CHAPTER 5: Highway Drainage:-Surface and Sub-surface drainage

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 Introduction
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 Highway drainage: the process of controlling and removing excess

surface and subsurface water with in the right of way (ROW).
 Most important in locating and designing highways and city streets is
providing adequate drainage

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 Requirement of highway drainage system
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• Surface water from carriageway and shoulder should effectively be

drained.
• Surface water from adjoining land should be prevented from
entering the roadway.
• Flow of surface water across the road and shoulders and along
slopes shouldn’t cause formation of cross ruts or erosion.
• Seepage and other sources of underground water should be drained
off by the subsurface drainage system.
• In water logged areas special precautions should be taken.

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 SURFACE DRAINAGE
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 Surface drainage is controlling the flow of surface water using slope

and shaped surfaces (swale, berm and ditches).

 Swales

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 COMMON HIGHWAY DRAINAGE PROBLEMS
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Improper cross drainage Absence of side drainage

Absence of side drainage

Improper cross drainage

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 Design of Surface Drainage Systems
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 Design of Surface Drainage Systems
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 The design of surface drainage system may be divided in two

phases:
 Hydrological analysis – estimation of flow or amount of water.
 Hydraulic analysis – design of structures or drainage facility.
 Estimation of flow (Hydrological Analysis)
 To estimate the maximum quantity of water expected to reach the
element of the drainage system.
 Various factors affecting the run-off are:
• Rate of rainfall/Rainfall intensity, Intensity – frequency and duration
• Type of soil
• Moisture condition and topography of the area
• Type of ground cover like vegetation etc 29-Dec-22 8:53
 Cont…

 Method to determine surface runoff

1. Rational method (< 10km2) is widely used to estimation the peak run-off
water
Q = CIA/36 (if you use A = drainage area (km2)
Where Q = run-off (m3/sec)-max flood discharge
Qd = design run-off (m3/sec)
1ha=10000sqr meter
1hector=2.4711Acre=0.01km2
I = intensity of rain fall (mm/hrs.)
A = drainage area (km2)
C = run-off coefficient (unit less)
Cweighted= A1*C1+A2C2+A3C3+---- 2=100ha
A +A +A +----
1km
1 2 3

Run off: the difference between amount of rainfall and loss due to infiltration,
evaporation, transportation, interception and storage. IDF=intensity duration frequency
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 Qd= 2Q

V = 1/nR2/3S1/2

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 Cont…
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Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient “n”

Type of lining Value of n
Ordinary earth, smooth graded 0.02
Jagged rock or rough rubble 0.04
Rough concrete 0.02
Bituminous lining 0.02
Smooth rubble 0.02
Well maintained grass
depth of flow > 150mm 0.04
depth of flow < 150mm 0.06
Heavy grass 29-Dec-22 8:53 0.10
 Cont…
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Maximum safe velocity when channel erosion is to be prevented
Type of lining Allowable velocity
(m/s)
Well – established grass on any good soil 2
Meadow type of grass with short, plaint blades,
heavy stand, such as blue grass 1.5
0.5 – 1.2
Bunch grasses, exposed soil b/n plants
0.5 – 1.0
Grains, staff-steamed grasses
Earth without vegetation 0.3 – 0.6
fine sand or silt, little or no clay 0.5 – 1.0
ordinary form loam 1.2
stiff clay, highly colloidal 1.2
clay and gravel 1.2
coarse gravel 1.5
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soft shale
 Cont…
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The Best Hydraulic Section: (Efficient section)

• It is known that the conveyance of a
channel section increase with increase
in the hydraulic radius (R) or with
decrease in the wetted perimeter (P).

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 Cont…
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 Rectangular cross section

Efficient section or best hydraulic section

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 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
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 Some of the tasks that must be done to control the effects of

subsurface drainage on highways include :
A. Lowering level of ground water table
 Highest level of ground water table should be below sub grade
level.
 Longitudinal ( for relatively permeable soils) and transverse
drains(for impermeable soils) will be provided.

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 Cont…
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B. Seepage control
 If seepage zone is at a depth less than 0.6m to 0.9m below sub grade
level, use longitudinal pipe drain in trench with filter material to
intercept the seepage flow.

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 Cont…
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C. Control of Capillary Rise : can be controlled by:

 Using a layer of granular material of suitable thickness.
 Using a layer of impermeable capillary cutoff.
 Bituminous layer or other geo-textiles can be used as an
impermeable layer .
 ** Capillary water should not rise above the thickness of the granular
layer.

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 HIGHWAY CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
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 Are structures built on the highway to facilitate the flow of water(rivers,

streams, …etc. ) across the road way.

 Some of the types of cross drainage structures include:

 Bridges
 Box culverts
 Slab culverts
 Pipe culverts

 Based on the results of hydrological analysis, the maximum flow rate will be
known and as a result the cross drainage structure will be selected and
designed. 29-Dec-22 8:53
 Cont…
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Bridge
Pipe Culvert

Box Culvert

Slab Culvert
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 Design Example
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1. The drainage area which contributes runoff to a proposed

culvert installation is 1.30 km2 in extent. The rainfall
intensity of the area is 57 mm/hr. The area has an average
slope of about 4%. Assuming a runoff coefficient of 2.5,
determine the quantity of flow and design the size of the
culvert. [NB: If slope of culvert is not given, use S = 10% as a
default value]
Solution:
Given: C=2.5, I=57mm/hr A= 1.3km2
Q=CIA/36=(2.5*57*1.30)=5.15m3/sec
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Qd=2Q=10.3m3/sec
 Cont.…
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 Cont.…
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 5.1 Design Example
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The surface water from road side is drained to the longitudinal side drain from
across ½ a bituminous pavement surface of total width 7m, shoulder and
adjoining land width 8m on one side of the drain. On the other side of the
longitudinal drain water flows across from reserve land with grass and 2%
cross slope towards the side drain. The width of this strip of land being 25m.
The runoff coefficient of the pavement , shoulder, reserve land with grass
surface are 0.8, 0.25 and 0.35 respectively. The length of stretch of land
parallel to the road from were water is expected to flow to the side drains is
about 1900m. Estimate the quantity of runoff flowing in the drain assuming
a rainfall intensity 125mm/hr, using 25 years period of frequency. Design
the cross section with manning's roughness coefficient 0.022 and suitable
speed of flow 0.8m/sec.
Assume Trapezoidal cross section with side slope 1V:1.5H & bottom
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