw kpµ-cn-bp-amb ssItIbn
a©-¯n-Â InS-¡p-¶p. buÆ\w a§n-bn-«n-Ã. Iq\p-sIm−v hncq-
]-bmb hr² aÙc {]th-in-¡p-¶p. ""`mKyw sI« tII-b-
¯nsâ ]p{Xn \o Cs¶mcp ]gw-I-Y-bm-Wv. \nsâ kuµcyw

GtXm aqVsâ kz]v\-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hnizw Pbn-¨p-sh¶v \o
Al-¦-cn¨p. kÀÆ-cmepw i]n¡-s¸«v Ct¶m \msftbm s]mf-
fp¶ hnP-\-`q-anbnÂ A\m-Y-bmbv \o Aeªv Xncn-bpw.'' aÙ-
c-bpsS Cu hm¡p-IÄ tI«v ssItIbn tIm]-t¯msS "aÙtc'
! F¶p hnfn-¨p. aÙc XpSÀ¶p. ""\nsâ Ian-Xm-hp-−tÃm?
\nsâ Ifn-¡n-Smhv B hr²³ \nt¶bpw \nsâ ]nXm-hn-t\bpw
\nsâ ]p{X-t\bpw h©n-¨p.'' ""]nimtN \nÀ¯q. Cu \in¨
Iq\nÂ C{Xbpw ZpjvS-Xtbm cma³ Fsâ-bpw aI-\mWv. Fsâ
ape-¸mÂ Ah\pw \pIÀ¶n-«p-−v. F\n¡pw Bcy-]p-{X\pw
Atbm-²ybv¡pw Ah³ {]nb-¦-c³.''
C{Xbpw ]d-ªn«pw a\-Êp-am-dm¯ ssItI-bnsb Icw
{Kln-¨p-sIm−v aÙc A\p-\-bn-¸n-¨p-sIm−v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.
""A½-sb-t¸mepw a¡Ä ad-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶-bmtWm Hcp A\y
kv{Xosb HmÀ½n¡pI. N]e hnIm-c-§-fnÂ \nsâ hnthIw
DSªv NnX-dn-t¸m-bn. \o temssII kpµ-cn. km{am-Py-§Ä
Cu Ime-Sn-I-fnÂ {]W-an-¡pw. F¶n«pw \nsâ GI ]p{X\v
IncoSw \ÂIm³ cmP-am-Xm-hnsâ Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡m³ Cu
kuµcyw \n\¡v D]-I-cn-¨n-Ã-tÃm. \nsâ aI\v cmPyw `cn-
¡m³ anSp-¡n-sÃ¶v \o Icp-Xp-¶pt−m? Zi-c-Y³ \n\¡v
cmPipev¡w \ÂIn-bXv \o adt¶m? FhnsS cmPyw? \nsâ
]p{X\v cmPyw In«ntbm? Aiz-]Xn C¶n-Ã. F¦nepw \nsâ
tPyjvT³ bp[m-Pn¯v tNmZn-¨mÂ \o F´p kam-[m\w ]d-
bpw.'' C§s\ \nc-h[n tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn¨v aÙc ssItI-bn-
bpsS a\-ÊnÂ k½À±hpw i{Xp-Xbpw cmPy-tam-lhpw DuXn-
hoÀ¸n-¡p-¶p. Iuk-Ãybpw aäpw ssItI-bnsb kÀÆmwKw
Np«p-s]m-f-fn¡pw F¶ -a-Ù-c-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n\v cmasâ
[À½-\njvT F\n¡v Ih-N-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶v ssItIbn adp-]Sn
]d-bp-¶p.
aÙ-c, cmP-am-Xm-hmbn BÚm-]n-t¡− ssItIbn
Fń-\mWv [À½w bmNn-¡p-¶Xv F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `c-X\p
]c-tZ-it¯m ]c-tem-It¯m A`bw tXtS−n hcpw F¶pw
`b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ah-km\w aÙ-c-tbmSv ssItIbn C\n-sbmcp
c£m-amÀ¤hp-antÃ F¶v Bcm-bp-¶p. \nsâ aIs\ c£n-¡m³
\nsâ kuµ-cy-¯n\v C\nbpw Ignbpw F¶v aÙc ]d-bp-¶p.
\obm-Ip¶ hiy-h-k-´-¯nsâ el-cn-bnÂ tImkew Ipcp§n
hog-W-sa¶v B Zmkn D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. AsÃ-¦nÂ \o P·w
sImSp-¯-h³ \o aqew sImÃ-s¸-Sp-sa¶pw Nmc-·m-cmÂ NXn-
bmÂ HmSn-tbmSn XfÀ¶v òI-c-amb sImSpw Xa-Ênsâ \nÈ_vZ

bma-¯nsâ Hcp ZpjvS aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ \nsâ {]nb-s¸«
]p{X³.. CXp tI« ssItIbn s]m«n-¡-c-ªp-sIm−v aÙ-csb
i]n-¡p-¶p. tII-b-¯nÂ Ipcp¯ Cu \©p-acw CSn-hm-fmÂ
NnX-dn-s¯-dn-¡-s«. C{]-Imcw tIm]n-jvT-bmb ssItIbn ka-
\ne hos−-Sp-¯p. sshIn-t¸m-sb¶pw cma\v A`ntjIw \nÝ-
bn¨p Ign-ªp-sh¶pw C\n ipev¡w tNmZn-¨mÂ Atbm-
²ybv¡v Akz-Ø-am-bn-cn¡pw ê-sa¶pw AhÀ ]d-ªp. `c-
X³ \mSp-hm-gp-t¼mÄ Ie-l-an-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡m³ cmas\ ImSp-hm-
gm³ hnS-W-sa¶v aÙc ]d-ªp. \o Iev]n-¨mÂ cmPmhv
Poh³ hsc shSn-bp-sa¶v ss[cyhpw sImSp-¯p. cma³ Zi-c-
Ysâ Poh-\m-sW¶pw ]d-ªp. ""F¶mÂ DWcq \obmWv
amb, \obmWv iàn De-I-§Ä Cu Ime-Sn-I-fnÂ NX-ª-c-
bs«''sb¶v aÙc hocyw ]I-cp-t¼mÄ ssItIbn tIm]w
sIm−v Nph¶v B`-c-W-§Ä hen¨p ]dns¨-dn-bp-¶p. apSn-s¡«v
NnXdn¨v apJw cm£-ko-b-am-Ip-¶p. aÙc A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-
Ibpw Zi-c-Y³ {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ssItI-bnbpsS
`mh-hy-Xymkw Zi-c-Y³ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. AbmÄ t{]a-]-c-h-i-
\mbn ssItI-bn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. B kabw ssItIbn
cmas\ Im«n-te¡v Ab-¡-W-sa¶pw `c-Xs\ cmPm-hm-¡-W-
sa¶pw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. X\n¡v \ÂIm-sa-t¶-ä -cm-P-
ipev¡s¯ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-ap¼v Hcp hchpw Xsâ
\mY-\nÂ \n¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«n-«n-sÃ¶pw ssItIbn HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-
¶p. Zi-c-Y³ \Sp-¡-t¯msS cm£ko! F¶p Ae-dp-¶p.
cmas\ cmPm-hm-¡m-sa¶v Xm³ hm¡p ]d-ª-Xm-sW¶pw
AXnÂ \n¶v ]n³am-dm³ km[n-¡n-sÃ¶pw Zi-c-Y³ ]d-sª-
¦nepw Bßm-lqXn {]Jym-]n¨v ssItIbn Bhiyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-
¡p-¶p. cmas\ Im«n-te¡v Ab-¡p-¶Xv XS-bm³ Zi-c-Y³ ]cn-
{i-an-s¨-¦nepw \ncp-]m-[nIw ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. B cm{Xn ]pe-cm-Xn-
cp-s¶-¦n-se¶v Zi-c-Y³ B{K-ln-¨p-t]m-bn. DZ-b-¯nÂ cma\pw
kpa-{ćpw Zi-c-Ysâ ]f-fn-b-d-bn-se-¯n. cma-t\mSv Xsâ cmP-
ip-ev¡-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bmt\m cma³ Im«n-te¡v t]mI-W-sa¶v
]d-bmt\m Zi-c-Y\v iànbp−m-bn-Ã. CXp a\-Ên-em-¡nb
ssItIbn cma-t\mSv Xm³ Xs¶ ]d-btWm F¶p tNmZn-¨p.
Xm³ cmPm-hm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ C¯-c-¯n-semcp kmlkw Bh-
iy-an-sÃ¶v AbmÄ ssItI-bnsb hne-¡n. Zi-c-Y³ cma-t\mSv
Imcy-§Ä hnh-cn-¨p. kpa-{´À KZvK-Z- I-WvT-\mbn, Zi-c-Y³
Zp:Jw AS-¡n-¸nSn-¨p. Hcp \nan-js¯ \ni-_vZ-X-bv¡p-tijw
cma³ X\n¡v C{X henb in£ hn[n-¡m³ A½-bmb
ssItI-bn-tbmSv F´p sXämWv sNbvX-sX¶v, tNmZn-¨p.

sXsäm¶pw sNbvXn-sÃ¶pw Im«n-em-sW-¦nepw Xsâ {]mÀ°\
IqsS-bp-−m-Ip-sa¶pw ssItIbn Adn-bn-¨p. Zi-c-Y³ t]mbn
Ign-ª-t¸mÄ kpa-{´À ssItI-bn-tbmSv Cu A]-cm[w Hcn-
¡epw s]mdp-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-sW¶v Bt{Im-in-¨p. cmP-tk-
h-I³ Xsâ \ne¡v \nÂ¡-W-sa¶v ssItIbn BÚm-]n-¨p.
Zic-Y³ hr²-\m-sW-¦nepw iàn-lo-\-s\-sÃ¶v kpa-{´sd
HmÀ½n-¸n-¨n«v ssItIbn Ip]n-X-bmbn t]mIp-¶p. Cu kabw
e£va-W³ {Ip²-\mbn {]th-in-¡p-¶p. A\p-P\v \mSpw
tPyjvT\v ImSpw GXv bmRvP-hÂIy³ hn[n-¨p F¶v tNmZn-
¡p-¶p. A§-bpsS ]nXmhv Xs¶-sb¶v kpa-{´À adp-]Sn ]d-
bp-¶p. "A[n-Imaw sIm−v AÔ-\mb kv{XoNn-Xsâ hr²-¸n-
¨p-IÄ Rm³ am\n-¡p-¶n-Ã.'
FÃmw ssZh-\n-Ý-b-am-sW¶pw C¶-sehsc HmaÂ
]p{X-\m-bn-cp¶ cma³ C¶v A\y-\m-sb¶pw ssZhw ssItI-bn-
bpsS \mhnÂ DZn¨v A`n-tjIw apS-¡n-sb¶pw kpa-{´À
e£va-W-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. GXv Cuizc-\m-bmepw C¶v Xt¶mSv
tXmÂ¡p-sa¶pw ssZhhpw hn[nbpw AÀ°-iq-\y-amb kzm´z-
\-§Ä am{X-am-sW¶pw A`n-tjIw apS-¡n-b-hÀ Btcm AhÀ
IÂ¯p-dt¦m ImtSm ac-Wtam hcn-¡-s«. cma\v buh-cmPyw
am{X-aÃ cmPyw Xs¶ \ÂIpw FhnsS tII-b-¯nsâ Ifn-
¸mh F¶v Zi-c-Ys\ Dt±-in¨v e£va-W³ tNmZn-¨p. hmfqcn
apt¶m«v \S¶ e£va-Ws\ XSªv kpa-{´À ""A§-bpsS
[À½-tcmjw £{Xnb hoc-·mÀ¡v DNnXw Xs¶ ASn-b-\m-bn-cp-
¶mepw CXp-Xs¶ sN¿p-I-sbm-Åq. Atbm-²y-bnse cmPmhv
Ac-£n-X-\Ã Ft¶mÀ¯v sImÅpI Ftâ-X-S¡w Bbn-c-¡-
W-¡n\v Xe-IÄ Acn-ªp-ho-gv¯ntb Ipam-c\v A´x-]p-c-¯n-
te¡v F¯m³ km[n¡q F¶v kpa-{´À ]d-ªp. A§v A{K-
P\pw F\n¡v _lp-am-\y-\p-am-Wv. kmlkw AcpXv F¶v
e£va-W³ {]Xn-h-Nn-s¨-¦nepw Zi-c-Y³ {]Xy-£-s¸«v Ipam-
csâ Ic-hmÄ Bß-_-Ô-§Ä¡v Imh-em-Is« F¶p ]d-ª-
t¸mÄ e£va-Wsâ ssIIÄ XfÀ¶v JUvKw Xmgp-¶p.
]p{Xsâ òI-c-amb apJw GXp ]nXm-hn\v Bizmkw \ÂIpw
F¶v ]dªv Zi-c-Y³ kmh-[m\w \S-¶p-a-d-bp-¶p. cma³ Im«n-
te-¡mWv t]mIp-¶-sX-¦nÂ Ducnb Cu hmÄ cmhpw ]Iepw
cmas\ c£n¨p \nÂ¡pw F¶v e£va-W³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-
tXmsS c−mw A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

A¦w 3
kq{X-[m-c³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Atbm-²y-bnse s]cp-¼-d-
IÄ \ni-_vZ-am-bn. P\w sXcp-hnÂ \ng-ep-t]mse ]Xn-¨p.
cmPyw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« cmasâ [À½ ]Xv\n A´x-]p-c-¯nsâ
]pdt¯ Xf-¯nÂ A£-a-tbmsS Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. ""Cuiz-
c³ Fń\v Cu sNdp-{]m-b-¯nÂ B Ip«nsb C§s\ ]co-
£n-¡p-¶Xv'' C§s\ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v cma³
AhnsS F¯n-t¨À¶p. koXsb I−-t¸mÄ "Rm³ Atbm-²y-
¡p-th−n am¸n-c-¡p-¶p'-sh¶v cma³ ]d-ªp. "GXp km{am-Py-
t¯-¡mfpw A§mWv F\n¡v hep-sX'¶v koX cma-t\mSv ]d-
ªp. "IpSbpw tXcp-an-sÃ-¦nÂ Bcy-]p-{Xs\ F\n¡v am{X-
ambn In«p-sa¶v BËm-Zn¨v A´-]p-c-hm-Xn-ev¡Â Xs¶ Rm³
Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.' ""]Ån-t¯-cnÂ AI¼-Sn-tbmsS
hs¶-¦nÂ tZhn BËm-Zn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶ntÃ'' F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v
""At¸mgpw Rm³ BËm-Zn¡pw Fsâ BËmZw A§m-Wv. ]c-
ip-cm-as\ tXmÂ¸n¨ hoc-Ip-am-c³ Inco-S-§Ä¡v Ae-¦m-c-am-
Wv. Atbm-²ybv¡v B `mKy-an-sÃ-¦nÂ'' F¶v koX ]d-ªp-
\nÀ¯n. Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-s¨¶pw Imaw Xs¶-bmWv [À½mÀ°-
§sf¡mÄ iàw Atbm-²y-bnse cmPm-¡-·mÀ kv{Xobv¡v
th−n cmPyw tlman-¡m-Xn-cn-¡s« F¶v cma³ {]Xn-h-Nn-¨p.
`c-X-s\-¡p-dn¨v tNmZn¨ koXtbmSv A{K-P³ Im«nepw AÑ³
hmÀ²-Iy-¯nepw HSp-§n-bmÂ Ah\v Hä IpS-]n-Sn¨v hmgm-
sa¶pw kar-²-amb tImkew Ahsâ BÚm-ko-a-bnÂ
AaÀ¶p-sIm-Åp-sa¶pw cma³ ]d-bp-¶p. X\n-¡-XnÂ hnjm-Z-an-
sÃ¶pw ImSn-\p-Ånse ]Ån-b-d-bnÂ Xm³ GI-\m-bn-cn-¡p-
sa¶ hnjmZw am{X-ta-bp-Åq-sh¶pw cma³ Iq«n-t¨À¯p. cma-
\p-s−-¦nÂ koXbv¡v ImSpw kzÀ¤-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Xm³
XoÀ¨-bmbpw F{X Imehpw Im«nÂ cma\v Iq«m-bn-cn-¡m-sa¶pw
koX ]d-bp-¶p. Xs¶ hne-¡-cp-sX¶pw A§n-Ãm¯ \mSmWv
ChÄ¡v ImsS¶pw A§-tbmsSm¯pÅ AS-hn-hmkw Atbm-
²y-bnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\p XpÃy-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw koX ]d-
bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Ahn-tSbv¡v e£va-W³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
Xm\n-hnsS \nÂ¡p-¶Xv Atbm-²ybv¡v B]-¯m-sW¶pw
[À½-¯nsâ òcpXzw Ft¸mgpw c£-bm-In-sÃ¶pw cma-t\mSv
]d-bp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ Im«n-te¡v Rm\pw hcp¶p F¶v e£va-
W³ {]XnÚ sN¿p-¶p. Zm\-[À½-§Ä¡p-th−n e£va-W³
t]mIm³ Xncn-bp-t¼mÄ IukÃy {]th-in-¡p¶p. Iuk-Ãysb
I−v e£va-W³ ]c-h-i-\m-Ip-¶p. CXv Atbm-²y-bpsS I®o-
cm-sW¶v A{K-P³ (cm-a³) Adn-b-W-sa¶pw Cu I®oÀ XpS-

bv¡msX GXv Im«nÂ Hfn-¨n«pw ]pWy-an-sÃ¶pw e£va-W³
]d-bp-¶p. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn cma³, ""tNcm¯ Inco-S-a-Wn-
bm³ Fsâ A½ Bin-¡p-I-bnÃ'' F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. AXp-tI«
IukÃy Xm³ A\p-`-hn-¡m-hp¶ ZpxJ-¯nsâ Aebpw
Npgnbpw IS-¶p-h-¶-h-fm-sW¶pw C\n-sbm-gp-¡m³ Cu I®nÂ
A{ip-¡Ä tijn-¨n-«n-Ãm-sb¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. koX-tbmSv ""`mKyw-
sI« s]¬Ip«n Cu ZpxJ-I-S-ensâ \Sp-hnÂ \obpw Fń\p
Xpg-sª¯n F¶pw F\n¡v ]«-a-lnjn ]«w F¦nepw D−m-
bn-cp-¶p. \o Fs¶-¡mfpw ]m]ntbm? aIsf ZpxJn-X-bmb
asäm-cp-hÄ Atbm-²y-bv¡p-th−n \nt¶mSv am¸n-c-¡p-¶p.''
CXp-tI« cma³ ""B kv{Xosb Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³ BÀ¡pw Ign-
bp-I-bnÃ Imew Xs¶ B ]co-£Ww \S-¯-s«.'' F¶v Iuk-
Ãy-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. cwK-thZn Ccp-fp-Ibpw cma\pw
koXbpw ad-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
cma\pw koXbpw Im«n-te¡v t]mIp¶Xn\p ap³]mbn
AhnsS ssItIbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. Im«nÂ aq¶p-t]À¡pw
[cn-¡m-\pÅ ac-hpcn ssItIbn AhÀ¡p \ÂIp-¶p. Cu
temIw Cu A½sb Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-sa¶pw \nc-`-b-amb temIm-
]-hm-Zhpw ZpjvIoÀ¯nbpw ssItI-bn¡v Ccp-«d ]Wn-bp-
sa¶pw F¦nepw D®n-IÄ¡v Cu A½ awKfw t\cp-¶p-sh¶pw
ssItIbn ]d-bp-¶p. aK-[-]p{Xnbv¡v anSp-¡p-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ
Rm\pw cmPm-hm-Ip-am-bn-cp¶psh¶v e£va-W³ {Ip²-\m-hp-¶p.
cma³ e£vaWs\ XS-bp-¶p. Ahn-tSbv¡v hkn-jvT³ {]th-in-
¡p-¶p. cmasâ ]nXr-kvt\lw Atbm-²ysb B]-¯nÂ\n¶pw
c£n-¨p-sh¶pw Atbm-²y-sb-¡mfpw cma³ DbÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-
sh¶pw al-XvIÀ½-§fpw alm-kn-²n-Ifpw \n\-¡p-th−n
Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw awKfw `hn-¡s« F¶pw hkn-jvT³
]d-bp-¶p. Ah-cpsS ssI¿nÂ ac-hpcn I−-t¸mÄ AXv Fń-
s\¶v hkn-jvT³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Im«nÂ AXm-Wp-Nn-X-sa¶v
cma³ ]d-bp-¶p. cmPm-¡-·mÀ A§s\ sN¿m-dn-sÃ¶v hkn-
jvT³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p. ImSp-hm-gp¶ cma\v ac-hp-cn-bmWv DNn-X-
sa¶pw ac-hpcn Xm³ k½m-\n-¨-Xm-sW¶pw ssItIbn ]d-bp-
¶p. hXv¡ew Nptä− \nÀ`mKyw koXbv¡v h¶n-«n-sÃ¶pw
AhÄ A\m-Y-b-sÃ¶pw `À¯m-hns\ ]n³Xp-S-cp¶ kzm[n-
bmWv koX-sb¶pw kÀÆm-`-c-W-§fpw [cn¨v k´p-jvS-bmbn
k©-cn-¡m³ AhÄ¡v Ah-Im-i-ap-s−¶pw hkn-jvT³
ssItI-bn-tbmSv ]d-ªp. bm{X ]pd-s¸-Sm³ ka-b-am-b-Xp-
sIm−v cmakoXm e£va-W³amÀ t]mIp-¶p.

ssItIbn hkn-jvT-t\mSv hÂ¡ew [cn¨ cma\v
hÂ¡ew [cn¨ koX \¶m-bn-W-§p-sa¶v ]cn-lm-k-t¯msS
]d-ªp. koX ac-t¯mepw Npän Cu \K-c-ho-Yn-bn-eqsS \S-
¶mÂ Atbm-²y-bnse P\-§Ä [À½w £bn-¨-h-c-Ãm-¯-Xp-
sIm−v `h-Xnbpw `À¯mhpw Bß-c-£bv¡v Ah-sc-¯s¶
A`bw {]m]n-t¡-−n-hcpw F¶v hkn-jvT³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p.
ssItIbn At¸mÄ alÀjn Fs¶ i]n-¡p-¶p−m-hp-sa¶p
]d-ªp. hkn-jvT³ XpSÀ¶p. Zi-c-Ysâ Xma-k-`m-h-am-Wp-\o.
kz´w kXz-c-P-kvXtam KpW-§sf¯s¶ Zi-c-Y³ ]cn-W-bn-
¨p. kXyw Iuk-ey-bnepw hocyw kpan-{X-bnepw IuSneyw
\n¶nepw IpSn-sIm-Åp-¶p. F¶mÂ ssItIbn ]p{X-h-Õ-e-
bmb amXm-hnsâ kmlkw A§p s]mdp-¡-W-sa¶v At]-£n-
¨p. s]mdp-t¡-−Xv `À¯mhpw ssItI-bn-bpsS Bßm-hp-am-
sW¶v hkn-jvT³ {]Xn-h-Nn-¨p. B ka-b¯v £oWn-X-\mbn
Zi-c-Y³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
ssItI-bn-tbmSv Zi-c-Y³ cmas\ Im«nÂhn-Sm-\pÅ
IÂ¸-\-bnÂ\n¶v ]n³am-dm³ Bk¶ ac-W-amb ico-c-¯nsâ
Aým-t]-£-t]mse Ah-km-\-ambn At]-£n-¡p-¶p. CÃ!
F¶p ]dª ssItI-bn-tbmSv cmas\ Ggp-\mÄ IqSn Atbm-
[y-bnÂ ]mÀ¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶v Zi-c-Y³ A`yÀ°n-¡p-
¶p. CsXm¶pw Ip«n¡fn-b-sÃ¶p ]dªv Zi-c-Ysâ A`yÀ°-
\-Isf AhÀ XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p.
bm{Xm-ap-lqÀ¯w hs¶¯n tXcv sXfn-¡m³ kpa-{´À
X¿m-dm-bn-h-¶p. Xsâ ssIIÄ Cu aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ XfÀ¶p-
t]m-Ip-s¶¶v kpa-{´À Zi-c-Y-t\mSv ]d-ªp. kqX\pw Aam-
Xy\pw cmPmhpw Xf-cm³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw Atbm-[y-bpsS {]nb
]p{X³ kÀÆm-Uw-_-c-§-tfmSpw IqSn Im«n-te¡p ]pd-s¸-S-s«.
\mew-K-¸-Sbpw \nc-h[n ]cn-P-\-§fpw [\n-I-fmb hWn-¡p-
Ifpw ImSp-Np-äp¶ thS-·mcpw AkwJyw ]uc-P-\-§fpw
D®nsb AI-¼Sn tkhn-¡-s«. [\-[m\y `Þm-c-§fpw Nc-¡p-
Ifpw bm{Xm-kwLw kw`-cn-¨p-sIm-Ås« F¶v Zi-c-Y³ kpa-
{´-tcmSv ]d-ªp.
ssItIbn cmasâ bm{Xbv¡v X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ \S-¯p-
¶Xv I−v Akw-Xr]vXn Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AXp-tI«v Zi-c-Y³
IqSp-XÂ \ncm-i-\m-Ip-¶p. hkn-jvT³ CS-s]«v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-
tXmsS Zi-c-Y³ im´-\m-Ip-¶p. bm{Xbv¡v X¿m-dmbn cma\pw
kwLhpw ac-hpcn [cn-s¨-¯p-¶p. Zi-c-Y³ ITm-c-h-en-¨qcn

AXv sN¿n¨ ssItI-bnsb t\cn-Sm³ Nnń-¡p-¶p. Ai-à-
\mbn ITm-c-Xn-cn-sI-h¨v cma-t\mSv ]t− acn¨ Xs¶ sImÃm³
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv ]nXr-l-Xy-bm-hn-sÃ¶v Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p.
AXp-tI« ssItIbn kXyw ewLn-¡m³ Xsâ Igp-s¯-Sp-
¡p¶XmWv ip`-sa¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p. cma³ CsXÃmw tI«v
C£zm-Ip-hnsâ hwi-¯nÂ ]nd¶h\v tNmc-bnÂ ap§nb Cu
IncoSw tNcp-I-bn-sÃ¶pw `c-X³ Atbm[y `cn-¡-s«-sb¶pw
ImSnsâ `wKn cma³ Bkz-Zn-¨p-sIm-Åm-sa¶pw ]Xn-\mep
kwh-Õ-c-§Ä¡ptijw aS-§n-sb-¯m-sa¶pw ]dªv cma³
bm{X-bm-Im³ XpS-§p-¶p. hkn-jvT³ cmas\ A\p-{K-ln¨v \o
hnizw Pbn-¡m³ ]nd-¶-h-\m-sW¶pw kma-´-\mb Kpl³
\ns¶ KwK-bpsS adp-I-c-bn-se-¯n-¡p-sa¶pw KwKbpw bap-
\bpw kwK-an-¡p¶ {]bm-K-bnÂ `c-Zzm-P-ap-\nsb I−p-h-µn-¡-
W-sa¶pw At±lw XpSÀamÀ¤w \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-
sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
Iukey Ahn-sS-sb¯n aq¶p-t]scbpw A\p-{K-ln-¡p-
¶p. AÑsâ kXyw ]men-¨n«p hc-W-sa¶pw cma³ Atbm-[y-
bnÂh¶v cmPm-hm-Ip-¶Xv ImWm³ A½ Im¯n-cn-¡p-sa¶pw
Iukey ]d-bp-¶p. FÃm-h-scbpw hµn¨v koXm-cm-a-e-£va-W-
·mÀ t]mIp-¶p. Zi-c-Y\pw Iuk-eybpw am{Xw AhnsS Ah-
ti-jn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS cwK-thZn Ccp-fp-¶p.
cmas\ bm{Xm-bm-¡m³ t]mb kpa-{´À aS-§n-sb¯n
Zi-c-Y³ AXoh Xmev]cyt¯msS Imcy-§Ä At\zjn¨-dn-bp-
¶p. ChnsS h¶v cmasâ bm{Xm-hn-ti-j-§Ä Adn-bn-t¡−
_m[yX CÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ KwK-bnÂ Xm³ Bßm-lpXn
sNbvtX-s\-sb¶v kpa-{´À Zi-c-Y-t\mSv ]d-ªp. Zi-c-Y\pw
Iuk-Ãybpw ZpxJ-t¯msS H¯p-t¨-cp-¶p. IukÃy sIm«m-c-ap-
ä¯p ZpxJ-t¯msS \nÂ¡p¶ P\-§sf Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³
kpa-{´-tcmSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Zi-c-Ysâ Icw {Kln¨
IukÃy ]p{X-Zpx-J-¯mÂ Ic-bp-¶p.
kma´ cmPm-hmb Kpl³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. ZpxJw
Xm§m-\m-hmsX Zi-c-Y³ B kplr-¯n-t\mSv hne-]n-¡p-¶p.
H¶pw an−m-\m-hmsX Kpl³ Xcn-¨n-cp-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Kpl³
t]mb-tijw Iuk-Ãy-bpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v Xsâ a\-ÊnÂ
sXfnªp h¶ ]gb im]-IY HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. B\-
Xp¼n¡¿nÂ shÅ-sa-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW¶p IcpXn i_vZw tI«
Zn¡n-te¡v As¼-bvXp. AXv sN¶p Xd-¨Xv Hcp ap\nIpam-

csâ ico-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. ImgvN-bn-Ãm¯ AÑ-\-½-amÀ¡v
shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³ h¶ km[p. ap\n-Ip-am-c³ ]d-ª-X-\p-k-cn¨v
B AÑ-\-½-amsc Rm\-hn-sS-sb-¯n¨p. Rm³ am¸n-c¶p
F¶mepw \obpw ]p{X-tim-I-¯mÂ acn-¡p-sa¶v AhÀ i]n-
¨p. AhÀ B Ipam-csâ NnX-bnÂ NmSn acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C\n c£m-amÀ¤-anÃ im]-êw Rm\-\p-`-hn-¡p-I-bm-bn.
kvt\l-[\-cmb {]P-Isf ImWm-s\-gp-t¶ä Zi-c-Y\v
Xsâ ImgvN \jvS-am-bXv a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. IukeytbmSv Zi-c-
Y³ A¡mcyw ]d-bp-¶p. `c-X-s\bpw i{Xp-Lv\s\bpw At\z-
jn¨ Zi-c-Y³ Iuk-Ãy-bpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v sIm«m-c-¯nsâ
apI-fnÂ \S-¡p-¶p. Iuk-ey-tbmSv Xsâ IqsShc-cp-sX¶v
BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. Iukey Ic-ªp-sIm−v \nÂ¡p¶p A´-
amb Ime-{]-hm-l-¯n-te¡v hÀ®n-¡m-\m-hm¯ thZ-\-I-tfmsS
Zi-c-Y³ \S¶p ad-bp-¶p.
kq{X-[m-c³ {]Xy-£-s¸«v C£zm-Iphpw Znen-]\pw Ah-
km\w \S¶ hgn¡v B kqcy-hwi cmPmhpw \S-¶p-sh¶pw
arXyp-hn-te-¡pÅ hgn-bnÂ ]m]w Cd-¡n-h-bv¡m³ Xmhfw
tXSn Zi-c-Y³ \S-¶psh¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. Ccp-fnÂ ssIIÄ
Bªm-ªp-g-dn, HSp-hnÂ GtXm shfn¨w Is−-¶-t]mse
tamln-¨p-X-fÀ¶p hoWp-a-cn-¨p. acWw B Xmhfw Bbn-cn-
¡mw. ]m]w AhnsS Cd-¡n-shbv¡pw. ]t£ a\p-jy³
Fń\v Cu ]m]-`mcw t]dp-¶p. F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm−v \mSIw
Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. kn.-F³.-{io-I-WvT³ \mb-cpsS cmam-b-W-{X-b-¯nÂ
kmtIXw \mS-Io-b-X-sIm−pw NSp-e-amb kw`m-j-W-
§ÄsIm−pw F§s\ anI-¨p-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
2. Zi-c-Y³ kmtI-X-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ cmPm-hp-am-{X-aÃ ]m]-
t_m-[w-sIm−v s]mdp-Xn-ap-«p¶ a\p-jy³Iq-Sn-bmWv hne-
bn-cp-¯p-I.
3. ssItIbn kml-N-cy-§-fpsS Cc-bmWv þ hyà-am-¡p-I.
4. Atbm-²y-bnse s]cp-¼-d-IÄ \nÈ-_vZ-ambn P\w sXcp-ho-
Yn-bnÂ \ngÂt]mse ]Xn¨p kµÀ`w Fgp-Xp-I.

bqWnäv þ 4
\mSIw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Xncn-¨-dn-hp-IÄ
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nsâ BZy-Imew apXÂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw

cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Xncn-¨-dn-hp-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \½psS
\mSIw hnP-bn-¨n-«p-−v. tbmK-t£-a-\m-S-I-§fpw ]m«-_m-¡n-bp-
saÃmw Ncn-{X-¯nÂ AXv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. XpSÀ¶ph¶
\mS-I-§fpw Cu kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob {]Xn-_-²X ]peÀ¯n-bn-
cp-¶-Xmbn \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. sI.Sn. apl-½-Znsâ
\mS-I-§-fnÂ kaq-l-¯nsâ {]iv\-§sf Kuc-h-am-bmWv
Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨-Xv. kaq-l-¯nsâ {]iv\-§-fnÂ \n¶p hn«p-t]m-
Ip¶ Bß-\n-jvT-c-N-\-Isf At±lw FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw ]cn-l-
kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "ØnXn' F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ Pohn-X-{]-
iv\-§-fnÂ\n¶v Hfn-t¨m-Sp¶ Ihnsb At±lw ]cn-lm-ky-\m-
bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. \mS-Is¯ kmaq-ly-hn-aÀi-\-¯n-
\pÅ am[y-a-ambn At±lw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n. "CXv `qan-
bmWv' F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯n-\-Is¯ AÔ-
hn-izm-k-§fpw FSp-¯p-]-dªv AXns\ ip²o-I-cn-¡m\pÅ
{iaw sI.-Sn. \S-¯p-¶p-−v. AXp-t]mse bmYm-Øn-Xn-Isc
hnaÀin-¡m\pw At±-l-¯n\p aSn-bn-Ã.
krjvSn-bnÂ kaqlw F¡m-e¯pw Xo{h-ambn A\p-`-
hn¨ hni¸v F¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ At±-l-
¯n\p Ign-ªp. \mSIw kaq-l-¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§-sfbpw
{]iv\-§-sfbpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-W-sa¶ \nÀ_Ôw At±-l-
¯nsâ \mS-I-§-fnÂ ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. "Cu P\-X¡v
aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw `mj-bp-ta-bp-Åq. a\p-jysâ {]mXn-\n-[y-
a-Ã, ChnsS th−Xv a\p-jy-\p-th−n a\p-jy-\mÂ D−m-¡-
s¸« a\p-jy-cpsS `c-W-Iq-S-amWv' F¶-XmWv At±-l-¯nsâ
IYm-]m{Xw ]dbp¶ cmjv{Sobw Cu \m«nse cmjv{So-b-
]mÀ«nIÄ cmhp ]Iepw hnfn-¨p-Iqhn hnj-ambn XoÀ¶ Hcp
hymtam-l-ap-−v. tkmjy-enkw! B hnjw Ign-¨-hÀ acn-¨p.
F¶n«pwtKm]n F¶ hni-¸p-am{Xw acn-¨nÃ F¶Xv krjvSn-
bnse IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ kw`m-jWw am{X-aÃ sI.-Sn.-bpsS
kmaq-ly-t_m[w IqSn-bm-Wv.
]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf ae-bm-f-\m-SIw btYjvSw Bhn-jv¡-
cn-¨n-«p-−v. cmam-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw aäpw \½psS Ac-§p-

Isf AÀ°-k-¼p-jvS-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. F¶mÂ Ah-sbÃmw
auenI IrXn-I-fpsS cwLm-`n-\-b-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p ImWmw.
]n¶o-Sp-h¶ \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv ]pcm-W-§Ä¡v ]pXnb
hymJym-\-§Ä Na-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. `b-`-àn-tbmsS t\m¡n-s¡m-−n-
cn-¡p¶ ]pcmW IYm-]m-{X-§sf AÔ-amb bmYmÀ°y-§-fn-
te¡pw kwLÀj§-fn-te¡pw IS-¶p-sN-Ãp¶ Bhn-jvIm-c-
§Ä ae-bmf \mS-I-tem-I-¯p-−m-bn. C¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-h-bnÂ
hfsc {][m-\-amWv kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cpsS cmam-bW
\mS-I-§Ä. cmh-W-s\bpw cma-t\bpw koX-tb-bp-saÃmw a\p-
jym-h-Ø-bn-te-¡p-sIm-−p-h¶v Ah-cpsS ]£-¯p\n ¶pw
t\m¡n-¡m-Wp¶ \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv. cmh-W³ koXsb A]-l-
cn¨ Im«m-f-\m-bmWv P\-a-\-ÊnÂ Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
kaq-l-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-§sf t\m¡msX kz´w CjvS-§sf
am{Xw [ym\n¨v Pohn-¡p¶ cm£-k³. kn. F¶nsâ cmam-b-
W-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ CXv ASn-apSn amdn-a-dn-bp-¶p.
kn.-F³. e¦m-e-£van-bnÂ cmh-Ws\ kuµ-cym-cm-[-I-
\mbpw Ihn-bmbpw {]W-bn-bmbpw cmP-Xm-ev]-cy-§-sfbpw
_Ôp-Kp-cp-P-\-§-sfbpw am\n-¡p-¶-h-\mbpw krjvSn-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶p. Cu ]pXnb hymJym\w ]pcmW IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS B´-
cn-I-Xsb shfn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ Cu
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä a\pjym-h-Ø-bpsS ]pXnb hymJym-\-§-fmbn
amdp-¶p.
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn þ ]pXn-b-h-gn-IÄ cq]-in-ev]-§Ä
Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³.
{ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-
I-¯nse ‘b£-Km-\hpw’ _wKm-fnse ‘Pm{X’bpw tIc-f-¯nse
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-fm-Wv. kn.-
F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967 Â ‘Ien’ F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-b-
tXm-sS-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-SIw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]-¯n-
se-¯n-b-Xv. {]mNo-\-`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw
\mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS ssNX-\yhpw emfn-Xyhpw
Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡p-I-
bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯n-Â. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-
bpÅ At\z-jWw Cu \SIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-
fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cy-k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ

Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-sIm−v X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-
]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. Imhm-e-¯nsâ ‘Ah-\-h³ IS¼’bpw Pn. i¦-
c-¸n-Å-bpsS ‘Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn’bpw X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-
bnÂ C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D¯-a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv.
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ
]co-£n-¡m³ X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw
\nb-X-hp-amb inev]w,-]n-cn-ap-dp¡w F¶o ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-k-t¦-
X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-hr-¯-¯nÂ Abhv
kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä kzoI-cn¨
{][m\ hyXym-kw. KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨ \r¯-Ko-X-hm-Zy-
§sf kzoI-cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-
X. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ t{]£-Isâ ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
X\-Xp-\m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967 Â imkvXmw-tIm-«-bnse H¶m-
as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cmWv X\-Xp-
\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. At±lw C{]-Im-c-
sa-gpXn “]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw A\p-I-
cn¨p kabw ]mgm-¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶p Xnd-bp-
sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Xn-jvT-t\-Snb \mSy-im-
kv{X-k-t¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶p Huj-[-ho-cyhpw
HmPÊpw DÄs¡m-−mÂ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn Zo\-¸m-bnÂ
\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw”.
Akw-_-Ô-\mSIw
Akw-_-Ô-\m-SI(Absurb plays)¯n\v B[m-c-amb
ZÀi\w AkvXn-Xz-hm-Z-am-Wv. \mS-I-¯nÂ {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-
¨p-t]m-cp¶ CXn-hr¯ ZmÀVyw, ]m{X-kr-jvSn, kwLÀjw
XpS-§nb LS-I-§sf \ntj-[n-¨p-sIm-−mWv Akw-_-Ô-\m-
SIw {it²-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ImWn-Isf A¼-c-¸n-¡p-I, hnt£m`w
P\n-¸n-¡p-I, kwi-b-§Ä krjvSn-¡pI F¶n-h-sbÃmw Akw-
_-Ô-\m-S-I-¯nsâ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-¡m-c-\mb
kmap-hÂ s_¡-äv, {^©p-Im-c-\mb bqPn³ Ab-s\-kvt¡m-hv,
BÀXÀ AU-tam-hv, jo³sjs\ XpS-§nb \mS-I-{]-Xn-`-I-fmWv
Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä. bpàn-]-c-amb Imcy-
§Ä bpàn-c-ln-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm−v C¯cw
\mS-I-§-fnÂ kpL-Sn-X-amb IYtbm IYm-]m-{X-§tfm D−m-
hm-dn-Ã. [z\ym-ß-I-X-bmWv Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-¯nsâ asämcp
{]tXy-I-X. kmap-hÂ s_¡-änsâ tKmtZm-sb-¡m-¯v, Ah-km-

\-I-fn, bpPo³ Asb-s\-kvt¡m-hnsâ Aao-Zn-\n, dbn-s\m-k-
dkv (I-m−m-ar-Kw), Itk-c-IÄ, BÂ_n-bpsS arK-im-e-¡Y
Ch-bmWv Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse hniz-\m-S-I-§Ä. ae-bm-f-
¯nÂ Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS aWÂ¯-cn, c£m-]p-cp-j³, F³.-
F³. ]nÅ-bpsS Bacw F¶nh Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
kmap-hÂ s_¡äpw Ab-s\-kvt¡mbpw Cw¥-−nÂ
]nâdpw BÂ_nbpw t{]£-Is\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨Xv ]e-t¸mgpw
bmYmÀ°y-ambn ImWp¶, kzm`m-hn-I-ambn tXm¶p¶ ]e
Imcy-§fpw ASn-Øm-\-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nÂ A{X kzm`m-hn-I-a-Ã.
Ah Akw-_-Ô-amWv F¶ Imcy-am-Wv.
Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]Ým-¯ew Ncn{Xw
temI-{]-ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmb C_vk\pw
s_ÀWm-Uvjmbpw sNt¡mhpw Ah-cpsS \mS-I-§-fnÂ dnb-en-
k-¯nsâ ]e Xe-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v. Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-
§sf A¸msS ]IÀ¯p-I-bÃ dnb-enkw F¦nepw \mS-I-
¯nse kw`-h-§Ä¡pw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡pw Pohn-X-¯nsâ
thcp-−m-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶mWv AXÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu \mS-I-
Ir-¯p-¡Ä CXnÂ {i²bpw hnizm-khpw AÀ¸n-¨n-cn-¶p.
tÌPn-teXv PohnXw Xs¶-bmWv F¶ [mc-W-bp-−m-¡m³
Cu \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä {ian-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ B[p-\nI {]h-
W-X-bnse \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä e£y-am-¡p-¶Xv AX-Ã.
c−mwtemI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e¯v BÂ_À«v Imap ‘an¯v

Hm^v knkn-^kv’ Fgp-Xn. AkvXn-Xz-hm-Z-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-
IÄ At_m-[-]qÀÆtam AÃm-sXtbm Ihn-Ifpw \mS-I-Ir-¯p-
¡fpw Gsä-Sp-¯p. 1950þ1960 IfnÂ Akw-_Ô {]Øm-\-¯n\v
{]mapJyw e`n-¨p. A_vtkUv F¶-Xn-\À°w s]mcp-¯-an-
Ãmbva F¶m-Wv. Pohn-X-¯n\v e£y-anÃ F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nÂ
\n¶p-f-hm-Ip-¶-XmWv Cu s]mcp-¯-an-Ãm-bva. Pohn-X-¯nÂ
{]bm-k-§Ä t\cn-Sp-t¼mÄ AXn-\À°w Ipd-hm-sW¶v
s]mXpth a\p-jyÀ¡v tXm¶m-dp-ap-−v. Cu Nn´-IÄ¡v
kmÀ{Xv, Imap apX-emb AkvXn-Xz-Nn-´-I-cpsS cN-\-IÄaqew
Hcp ZmÀi-\nI ]cn-thjw e`n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. CXn-eqsS
hyÀ°-Xm-t_m-[-¯n\v XXzm-Nn-´m-]-c-amb ]cn-thjw e`n-¨p.
Cu Ah-Øsb \mw ZmÀi-\n-I-hyY F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv.

Pohn-X-¯n\v AÀ°-an-sÃ¶v a\-Ên-em-Ip-t¼mÄ a\p-jy\v
hyYbpw òXnbpw tXm¶mw. AsXmcp ZmÀi-\n-I-hy-Y-bm-bn«v
B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ cq]w {]m]n-¨p. CXv \mS-I-¯n-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
t¼m-gmWv B \mS-Is¯ Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-sa¶p hnfn-¨Xv.
C¯cw \mS-I§fnse {]ta-b-sa-s´¶v tNmZn-¨mÂ ]d-bm³
{]bm-k-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hnhn[ Xe-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm−v Cu {]ta-
bs¯ hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw. CXn\v kpL-Sn-X-amb Hcn-
Xn-hr-¯-an-Ã. CXn-hr-¯-¯nsâ inev]-`-{Z-X-bnÂ C¯cw \mS-
I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä¡v hnizm-k-an-Ã. hyàn¡v Ønc-ambn Hcp ZrV-
kz-`m-h-L-S-\-bn-sÃ¶v Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä hniz-kn-
¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm−v IYm-]m{X Nn{Xo-I-c-W-¯nÂ C¯cw
\mS-I-§Ä Xmev]cyw ]peÀ¯m-dn-Ã. km[m-cW \mS-I-§-
fnÂ ImWp¶ hyàn-Xz-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-
I-§-fnÂ ImWm-dn-Ã. \mSIw kaq-l-¯nsâ I®m-Sn-bm-hWw
F¶ \nÀ_-Ô-an-Ã. kaq-l-Po-hn-X-¯nse \nc-ć kwLÀj-
§Ä C¯cw \mS-I-§-fnÂ {]k-à-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. temI-{]-i-kvX-
cmb ]e \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fp-sSbpw {]Xn` \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-«Xv
Ah-cpsS IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Akw-
_-Ô-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ kw`m-j-W-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw ]c-kv]c hncp-
²-am-bn-cn-¡pw. tNmZn-¡p¶sXm¶v D¯cw asäm¶v F¶ \ne-
bn-em-bn-cn¡pw ]e-t¸mgpw AXv. CsXÃmw ImWn-¡p-¶Xv
\mSIw bYmÀ° Pohn-X-¯nsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-a-sÃ-¶m-Wv.
`c-X-hmIyw
Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
]co£W \mS-I-¯nsâ hàm-hmb Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ
anI¨ \mS-I-Ir¯pw kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. \mSI¡fcn
{]Øm\w ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v apt¶m«p t]mIm-\pÅ
DuÀPw \ÂInb {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Øm]-I-\m-bn-
cp¶p Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å. 1960 IfnÂ ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]cn-
jv¡-c-W-§Ä¡mbn \nc-h[n NÀ¨-Ifpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw If-cn-
Ifpw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. 1977-þÂ tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS
IognÂ kvIqÄ Hm^v {Uma Øm]n-¨p. AXnsâ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-
cp-¶p. 1930 Â Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw PnÃ-bnse Nnd-bn³Iogv Xmeq-
¡nÂ P\n¨ At±lw 1989 se ]pXp-h-Õ-c-Zn-\-¯nÂ A´-cn-
¨p. "ae-bmf \mSI kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' F¶ At±-l-¯nsâ
{KÙw ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v anI¨ kw`-h-\-bm-Wv. ]pjv]-In-
co-Sw, \n[nbpw \oXnbpw, Kpcp-Z-£n-W, Nn{X-i-e-`-§Ä XpS§n

Hcp-]mSv \mS-I-§Ä Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th-−n Fgp-Xn. tI{µ- kw-KoX
\mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \Ã \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv, tIcf
kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \Ã \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv
XpS§n Ht«sd ]pc-kv¡m-c-§Ä At±-l-¯n\p e`n-¨p.
i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS \mS-I-§-fnÂ "`c-X-hmIyw'F¶ \mS-I-
amWv X\n-t¡-ähpw CjvS-s¸-«-sX¶v At±-l-¯nsâ Kpcp-hmb
F³.-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. `c-X-hmIyw I− \ncq-]-
I³ s{]m^-kÀ sI.-Fw.-X-c-I³ DSs\ AXv Cw¥o-jn-te¡v
XÀPa sNbvXp. \mSIw I− \nc-h[n {]ikvX hyàn-IÄ
B \mS-Is¯ Ie-h-d-bn-ÃmsX {]iw-kn-¨p. \mS-Is¯ Kuc-h-
ambn¡mWp¶ \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä `c-X-hmIyw Ct¸mgpw cwK-
¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. `c-X-hm-Iy-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-
§Ä¡v t]cnÃ F¶Xv Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. \S³, an{Xw,
\Sn, cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¶o IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯n-
ep-Å-Xv. an{Xw \mS-I-I-¼\n amt\-P-cmbpw tUmIvS-dm-bp-saÃmw
]IÀ¶m«w \S-¯p-¶p-−v. cwK kÖo-I-c-W-§Ä¡v BÀ`mSw
\ÂIm-sX-bmWv Cu \mSIw i¦-c-¸nÅ cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. ]e
kwhn-[m-b-Icpw X§Ä¡v tNcp¶ hn[-¯nÂ cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-
¨n-«p-−v.
A¦w H¶v
\Ssâ apdn-bn-emWv \mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImgvN
\jvS-amb \Ss\ \mSI I¼-\n-bnÂ \n¶v ]ncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p. am\-
kn-I-ambn henb {]bmkw t\cn« AbmÄ apdn-bnÂ h¶v
sskzcy-am-bn-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsS an{Xw Abm-tfmSv
kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-eqsS \Ssâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ kw`-hn¨ Zpc-
´-§fpw B Zpc-´-§-fn-eqsS \S³ F§s\ Cu Ah-Ø-bn-
se-¯n-sb¶pw Cu A¦¯n-eqsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p. ImgvN
\jvS-amb Imcys¯ ]cm-aÀin-¨p-sIm−v an{Xw kwkm-cn-¡p-
t¼mÄ \S³ Akz-Ø-\m-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v an{Xw \Ssâ _mey-
Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hoSn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A½-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw
]d-bp-¶p. \S³ B HmÀ½-I-fnÂ XS-ªp-\n¶v A½ acn-¨n«v
ih-Zm-l-¯n-\p-t]mepw t]mIm-¯Xv HmÀ¡p-¶p. A½-bpsS
NnÃn« Nn{Xw ImgvN-]qÀ®-ambn ad-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v AbmÄ
ImWp-¶p. ac-W-k-a-b¯pw B A½ Xsâ aIs\ At\z-
jn¨psIm-−n-cp-¶Xv an{Xw \Ss\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
an{Xw \mSII¼\n amt\-P-cmbn thjw amdp-t¼mÄ

AhnsS \Sn {]th-in¨v \Ss\ At\z-jn-¡p-Ibpw Abmsf
CjvS-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \S³ AXv XÅn-¡-f-bp-
¶p. an{Xw Abmsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. \S³ sseä-W¨v Dd-
¡-¯n-te¡v t]mIp-¶p. an{Xw Hcp sIm¨p-Ip-ªn-s\-sb-¶-
t]mse ]pX-¸n-¡p-¶p.
B Ccp-«nÂ AhÀ kwkmcw XpS-cp-¶p. GI ktlm-Z-
cn¡v Hcp Hm¸-td-j³ th−n-h-¶Xpw B ka-b¯v tUmIvSÀ
Agn¨p sImSp¯ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ame-bp-ambn \o IS-¶p-I-f-
ªntÃ F¶v an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `À¯mhv ASp-¯n-
Ãm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw klm-bn-t¡− D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-−m-bn«pw B
ka-b¯v \o H¶pw sNbvXn-Ã. ac-W-¯n\pw Pohn-X-¯n\pw
CS-bn-epÅ kwLÀj-k-a-b¯v ktlm-Z-cnsb Dt]-£n¨v
t]m¶-h-\mWv \o F¶v ]dªv an{Xw \Ss\ kwLÀj-¯n-em-
¡p-¶p. \S³ AtXmsS Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]m]-t_m-[-¯n-
te¡v sN¶p-ho-gp-¶p. an{Xw ho−pw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¨p-
sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. an{Xw ktlm-Zcn `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶p. ame-
bp-ambn ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ho«nÂ sN¶v am¸p ]d-bm³ \S³
{ian-¡p-¶p. AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xmbn cwK-¯-v \n¶v a\-Ên-
em-¡mw.
an{Xw A{]-Xy-£-\m-Ip¶ ka-b¯v \S³ Ipcp-
t£{X¯nse IYm-]p-cp-j-\mb Zptcym-[-\-\mbn amdp-¶p. \Sn
]m©m-en-bmbpw KmÔm-cn-bmbpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. \S-t\mSv
bp²-¯n-tâbpw ac-W-¯n-tâbpw Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v {Ip²-bm-
Ip-¶p. hoc-kzÀ¤s¯ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. \S³ KmÔm-cnsb
\mSI \Sn-bmbn sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶p. \Sn-bp-ambn Ub-temKv
sXän-s¨¶ {]iv\-ap-−m-Ip-¶p. \S\pw \Snbpw hg-¡n-Sp-¶p.
kpaXn F¶ B \Sn acn¨pt]mb-Xmbn sSe{Kmw e`n-¡p-¶p.
Aev]w ap¼p hsc kpa-Xn-bpsS t]cp a{ń¨p sIm−n-cp¶
\S³ XfÀ¶p-ho-gp-¶p. B cwKw \nco-£n¨p sIm−n-cp¶
cm{Xn-©-c-·m-cn-sem-cp-h³ kt´m-j-t¯msS AhnsS \n¶v
t]mIp-¶p. \S³ "kpaXn', "shfn¨w' F¶n-§s\ a{ń-¡p-¶p.
Abm-fmsI XfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. an{Xw I®m-Sn-bnÂ Nmcn-\n¶v
Hcp knK-cäv I¯n-¡p-¶-tXmsS A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
A¦w c−v
sXcp-hn-\-Sp¯v \Ssâ apdn. ]IÂ ka-bw. Xsâ ]I-ep-
IÄ XoÀ¶p F¶v \S³ thZ-\n-¡p-¶p. ImgvN-\jvSw Abmsf

Xo{h-th-Z-\-bn-em-¡p-¶p. kpa-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-IÄ
Abmsf th«-bm-Sp-¶p-−v. HmÀ½-I-fnÂ AbÂ¡m-cn-bmb B
ImapIn \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv. DXv¡-S-ambn kvt\ln-¨n-cp-
s¶-¦nepw AXp Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Xs¶ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã F¶
kXyhpw \S\v a\Ên-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw Imap-Insb ImWm³
`À¯m-hnsâ ho«n-te¡v \S³ IS¶p sNÃp-¶p. Imap-In¡v
Ip«n-I-fm-bn-«p-−mhpw F¶p IcpXn B Ip«n-IÄ¡v Ifn-¸m-«-
§Ä hm§n-bmWv AbmÄ t]mb-Xv. Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-t¼mÄ
AhÀ¡v Ip«n-I-fn-Ã. AhÀ AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ hnc-à-cm-bn-cn-
¡p-I-bm-Wv.Cu ka-b¯v cwK¯v Imap-In-bpsS `À¯m-hmbn
amdp-¶Xv \S³ Xs¶-bm-Wv.\Sn-bmWv Imap-In-bm-hp-¶-Xv. Xsâ
Imap-Insb AbmÄ Bcm-[-\-tbmsS AXy-[nIw kvt\ln-¨p.
H¶p sXmSm³ t]mepw Bcm-[\ A[n-I-cn-¨-Xp-sIm−v
AbmÄ¡v km[n-¨n-Ã. an{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv \S-\mÂ _em-Xv¡mcw
sN¿-s¸-Sm³ ImapIn B{K-ln-¨n-cn¡mw F¶m-Wv. AXnsâ
XpSÀ¨-bmbn \S³ kpa-Xnsb Bcm-[-\-tbmsS t\m¡n ImWp-
Ibpw an{Xw kpa-Xnsb _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
\Ssâ Bß-amWv an{Xw. Cu Bßw \S-\nÂ BZÀi hyàn-
Xz-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw AtX kabw Abm-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶
\oN hyànXzw kpa-Xnsb _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶p F¶v hymJym-\n-¡mw. kpaXn F¶ ImapIn \S-
t\mSv \n§Ä AÔ-\m-Wv. i¸³ F¶v ]dªv B«n-¸p-d-¯m-
¡p-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS im]-amWv X\n¡p h¶p-tNÀ¶ AÔ-
Xbv¡v Imc-W-sa¶v \S³ Icp-Xp-¶p. ChnsS ]cn-ip-²-{]-W-b-
¯nsâ kwLÀj-§fpw {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ
bmYmÀ°y-§fpw Gäp-ap-«p-¶Xp ImWmw. \S³ I¿nÂ In«nb
hkvXp-sIm−v Bsª-dn-bp-¶Xv Xsâ an{X-s¯-bm-sW-¦nepw
cwKw Ccp-fp-t¼mÄ 'lm'F¶ tcmZ\w \S-\nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-s¸-
Sp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p. an{X-¯nsâ Dd-s¡-bpÅ Nncn-tbmsS
c−m-a¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
A¦w aq¶v
Ignª cwK-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn Cu cwK-¯nÂ Xe-
bnÂ _m³tUPp sI«n Hcp ]pX¸pw ]pX¨v Itk-c-bn-en-cn-
¡p¶ \S³. ]n¶nÂ an{Xw. cm{Xn, cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¯n-bn-«n-
Ã. ImgvN\jvS-¯nÂ {]bm-k-s¸-Sp¶ \S³ kpa-Xnsb¡pdn¨v
an{X-t¯mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ \n\-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v
an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-
¨v, AXnsâ bmYmÀ°y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v an{Xw \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.

\Sn \S-t\mSv ho−pw ho−pw Xsâ AKm[ {]Wbw
Xpd¶p ]d-bp-Ibpw Fhn-sS-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xs¶ Iq«n-s¡m−p
t]mI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. GXp Xobn-te-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xm³
hcm-sa¶pw AhÄ \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ \S³ Cu
temI-t¯¡v Xm³ GI-\m-bmWv h¶-sX¶pw GI-\mbv Xs¶
t]mIm³ B{K-ln-¡p¶p F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. an{Xw kw`m-j-W-
¯n-\n-S-bnÂ cq]w amdn \Ssâ A½m-h-\mbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p.
A½m-h³ \mS-I-¯nsâ temIw Dt]-£n¨v hcm\pw a\p-jy-
\mbn I¨-hSw sNbvXv Pohn-¡m\pw \Ss\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p.
]gb Imcy-§Ä ]dªv AhÀ ]c-kv]cw \oc-k-¯n-em-Ip-¶p.
F¦nepw A½m-h³ IqsS hcm-sa-¦nÂ aI-sftbm asämcp
s]¬¡p-«n-tbtbm hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-¡m-sa¶pw I¨-
hSw XpS-§m-\pÅ ]Ww \ÂIm-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ F´p
k¼m-Zn¨p F¶pÅ tNmZy-¯n\v Xsâ \mS-I-{`m-´p-
Xs¶bmWv Xsâ k¼m-Zy-sa¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
an{Xw \Ss\ apt¶m«p \bn-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ \nc-ćw
Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-s−-¦nepw AhÀ X½nÂ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-
ap-s−-¦nepw [À½-]p-{XÀ bm{X sNbvX alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-
te¡v an{Xw \Ss\ \bn-¡p-¶p. Db-c-§-fn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ
XWp¸v kln-¡m-\m-hmsX ]pX¸p ]pX¨v AbmÄ an{X-¯nsâ
tXmfnÂ Nmbp-¶p. e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯nb \S\v Ahn-Sps¯
shÅn shfn¨w kln-¡m-\m-hmsX I®p-IÄ Cdp-¡n-b-S-t¡-
−n-h-cp-¶p. an{Xw AbmÄ¡v ImgvN-IÄ hnh-cn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p.
B ka-b¯v an{X-¯nsâ `mhw ss]im-Nn-I-ambn Xocp-¶p-−v.
alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bnÂ \S³ an{X-¯nsâ D]-
tZ-i-{]-Imcw Xsâ _Ô-§-sfbpw ]m]-§-sfbpw Dt]-£n-¡p-
¶p. Xms\-Sp¯ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ame \Sn¡p sImSp-¡p-t¼mÄ
]m]-¯nsâ Id-bpÅ ame X\n¡p ths−¶v AhÄ Xpd¶p
]d-bp-¶p. \Ssâ ]m]w Gsä-Sp-¡m³ an{Xtam Imap-Intbm
X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. an{X-am-sW-¦nÂ e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯p-t¼mÄ
ss]im-Nn-I-X-bn-te¡v amdp-¶p. \S³ B `mh-amäw I−v
sR«p-¶p.
FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw Hä-s¸« \S³ an{Xs¯ ]pd-¯m-
¡p-¶p. an{Xw sImSp-¡p¶ Xm¡o-Xp-Isf AbmÄ XÅn-¡-f-
bp-¶p. sXcp-hn-eqsS \S-¡p¶ an{Xw C\nbpw hcp-sa¶v FÃm-
h-tcm-Sp-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ Ah-kcw apX-se-
Sp¯v \Ss\ A]-I-S-¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw
Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

Ah-\-h³ IS¼
Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À
X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]Nm-c-I-
cnepw {]ap-J-\mWv Imhm-ew. hniz-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb-¡p-dn¨v
IrXy-amb ]cn-Úm\w At±-l-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Imhy-\m-S-
I-§Ä \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v ssien-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v hnPbw
ssIh-cn-¡m³ Imhm-e-¯n\v km[n-¨p. ssZh-¯mÀ, Xncp-hm-gn-
¯m³, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, km£n XpS-§n-bh \mS-I-§Ä. \mS-I-
N-{I-sa¶ \mS-I-¯n\v 1975-þÂ tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan
AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. Pohn-X-Imew 1928-þ2016.
X\-Xmb Hcp \mS-I-th-Zn-tbbpw AXnsâ km[y-X-I-
tfbpw Ipdn-¨pÅ At\z-j-Ws¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶
ià-amb \mS-I-amWv Ah-\-h³ IS-¼. A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw
BNm-c-§fpw \mtSmSn Zriy-§fpw DÄsIm−v {Inbmw-is¯
hnI-kn-¸n¨v Zriymw-i-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn cNn¨ {it²-b-
amb \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv.B[p-\nI ae-bmf\mS-I-th-Zn¡v {it²-b-
amb hgn-¯n-cnhv krjvSn¨ \mS-I-sa¶v \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-
s¸« \mSIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
{Inbmw-i-¯n-epw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯n-epw,
s]mXpth cN-\m-in-ev]-¯nÂ BsI IqSnbpw Hcp \mS-I-
¯nsâ ka-{KX Ah-\-h³ IS-¼bv¡v ssIh-¶n-«p-s−¶v Cu
\mS-I-¯nsâ NÀ¨-bnÂ sI.-Fkv \mcm-b-W-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu \mS-I-¯nse _oP-{]-tabw Ah-\-h³
IS¼ F¶-Xp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. B IS¼ IS-¡m-\pÅ sshj-ayw,
B sshj\yw HSp-hnÂ XcWw sN¿p¶ coXn Cu c−p L«-
§-fmbn _oP-{]-ta-bs¯ kw`h ]c-¼-c-I-fn-eq-sS-b-sÃ-¦n-epw,
kq£va-amb Hcn-Xn-hr-¯-tc-J-bn-eqsS {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¨p-«p-s−¶v
F\n¡p tXm¶n'' F¶v A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ þ 5
B«-¸-−m-c-§-Ä þ 5
Fc-«-¡-®³]¡n
Nn¯n-c-s¸®v
hSn-th-e-h³

tZi-¯p-S-tbm³
klmbn
cwKw H¶v
]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ cwK¯v {]Xy-£-s¸«v B«-¸-−m-c-§sf
Iq¡n hnfn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ X½nÂ Ifn-bm-¡epw t]mÀhn-fnbpw
\S-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw ]c-kv]cw Xmfw sIm«n sImSp-¡p-Ibpw
BSn-¯n-anÀ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä hme-Sn-¡m-
hn-te-¡pÅ hgn tNmZn-¡p-Ibpw ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ AXv ]d-ªp-
sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä I«pw
tamjvSn¨pw Imew Ign-¡p-¶-h-cm-sW¶v ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ Btcm-
]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ ""am\w acym-Zbv¡p
]n¨-¨«nw \o«n-s¯-−m-s\-d-§-tÃSm sNä-Isf' F¶v B«-¸-
−m-c-§sf Bt£-]n-¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-¯n\v t]mIp-¶Xv I−-
hsâ ]−w tamjvSn-¡m-\mWv F¶pw ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ ]d-bp-
¶p. DÕ-h-¯n\p t]mI-W-sa-¦nÂ IS¼ IS-t¡-−n-h-cp-sa¶v
Ahn-sS-bpÅ Hcp then Nq−n-¡m«n ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ B«-¸-−m-
c-§-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B IS-¼-bm-sW-¦nÂ Bcpw ImÂa-
dnªp hoWp-t]m-Ip-¶-XmWv GXp tIatâw G¸n-f¡n hnSp-¶-
Xm-Wv. F{X Du¡nÂ Imep-h-¨mepw X«n-bn-Sp-¶-XmWv Ah-\-
h³ IS-¼.
XpSÀ¶v AhÀ Hcp ih-¯nsâ Imcyw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p.
AXv Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ih-§-fp-sS-XmtWm AtXm N¯p-t]mb
ih-§-fp-sS-XmtWm F¶v AhÀ kwi-bn-¡p-¶p. Xe-bn-Ãm¯
ihw B \m«nse aqÀJ-\mb h«n-¸-W-¡m-c-tâ-Xm-sW-¶-hÀ ]d-
bp-¶p. Abmsf sIm¶Xv Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n-bm-sW¶pw
BÀ¡pw ]t£ Bcp-sSbpw Poh-s\-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-an-
sÃ¶pw ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. AhnsS Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n
{]Xy-£-s¸«v ]m«p-]-cnj \mem-a-t\mSv \o t]Sn-t¡− N¯Xp
IoN-I-s\-¦nÂ sIm¶Xv Cu Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n BsW¶pw
Bcp-h-¶mepw Rm³ Ipä-ta-täm-f-am-sa-¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ tam³ hSn-th-e-h-
s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj AXn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn
""At¿m Rm\-dnbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm-s\-t¸mse Xs¶ \Ã-h³
[À½n-jvT³'' F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. Ahs\ X«-W-sa¶v ]¡n ]d-bp-
¶p. Xsâ ]p¶m-c-tamtf Ah³ he-ho-in-sb-¶-XmWv Imc-Ww.
Xm\pw Nn¯n-c-s¸-®ns\ hnhmlw Ign-¡-W-sa¶v B{K-ln-¨n-

«p-s−¶v ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ]¡n Abmsf òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj hSn-th-e-hs\ sImÃm-sa¶v k½-Xn-¡p-
¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbms\ X\n¡p tNÀ¶-h-\mbn¡−v ]¡n
sImÃm³ t\m«-an-«p-h-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-
j-tbmSv ]¡n X\n¡p injy-s¸-«-W-sa¶vBhiys¸Sp-¶p.
cwKw c−v
]m«p-]-cn-jbpw Nn¯n-c-s¸®pw {]Xy-£-s¸«v kwkm-cn-
¡p-¶p. AhÄ \r¯w sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ càw ]pc−
""tNmc-¸q-¦¯n'' I−v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v sR«p-¶p. ]¼-bm-änÂ
acn-s¨m-gp-Inb h«n-¸-W-¡m-csâ tNmc-bm-W-sX¶pw t]Sn-¡m-\n-
sÃ¶pw ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. BcpsS tNmc-bm-bmepw X\n-
s¡m-¶p-t]m-se-bm-sW¶v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]c - nj
Nn¯n-c-s¸-®n-t\mSv {]W-b-]-c-h-i-\m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xm³ tZi-¯p-
S-tbmsâ aI³ hSn-th-e-hs\ {]W-bn-¡p¶ Imcyw Nn¯n-c-
s¸®v Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. hSn-th-e-hs\ a{´-¯mÂ ]m«p-]c - nj
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. hSn-th-e-h³ ]t£ ]m«p-]-cn-j-bpsS
\nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. Nn¯n-c-s¸®v hSn-th-e-h-\p-ambn HmSn
c£-s¸-Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj a{´-¯mÂ hSn-th-e-
hs\ ]nSn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw h[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. B
]p¦¯n ]nSn-¨p-hm§n AhÄ Poh-s\m-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ
hSn-th-e-hs\ Pohn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. Poh³
e`n¨ hSn-th-e³ ""sIme-bmfn aIsf'' F\n-¡n-jvS-aÃ F¶p-]-
d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-j-bpsS ajn-bnÂ \nsâ a\Êp Ie-§ntbm
F¶v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj ssI DbÀ¯n
a{´w sNmÃp-¶-tXmsS hSn-th-e-h³ acn-¨p-ho-gp-¶p. Nn¯n-c-
s¸®v Abm-fpsS s\©nÂ hoWp-I-c-bp-¶p. AhÄ òI-c-amb
apJ-`m-h-t¯msS Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp¯v NSp-e-ambn ]mªp-t]m-Ip-
¶p.
cwKw aq¶v
tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ Fgp-¶-Å-¯ns\ `b¶v B«-¸-−m-c-
§fpw ]m«n-]-cn-j-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw kwi-b-§Ä XoÀ¡p-¶p.
t]Sn-sb-ń-\m-sW¶pw t]Sn h¶m-emWv Ipg-¸-sa¶pw Fc-«-¡-
®³ ]¡n Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B«-¸-−m-c-§Äs¡-Ãmw
th−n tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ ImenÂ sXm«p-sXm-gp-¶p. Ah-\-h³
IS-¼-bv¡Â R§Ä hogpw, AÃ AXn-¸-gmcm hogm-¯Xv F¶v
B«-¸-−mcw ]d-bp-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]q¦¯n ]cn-tim-[n-

¡p-¶p. Imcyw A{X-taÂ Kuc-h-ap-Å-Xm-b-Xp-sIm-−mWv \mw
t\cnÂ t]mcmw F¶p-d-¨Xv F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. Xmfhpw B«hpw
C«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ ]m«p-]-cn-j-I-tfbpw B«-¸-−m-c-§-tfbpw
tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Ahn-sS-\n¶v ]d-ª-b-¡p-¶p. B«hpw
tafhpw th−n-h-¶mÂ Ahsc hnfn-¡m-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡nbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm\pw ]c-kv]cw
Adn-bp-¶-h-cm-sW¶ Xmev]-cy-¯nÂ AhÀ ]c-kv]cw BSn-
¯n-anÀ¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ B«-]-−m-c-t¯bpw ]m«p-]-cn-j-
tbbpw tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ ]d-ª-sXÃmw tZi-¯p-S-
tbmsâ klmbn Ipdn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. tNmZyw sN¿-enÂ ]m«p-]-
cnj Xm³ ""I«n-¡m-c-¸-bÂ, h«n-¸-W-Im-c³, \m«nte aqÀJsâ
]¨-Èhw''F§s\ CXp Rm³ Xs¶ ]d-bpw F¶p tNmZn-¡p-
¶p. Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n B t\cw ]m«p-]-cn-jsb XÅn-am-än-bn«v
Xm³ Ipä-ta-sä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xmbn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. Ipä-am-cp-sN-
bvXmepw in£-bp-s−¶v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]¡n-tbmSp ]d-bp-
¶p. h«n-¸-W-¡m-c³ Ct¸mgpw Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn tZi-¯p-S-
tbm\v tXm¶p-¶p. ""X\n-¡n-t¸mÄ ac-W-¡-gp-Isâ apJ-Ñm-b-bp-
−v. Xsâ ]q¦-¯n¡v ac-W-¡-gp-Isâ \J-h-Sn-hp-−v. Xsâ
izmk-¯nÂ ih-KÔw hln-¡p¶p''F¶v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Fc-
«-¡-®³ ]¡n-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. ]¡n Ipä-taäp ]d-bp-¶p.
F¶mÂ h«n-¸-W-¡m-csâ ih-a-Ã. Hcp t{]a-I-Y-bnÂ kz]v\w
Is−m-gp-Inb \nc-]-cm-[n-bpsS tNmc-bmWp \nsâ ]p¦-¯n-
bnÂ ]pc-−-sX¶v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]d-bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v
Nn¯n-c-s¸-®-hn-tS¡p hcp-¶p. Fsâ ]cmXn tIÄ¡m³ Chn-
Sm-cp-antÃ F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ FÃmw Xpd-¶p-
t_m-[n-¸n¨p sImÅm³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Cu tNmc-¡-¯n-bmÂ
Dbn-sc-Sp¯ Xsâ hSn-th-e-hs\ Xncn-¨p-X-c-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-
s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÄ tZi-s¯-bmsI i]n-¡m³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ
tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Ahsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw im]-
taÂ¡msX t\m¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n¡v
tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ac-W-in£ hn[n-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ sImt¶mfq
F¶p-]-dªv Igp-¯p-\o-«nb ]¡n s]s«¶v X\n¡v Hcp
tNmZyw tNmZn-¡m-\p-s−¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Xs¶ in£n-¡m³ DS-
tbm-s\-´-h-Imiw F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. F\nt¡ Ah-Im-i-
apÅp F¶p DS-tbm³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]¡n-bpsS Ah-km-\s¯
B{K-l-amb DÕhw IqSm³ Ah-sc-Ãm-hcpw IqSn t]mIm³
X¿m-dm-hp-¶p. Nn¯n-csb AbmÄ DÕ-h-¯n\v t]mIm³
£Wn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ \r¯w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ acn-¨p-t]mb
hSn-th-e-h³ apJwaqSn amän AhnsS {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Nn¯nc Abm-sf-¯s¶ t\m¡n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä
\r¯w sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ DÕhw ImWm³ ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xmfw
apdp-Ip-¶p. AhÀ Ah-\-h\nse "IS-¼-IÄ' adn-I-S¶v H¶mbv
amdn Htc Xmf-¯nÂ apt¶-dp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-
¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. X\-Xp-\m-SIw F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ah-\-h³ IS-¼-bnse ]co-
£-W-§Ä Fs´Ãmw?
2. Ah-\-h³ IS¼ Xmf-ta-f-§-fp-sSbpw \r¯-\r-Xy-§-fp-
sSbpw ka-\z-b-amW.v hnh-cn-¡pI?
3. Ah-\-h³ IS-¼bv¡v Hcp Bkzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.
Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³
]n.-Fw. XmPv
1956 Â P\n¨ ]n.-Fw. XmPv tIcf kwKoX \mSI
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb ‘I\-em«’¯nsâ cN-\-tbmsS
{it²-b-\m-bn. BZy-\m-SIw s]cp-¼d 1977 Â Ac-t§-dn.
1983se sNdp-ImSv kvamcI iàn AhmÀUpw kwØm\ Poh-
\-¡m-cpsS AJn-teý \mSI aÕ-c-¯nÂ cN-\-bv¡pÅ
AhmÀUpw 1952se kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \mS-I-a-Õ-c-
¯nÂ cN-\-bv¡pÅ ]pc-kvIm-chpw (Ip-Sp-¡), 1959 se tIcf
kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AhmÀUn-\Àl-amb ‘]mh-¯m³-
\mSpw’ XmPns\ \mS-Im-kzm-Z-IÀ¡v kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-¡n. cmhp-
®n, Xe-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶v Hcp hmÀ¯-bp-an-Ã, IpSn-¸-I, I¬sI-
«v, kzIm-cyw, Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³, tacn temd³kv, Ipdp-¡³
Ipªm-asâ hmÂ XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä XmPnsâ Icp-¯pä
cN\m k{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. Dbcpw Rm³
\mSmsI F¶ kn\n-a-b-S¡w Bdp Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-−v.
`mcy _n¨p, a¡Ä tkm\Â, hnimÂ \mS-I-Ir¯v sI.Sn. apl-
½Zv A½m-h-\m-Wv. 1990 Â AIm-e-¯nÂ A´-cn-¨p.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
Ipªn-¡p-«³

Pm\In
hnP-b³
\mcm-bW tat\m³
Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³
tIm¬Ì-_nÄ
B{in-X³
Ipam-c³
\mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ DSp¡v sIm«n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶
Ipªn-¡p-«s\ ImWmw. Ipªn-¡p-«³ alm-cm-Pmhv hnP-bn-
¡s« F¶pÅ BÀ¸p-hn-fn-IÄ tIÄ¡p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³
AXv \nÀ¯m-\m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Npäp-apÅ Bfp-Isf t\m¡n
Ifn-bm-¡p-I-sbm¶pw th− Rm³ alm-cm-Pmhv Xs¶bm D{Xw
Xncp-¶mÄ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm³ (Xn-cnªv t{]£-I-tcm-Sm-
bn) \n§Ä AXn-i-bn-¡p-¶p-−mhpw Hcp alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kzbw
]cn-Nb-s¸-Sp-t¯− KXn-tISv D−m-Iptam F¶v. B Ipc¯w
sI« \mS-I-Ir¯v Fsâ taÂ sI«n-sh« s]mÃm-¸mWv CXv.
thjw sI«n-t¸m-bn-tÃ? C\n Ipc-bv¡msX h¿tÃm? CXm....-bn-
cp¶p Fsâ hoSv. ]mh-s¸« Ipªn-¡p-«\pw IpSpw-_hpw Xma-
kn-¨n-cp¶ hoSv. AbmÄ Xsâ IpSn-en-\p-ap-¶nÂ {[pX-K-Xn-
bnÂ Hcp Xmfw hmbn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p. `mcy Pm\In B i_vZ-
¯nÂ Akz-Ø-bm-hp-¶p. AhÀ X½nÂ aI-s\-¡p-dn¨pw
ho«nse Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ]dªv hg-¡n-Sp-¶p. aI³ hnP-
b\v Iqen-¸Wn In«n-sb¶v h¨v a\p-jy³ ssZh-am-Iptam F¶v
Ipªn-¡p-«³ `mcy-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn\nS-bnÂ hnP-b³
Ib-dn-h¶v I−ntÃ CXmWv Fsâ IpSpw_w shdp-¸n-
eqsSbÃmsX kvt\ln-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ AÑ\pw A½bpw
AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ Hcp ZpÈ-Ip\w t]mse h¶p-s]« Rm\pw.
Pm\In aI-t\mSv hnti-j-§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn\v adp-]-Sn-
sb-t¶mWw Ipªn-¡p-«³ DSp¡v sIm«p-¶p. hnP-b³ DSp¡v
sIm«-enÂ Akz-ØX {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AÑ\v thsd ]Wn-
sbm-¶p-antÃ F¶v AbmÄ tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ \n\¡pw CXp-
tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ \mWw tXm¶p-¶p−tÃ F¶mÂ \o BZyw
\mWn-t¡-−Xv \nsâ AÑ-s\-tbmÀ¯m-Wv. Cu DSp-¡nsâ
Xmf-¯n-s\m-¯mWv Cu tNmc Xnf-¨Xpw ]mª-Xpw. AÑs\
Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-X-sÃ¶v hnP-b³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³
ho«nse Zmcn{Zyw aI-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. Xm³ tPmen-sN-¿p-¶n-
S¯v sXmgnÂ {]iv\-am-sW¶pw Cu BgvNs¯ Iqen In«n-bn-
«n-sÃ¶p hnP-b³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]«nWn InS¶pw Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-
hn-¨p-apÅ ]g-¡-amWv R§-fpsS IpSpw-_-¯n-tâ-sX¶v t{]£-

I-tcmSv Ipªn-¡p-«³ ]d-bp-¶p. Pm\In, apX-em-fn-bvs¡-Xn-
cmbn \nÂ¡m³ t]mb-sX-ń-\m-sW¶v aI-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
apX-emfn GtXm cmP-hw-i-¯nÂ s]«-bm-sf¶v Pm\In ]d-bp-
t¼mÄ Ipªn-¡p-«³ AXns\ ]cn-l-kn¨v apX-em-fn-bpsS
A½-b-½q-a-am-cn-emtcm cmPm-hnsâ sh¸m-«n-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m-
emWv Cu kzs¯Ãmw In«n apX-em-fn-bm-b-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
AXn\pw Hcp `mKyw thW-sa¶v Pm\In ]d-bp-¶p. kz]v\-hm-
k-h-Z¯ F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ Ań-bm-hp-t¼mÄ AWn-sªm-
cp§n cmPm-hns\ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ sh¸m-«n-am-cpsS IY Pm\In
HmÀ¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-]-d-¼nÂ AsXm-cp-an-¨n-cp¶v I−Xv HmÀ½-
bntÃ F¶v Ipªn-¡p-«-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ irwKm-c-
t¯msS kvt\l-{]-I-S\w \S-¯p-¶p. hnP-b³ AXpI−v Nncn-
¡p-¶p. B ka-bw Ahn-tSbv¡v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ IS-¶p-h-
cp-¶p. \mSIw Ifn-¡p-I-bmtWm F¶v AbmÄ Ahsc ]cn-l-
kn-¡p-¶p. AÃ H¶v Pohn-¨p-t\m-¡n-b-Xm-sW¶pw R§-sf-
t¸m-ep-Åh-cpsS PohnXw C§s\ hoWp-In-«p¶ Nne \nan-j-
§-ftÃ F¶pw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. \mcm-b-W-tamt\m³ Xt¶m-
sSm¸w h¶-h-tcmSv FSm A½m¯v sI«n-bn-cn-¸pÅ Pohn-X-§-
fnÂ \n¶v C¯ncnsbSp¯v ChÀ¡v sIm−p-h-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³
]dªv ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. R§Ä¡v Pohn-¡m³ Bcp-tSbpw
HuZm-cy-sam¶pw ths−¶pw ]cn-l-kn-¡-cp-sX¶pw apX-em-fn-
tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Pm\In AXp-tI«v aIs\ imkn-¡p-¶p. apX-
em-fn-tbmSv acym-Zbv¡v \n¶mÂ \n\¡v C\nbpw ]eXpw In«p-
sa¶v AhÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Xs¶ A\p-k-cn-¡-W-a¶v apX-emfn
]d-bp¶p. ]Wn¡v Ib-dm³ ka-b-am-b-Xp-sIm−v hnP-b³
AhnsS\n¶pw t]mIp-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ apX-em-fn-bvs¡mcp
cmP-tX-P-Êp-s−-¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ P\-§Ä tIhew Xs¶ Hcp
apX-em-fn-bmbn am{Xw ImWp-¶-XnÂ Akz-ØX {]I-Sn¸n-¡p-
¶-tXmsS H¶mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
c−mw cwK-¯nÂ Ipªn-¡p-«sâ hoSv. hni-¶n-cn-¡p¶
Pm\-Inbpw Ipªn-¡p-«\pw AhÀ Úm\-¸m\ ]mSp-Ibpw
DSp¡v sIm«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. AXp-sIm−v Ah-cpsS
hni¸v amdp-sa-¶pw, Bßob Nn´-bnÂ apgp-Im-\m-hm-ªn-«mWv
hni-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ Ifn-bm-¡pw-t]mse ]d-bp-¶p.
B ka-b¯v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ Ipªn-¡p-«sâ klmbw tXSn
AhnsS F¯p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ shdpw Ipªn-¡p-«-\-
sÃ¶pw G.-Un. Bbn-c¯n \m\qän ap¸-¯n-sb«mw B−nÂ
{_n«o-jp-Imsc t]Sn¨v Hfn-t¨m-Snb am\m-Xncn cmP-hw-i-¯nsâ
Ah-km-\s¯ I®n-bmWv \n§-sf¶pw cmP-`-cWw \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ C¶v Cu cmPyw `cn-t¡-−Xv
\n§fmsW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. Cu hnjbw Is−-¯n-b-Xn\v
F\n¡v tUmIvS-tdäv In«p-sa¶pw Cu {]_Ôw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-
bn-«p-thWw F\n¡v tUmIvS-dm-hm-s\¶pw Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³
]d-bp-¶p. tUmIvS-dm-bmÂ Imip-X-cmsX Fs¶ NnIn-Õn-¡p-
tam-sb¶v Pm\In tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ CXv A§-\s¯ tUmIvS-d-
ÃSo arK-tUm-IvS-dmWv \ns¶ NnIn-Õn-¡m³ AXm-bmepw aXn
F¶v Ipªn-¡p-«³ Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. Pm\In kwi-bn¨v CXn-
bm³ icn¡v cmPm-hmtWm tams\ F¶v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-t\mSv
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Xsâ {]_Ôw ]pkvX-I-am-¡p-t¼mÄ Pm\In
dmWn¡pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm\pw AXv kaÀ¸n-¡p-sa¶v
]dªv Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ Ah-cpsS ImÂ¡Â hogp-¶p. B
ka-b¯v hnP-bs\ At\z-jn¨v AhnsS t]meokv tIm¬Ì-
_nÄ F¯p-¶p. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-t\mSv R§Ä¡v F´v In«p-
sa¶v Pm\In tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ \nsâ tams\ I¿nÂ In«n-bmÂ
F´mWv In«p-I-sb¶v Rm³ ]d-ªp-X-cm-sa¶v tIm¬Ì-_nÄ
adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. At¸mÄ ho−pw £{Xnb càw aW-¡p-
¶p-sh¶v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³
Xms\m¶v t]mIp-¶pt−m F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-
I³ ho−pw Ipªn-¡p-«s\ ]pIgv¯n ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Cu
hmgv¯Â tIÄ¡m³ Hcp kpJw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v ]dªv Cu
cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
cwKw aq¶nÂ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\msâ Xma-k-Øew Xsâ
B{in-X-·msc Nm«-hm-dp-sIm−v AbmÄ Bª-Sn-¡p-¶p.
Ip¶-¯ncn alm-cm-Pmhv \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ hnP-bn-¡s« F¶p-
hn-fn-¡m-\-bmÄ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. B{in-XÀ kwi-b-t¯msS Cu
tamt\m³ Fs¶m¶pw cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡v t]cp-−m-Im-dn-ÃtÃm
F¶v kwibw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXv \o Xocp-am-\n-¡− F¶v
\mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. Ahn-tSbv¡v Ipªn-¡p-
«³ {]th-in-¡p-¶-tXmsS Ipªn-¡p-«sâ hc-h-dn-bn¡m-\mbn
alm-cm-Pmhv Xncp-a-\Êv hnP-bn-¡s« F¶v Bchw Db-cp-¶p.
\mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ AXp-tI«v ]I¨p t\m¡p-¶p. At¿m, AÃ
Rm³ ]gb Ipªn-¡p-«³ Xs¶bm F¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
]{X-§fpw tdUn-tbmbpw Snhn-bp-sams¡ A§-s\-b-ÃtÃm ]d-
bp-¶-sX¶v \mcm-b-W-tam-t\m³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXv Xsâ
Ipäw sIm−sÃ¶pw GtXm Hcp Indp-¡³ ]Tn-¡m-s\¶pw
]dªv ho«nÂ h¶v D−m-¡nb s]mÃm-¸m-Wn-sX¶v Ipªn-
¡p-«³ ]d-ªp. CsXms¡ shdpsX ]d-bp¶XmsW¶pw
Xsâ \m«nse Øm\w \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Wn-sX¶pw \mcm-b-

W-tam-t\m³ Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p. am\m-Xncn tImhn-e-I¯v Cf-b-
X-¼p-cm³ hnP-b-Ip-am-c³ F\n-s¡-Xnsc bp²w {]Jym-]n-¨Xv
CXp-sIm-−m-sW¶pw \mcm-b-W-tam-t\m³ ]d-bp-¶p.
hnP-bs\ sXmgn-en-S-¯nÂ h¨v ImWp¶ \mc-b-W-tam-
t\m³ hnP-b-\n-t¸mÄ sXmgn-em-fn-b-sÃ¶pw cmPm-hm-sW¶pw
hnP-bsâ kplr-¯p-¡-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Abm-fpsS aIÄ¡v
`À¯m-hmbn hnP-bs\ kzoI-cn-¡m³ t]mhp-I-bm-sW¶pw
A§s\ hcp-t¼mÄ Xsâ kz¯n-\-h-Im-in-bmb hnP-b³
F§s\ \n§Ä¡p-th−n kacw sN¿pw F¶v \mcm-b-W-
tat\m³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. \n§Ä CsXm¶pw hniz-kn-¡-cp-
sX¶pw CsXm¶pw Rm³ B{K-ln-¡m¯XmsW¶pw hnP-b³
adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. hnP-b³ hni-¶p-h-eªv ho«n-te¡v F¯p-
¶p. `£W-sam¶pw CÃm-¯-Xp-sIm−v A½ Ah\v Ipd¨v
Nmb-sIm-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ apX-emfnbpsS B{in-X-
·mÀ \mep-]mSpw \n¶v Abmsf B{I-an-¡p-¶p. Abm-f-hnsS
acn-¨p-ho-gp-¶p.
\mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ kuP\yambn sImSp¯ Øe-¯p-
\n¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«s\ Cd-¡n-hn-«p. aIs\ sIm¶p. AXp-sIm-
−p-Xs¶ \mw X½nÂ C\n IS-¸m-Sp-I-sfm¶pw CsÃ¶pw
Ipªn-¡p-«³ Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. Xm³ C\n am\m-Xncn X¼p-cm-
\m-sW¶pw \nXy i{Xp-¡-fmb c−v cmP-hw-i-§-fmWv \½-
sf¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. FSm
F¶v \mc-b-W-ta-t\m³ hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ AtXSm Ip¶-¯ncn
F¶v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\ms\ Xncn-¨p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. cwKw Ccp−v
sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ Ipªn-¡p-«³ alm-cm-Pmhv hnP-bn-¡-s«-sb¶pw
Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm\pw ssk\yhpw \S-¯nb ]S-tbm«w
hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw s]cp-¼-d-bpsS
i_vZ-t¯msS tIÄ¡p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p.
Bc-hnsS \mw Iog-S¡nb B sX−n ]cn-jsb ChnsS lmP-
cm-¡p-hn³. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\ms\ lmP-cm-¡p-t¼mÄ AbmÄ
ASn-b-t\mSv £an-¡-Ww. Nnd-Iä ]£n-sb-t¸mse \ncm-{i-b-
\mWv ASn-b-\n-t¸mÄ ASn-bs\ ssIsh-Sn-b-cpXv F¶-t]-£n-
¡p-¶p. AbmÄ¡v am¸v sImSp-¡m³ Xp\n-bp-t¼mÄ ssk\ym-
[n-]-\mb Ipam-c³ AXv sN¿-cp-sX¶v At]-£n-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ Xsâ cmPy-¯nÂ ]IpXn \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m\v \ÂIn
Ai-c-W-tcmSv {IqcX ImWn-¡p¶ ]mc-¼cyw am\m-Xncn cmP-
hw-i-¯n-\nÃ F¶v {]Jym-]n¨v Ipªn-¡p-«³ i{Xp-hns\
klm-bn¨v ]cn-lm-ky-\m-¡p-¶p. Pm\In AXn-\n-S-bnÂ Ib-dn-

h¶v A[n-Im-c-¯n-\p-th−n ]p{Xs\ sImÃn-¨p-sh¶v Ipªn-
¡p-«s\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-Å-Xp-t]mse Hc-Ñ-\Ã
Xms\¶v Ipªn-¡p-«³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Is\
Xq¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ Ipªn-¡p-«³ Iev]n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ Pm\-
Insb hnfn¨v Ic-bp-¶p. Fsâ D®n-bn-ÃmsX F\n-s¡mcp
Pohn-X-an-sÃ¶v ]dªv Pm\In ITm-c-sIm−v kzbw Ip¯n acn-
¡p-¶p. cwKw sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ DSp-¡nsâ {[pX-Xm-f-¯nÂ
Ipªn-¡p-«³ t_m[-¯n-te¡v Xncn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. A_²w ]än-
b-Xp-t]mse t{]£-IÀ¡p-t\sc Xncnªv AbmÄ Nncn-¡p-¶p.
F¶n«v ]d-bp¶p A§s\ Aev]-k-a-b-sa-¦nepw Rms\mcp
cmPm-hmbn Pohn-¨p. cmPm-hmbn Pohn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ckw
\n§Ä¡v ]d-ªmÂ a\-Ên-em-hn-Ã. AXnÂ sNdn-sbmcp IÃp-
ISn D−mbn Pm\-In-bpsS Bß-lXy AsÃ-¦nÂ Cu kz]v\-
¯nÂ Ib-dn-h¶v Bß-lXy sNt¿− hÃ Imcy-apt−m? B
ka-b¯v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ BËm-Z-hm-\mbn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p.
kmtd... Fsâ {]_-Ô-¯nsâ Ah-km-\s¯ hcn-IqSn
F\n¡v In«n. Adn-ªntÃ hntijw? Pm\In X¼p-cm«n Bß-
lXy sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. F\n¡v tUmIvS-tdäv Dd-¸m. PohnX
ss\cm-iyw-aqew am\m-Xncn tImhn-e-Is¯ Cf-b-X-¼p-cm«n
Bß-lXy sNbvXp-sh¶ hkvXp-X-bnÂ Fsâ {]_Ôw
F¯n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmS Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-
¯nsâ ]cn-lm-ky-amb bmYmÀ°yw \mS-I-Ir¯v Xpd¶v Im«p-
¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Isâ Ic-W¯v Bª-Sn-¡p-
¶p. sXdn-¨p-ho-gp¶ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Is\ Nncn-tbmsS ]nSn-s¨-gp-
t¶Â¸n-¡p-¶p. CXp-a-Xntbm CXn-tesd F\n-s¡mcp k½m-
\hpw Xcm-\n-sÃ¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Xsâ DSp-s¡-Sp¯v {`m´-amb
Bth-i-t¯msS sIm«p-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. "Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³' F¶ \mS-I-¯n-eqsS Ncn-{X-K-th-j-
W-¯nsâ s]mÅ-¯-c-§sf ]n.-Fw. XmPv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶-sX-§s\?
2. Ipªn-¡p-«³ F¶ IYm-]m{Xw Zcn-{Z-cp-tSbpw Akz-X-{´-
cp-tSbpw km£n-bm-Wv. hnh-cn-¡pI?
3. hnP-b³ Ime-L-«-¯nsâ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Ct¶-S¯v
C¶-h³ F¶ \mS-Is¯ ap³\nÀ¯n kaÀ°n-¡p-I.
4. ]n.-Fw. XmPv kaq-l-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³
F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ hnf-¡n-t¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

h¶tý ImWmw
Xpt¸-«³
Xpt¸-«³ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Fw. kp{_-Ò-Wy³ \¼q-
Xncn 1929 emWv P\n-¨-Xv. Ccp-]-¯n-tbgv sImÃw ]mªmÄ
kvIqfnÂ Nn{X-Iem A[ym-]-I³ Bbn-cp-¶p. ]mªmÄ
{KmaoW hmb-\-im-e, Iem-k-anXn F¶n-h-bp-ambn XpS¡w
apXÂ kPo-h-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p. Cu hmb-\-im-e-bp-sSbpw Iem-
k-an-Xn-bp-sSbpw hmÀjn-Im-tLm-j-§-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³
th−n-bmWv \mS-I-sa-gp¯v XpS-§n-b-Xv. h¶tý ImWmw
F¶ \mS-I-¯n\v 2003 tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv
e`n-¨p. \mSI kwhn-[m-b-I³ inh-I-c³ BWv Xpt¸-«sâ
\mS-I-§Ä kwhn-[m\w sNbvXv cwK¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v h¶-Xv.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
Xncp-ta\n
A©p-k-lm-bn-IÄ
tKm]m-e³
A½m-h³
{]`m-i-¦À
Xpt¸-«sâ \mSIw ]co-£-W-{]-h-W-X-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-
¶-h-bmWv \mS-I-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Xs¶ Hcp \mSIw dntl-gvkÂ
\S-¯p-¶Xpw hnI-kn-¨p-h-cp-¶Xpw t{]£-I\v ImWm³ km[n-
¡p-¶p. \mSIw FhnsS \n¶v Bcw-`n-¡p¶p F¶v a\-Ên-em-
¡m³ {]b-k-apÅXpt]m-se-bmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ XpS-¡w.
km[m-cW \mS-I-§-fnÂ \mS-Io-bX apän-\nÂ¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-
§sf \mw ImWm-dp-−v. F¶mÂ \mS-Io-bX F¶ ]mc-¼cy
\mSI k¦Â]s¯ h¶tý ImWmw F¶ \mSIw s]mfn-s¨-
gp-Xp-¶p-−v. \mS-I-¯nsâ kkvs]³kv Xs¶ CÃm-
Xm¡ns¡m−v AYhm km[m-cmW \mS-I-§-fnÂ \n¶v hyXy-
kvX-am¡ns¡m−v BWv Cu \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.
F´mWv kw`-hn-¡pI F¶v BÀ¡-dnbmw F¶ Ahn-i-k-\o-
b-amb Hcp bmYmÀ°y-¯n-te¡v \mSIw t{]£-Is\ Iq«n-
s¡m-−p-t]m-Ip-¶p.
\mS-Im-cw-`-¯nÂ Xncp-ta-\nbpw aäv A©p-t]cpw cwK-
¯p-−v. Xncp-ta\n aäpÅ-h-tcmSv FÃm H-cp-¡-§fpw BbnsÃ

F¶p-tNm-Zn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ sdUn F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. icn F¶p
]dªv Xncp-ta\n kwkm-cn¨p XpS-§p-¶p. AXpanXpw ]dªv
kabw If-b− F¶v Xncp-ta\ntbmSv H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p.
AXp-i-cn-bmWv ]äp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ Ah-km\w ]dbmw F¶v
Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]d-bp-¶p. h¶tý ImWm-sa¶v Btcm-]-dª
hnhcw c−m-a³ ]d-ªp. Ah-cpsS kw`m-jWw \o−p-t]m-Ip-
t¼mÄ tKm]m-e-\mWv AXv ]d-ª-sX¶v sXfn-bp-¶p. tKm]m-
e³ A§s\ ]dtªm F¶v ]eÀ¡pw kwi-bw. Rm³
t]mbn«v tKm]m-es\ hnfn-t¨m−v hcm-sa¶v Xncp-ta\n ]d-bp-
¶p. c−p-t]À Xnc-Èoc ]nSn-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘hnem-k-Xn-eIw tKmIp-
e-]m-e³ amb³ tKm]m-e³’ F¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AXv thsd
CXp-thsd F¶pÅ kwibw ]d-bp-¶p. Bh-t¶cn \m«nÂ
F¶ a«nÂ B tKm]m-e³ AtÃ Xncn-¨p-h-cp¶p F¶v H¶m-
a³ ]d-bp-¶p. c−m-a³ tKm]m-e³ ]«p-Ip-¸m-b-¯nÂ an¶n-h-
cp¶psh¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
hc-thÂ¸-cp-fpI \mw
cwK-sam-cp-¡pI \mw
F¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ tKm]m-e³ Xnc-t\m¡n {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
kÀÆm-e-¦mc hn`q-jn-X³ þ FÃm-hÀ¡pw knK-cäv sImSp-¡p-
¶p. H¶m-a³ tKm]-e-t\mSv ]d-bp¶p. an. tKm]mÂ Hcp
kwibw H¶p XoÀ¯p-X-cWw kwibw! Hm Uu«v, hm«v Uu«v?
F¶v tKm]m-e³ tNmZn¨p. h¶tý ImWm¶v Xm³ icn¡v
]d-bp-−mtbym? Rmt\m? F¶v? Hm.... h−À^pÄ. A©m-a³
At¸mÄ tNmZn-¡p¶p AXm-bXv Xm\n-hn-S¶v ]pd-s¸«v t]mIp-
¶-Xn\p ap¼v B t]mIp¶ ka-b¯v A§s\ ]dtªm
Fs¶ms¡ F§s\ Btem-Nn-¡m-\mWv anÌÀ F¶v tKm]m-
e³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. H¶m-a³ ^vfmjv _m¡v Bb-Xp-sIm−v
Chn-Sn-cp¶v H¶v A`n-\-bn-¨p-t\m¡q F¶v tKm]m-e-t\mSv ]d-
bp-¶p. Xms\-Sp-¡p¶ kn\n-a-bnÂ A©v ^vemjv _m¡v
Ds−¶v tKm]m-e³ AXn\v adp-]Sn Adn-bp-¶p. \mem-a³ B
kn\n-a-bnÂ tKm]m-e-t\mSv Nm³kv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A©m-a³
\mem-as\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. Hm, Hcp kn\nam \S³ F¶v
AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶p. AXp-tI« aq¶m-a³ FtSm Xm\o \mSIw
acym-Z¡v \S¯v F¶n-«mhmw kn\na F¶p]d-bp-¶p.
^vfmjv_m¡v HmÀ¡m³ H¶m-a³ ho−pw tKm]m-e-t\mSv ]d-
bp-¶p. F´m-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ thjw F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
sO! AsXms¡ Cs¸m ]d-bm³ Xs¶ sImÅn-Ã. ep¦nbpw

Iodnb _\n-b\pw. B thjw AhÀ Xnc¡n \S-¡p-¶p.
AXp kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-\mbn Xncp-ta\n t]mIp-¶p. B ka-b¯v
tKm]m-e³ Xsâ sjbv¡ns\ HmÀ¯v t]mIp¶p. sjbv¡nsâ
ss{]häv sk{I-«-dn-bmWv Xms\¶ Imcyw tKm]m-e³ AhnsS
]d-bp-¶p. Xncp-ta\n {UÊp-ambn h¶v AXv tKm]m-es\ Npän-
¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v Xncp-ta\n Ipªp-®n-bpsS Imcyw ]d-
ªXv HmÀ½-−tÃm? ]mkvt]mÀs«ms¡ icn-bm-bn-«v Znh-k-§-
fm-bn-cn-¡p¶psh¶v tKm]m-es\ [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. F³.-H.-kn.-
bpsS Imcyw Rmt\äpsh¶v tKm]me³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ipªp-
®n¡v tPmen sjbv¡nsâ ASp¯v sImSp-¡-W-sa¶v Xncp-
ta\n HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. tKm]m-e³ NpaÀ Nmcn-bn-cp¶v Xsâ
^vemjv_m¡v HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. Fń\m C§s\ Pohn-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶Xv F{X At]£ Ab-¨p. Hcp At]£ Ab-¡m³ Hcp
t\cw ]«nWn InS-¡-Ww. ]mhw A½. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ Ibdn
c−m-a³ B `mK-sam¶pw A{X hnkvX-cn-¡− F¶p ]d-bp-
¶p. AbmÄ ]d-b-t«¶v H¶m-a³ Xm¡oXp \ÂIp-¶p.
tKm]m-e³ XpS-cp-¶p. ]Wn-¡À hnNm-cn-¨mÂ tPmen Xcm³
]äpw ]t£ aqhm-bncw cq] sImSp-¡-Ww A½m-hsâ I¿nÂ
]W-ap-−v. Ipd-s¨-¦nepw tNmZn¡mw F¶p hnNm-cn¨v F´m-¨m-
h-cs« h¶tý ImWmw F¶p Icp-Xp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw
kwibw XoÀ¶ `mh-¯nÂ Fgp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. FÃm-hcpw
kwibw XoÀ¶p-sh¶v ]d-bp-¶p. ]ns¶ A½m-hs\ ]cn-N-b-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Cukn-sN-b-dnÂ Ik-dn-bn-cn¡pw tIi-h-\-½m-h³,
akm-e-tZm-i-IÄ Znh-khpw Xn¶pw tIi-h-\-½m-h³.
A½m-hs\ ImWm³ t]mIp-t¼mÄ kµÀ`w amdn-b-Xp-
sIm−v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ep¦n hm§n DSp-¡p-¶p. Cu thj-¯n-
etÃ tKm]m-e³ ssIasf ImWm³ h¶-sX¶v c−m-a³ A½m-
h-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A½m-h³ F¶v? F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
s]md-s¸«v t]mtWsâ Xte Znhkw F¶v H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p.
AsXm¶pw HmÀ½-bn-sÃ¶pw tKm]m-e³ \¶m-hm³ th−n
Ipsd hg¡v ]d-sª¶pw ]W-sam¶pw sImSp-¯n-sÃ¶pw
Ah³ hsÃymcp Bfm-hp-sa¶v X\n-¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶sh¶pw
CsXms¡ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ]d-ªn-«p-−m-bn-cp-s¶¶pw A½m-
h³ ]d-ªp. CsXm¶pw X\n¡v \nÝ-b-an-sÃ¶v Xncp-ta\n
At¸mÄ¯s¶ B IÅw s]mfn-¡p-¶p. Hcp Cukn sNbÀ
sIm−p-h¶v A½m-hs\ AXn-en-cp-¯p-¶p. FÃm-hcpw \nc-¶p-
\n¶v

Cukn-sN-b-dnÂ Ik-dn-bn-cn¡pw
tIi-h-\-½m-h³
akm-e-tZm-i-IÄ Znh-khpw Xn¶pw
tImi-h-\-½m-h³
F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
B ka-b¯v tKm]m-e³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. A½mh³
Im¸n IpSn-¡m³ XpS-§p-I-bm-bn. tKm]m-es\ I−Xpw Im¸n
IpSn ]n¶n-tS¡v amän-h-¨p. h¶Xv ]W-¯n-\-tÃ-sb¶v ]pÑ-kz-
c-¯nÂ tKm]m-e-t\mSv tNmZn-¨p. Xsâ I¿nÂ Imsim¶pw
]q¯n-cn-¡p-¶nÃsb¶v ]dªv \nÀ±-b-amb hm¡p-IÄ ]dªv
tKm]m-es\ Ahn-sS-\n¶pw ]d-ª-b-¨p. A½m-h³
AtXmÀ¯v Itk-c-bnÂ Fgp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. Xm\-§-s\-sbm¶pw
]d-ªn-«n-sÃ¶pw AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶p. AtXmÀ¯v Xm³ Ic-ªn-
«p-s−¶pw Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv FÃmw hnkvX-cn¨v ]d-ªn-«p-
s−¶pw ]d-bp-t¼mÄ F\n-s¡mcp cqt]mw In«p-¶nÃ F¶v
]dªv A½m-hsâ \pW-bnÂ AÛp-X-s¸«v Xncp-ta\n \nÂ¡p-
¶p. A½m-hsâ aI-fmb tcmln-Wnbpw H¸w Ic-sª¶v
A½m-h³ Iq«n-t¨À¯p. tcmlnWn tKm]m-es\ Im¯n-cn-¡p-I-
bm-sW¶pw B cwK¯v hyà-am-hp-¶p. A½m-hsâ kw`m-
jWw \o−p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ th−-½mhm BhÀ¯\ hnc-kX
Fs¶m-¶p-−tÃm F¶v tKm]m-e³ ]d-bp-¶p. aq¶m-a³ ct−-
¡À `qan skân\v Ccp-]-¯n-b-¿m-bncw h¨v tKm]m-e\v sImSp-
¡m-sa¶v GÂ¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ Xncp-ta\n Xsâ I«nev
hnÂ¡m-\p-s−¶pw AXn-s\-´mWv Xcp-I-sb¶pw tNmZn-¡p-
¶p. A½m-h³ tcmln-Wnsb Xm³ tKm]m-e\v sImSp-¡p-I-bm-
sW¶pw tcmlnWnbpw tKm]m-e\pw IqSn hnam-\-¯nÂ Ibdn
t]mIp-t¼mÄ tKm]m-e³ hm§p¶ `qan-sbÃmw Rm³ t\m¡n
\S-¯n-s¡m-Åm-sa¶v A½m-h³ hn\-b-t¯msS ]d-bp-¶p.
XpSÀ¶v _Ênepw s{Sbn-\nepw hnam-\-¯nepw ]d-]-d-¡p-¶p.
hnam-\-¯nÂ h¶n-d§nb {]`m-i-¦À tKm]m-es\ Xncªv hcp-
¶p. {]`m-i-¦À tKm]m-es\ hg-¡p-]-d-bp-¶p. Xsâ km[-\-
§fpw ]Whpw A]-l-cn¨p IS-¶p-I-fª IÅ-\mWv tKm]m-
e³ F¶v AbmÄ {]`m-i-¦À shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. tKm]m-e³
]¸S _nkn-\-Êp-Im-c-\mb Xsâ the-¡m-c-\m-sW¶pw c−-c-
hÀj-ambn, \m«n-sem¶p t]mI-W-sa¶pw ]dªv \nÂ¡p-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. C¶se Rm³ s]«n Xpd¶p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ kuZm-an-
\n-bpsS Ccp-]-¯n-bmdv kmcn Fsâ ]Xn-\©pw apcp-Isâ ]Xn-
s\m¶pw jÀ«p-IÄ Ch-sbm¶pw ImWm-\n-Ã. am{X-aÃ Ccn-]-

¯n-tbm-cm-bncw cq] h¨n-cp¶ t]gvkpw `mKy-e-£van-bpsS B`-
c-W-§fpw ImWm-\n-Ã. AXp-tI«v A½m-h³ NqSm-bn. FSm,
tKm]mem kXyw ]d-sbSm? Ft¶mSv £an-¡Ww A½mhm
F¶v ]d-bp¶ tKm]m-es\ A½m-h³ ^m... sX−n. F\n¡v
At¶ Adnbmw \osbms¡ \in-¸nt¨ AS-§q¶v þ iI-Sm-kp-
c³ F¶v Ien-Xp-Åp-¶p. {]`m-i-¦À A½m-h-\mb \n§Ä
Fsâ apX-seÃmw hm§n-¯-c-W-sa¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Rm\n-
hsâ A½m-h³ AsÃ¶pw Ah³ Fsâ acp-a-I-\-sÃ¶pw ]d-
bp-¶p. Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm¸w \nÂ¡p¶ A©p-t]cpw tKm]m-
es\ XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶p. ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Im³ XpS-§p-¶p. At¸mÄ
H¶m-a³ Gbv hcs« hcs« FÃm-hcpw AhnsS \nÂ¡m³ ]d-
bp-¶p. At¸mÄ {]`m-i-¦À ]pd-¯p-\n¶v {]th-in-¡p-¶p.
tKm]m-e\pw {]`m-i-¦dpw ]c-kv]cw BtÇ-jn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-
¶p. AhÀ Bß-kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm-Wv. \nsâ kn\na F¶mWv
Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX¶v {]`m-i-¦À tKm]m-e-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
{]`m-i-¦À Xsâ {]nb kplr-¯m-sW¶v tKm]m-e³ ]d-bp-¶p.
sjbv¡nsâ sk{I-«-dn-am-cm-W-hÀ. At¸m ]¸S ]Wn-btÃ
F¶v Xncp-ta\n tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Hm, t\m t\m F¶p ]dªv
Xncp-ta-\n¡v knK-cäv tht− F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
A½m-h³ Fsâ tKm]mem þ F\n¡v At¶ Adnbmw
\o tIa-\mhpw F¶v {]`m-i-¦-dn-t\mSv Ch³ Fsâ acp-a-I-\m-
sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw tNÀ¶v Pa-−³þP-K-Pn-Ãnþhocm-
[n-ho-c³ F¶p hmgv¯p-¶p. aq¶m-a³ \mS-I-¯nsâ c−mw
Ah-km\w F\n-¡{X ]nSn-¨nÃ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. bYmÀ°
{]`m-i-¦À GXm-sW¶v F§s\ XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-sa¶v AbmÄ
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. tKm]m-e³ B ap¡nÂ t]mbn XmSnbpw
sNmdnªv \nÂ¡p-¶Xv Abm-fpsS {i²-bnÂ s]Sp-¶p. \mem-
a\pw A©m-a\pw Abm-fpsS kwibw icn-h-bv¡p-¶p. \mem-
a³ A¸ NXnt¨m? Ft¶mSv tNmZn-¡− F¶v Xncp-ta\n Hgn-
bp-¶p. GXms¸m ambw Fs´mcp adn-ambw F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.
At¸mÄ H¶m-a³ kwKXn adn-ambw Xs¶ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
bYmÀ° {]`m-i-¦À t]meo-kns\ hnfn-¡m³ t]mb-Xm-sW-
¦ntem? F´mWv kw`-hn-¡pI H¶m-a³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Ieym-
W-amtWm? t]meo-kmtWm? FÃm-hcpw IqSn ]d-bp-¶p.
BÀ¡-dnbmw? Cusbmcp kkvs]³knÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xm-
hp¶p \mS-I-¯nsâ aq¶mw Ah-km\w F¶v H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-
t¼mÄ Xncp-ta\n: AXn-imbn At¸mÄ Ah-kmt\m h¶tý
ImWmw ¶¶ym AtÃ. Xncp-ta-\n, C\n Ub-tem-KnÃy F¶v
H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p. Bcm CsXms¡ \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv Bfp-

Isf A¦vSpw C¦vSpw C«v X«n-bp-cp-t«. At¸mÄ c−m-a³ ]d-
bp-¶p. Xncp-ta\n AsXms¡ C\n ]pd-¯p-t]mbn ]d-tªm-fq.
Cu tÌPv Hgn-hm-¡-Ww, Cusbmcp kkvs]³knÂ \mSIw
Ah-km-\n¨p F¶v R§-fnXm {]Jym-]n-¨p-sIm-Åp-¶p. `mcXv
amXm Io... Pbv... F¶v c−m-a³ ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-
km-\n-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. h¶tý ImWmw F¶ \mSIw bYmÀ° Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-
hp-ambn XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶pt−m?
kaÀ°n-¡p-I.
2. \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ \mS-I-co-Xn-I-sf, Ah-X-c-Ws¯ DS-¨p-
hmÀ¡p¶ \mS-I-amWv h¶tý ImWmw? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
3. h¶tý ImWmw F¶ \mS-I-¯nse A½m-h³ Nnc-]-cn-
Nn-X-\mb \m«nÂ ]pd-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

bqWnäv þ 5
]co-£-W-\m-S-I-thZn
\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ \mS-I-k-t¦-X-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-
ambn Bhn-jv¡m-c-¯n\pw Bi-b-kw-th-Z-\-¯n\pw ]pXnb
amÀ¤-§Ä tXSn-bXv ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bm-Wv. inYn-e-_nw-_-
§-fn-eqsS hyXy-kvX-amb cwK--kw-hn-[m-\-§fpw Bi-b-k-
¦oÀ®-X-IfpwsIm−v \mS-I-s¯bpw t{]£-I-scbpw thdn«p
\nÀ¯p¶ kt¦-X-§-fmWv ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-tS-Xv. ]Xn-
hp-t]mse ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-]-co-£-W-§-fnÂ\n¶mWv ]co-
£W \mS-I-thZn F¶ Bibw cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xv. kmÂh-
tZmÀ Zmen-bmWv CXnsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hv. \yqtbmÀ¡n-emWv
Zmen-bpsS ]co-£W \mS-I-§Ä Ac-t§-dn-b-Xv. 1936 apX-
emWv ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-§-fpsS hfÀ¨ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.
_ÀWmÀUvjmbpsS Hm¬ Z tdmIvkv t]mepÅ ]co-£-W-\m-S-
I-§Ä C¡m-e¯v cwK-¯-c-t§-dn. Zmen-bpsS Xnb-äÀ Bi-b-
§Ä B[p-\nI Iem-Nn-´-I-cnÂ Bth-i-am-bn-am-dn. Pohn-X-
¯nsâ k¦oÀW-X-Isf \mS-Io-bm-Jym-\-am¡n amäm-\pÅ ]co-
£-W-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS {iaw ]pXnb {]h-W-X-IÄ¡v hgn-Im-«p-
Ibpw AsXmcp {]Øm-\-ambn cq]w {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1970-I-fpsS BZy-L-«-¯n-emWv ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]co-£W \mS-I-
§Ä Ac-t§-dn-b-Xv. A¡m-es¯ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§sf adn-I-
S¶v Zpc-´m-hn-jvImc§Ä \S-¯nb Cu \mS-I-thZn P\-§sf
BIÀjn-¨p. Imhmew \mcm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À, \tc-{µ-{]-km-Zv, ]n.-
Fw. XmPv XpS-§nb \mS-IIr-¯p-¡fneqsS ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]co-
£W \mS-I-§Ä iàn-{]m-]n-¨p. Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bp-sSbpw kn.-
F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mb-cp-sSbpw \mS-I-¡-f-cn-Ifpw ]co-£W
{]h-W-X-Ifpw kam-´-c-th-Zn¡v IqSp-XÂ Icp-¯p-]-IÀ¶p.
ae-bm-f-¯nse Ac-§p-k-¦-ev]-§sf ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m-\mWv
]co-£-W-\m-S-I-thZn {ian-¨-Xv.
Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-thZn
km¼-¯nI t\«w ]cn-K-Wn-¡msX \mS-I-I-esb
apt¶m-«p-sIm-−p-t]m-Im\pw t]mjn-¸n-¡m\pw {ian-¡p-¶-h-cpsS
kwLamWv Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-th-Zn. \mS-Itam atä-sX-¦nepw
Ietbm Imbn-Im-`ym-ktam Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-bmbn amdp--t¼mÄ
AXv s{]m^-j-W-em-bn-am-dp-¶p. Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä
t_m[-]qÀÆw kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ bXv\-§Ä \mw hyà-ambn

ImWp-¶Xv kn.-hn. bpsSbpw N´p-ta-t\m-sâbpw Ime-¯n-\n-¸p-
d-amWv hmb-\-im-e-bp-sSbpw aäpw _Ô-s¸«v ]«-W-§-fnse
Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb sNdp-¸-¡m-cpsS hnt\m-tZm-]m[n
am{X-am-bn-cp¶p Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-§Ä. kn.-hn.-bp-sSbpw Nµp-ta-
t\m-sâbpw t\mh-ep-IÄ hmbn¨p {àn-¨-hÀ AXv \mS-I-ambn
ImWm³ B{K-ln-¨-Xnsâ ê-am-bmWv ]n¶oSv Cµp-te-Jbpw
amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½bpw cma-cm-Pm-_-lp-Zqdpw \mS-I-cq-]-¯nÂ
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sm³ Imc-Ww. hnZym-k-¼-¶-\mb a\p-jy³
\mS-Is¯ Xsâ BVy-Xz-¯n\p X¡ Iem-cq-]-ambn kzoI-
cn¨v AXns\ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-hm³ {ian¨t¸mgmWv Aa-NzÀ
\mS-I-kw-L-§Ä P·-sa-Sp-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. ae-bmf \mS-I-
¯nÂ C.-hn. IrjvW-]n-Å-bpsS Ime-¯n-\p-ti-j-amWv Aa-NzÀ
\mS-I-kw-L-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶-Xv. Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-§Ä sIm−p-
−mb KpWw Xe-ap-d-I-fnÂ \n¶v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te¡v hym]n-
¡p¶ \mS-Im-kzm-Z\w km[n¨p F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse
\S-·mscbpw \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡sfbpw krjvSn-¡m\pw ]e-cp-
sSbpw {]Xn` ]pd-¯p-h-cm\pw Cu \mS-I-thZn klm-bn-¨p.
F¶mÂ \mSIw hfsc Bbm-k-c-ln-X-ambn krjvSn-¡m-hp-¶,
hnt\mZw am{X-amsW¶pÅ sXämb t_m[w \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw Cu \mS-I-thZn Imc-W-am-sb¶pw ImWmw.
_me-\m-S-I-thZn
t]cp-t]mse Ip«n-IÄ¡v Bkz-Zn-¡m\pw DÄs¡m-
Åm\pw Ign-bp¶ \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ thZn-bmWv
_me-\m-S-I-th-Zn. Ip«n-Ifpw apXnÀ¶-hcpw C¯cw \mS-I-§Ä
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ¡v Bi-b-kw-th-Z\w \S-¯m³
Ign-bp¶ \mS-I-§-fmWv CXnÂ {][m\yw t\Sp-¶-Xv. KpW-]m-T-
I-Y-IÄ, \oXn-km-c-I-Y-IÄ, hnt\m-Z-§fpw Ip«n-¡-fn-Ifpw
\ndª IY-IÄ F¶n-h-bmWv _me-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hnj-b-
§Ä. Cw¥o-jp-Im-c-\mb Po³ sÌÀen§v BWv Ip«n-
IÄ¡mbn \mS-I-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb {]ap-J-cnÂ HcmÄ.
1948Â ImcÂ P¶À Bcw-`n¨ Cw¥ojv Xnb-ädpw 1962Â
Øm]n¨ bqWn-t¡m¬ Xob-ädpw Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-th-Znsb
iàn-s¸-Sp-¯n. Cý-bnÂ Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-th-Znsb iàn-
s¸-Sp-¯p¶ At\Iw {]Øm-\-§-fp-−v. kvIqfp-Ifpw
kmwkvIm-cnI {]Øm-\-§fpw km£-cXm {]hÀ¯-\-kw-L-
§fpw _me-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p. tdUn-tbm,
Zpc-ZÀi³, aäv Snhn Nm\-ep-IÄ kÀ¡m-cnsâ kmaq-ly-t£-a-]-
cn-]m-Sn-IÄ XpS-§nbhbn-seÃmw Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-thZn

t{]mÕm-ln-¡s¸Sp¶p-−v. Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å, Imhmew XpS-§n-b-
hÀ \S-¯nb At\z-j-W-]-T-\-§Ä {]k-à-am-Wv. shªm-d-
aqSv cwK-{]-`m-Xv, Xr¸p-Wn-¯d `mk-t`-cn, tNdqÀ cwK-tN-X-\,
s\¿m-än³Ic \mSI IqSv F¶o kwL-§Ä Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-
thZn F¶ \ne-bnÂ {i²-t\-Sn-bn-«p−v Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS
\ngÂ, s]m¶pw-IpSw kmdm-tPm-k-^nsâ Nm¯p-½msâ
sNcp¸pIÄ XpS-§n-bh Gsd {i²-t\-Snb _me-\m-S-I-§-fm-
Wv.
sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä
sXcp-hns\ Xs¶ Ac-§m-¡p¶ {]tXyI cwK-k-Öo-I-
c-W-§-sfm¶pw Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ P\-§sf
t_m[hXv¡cn¡pI F¶ e£yw h¨p-sIm−v Ac-t§-dp¶
\mS-I-amWv sXcp-hp-\m-S-Iw. {]ta-b-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
amWv Cu \mSIw e£yw shbv¡p-¶-Xv. \mS-Iw, \S³,
t{]£-I³ F¶o LS-I-§-fpsS Hs¯m-cp-a-bn-eq-sS-bmWv
sXcp-hp-\m-SIw apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. Cu \mSIw Ac-§nÂ
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-§-fnÂ \n¶v hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-
¡pw. A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn \mSIw ImWp¶ t{]£-I-t\mSv
kwh-Zn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ cN-\bpw kwhn-[m-\hpw
A`n-\-b-hp-amWv sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ hnf-¡n-t¨À¡p-¶-Xv. P\-
§Ä hs¶-¯p¶ CS-§-fnÂ \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn
]−p-ap-Xte D−m-bn-cp-¶p. anÌdn \mS-I-§Ä andm-¡nÄ \mS-
I-§Ä XpS-§nb bqtdm-]y³ sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§-sfÃmw sXcp-hp-
I-fnÂ Xs¶-bmWv AhX-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. Cý³ hoYn-\m-S-
Ihpw sXcp-¡q¯pw C¡q-«-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶-h-bmWv. ]e \mSp-I-
fnÂ \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ \mtSmSn \mS-I-§Ä sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-
§-fpsS {]mNo-\-cq-]-§-fm-Wv. hmNn-Iw, BwKnIw F¶o A`n-
\-b-co-Xn-IÄ¡mWv sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ {]map-Jyw. cwK-km-a-
{Kn-Itfm thj-`p-jm-Zn-Itfm A[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dn-sÃ-¦nepw
t{]£-IÀ¡v A]-cn-Nn-X-amb IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
t¼mÄ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ coXn-bn-epÅ thj-
§Ä [cn-¡m-dp-−v.
{_n«o-jp-Im-c-\mb tSmw tXmakv cwK-k-Öo-I-c-W-§-fn-
Ãm¯ \mS-I-thZn F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ ‘hkvXp-c-lnX\mS-I-
thZn’ F¶v kz´w \mS-I-th-Zn¡v t]cn-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²-bÀln-
¡p¶XmWv. ka-Im-enI {]iv\-§Ä P\-§Ä¡pap-¶nÂ Ah-

X-cn-¸n¨v Ahsc t_m[-h-XvI-cn-¡pI F¶ e£y-amWv Cý-
bnse _mZÂ kÀ¡m-cnsâ aq¶mw \mS-I-thZn(tXUv Xn¿-
äÀ)¡pÅ-Xv.
Ipcn-insâ hgn, kq£n-¡pI Poh³ hne-tb-dn-b-Xm-Wv,
A¦-t¡m-gn-IÄ, Cý-\-h-Ø-bpsS hÀ¯-I-am-\-§Ä, ]S-tbm-
«w, t`m¸mÂ t`m¸mÂ XpS-§n-bh P\-§Ä kzoI-cn¨ ae-bmf
sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-¯nsâ
\nc-h[n sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.
kwkvIm-c-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, ab-¡p-a-cp-¶v, hÀ¤o-b-X, hne-¡-b-äw,
BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡pw aäp-apÅ {]iv\-§Ä, s]¬ap-t¶-äw,
sXmgnÂ ka-cw, IpSn-\oÀ{]iv\w XpS-§nb {]ta-b-§sf
ap³\n-dp¯n Ht«sd \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä [mcmfw sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-
§Ä sImtdm-W-¡m-e-¯n-\p-ap³]p-hsc \S-¯n-s¡m-−n-cp-¶p.
hn¹-h-\m-\-ć djy-bnse \mS-I-{]-hÀ¯-I-cmWv B[p-
\nI sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä. anÌdn _ps^, Zn
tÌman§v Hm^v Zn hnâÀ ]me-kv, Zn tUm¬ XpS-§nb sXcp-
hp-\m-S-I-§Ä P\-Iob {]t£m-`-§-fpambn _Ô-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv.
APnäv t{]m¸v, \yqkvt]-¸À Xn¿-äÀ, KdnÃ Xn¿-äÀ, C³hn-kn-
_nÄ Xn¿-äÀ apX-emb sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-kw-L-§Ä Xpd-Êmb
Ac-§nÂ P\-Iob ASn-b-´-cm-h-iy-§fpw P\-Iob {]t£m`w
e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ t_m[-\hpw \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn-\p-th−n sXcp-hp-
\m-S-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. sXcp-hp-\m-S-Is¯ ssNX-\y-h-¯m-
¡p¶ henb LSIw \So-\-S-·m-cpsS kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-²-X-
bm-Wv. F¶mÂ \mSI {]ta-b-¯n-\mWv {]m[m\yw e`n-¡p-¶-
Xv, \So-\-S-·mÀ¡-Ã. Hmtcm sXcp-hn-tâbpw kz`m-h-¯n-s\m¯v
cwK-`m-j-bnÂ Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯Â \S-¶n-«n-sÃ¶v sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-
§sf hnaÀin-¨p-sIm−v Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c³ ‘\mSIw I®nsâ
Ie’ F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. F¦nepw sXcp-
hp-\m-SIw Cu \qäm-−nsâ khn-tij krjvSn-bmbmWv Icp-X-
s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
kv{Xo\m-S-I-thZn
\Sn-bmtbm kwhn-[m-bn-I-bmtbm Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmtbm
s]mXp-a-Þ-e-¯n-te¡v hcm-\m-hp¶ kml-Ncyw ap³]v ae-
bmfn kv{XoIÄ¡v D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶
]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km\ Imes¯ ae-bm-fn-

kv{Xo-bpsS ico-c-`mj hkv{X-[m-cWw hnZym-`ymkw XpS-§nb
kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-§Ä kz`m-hn-I-ambpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ
ImWm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. A¡m-e¯v kv{XoIÄ du¡-bn-Sp-¶Xpw
taevap−v [cn-¡p-¶Xpw thjw sI«-embn ImWp-Ibpw aq¯-h-
tcmSv _lp-am-\-an-Ãm-bva-bmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¯-c-
¯nÂ kaqlw kv{XoIsf {]Xn-Øm-\¯p \nÀ¯p-Ibpw
kzmX{ýw \ÂImsX ]oUn-¸n-¡pbpw sNbvX ]Ým-¯-e-
¯nÂ thWw BZy-Ime kv{Xo\m-S-I-c-N-\-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-
−Xv.
Ipªp¡p«n X¦-¨n-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy
kv{Xo\m-SIcN-bn-Xm-hv. sImÃ-hÀjw 1065mam−n-\-Sp¯v {]kn-
²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« AÚm-X-hm-k-amWv Ah-cpsS IrXn. ]mÞ-h-
cpsS AÚm-X-hm-ks¯¸än kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-¯nsâ amXr-I-
bnÂ Fgp-X-s¸« \mS-I-amWv AÚm-X-hm-kw. Cu \mSIw
\mS-I-t{]-an-IÄ¡v hmbn-¡m³ am{X-apÅXmbn HXp-§n-t¸m-bn.
X¦-¨n-¡p-tijw \mS-I-c-N\ \S-¯nb kv{Xo tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-
h-½-bmWv ‘kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w’ BWv Ah-cpsS \mS-Iw. A¡m-
es¯ \mS-I-§Ä¡nS-bnÂ Hcp kv{Xo cN\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ
Cu \mS-I-¯n\v henb {]m[m-\y-ap-−v. Imc-Ww, alm-I-hnI-
fmb sImSp-§-ÃqÀ X¼p-cm-¡-·mÀ am{Xta AXn-\p-ap³]v C¯-
c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§Ä cNn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp. A`n-\bw cwK-N-e-\-
§Ä F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb \nÀt±-i-§Ä Cu \mS-I-
¯n-ep-−v. ]Iz-amb Hcp cN-\m-coXn C¡m-h½ kp`-{ZmÀÖp-\-
¯nÂ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. Ic-a\ tIi-h-imkv{Xn
Cu \mSIw kwkvIr-X-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]ptcm-K-a\ \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ apt¶-ä-Im-e¯v
Ht«sd kv{XoIÄ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn-se-¯n, im´m-tZ-hn,
\ne-¼qÀ Bbn-j, sI.-]n.-F-kn. efn-X, ko\¯v XpS-§n-b-hÀ
\mSI \Sn-IÄ F¶ coXn-bnÂ Adn-b-s¸-«p.
F¬]-Xp-IÄ¡p-tijw ae-bm-f-¯nse kv{Xo\m-S-I-
thZn kPo-h-ambn kmdm -tPm-k^v t\XrXzw \ÂInb am\p-jn,
A`n-t\{Xn XpS-§nb thZn-I-fn-eqsS Ht«sd \mS-I-§Ä
kv{XoI-fpsS taÂss¡-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. kv{XoI-
fpsS {]iv\-§fpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pI kv{Xokm-
¶n[yw Adn-bn-¡pI F¶o c−pe£y-§Ä kv{Xo\m-S-I-th-Zn-
¡p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\n-Im-\-ć tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ
kPn-X, {ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic XpS-§nb kv{Xo \mS-I-{]-hÀ¯-

IÀ anI-hpä ]co-£-W-§Ä Cu cwK¯v \S-¯n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-
¶p. {ioP Bd-t§m-«p-I-c-bpsS te_À dqw, Hmtcmtcm Ime-
¯nepw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. kv{Xo
{]iv\-§-tfm-sSm¸w Zen-Xv, BZn-hm-kn, ]cn-ØnXn {]iv\-
§fpw C¶v B[p-\n-Im-\-ć \mS-I-§-fnÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-
Sp-¶p.
Im¼kv Xnt¿-äÀ
Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bmWv Iem-eb \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS A\-´-
km-[y-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-
Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ injy-·m-cmWv BZyw Cu Bi-bs¯ apJ-
hn-e-s¡-Sp¯v \mS-I-§Ä Iem-eb Pohn-X-Im-e¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¨p-Xp-S-§n-b-Xv. ]n¶oSv AsXmcp Xcw-K-ambn amdp-Ibpw tIc-
f-¯nse Iem-e-b-§-fnÂ \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. \mSI IuXp-I-apÅ Ip«n-IÄ apXnÀ¶-hÀ
Im«p¶sX´pw X§-fpsS tImtf-P-¦-W-¯nÂ ]IÀ¯n-¡m-
«p¶p F¶-Xp-sIm−v F´p ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-−m-hm-\mWv F¶v
Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. Im¼kv Xnt¿-ä-dns\ hfsc
Kuc-h-ambn ImW-W-sa¶pw henb [mc-W-I-fn-ÃmsX hcp¶
Cu Ip«n-I-fnÂ \mS-Im-`n-\-bw, \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\w, Ac-s§m-cp-
¡w, \mS-I-c-N\ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ ]eXntâbpw {Inbm-]-²-Xn-
Ifpw \mS-I-sa¶ Iem-cq-]-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-{]m-[m-\y-§fpw
kaÀl-amb coXn-bnÂ Ah-cnÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡pI Ffp-¸-am-
sW¶v i¦-c-¸nÅ Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p-−v.
C¶v Iem-eb \mS-Im-`n-\-b-kw-L-§Ä B\-sb-t¸mse
kz´w _e-a-dn-bmsX Ign-ªp-Iq-Sp-¶p. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ
Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ FÃm hmk-\-I-fp-sSbpw
shdpw H¸p-I-S-em-kp-IÄ am{X-ambn Ah amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
Gähpw P\-{]oXn t\Snb \Ssâ `mh-lm-hm-Zn-IÄ, BwKy-tN-
jvS-IÄ þ Fń\v sshI-ey-§Ä hsc A\p-I-cn-¨p-Im-«p-¶-XnÂ
A`n-\-bs¯ HXp-¡n-¡-f-bp¶p AhÀ. AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ cmPv
I]q-dp-amcpw bqÄ {_®-·mcpw kXy-·mcpw [mcm-f-ap-s−¶pw
i¦-c-¸nÅ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu Ah-Ø¡v Ah-cÃ
D¯-c-hm-Zn-IÄ F¶pw Ahsc \bn-¡p-hm³ {i²n-¡m¯
k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-tâ-Xm-sW¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

tIfp
F³. iin-[-c³
C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³
I®qÀ PnÃ-bnse Ipäym-«q-cnÂ P\n¨ F³. iin-[-c³
\mS-I-Ir¯pw \ncq-]-I\pw Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯p-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-Km-Y,
aªp-s]-¿p¶ Hcp cm{Xn, cm{Xn-bpsS CS-b³, Ifn, hmWn-`w,
DjvW-Im-ew, cmh-W³tIm-«, ASp-¡f F¶n-h-bmWv {][m-\-
\m-S-I-§Ä. C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e-\p-ambnt¨Às¶-gp-Xnb \mS-I-
§-fmWv tIfphpw DS-¼-Sn-t¡m-e-hpw. \ncq-]-W-{K-Ù-§Ä IY
Imew-t]mse, hm¡nÂ ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ncn-{Xw, IYm-Im-ew,
Imhy-hÀjw F¶o kam-lm-c-§Ä FUn-äp-sN-bvXp. Fkv.-]n.-
kn.-F-kv. c−p-hm-fy-§-fn-embn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Ihn-X-bpsS
\qäm-−nsâ FUn-täm-dn-bÂ t_mÀUw-K-am-bn-cp-¶p. s\bv¯p-
Im-c³ F¶ Ne-¨n-{X-¯n\v Xnc-¡-Y-sb-gp-Xn. hmWn`w tIcf
kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUpw tIfptIc-f-kw-KoX \mSI
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUpw t\Sn.
ImkÀtImSv PnÃ-bnse Ntć kztZ-in-bmWv C.-]n.
cmP-tKm-]m-e³. kz]v\hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, temI-¯nsâ hm¡v,
IYm-]qÀÆw, Cµp-te-J, hmb-\-bpsS Zni-IÄ F¶o kam-lm-c-
§Ä FUn-äp-sN-bvXp. IY-bpsS \qäm-−nsâ FUn-äÀam-cn-sem-
cm-fm-Wv. kmÂh-tZmÀ Zmen-bpsS Bß-IYIfn-sem¶v
hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-«p-−v. kz]v\hpw Ncn-{Xhpw F¶ IrXn
Xmbm«v AhmÀUn-\Àl-am-bn.
tIfp F¶ \mSIw hnZzm³ ]n. tIfp \mb-cpsS Pohn-
Xs¯ Ah-ew-_-am-¡n-bmWv cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. 1901 Â
ImkÀt¡mSv PnÃ-bnse \ote-iz-c-¯mWv tIfp-\m-bÀ P\n-¨-Xv.
H¶mw temI-bp-²-Im-e¯v ]«m-f-¯nÂ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-s¨-
¦nepw AXp-t]-£n¨v ]p¶-tÈcn \¼n-bpsS IognÂ ]«m¼n
kwkvIr-X-tIm-tf-PnÂ D]-cn-]-T\w \S¯n hnZzm³ ]co£
]mkm-bn. 1924 Â Imª-§m«v BZy-ambn tIm¬{Kkv I½än
cq]o-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ {][m\ `mc-hm-ln-I-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn. 1926Â
shÅn-t¡m¯v hnÚm-\-Zm-bn\n kwkvIrX ]mT-ime Øm]n-
¨p. kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«pÅ hnhn[ {]hÀ¯-\-
§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-Ibpw s\lvdp ]s¦-Sp¯ 1928 se ]¿-¶qÀ
tIm¬{KÊv kt½-f-\-¯nÂ kPo-h-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Kmb-

I\pw \S\pw \mS-I-Ir¯pw {]mkw-Kn-I\pw kwLm-S-I-\p-ambn
Ignhv sXfn-bn-¨p. ‘kvacn-¸n³ `mc-Xo-bsc’ F¶ {]i-kvX-amb
Km\w tIfp-\m-b-cp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]mZp-I-]-«m-`n-tj-Iw, e¦m-Z-l-\w,
{[ph-N-cn-Xw, P\mÀ²-\-`m-k-N-cn-Xw, I_oÀZm-k-N-cn-Xw, ]m¡-
\mÀN-cn-Xw, k¼qÀ®-cm-am-bWw, hnth-tIm-Zbw AYhm Pm\-
Io-]-cn-Wbw F¶nhbmWv \mS-I-§Ä. D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nse
BZy kmaq-ly-\m-S-I-amWv hnth-tIm-Z-bw. ]pcm-W-\m-S-I-§-sf-
t¸mepw ka-Im-en-I-am-¡n-bmWv tIfp-\m-bÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv.
1929Â At±-l-¯nsâ 29þmas¯ hb-ÊnÂ kz´w ]mT-im-e-
bnÂsh¨v tIfp-\m-bÀ Bß-lXy sNbvXp.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
hnZzm³ ]n. tIfp-\m-bÀ
ao-\m£n
F.-kn. I®³\m-bÀ
sI.-Sn. Ipªn-cm-a³ \¼ymÀ
tOm«-memÂ`«v
]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ
sI. am[-h³
sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ
tZÀ½³ \mbÀ
\mev hnZzm-·mÀ
At\Iw tIm¬{KÊv {]hÀ¯-IÀ
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
hnZzm³ ]n. tIfp-\m-bÀ kvamc-I-{S-Ìnsâ FIvkn-Iyp-
«ohv I½n-än-tbm-K-t¯m-sS-bmWv \mS-Im-cw`w 1997 BWv Imew.
sI. am[-h\pw aäv Bdp-t]-cp-amWv AhnsS H¯p-tN-cp-¶-Xv.
tIfp-\m-b-sc-¡p-dn¨v Hcp \mSIw FgpXn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v
AhÀ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb
_me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ Xs¶-bmWv tIfp-\m-b-sc-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
\mS-I-sa-gp-Xm³ tbmKy³ F¶pÅ A`n-{]mbw Ahn-sS-bp-−m-
hp-¶p. tIfp-\m-bsc Hcp IYm-]m-{X-am-¡n-am-äm³ Ign-bptam
F¶ Bi¦ _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ
FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw \nÀ_-Ô-¯n-\p-h-g§n Abm-fXv k½-Xn-¡p-
¶p.

cwKw Ccp−v sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ \mSIw FgpXn ]qÀ¯n-
bm-¡m³ Ign-bmsX _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ {]bm-k-¯n-em-Ip-
¶p. AhnsS Nph¶ ]«p-Npän tIfp-\m-bÀ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p.
_me-Ir-jvW³ sR«n-s¯-dn-¡p-¶p. Ac-§nse BZy-h-km-\-
¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ Fs¶ C\nbpw Ac-§n-se¯n ¡tWm F¶
kwibw tIfp-\m-bÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. hyànbpw IÀ½hpw X½n-
epÅ sshcp[yw am{Xta Ftâ-Xmbn F\n¡v DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-
hp-¶p-Åp. _me-Ir-jvW³ \mS-I-¯nsâ aqi Cu sshcp-[y-am-
Ip-¶-XmWv DNn-X-sa¶v tIfp-\m-bÀ ]d-bp-¶p. CsXmcp Ncn-
{X-\m-S-I-am-bn-cn-¡n-sÃ¶v _me-Ir-jvW³ tIfp-\m-bÀ¡v Dd-¸p-
sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. kzbw Pohn-X-a-h-km-\n-¸n¨XnÂ Ct¸mÄ ZpxJw
tXm¶p-¶pt−m F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v CÃ F¶v tIfp-\m-bÀ adp-
]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
shfn¨w Ccp-−p-sX-fn-bp-t¼mÄ JZ-dp-Sp-¸-Wnª tIfp-
\m-b-cpsS {]kwKw, tIÄhn-¡m-cnÂ F.-kn. I®³\m-bÀ, sI.-
Sn. Ipªn-cm-a³ \¼ymÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ BÄ¡q-«-¯n-ep-−v.
JZÀ [cn-t¡-−-Xn-sâbpw ioabnse anÂ¯pWn Dt]-£n-t¡-
−-Xn-s\bpw Ipdn-¨mWv tIfp-\m-bÀ {]kw-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
ho−pw cwKw sXfn-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ t]mÌ-sd-gp-Xp-¶-bp-hm-
¡Ä KmÔnPn \ote-iz-c¯v hcp-¶Xpw aäp-amWv t]mÌ-dnÂ.
Ahn-tS¡v KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-\mb tOm«m-emÂ`«v
hcp-¶p. I®³\m-b-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. KmÔnPn \ote-
iz-c¯v hcp-¶nÃ Imk-d-tImt«m awK-em-]p-ct¯m t]mbn At±-
ls¯ ImtW-−n-hcpw F¶ Imcyw `«v Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.
I®³ \mbcpw tIfp-\m-bcpw \ncm-i-cm-sb-¦nepw ]ntä¶v
KmÔn-Pnsb ImWm³ bm{X-¡pÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä Iq«p-¶p.
t]mÌp-I-fnÂ Hs¶-Sp¯v hmbn¨v hnjm-Z-¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶
tIfp-\m-b-cpsS cq]w Ccn-«n-emgp-¶p.
cwK¯v {_n«ojv km{am-Pys¯ hmgv¯n {]mÀ°\
sNmÃp¶ kvIqÄ. C¯cw {]mÀ°-\-IÄ \ndp-¯-W-sa¶v
I®³ \mbÀ. tZiob hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ CXp-Xs¶ \S-¡p-I-
bpÅp F¶v tIfp-\m-bcpw I®³ \mbcpw Ipªn-cm-a³
\¼ymcpw \nK-a-\-¯nse¯p¶p. tZiob hnZym-e-b-§-fpsS
amXr-I-bnÂ Hcp kvIqÄ XpS-§-Wsa¶v I®³\m-bÀ ]d-bp-
¶p. FÃm-hcpw AXv icn-h-bv¡p-¶p. AhÀ B Xocp-am-\-
¯nÂ Dd-¨p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. ‘hnÚm-\-Zm-bn\n’ F¶v kvIqfn\v
t]cn-Sp-¶p. B kvIqfnÂ kmbn-¸-·msc kvXpXn-¡p¶ ]m«p-I-

fnÃ ]Icw amXr-`q-an-sb kvacn-¡Ww F¶p tIfp-\m-bÀ ]d-bp-
¶p.
ASp¯ cwK¯v tIfp-\m-b-cp-tSbpw ao\m-£n-bp-sSbpw
hnhmlw Ign-ªp. JZÀ [cn-¨mWv tIfp-\m-bÀ hnhml aÞ-
]-¯nse¯nb-Xv. BZy-cm-{Xn-bnÂ \mS-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw kzmX-
{ý-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw JZ-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw AhÀ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.
kv{XoIÄ hoSn-\-I-¯p-am{Xw HXp-§n-¡q-sS¶pw AhÀ cwK-¯n-
d§n {]hÀ¯n-¡-W-sa¶pw Ipªn-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymcpsS `mcy
am[-hn-b-½-sb-t¸mse {]kw-Kn-¡m\pw \qÂ\qÂ¡m\pw PmY
hnfn-¡m-\p-saÃmw X¿m-dm-h-W-sa¶v tIfp-\m-bÀ ao\m-£n-tbmSv
]d-bp-¶p. tIfp-\m-bÀ cmPy-¯n-\p-th−n {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\mWv
Xsâ Pohn-X-sa¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ao\o£n AXn\v FXncv
\nÂ¡nÃ F¶v hm¡p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p.
cwK¯v ]m¡-\mÀ NcnXw F¶ \mS-Iw. A¡m-es¯
Abn-¯m-N-cWw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ao\m-£n-bpsS AÑ³
t`À½³ \mbÀ KmÔn-tbbpw tIm¬{K-Ên-t\bpw hnaÀin-¡p-
¶p. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS \mS-Ihpw Ihn-Xbpw kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-
\hpw t`À½³ \mbÀ¡v Xosc CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. CsXm¶pw
Cu ho«nÂ \S-¡n-sÃ¶v AbmÄ tIfp-\m-bÀ¡v ap¶-dn-bn¸p
\ÂIp-¶p. Rm³ sXsäm¶pw sNbvXn-«nÃ F¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ
\mb-tcbpw ]pe-b-tcbpw Hcp-an-¨n-cp¯n ]Tn-¸n¡p¶ kvIqfp-
−m-¡n-bXv sXäm-sW¶v t`À½³ \mbÀ ]d-bp-¶p. \mev
ap¡m-ep-−m-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶pt−m F¶v tZÀ½³ \mbÀ tNmZn-
¡p-t¼mÄ Xm³ kzX-{´-`m-c-X-¯ot¶ i¼fw ]äp-I-bpÅp
F¶v tIfp-\m-bÀ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
_me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ym-cpsS Fgp-¯p-ap-dn-bn-te¡v
shfn¨w F-¯p-t¼mÄ AbmÄ ap³]v I−-Xnepw Akz-Ø-\m-
Wv. AbmÄ tIfp-\m-bsc¡pdn¨v kzbw kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-
¡p-t¼mÄ 72-þmw hb-ÊnÂ A´-cn¨ Ihn Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ
AtX {]mb-¯nÂ AbmÄ¡p-ap-¶nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. \mS-
I-sa-gpXn XoÀ¶ntÃ _me-IrjvWm F¶v Ihn tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
kvX_v[-\m-bn-t¸mb _me-Ir-jvW³ sXmgp-ssI-I-tfmsS alm-
Ihn F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. tIfp-th-«sâ PohnXw Fgp-Xn-sh-¨-
bmÄ¡v \mS-I-sa-gp-Xm³ _p²n-apt«m F¶v Ihn tNmZn-¡p-
t¼mÄ. Xm³ Fgp-Xn-h-¨-Xn-\-¸p-d-¯pÅ tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Pohn-
X-amWv Xs¶ _p²n-ap-«n-¡p-¶-sX¶v _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ
]d-bp-¶p. Ihnbv¡pw \mS-I-Ir-¯n-¶p-an-S-bnÂ Cu kabw

tIfp-\m-bÀ {]Xy-£s¸Sp-¶p. Ihnbpw tIfp-\m-bcpw Ah-
cpsS Pohn-X-§-sfbpw aäp-Å-hÀ Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ª-Xn-
s\bpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
tIfp-\m-bÀ ]IpXn Fgp-Xn-h¨ \mSIw ao\m£n FSp-
¯p-hm-bn-¡p-¶p. AXnÂ kz´w ANv-A-O-s\bpw aäpw
hnaÀin-¨Xv ao\m-£n¡v a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. ao\m£n AXn-s\-
¡p-dn¨v FXnÀ¸n-ÃmsX kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu \mSIw
Fgp-Xn-XoÀt¡-s−¶pw A§s\ XoÀ¯mÂ Bfp-IÄ apgp-
h³ tIfp-\m-bÀ¡v FXn-cm-hp-sa¶pw _Ôp-¡Ä i{Xp-¡-fm-hp-
sa¶pw ao\m£n ]d-bp-¶p. Fs¶-¡p-dn¨v HmÀ¯n-sÃ-¦nepw
aI-\mb Zmap-hns\ HmÀ¡-W-sa¶pw AhÄ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
tIfp-\m-bÀ Akz-Ø-\m-Ip-¶-tXmsS cwK-¯pÅ ]m¡-\mÀ
{]Xn-a-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. I¬a-jn-sb-Sp¯ {]Xn-a-bpsS
I®nÂ ]pc-«p¶p ]n¶oSv Ipä-t_m-[-¯mÂ Ft¶mSv £an¡v
]m¡-\mtc F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.
shfn¨w sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ \mS-I-tÌ-Pnsâ ]n³`mKw \S-
·m-tcmSv kwkm-cn-¡p¶ tIfp-\m-bÀ, k\m-\µ tjWm-bn-bnÂ
\n¶v ISw hm§n \mSIw Ifn¨v IS-¡m-c-\m-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v
IqsS A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-hÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. tIm¬{K-Ênsâ
^−nÂ \n¶v ISw ho«m³ AhÀ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. tIfp-\m-bÀ
AXn-\p-X-¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. \mSIw ImWm³ h¶ ao\m£n aI³
Zmap-hn-s\bpw sIm−v tIfp-\m-bsc ImWm³ hcp-¶p.
Ipªn\v Xosc kpJ-an-sÃ¶v [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. \msf Ipªns\
sshZysc ImWn-¡m³t]mepw ]W-an-sÃ¶ kXyw ao\m£n
a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v tZÀ½³ \mbÀ {]th-in-¸n-¡p-¶p.
\mS-I-s¯bpw kmln-Xy-t¯bpw tIfp-\m-b-scbpw AbmÄ
Hcp-t]mse A[n-t£-]n-¡p-¶p. ao\m-£nsb AbmÄ \nÀ_-
Ô-ambn Ahn-sS-\n¶v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶p. \mS-I-¯nse tIfp-
\m-b-cpsS A«-lmkw Hcp tcmZ-\-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. Abm-
f-hnsS Ipg-ªp-ho-gp-¶p. \S-·mÀ \nÊ-lm-b-cmbn AXp-I-−p-
\nÂ¡p-¶p.
shfn¨w -sX-fn-bp-t¼mÄ hnZzm³amÀ \mep-t]À tIfp-hp-
ambn aÕ-cn-¡m³ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ tÇmIw sNmÃp-t¼mÄ
‘a’ F¶ A£-c-¯nÂ sNmtÃ− tIfp-hn\v ‘acWw’ F¶p
am{Xta ]d-bm³ Ign-bp-¶pÅp AXp tI«v hnZzm-·mÀ s]m«n-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶p. CcpÄ ]c-¡p-¶p.

XnanÀ¯p-s]-¿p¶ ag-bnÂ an¶Â shfn-¨-¯n-emWv
Ac§v ImWp-¶Xv ]m¡-\m-cpsS {]Xn-asb tNÀ¯p-]n-Sn¨v
kwLÀj-t¯msS XS-hp-¶p. \osb-\n-s¡¶pw A`-b-
ambncp¶p-sh¶v {]Xn-a-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \ns¶ Dt]-£n-¨p-t]m-
Im³ F\n¡v Ign-bn-Ã F¶p-]-dªv tIfp-\m-b-c-dn-bmsX
BtÇjw apdp-Ip-¶p. {]Xn-a-bpsS I®p-IÄ AbmÄ amń-sb-
Sp-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ aäp-`m-K-§Ä Ct¸mÄ {]Xna shdp-samcp
a¬Iq-\-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv ssII-fnÂ DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨v CS-
s\-©p-s]m«n¡c-bp-¶p. ]m¡-\mtc Fsâ ]m¡-\mtc F¶
\ne-hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶p.
Xnc-Èoe ]nf-cp-t¼mÄ ]mZpI]«m-`n-tjIw \mS-I-
¯nse Hcp aplqÀ¯w ssItI-bnbpw Zi-c-Y\pw \S\w sN¿p-
¶p. ]n¶oSv Ac-§nÂ shfn¨w s]men-bp-¶p. Zi-c-Ysâ
k½À±hpw ZpxJhpw Bhm-ln-¨-Xp-t]mse AhnÂs]mXn
Xpd¶v H¶n-s¨-Sp¯v hngp-§p-¶p. shÅw IpSn-¡p-¶p. \mS-I-
s]«n ssIX«n henb i_vZ-t¯msS hogp-¶p. acWw hcn-¡m-
\mbn \o−p \nhÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶p. Hcp am{X \o−p-\nÂ¡p¶
au\w.
“Ipªn-t¡fp ISp¸w sNbvtX!”, “tItfz-«³ t]mtb!”,

“tIfp-amjv ]änt¨!” XpS§nb tcmZ-\-§Ä. I®³ \mb-c-S-¡-
apÅhÀ HmSn-h-cp¶p \mUn-t\m-¡p¶p. FÃm-hcpw \ne-¯n-cn-
¡p-¶p. ]n¶nÂ NÀ¡ Zo\-kz-c-¯nÂ Ic-ªp-sIm−v kzbw
Id-§p-¶p. shfn¨w kmh-[m\w s]men-bp-¶p.
shfn¨w sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ amXr-`qan ]{X-¯nÂ tIfp-\m-
b-sc-¡p-dn-¨-h¶ apJ-{]-kwKw hmbn¨p tIÄ¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-
tijw tImSn-]p-X¨ tIfp-\m-bÀ Hgp-¡n-se-¶-t]mse F¯p-
¶p. “kvacn-¸n³ `mc-Xo-bsc” F¶ Km\-¯nsâ CuWw. Xne-
Èo-e.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. tIfp F¶ \mS-I-¯n\v Hcm-kzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.
2. tIfp Hcp Ncn-{X-\m-S-I-t¯-¡mÄ Hcp kmaq-ly-\m-S-I-
sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv {i²-t\-Sn-bXv F´p-sIm−v?

3. Ihn Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-s¯¡p-dn¨v
Hcp Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.
4. tIfp-\m-bÀ Hcp kzmX{ý ka-c-tk-\m-\n-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ
\mS-I-¯nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-§s\?
te_À dqw
{ioP sI.-hn.
{ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic F¶ {ioP sI.-hn. 1966 Â XrÈqÀ
PnÃ-bnse Bd-t§m-«p-I-c-bnÂ P\n-¨p. ]«m¼n kwkvIrX
tImtf-PnÂ \n¶v _ncp-Zw. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Fw.-F. Hmtcmtcm
Ime-¯nepw F¶ \mSIw tIcf kwKoX\mSI A¡m-Z-an-
bpsS Ata-NzÀ \mSI aÕ-c-¯nÂ 1999Â anI¨ cN-\-¡pÅ
AhmÀUn\pw anI¨ \hm-KX {]Xn-`-bv¡pÅ Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-
Y³ \mbÀ AhmÀUn\pw 2003 se sNdp-ImSv AhmÀUn\pw
AÀl-am-bn. te_À dqw F¶ \mSIw kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³
\mbÀ kmtIXw AhmÀUn\v AÀl-ambn B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-Im-
e¯v iàn {]m]n¨ kv{Xo\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàmhv F¶
\ne-bnÂ {i² t\Sn-bn-«p-−v. hmWn-Py-\n-Ip-Xn hIp-¸nÂ tPmen
sN¿p-¶p.
\mSI kw{Klw
Cu \mS-I-¯nse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä {]k-h-ap-dn-
bnÂ I−p-ap-«p¶ kv{XoI-fm-Wv. kaq-l-¯nse hnhn[ Xe-§-
fnÂ Pohn-¡p-¶, {]iv\-§Ä A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ kv{Xo Pohn-
X-§sf Cu \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. ]pcp-js\ At]-
£n¨v kv{Xo t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw Akzm-X-{ýhpw
\mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ]me-¡mSv Cu \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¨-t¸mÄ kmaq-ly-hn-cp-²-cmb a\p-jyÀ \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡pw-
hsc \mS-I-{]-hÀ¯-Isc A[n-t£-]n-¨Xv Hcp A`n-ap-J-¯nÂ
{ioP Xpd¶p ]d-ªn-«p-−v. AXp-Xs¶ kv{Xo {]iv\-§sf
kaqlw F§s\ ImWp¶p F¶v AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v.
\mS-I-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸Sp¶ kv{XoIYm-]m-{X-
§Ä¡v {]tXy-In-s¨mcp t]cn-Ã. kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-ambn
kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-
sIm-−p-Xs¶ Hcp t]cnsâ Bh-iy-anÃ F¶v \mS-I-Ir¯v

Icp-Xp-¶p. {]k-h-¯n-\p-th−n Bip-]-{Xn-bnse te_À
dqanÂ {]th-in-¸n-¡-s¸« kv{XoI-fnÂ Hcp kv{Xo {]k-hn¨v
aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ Ignª kv{Xobm-Wv. Xsâ Ipªns\ ImW-
W-sa¶v AhÄ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÄ {]k-hn-¨Xv A\m-
tcm-Ky-apÅ Hcp s]¬Ip-ªn-s\-bm-Wv. HmIvkn-P³ amkvIv
amän-bmÂ ac-W-¯n\p Iog-S-§p¶ Ah-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p B
Ipªn-tâ-Xv. tUmIvSÀ `À¯m-hn-t\mSpw _Ôp-¡-tfmSpw Ip«n
A[n-I-k-abw Pohn-¡n-sÃ¶v Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ip«nsb ImWp-
¶-XnÂ \n¶v tUmIvSdpw t\gvkpw kv{Xosb \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶p. Ah-km\w Ip«n-bpsS AhØ AhÀ a\-Ên-em-¡p-
¶p. `À¯mhpw _Ôp-¡fpw Ip«nsb ac-W-¯n\p hn«p-sIm-Sp-
¡msX aäv amÀK-an-sÃ¶v Ah-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. H³]Xv
amks¯ \o− Im¯n-cn-¸n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ {]k-h-th-Z-\-b-dnªv
{]k-hn¨ B kv{Xo¡v Xsâ Ipªns\ ac-W-¯n\v hn«p-sIm-
Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. AhÄ Xo{h-amb ZpxJw A\p-`-hn-¡p-
¶p. Hcp kv{Xo¡v am{Xw Ign-bp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ lrZb
_Ôw B Ipªp-ambn AhÄ¡v D−mbn Ign-ªXv \mSIw
Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p.
c−m-as¯ kv{Xo kaq-l-¯nse FÃm-hÀ¡pw Nnc-]-cn-
Nn-X-bm-Wv. `À¯m-hn-tâbpw ho«p-Im-cp-tSbpw kvt\lhpw ]cn-
N-c-Whpw e`n-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wn-hÀ. te_À dqanÂ
Bbmepw Xsâ `mcy-bpsS Imcy-§-fnÂ thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp¶
`À¯m-hns\ \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. Btcm-Ky-apÅ
Hcp Ipªns\ {]k-hn-¡Ww F¶ B{K-l-t¯msS h¶
kv{Xo¡v BZys¯ kv{XobpsS Ipªnsâ AhØ I−v
`bhpw AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ ZpxJhpw D−m-Ip-¶p. Xsâ
Ipªv Btcm-Ky-t¯m-sSbpw kpc-£n-X-ambpw Ccn-¡-W-sa¶v
AhÄ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p.
CXnÂ\n-s¶Ãmw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-bmWv aq¶m-as¯
kv{XobpsS Pohn-X-]-cn-kcw. kaq-l-¯nsâ I®nÂ Ah-sfmcp
tamiw kv{Xobm-Wv. {]k-h-¯n-s\-¡p-dnt¨m Xsâ Ipªv
F§-s\-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dnt¨m AhÄ¡v bmsXm-cp-
hn[ Bi-¦-bp-an-Ã. AhÄ A\p-`-hn¨ PohnX kml-Ncyw
A{Xbpw tami-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ A\m-Ybpw ]cn-N-cn-
¡m³ Iq«n-Ãm-¯-h-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ¡v Hcp I¸v Im¸n-hm-
§n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ Bcp-ap-−m-bn-Ã. CXp-sIm-s−ms¡ Xs¶
BZys¯ kv{XobpsS Ipªnsâ Ah-Ø-bn-epÅ Hcp Ipªn-
s\-bmWv AhÄ {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Ww sImSp¯v Xs¶

]cn-N-cn-¡m³ GÀ¸m-Sm-¡nb BÄt]mepw Ahsf ]cn-N-cn-
¡m³ hcm-¯Xv Ahsf k½À±-¯n-em-¡p-¶p-−v. Xâ ico-c-
¯nÂ\n¶v Ip«n F§-s\bpw thÀs¸«v t]mbmÂ aXn F¶
Ah-Ø-bnÂ AhÄ F¯n-t¨À¶p. H¶m-a-s¯bpw c−m-a-
s¯bpw kv{XoI-fnÂ \n¶v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb am\-kn-I-
Xew DÅ IYm-]m-{X-amWv aq¶m-as¯ kv{Xo. c−m-as¯
kv{Xo sImSp-¡p¶ B¸nÄ Pyqkv X\n¡v Zln-¡n-sÃ¶v
AhÄ Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p-−v. KXn-sI« Xsâ Pohn-X-¯n\v
ku`m-Ky-§-sfm¶pw tNcnÃ Fs¶mcp [z\n Cu ]d-bp-¶-Xn-\p-
−v. Cu KÀ`w AhÄ B{K-ln-¡m-¯-Xp-sIm−pXs¶ H¶m-
as¯ kv{XobpsS Ipªv acn-¡p-¶Xv AhÄ ka-Nn-¯-X-
tbmsS t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶p. CXv Ahsf kt´m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
AhÄ c£-s¸«p F¶p-]-dªv AhÀ B Ipªns\ hmcn-sb-
Sp-¡p-¶p. Xm³ {]k-hn-¡p-¶Xv s]¬Ip-ªn-s\-bm-sW-¦nÂ
]¯p-]-Xn-\©v hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw ]pd¯v Bcp-tSbpw
Im¯n-cn-¸n-ÃmsX Ahfpw CXp-t]m-semcp apdn-bn-se-¯n-s¸-Sp-
sa¶pw B¬Ip-ªm-sW-¦nÂ Xs¶ t]mepw Iq«n-sIm-Sp-¡p¶
Hcm-fmbn amdpw c−m-bmepw Ipªn-s\-¡p-dn¨v HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ
X\n¡v `b-amsW¶v ]dªv AhÄ Ae-dn-¡-c-bp-¶p.
s\dn-sI« kaq-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv CXp-t]m-epÅ
A½-am-cp−mIp-¶-Xv F¶v aq¶m-as¯ kv{Xosb Nq−n-
s¡m−v \mSIw ]d-bp-¶p. kaq-l-¯nsâ aqey \jvSw kv{Xo
Pohn-X-s¯-bmWv IqSp-XÂ th«-bm-Sp-¶-sX¶v \m-SIw sXfn-bn-
¡p-¶p. a\pjy kaqlw AÔ-X-bn-te¡pw \nIr-jvS-X-bn-
te¡pw aÕ-c-¯n-te¡pw {]th-in-¨Xv Cu \mS-I-¯nse IYm-
]m-{X-§Ä hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶p. kv{XobpsS Zpcp-X-]qÀ®-amb
PohnXw C¡m-e¯v Nc-¡p-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kwLÀj-]q-
cn-X-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh¶v \mSIw Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-es¯ kv{XoI-fpsS hyànXzw A\m-h-cWw
sN¿p-¶-mWv? kaÀ°n-¡p-I.
2. te_À dqw BWm-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ \njvTq-c-X-Isf Xpd-¶p-
Im-«p¶ \mS-I-amWv? kaÀ°n-¡p-I.
3. te_À dqw \mS-Is¯¡pdn¨v Hcp Akzm-Z-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-
dm-¡p-I.

tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv
kXojv sI. kXojv
tImgnt¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Fcn-ªn-¸m-e¯v P\-\w. tImgn-
t¡mSv "ImgvN' Xnt¿-äÀ {Kq¸nsâ Øm]-I-mwKw. 1999 se
anI¨ \mS-I-c-N-\-¡pÅ CS-tÈcn AhmÀUv tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-
\n-cp-¶Xv F¶ \mS-I-¯n\p e`n-¨p. kzX-{´-]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-
\mbn Ipd-¨p-Imew tPmen sNbvXp ]n¶oSv {]Zo]w amK-kn-
\nÂ Ìm^v dnt¸mÀ«-dmbpw KÄ^v thmbvkv amkn-I-bpsS k_v
FUn-ä-dmbpw tPmen t\m¡n. ta[m-_p-Ivknepw FUn-äÀ
C³NmÀPmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Idp¯ ]£n-bpsS ]m«v ]Z-{]-iv\-
§Ä¡nS-bnÂ Ahfpw Abmfpw ap¯-Èn-¡-Y, ]d-¶p-b-cm³
Ign-bm¯ ]mhw ]d-h-IÄ, Nn{Xmw-K-Z- Nn-cn-¡m¯sXt´, Heo-
hn-e-I-fpsS aÀ½-c-§Ä, {Ko³dqw, hnip² ]m]-§-fnÂcà-
aghogp-t¼mÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv \mS-I-§Ä. sNdnb sNdnb
ag-kv]Ài-§Ä, ag-hn-Ãnsâ a\Êv F¶n-h-bmWv t\mh-ep-IÄ
\mS-IIm-ew, hmb-\-bpsS ck-X-{´w, Xntb-äÀ sSIvÌv F¶o
kam-lm-c-§Ä FUnäv sNbvXp. tImgn-t¡mSv Ie \S-¯nb
AJn-e-tIcf \mS-I-a-Õc¯nÂ Idp¯ ]£n-bpsS ]m«n\v
anI¨ cN-\¡pw kwhn-[m-\-¯n-\p-apÅ AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. 1993
se sNdp-ImSv AhmÀUpw 1994se iàn AhmÀUpw CtX \mS-
I-¯n\v e`n-¨p. ]Z-{]-iv\-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ Ahfpw Abmfpw
F¶ \mS-I-¯n\v tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw e`n-
¨p.
IYm-]m-{X-§Ä
tacn
tacn sPbv³
tacn tPmbvkv
B³tacn
tdmkvtacn
tPmkv sNdn-bm³
tPm¬ sNdnbm³
]qP
^mZÀ tPm¬ De-l-¶m³
djo-Zen
"tdmkv tacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv' F¶ \mSIw `b-hn-lz-e-

amb PohnXw \bn-¡p¶ kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Ø-I-fmWv Nn{Xo-I-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \mS-Ihpw Pohn-Xhpw H¶m-Ip¶ aplqÀ¯-§Ä
Cu \mSI¯nÂ [mcmfw ImWmw. sshIm-cnIX ]c-am-h[n
Ipd¨v hkvXp-X-Isf t{]£-I-\n-te-s¡-¯n-¡p¶
s{_lvXnsâ F¸n¡v Xnt¿-d-dÀ coXn-bmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ
D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \mSIw I−v Bkz-Zn-¡m³ am{X-ap-
Å-X-sÃ¶pw t{]£-Is\ kmaq-ly-ambn {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-
bp¶ cmjv{So-b-L-SIw \mS-I-¯n\v Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-¯-Xm-
sW-¶p-apÅ ss{_lvXn-b³ Bibw Cu \mSIw ]n³Xp-S-cp-
¶p. \mS-I-c-N-\-tbbpw A`n-\-bt¯bpw Ah-X-c-W-t¯bpw
\nb-{ń-¨mÂ am{Xta AXn-ssh-Im-cn-IX \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶v
Hgn-hm-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bpÅq F¶ {_lvXnsâ A`n-{]mbw Cu
\mSIw km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. AXn-\m-em-Wv tdmkv tacn-bmbn
A`n-\-bn¨ \Sn Xs¶ IYm-]m-{X-ambn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
ImWn-IÄ IYm-]m-{X-ambpw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä ImWn-I-fmbpw
Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ cq]m-ćw {]m]n-¡p-¶Xv F¸nIv Xnt¿-ä-dnsâ
khn-ti-j-X-bmbn ImWmw. ss__nÄ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-epÅ
Hcp \mS-I-amWv. tdmkvtacn \mS-I-{Kq-¸mWv IYsb \bn-¡p-¶-
Xv. AhÀ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbpw ImWn-I-fmbpw Nne
kµÀ`§fnÂ amdp-¶p. kl-\-¯n-tâbpw kvt\l-¯n-tâbpw
{]Xo-I-amb I\y-a-dn-b-¯nsâ tacn F¶ t]cnÂ \n¶v XpS§n
]pXnb BJym-\-§-fn-eqsS hnI-kn-¡p-¶-XmWv tdmkvtacn
\mS-Iw. tacn, a¡-fmb tacn-sP-bv³, tacn-tPm-bvkv, B³ta-cn,
tdkvtacn F¶nhcpsS Pohn-X-¯n-eqsS ka-Im-en-I-ambn kv{Xo
Pohn-Xs¯ \mSIw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p.
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
\mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ {Kq¸v AwK-
§Ä sN¶m-bv¡-fpsS I®nse Xnf¡w Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v B]-XvI-
c-amb A´-co£w krjvSn¡p¶p. `bm-\-I-amb B cwK-t¯¡v
Hcp \tc-j³ hcp-¶p. ss__n-fnse BZw lÆ IY-bpsS
]p\-cm-hn-jvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS \·-þ-Xn-·, ]m]w-þ-]p-Wyw, kv{Xoþ-
]p-cp-j³ XpS-§nb a\p-jy-[m-c-W-Isf \mSIw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-
¡p-¶p. kÀ¸w ]m]-¯nsâ NnÓ-ambn Cu cwK¯v {]Xy-£-
s¸-Sp-¶p. kÀ¸-¯nsâ t{]c-W-bm-emWv BZhpw lÆbpw hne-
¡-s¸« I\n `£n¨v ssZh-tIm-]-¯n\v Cc-bm-Ip-¶-Xv. thZ-\-
I-fpsS Ib-amb `qan-bn-te¡v ssZhw bmsXmcp `bhpw
\ÂImsX Ahsc hen-s¨-dn-bp-¶p. kv{XobpsS \nÊm-lm-b-
Ø, bmX-\, Imaw, KÀ`-]oV F¶nh Adp-Xn-bn-ÃmsX XpS-cp-

sa¶pw ssZhw i]n-¡p-¶p. A[x-]-X-\-¯nemb kaqlw
C¡m-e¯pw ssZh-¯nsâ ]gb im]s¯ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
kv{XoIÄ C¶pw ss]im-Nn-I-ambn B{I-an-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXp
t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ kZ-ÊnÂ\n¶v A`bw tXSn tdmkvtacn
F¶ s]¬Ip«n \mSIw Ifn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡n-S-bn-te¡v ]mªp-h-
cp-¶p. A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä \mS-I-¯nsâ sshIm-cn-Imwiw \jvS-
s¸-«-XnÂ \ncm-i-cmbn B s]¬Ip-«nsb ImWn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ
Ccp-¯p-¶p. Xs¶ B{Ian¡m³ ]n¶mse HmSn hcp¶
Bsctbm `b-s¸«v ImWn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-se-¯p¶ B s]¬Ip«n
ImWn-I-fnepw Xs¶ th«-bm-Sm³ Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-s−¶v Xncn-
¨-dnªv AhÄ \mS-I-\-Sn-am-cn-sem-cm-fm-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶p.
AtXmsS \mSIw Ah-fpsS IY-bmbn amdp-¶p. tdmkvta-cn-
bpsSPohnXw I®o-cp-sIm-−mWv Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. Ic-ªp-
I-e-§nb I®p-I-fpÅ A½¨n tacn, s\©p Iodn-¡-c-bp¶
tN¨n B³ta-cn, thZ-\-Isf I-\ymkv{Xo ]«w sIm−v aqSn-
sh¨ tN¨n knÌÀ tacn tPmbvkv, Imam-¯n-]p-c-sa¶ Nph¶
sXcp-hnÂ Ccp− apdn-I-fn-sem-¶nÂ \c-In¨p Pohn-¡p¶
tN¨n tacn sPbvk³ Ch-cnÂ BcnÂ\n-¶mWv Xsâ IY XpS-
t§-−-sX¶v tdmkvtacn Dds¡ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
s_m½\lÅn-bnse Hcp IÂ¡cn J\n-bnÂ \new
]Xn-¡m-dmb Hcp ^mIvSdn tIzmÀt«-gvkn-emWv tdmkvta-cn-bpsS
IpSpw_w Xma-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. B {Kmaw hr¯n-lo-\hpw IÂ¡-cn-
b-h-in-jvS-§Äs¡m−v \nd-ª-h-bp-am-Wv. tPmkv sNdn-bm³
F¶ J\n-sXm-gn-em-fn-bpsS IpSpw_w `mcy- ta-cnbpw \mev
s]¬a-¡fpw Hcp aI-\p-a-S-§p-¶-XmWv. aItâ t]cv tPm¬.
tPmkv sNdn-bmsâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v ]Xn-t\-gm-as¯ hb-Ên-
emWv tacn IS¶p hcp-¶-Xv. tacn Ft¸mgpw ZpxJmÀ¯-bm-Wv.
B apJ¯v Ft¸mgpw ZpxJw Xfw-sI«n InS--¡p¶p. tPmkv
sNdn-bm³ \nXyhpw aZy-]n-¨p-h¶v `mcy-sbbpw a¡-sfbpw
D]{Zhn¡p¶ {]Ir-X-¡m-c-\m-Wv. c−m-as¯ aIÄ tacn
sPbn³ Hcp {S¡v ss{Uh-dpsS IqsS Hfn-t¨m-Sn-t¸m-b-Xn-epÅ
shdp-¸p-am-bmWv tPmkv sNdn-bm³ Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv. B kw`-h-
¯n-\p-tijw aq¶m-as¯ aIÄ tacn tPmbvkns\ ^mZÀ
tPm¬ De-l-¶msâ \nÀ_-Ô-¯nÂ I\ym-kv{Xo-a-T-¯nÂ
tNÀ¯p. Ahsf Úm\-kv\mlw sN¿n-¡p¶ thf-bnÂ
Ht«sd Ipcn-ip-IÄ Ah-fpsS ico-c-¯nÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p. Ah-
fpsS A½ tacn ssZh-hn-fn-bÃ hni-¸nsâ hnfn-bmWv
AhÄ¡v I\ym-kv{Xo-bpsS Ip¸mbw \ÂIn-b-sX¶v Xpd¶p
]d-bp-¶p. Cf-b-a-IÄ tdmkvta-cnsb Hcp Iqªm-ä-¡n-fn-sb-

t¸m-se-bmWv tacn ImWp-¶-Xv. sNSn-I-sfbpw ]q¡-sfbpw
AhÄ¡v Poh-\mWv. AsXÃmw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xnepw AhÄ
anSp-¡n-bm-Wv. GI aI³ tPm¬ sNdn-bm³ Ft¸m-gpw hmb-\-
bnepw \mSIw Ifn-bn-ep-amWv I¼w. Ah³ \mSIw Ifn-¨p
\S-¡p-¶-XnÂ tPm¬ sNdn-bm\pw tacn¡pw ]cm-Xn-bp-−v.
Ahsâ Iq«p-Imcn ]qP-bmWv. BWp-§sf kq£n-¡-W-sa¶pw
`qan sImÅcp-Xm-¯-h-cpsS ssII-fn-em-sW¶pw ]qPsb tacn
D]-tZ-in-¡m-dp-−v. \mS-Im´w IhnXzw F¶-Xp-amän \S-Im´w
Zmcn-{Zy-sa¶ ]pXnb Xnbdn tPm¬ ]qP-tbmSv ]IpXn Xam-i-
bmbn ]d-bp-¶p-−v. a\p-jy³ lrZbw Dt]-£n¨v Bbp[w
sIm−pw tNmc-sIm−pw kwkm-cn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-bnÂ bpPn³
Ab-\-kvtIm-hnsâ Im−m-arKw t]mepÅ \mS-I-§-fmWv Ifn-
t¡-−-sX¶ A`n-{]m-b-amWv tPmWn-\p-Å-Xv. Cu \mS-I-
¯nse sN¶m-bv¡Ä F¶ _nw_-t¯mSv Cu Bibw
tNÀ¶p \nÂ¡p-¶p.
]nXm-hnsâ ZpÀ\-S-¸nepw aÀ±-\-§-fnepw tPmWn\v
AaÀj-ap-−v. sNdn-bm\v tacnsb Ft¸mgpw kwi-b-am-Wv. B
ho«nÂ Bsc-s¡tbm Xm\-dn-bmsX h¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p-s−¶v
AbmÄ ]cmXn ]d-bp-¶p. `mcy-bmb tacn Xsâ ]nSn-hm-inbpw
aÀ±-\hpw kln-t¡-−-Xm-sW¶v [mÀjvSy-amWv AbmÄ
Ft¸mgpw, aI-\mb tPmWn\v ^mZÀ De-l-¶msâ apJ-Ñmb
Ds−¶v AbmÄ Ft¸mgpw hnfn¨p ]dbpw. apdn-IÄ Ft¸mgpw
hr¯n-bm-¡n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ tacn `qan-bmsI amen\yw \nd-bp-
¶-XnÂ Ft¸mgpw ]cmXn ]d-ªp-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. J\n-
bnÂ Znh-k-¡q-en¡v Bsf-sb-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ tPm¬ AhnsS
sN¶v tPmen Xc-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. J\n-bnse IjvSX
\ndª tPmen sN¿m³ tPmWn-¶m-hn-sÃ¶v A½-bpw ktlm-Z-
cn-amcpw Ahs\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. "Chn-Ss¯ Xocm-Zpx-Jhpw
A½-¨n-bpsS I®ocpw F\n¡v Icp¯v Xcm-Xn-cn-¡nÃ' F¶v
adp-]Sn ]dªv AhÄ B tPmen Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶p. sNdn-bm³
Iq«p-Im-cp-sam¯v B ho«n-en-cp¶v aZy-]n-¡p-¶Xv ]Xn-hm-Wv.
\m«nÂ Cd-§nb sN¶m-bv¡Ä ^vfmäv ImhÂ¡m-c³ djo-Z-en-
bpsS aIÄ Pmkvans\ sIm¶p-Xn¶p F¶ hmÀ¯ ]c-¡p-¶p.
J\n-bnÂ tPmen-¡p-t]mb tPmWn\v kl-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-
fpsS ]cn-lmkw kln-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. sNdn-bm-t\m-sSm¸w aZy-]n-
¡m-s\-¯p¶ Iq«p-Im-scbpw Xsâ ktlm-Z-cn-am-scbpw tNÀ¯v
\m«p-ImÀ ]e IY-Ifpw sa\-ªp-−m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. B IY-
IÄtI«v £a \in¨v tPm¬ B{I-a-tWm-Õp-I-\m-Ip-¶p. B

kw`hw aqew J\n-bnse sXmgnepw tPmWn\v \jvS-am-bn.
sNdn-bm³ ho«nepw \m«nepw IqSp-XÂ A]-I-S-Imcnbmbn amdn.
tPm¬ ho−pw \mS-I-¯nÂ kPo-h-ambn ]qP¡v Ah-t\m-SpÅ
kulrZw {]W-b-ambn amdp-¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-IÄ AhÄ \ÂIp-
¶p. \Kcw Iog-S-¡p¶ sN¶m-bv¡Ä \Sp-tdm-Un-en«v ]qPsb
ISn¨p Iodp-¶p. AhÄ ac-W-¯n\v Iog-S-§p-¶p. ss{UhÀ
Nu[-cn-bpsS IqsS \K-c-¯nÂ Id§n \S¶ sNdn-bm³ thiy-
I-fpsS sXcp-hmb Imam¯n]pc¯ph¨v aIÄ tacn-sb-sP-bns\
I−p-ap-«p-¶p. Cu Imcy-§-f-dnªv tPm¬ XfÀ¶p hogp-¶p.
Hcp {Inkvakv cm{Xn-bnÂ Iq«p-Im-tcm-sSm¸w IpSn¨p e¡p-sI«
sNdn-bm³ Dd-§p-t¼mÄ kplr¯v tacnsb IS-¶p-]n-Sn-¡m³
{ian-¡p-¶p. C-Xn\p km£n-bmb tPm¬ sNdn-bms\ sImÃm-
\-Sp-¡p-¶p. DWÀ¶p-t]mb sNdn-bm³ tPmWns\ ASn-s¨-
¦nepw ASn-sIm-Åp-¶Xv tacn-¡m-Wv. ASn-sIm− tacn acn¨p
hogp-¶p. sNdn-bm³ tacnsb kmcn-bnÂ sI«n-¯q-¡p-¶p. Cu
kw`-h-¯n\v km£n-bmb tPmWnsâ ka-\ne sXän. sNdn-
bm³ B³ta-cn-bn-emWv Ct¸mÄ I®p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
AXns\ FXnÀ¡p¶ tPmWns\ AbmÄ {Iqc-ambn aÀ±n-¨p.
B³ta-cn-bpsS Imap-I-\mb BZn-Xy-t\mSv AhÄ bm{X ]d-bp-
¶p. tPmbvkvtacn I\ym-kv{Xo-a-T-¯nÂ\n¶v Xncp-hkv{Xw Dt]-
£n¨v c£-s¸-«p-sh¶ Imcy-a-dn-bn-¡m-\mbn ^mZÀ hcp-¶p.
ho«nse Acp-a-bmbn hfÀ¶ Ipªm-Sns\ Iim¸p sNbvXv
hncp-¶p-−-tijw sNdn-bm³ B³ta-cnsb D]-{Z-hn-¡m³ hcp-
¶p. sNdn-bmsâ ieyw kln-¡m³ Ign-bmsX B³tacn sNdn-
bms\ sImÃp-¶p.
C§s\ IY ]d-ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw, tdmkvta-cn-bmbn A`n-
\-bn-¨-Xnsâ ta·-IÄ FSp-¯p-]-d-ªp-sIm−v \Sn thZn-bn-se-
¯p-¶-Xv. C{]-Imcw \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¨p-sIm-−n-cns¡
asämcp s]¬Ip«n tdmkvta-cn-sb-t¸mse c£-bv¡mbn \ne-hn-
fn-¨p-sIm−v thZn-bn-te¡v HmSn-sb-¯p-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ
A\p`-hn-¡p¶ ]oV-\hpw sN¶m-bv¡-sf-t¸mse Ahsc th«-
bm-Sp¶ kaq-lhpw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶ kqN\ \ÂIn-
s¡m−v \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä
1. "tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv' Hcp kv{Xo]£ \mS-I-
amWv! hyà-am-¡p-I.
2. tdmkv-tacn kaq-l-¯nÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv,
kaÀ°n-¡p-I.
3. tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv kmaqly-{]-Xn-_-²-X-bpÅ
\mS-I-amWv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä
]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-ZÀi\w þ ]p¯³¡mhp am¯³ Xc-I³

\ho-\-\m-S-I-ZÀi\w þ FUn. lcn-iÀ½
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
ae-bm-f-\m-SIw \qdp-hÀjw þ Pn. KwKm-[-c³ \mbÀ
\mS-I-cq-]-NÀ¨ þ Im«p-amSw \mcm-b-W³
\mS-I-ZÀi\w þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
\mS-I-ZÀ¸Ww þ F³.-F³.-]nÅ
\mS-I-{]-th-inI þ F.-Un. lcniÀ½
\m-SIw ]mThpw {]tbm-Khpw þ tUm.-F³. BÀ {Kma-{]-Imiv
\mSIw krjvSnbpw km£m-Xv¡m-chpw þ BÀ.-_n. cmP-e£van
Db-cp¶ bh-\nI þ kn.-sP. tXmakv
\mSy-kn-²m´w þ _nPp. kn.F-kv.
Ac-§nsâ AÀ°-X-e-§Ä þ hb-em- hm-kp-ZtZh³]nÅ
cwK-`mj þ hbem hmkp-tZ³]nÅ
s]®-c§v þ Ime-´-bm--{X-IÄ þ FUn. BÀ_n. cmP-e£van
sXcp-hp-\m-SIw þ Fw.-BÀ. {Kma-{]-Imiv
IÀ«³ þ F³.-F³. ]nÅ
]co-£-W-{]-h-W-X-IÄ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nÂ þ
FÂ. tXma-kvIp«n
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-kv{Xo-N-cn{Xw þ kPn-X -a-T-¯nÂ
\mSy-imkv{Xw þ hnh. sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

Idp-¯-Nn-cn-bpsS Ac§v þ tUm.- FÂ. tXma-kp-Ip«n
ae-bm-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-N-cn-{Xw þ tUm. sI. {ioIp-amÀ
Xnb-t{Sm¬ : \mS-I-¯nsâ temI-k-©mcw þ
tUm. DaÀ Xd-taÂ

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ae-bmf \mSIw

Fw.-F. aebmfw (2019 AUvan-j³)

kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-bXv

Printed @ Calicut University Press

ImfnZmksâ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw 1882-þÂ tIc-f-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 1

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 2

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X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]Nm-c-I-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 10

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1. ‘\h-bp-h-Xn-I-Ws¡ `qan hnd-¨p-\n¶p’ ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 16

Ipam-c-\m-imsâ ‘\fn\n’¡v G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½ Fgp-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 17

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ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xs¯ ià-ambn kzm[o-

hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ‘ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-

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]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-thZn C´y³\m-S-I-th-Znsb kzm[o-\n-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 43

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