Differentiation and It's Application

© 2021 JETIR August 2021, Volume 8, Issue 8 www.jetir.
org (ISSN-2349-5162)
Differentiation and its application

1Sasmita
Patra, 2V Ganesh
1Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, GIET University, Gunupur
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, GIET University, Gunupur
Abstract
From the beginning of time man has been interested in the rate at which physical and nonphysical things
change. Astronomers, physicists, chemists, engineers, business enterprises and industries strive to have
accurate values of these parameters that change with time. The mathematician therefore devotes his time to
understudy the concepts of rate of change. Rate of change gave birth to an aspect of calculus know as
differentiation. There is another subject known as integration. Integration And Differentiation in broad sense
together form subject called calculus. Hence in a bid to give this research project an excellent work, which is
of great utilitarian value to the students in science and social science, the research project is divided into four
chapters, with each of these chapters broken up into sub units.
Keyword: Integration, Differentiation, Calculus
1. Introduction
Graph sketching
Increasing and decreasing functions
Let f be some function defined on an interval.
Definition
The function f is increasing over this interval if, for all points x1 and x2 in the interval,
x1 ≤ x2 =⇒ f (x1) ≤ f (x2).
This means that the value of the function at a larger number is greater than or equal to the value of the function
at a smaller number. The graph on the left shows a differentiable function. The graph on the right shows a
piecewise-defined continuous function. Both these functions are increasing.
Examples of increasing functions.
Definition
The function f is decreasing over this interval if, for all points x1 and x2 in the interval,
x1 ≤ x2 =⇒ f (x1) ≥ f (x2).
The following graph shows an example of a decreasing function.
JETIR2108005 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org a28
© 2021 JETIR August 2021, Volume 8, Issue 8 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
Example of a decreasing
function.
Note that a function that is constant on the interval is both increasing

and decreasing over this interval. If we want to exclude such cases, then
we omit the equality component in our definition, and we add the word
strictly:
• A function is strictly increasing if x1 < x2 implies f (x1) < f (x2).

• A function is strictly decreasing if x1 < x2 implies f (x1) > f (x2).
We will use the following results. These results refer to intervals where
the function is differentiable. Issues such as endpoints have to be treated
separately.
• If f ′(x) > 0 for all x in the interval, then the function f is strictly increasing.
• If f ′(x) < 0 for all x in the interval, then the function f is strictly decreasing.
• If f ′(x) = 0 for all x in the interval, then the function f is constant.
Stationary points
Definitions
Let f be a differentiable function.
• A stationary point of f is a number x such that f ′(x) = 0.

• The point c is a maximum point of the function f if and only if f (c) ≥
f (x), for all x in the domain of f . The value f (c) of the function at c is
called the maximum value of the function.
• The point c is a minimum point of the function f if and only if f (c) ≤ f
(x), for all x inthe domain of f . The value f (c) of the function at c is
called the minimum value of the function.
2. Local maxima and minima
In the following diagram, the point a looks like a maximum provided we stay close to it,and the
point b looks like a minimum provided we stay close to it.
Definitions
• The point c is a local maximum point of the function f if there exists an interval (a, b)with c ∈ (a,
b) such that f (c) ≥ f (x), for all x ∈ (a, b).
• The point c is a local minimum point of the function f if there exists an interval (a, b)with c ∈ (a,
b) such that f (c) ≤ f (x), for all x ∈ (a, b).
These are sometimes called relative maximum and relative minimum points. Localmaxima and
minima are often referred to as turning points.
The following diagram shows the graph of y = f (x), where f is a differentiable function.It appears
from the diagram that the tangents to the graph at the points which are local maxima or minima
are horizontal. That is, at a local maximum or minimum point c, we have f ′(c) = 0, and hence each
local maximum or minimum point is a stationary point.
Theorem
Let f be a differentiable function. If c is a local maximum point, then f ′(c) = 0.
Proof
Consider the interval (c − δ, c + δ), with δ > 0 chosen so that f (c) ≥ f (x) for all
x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ).
For all positive h such that 0 < h < δ, we have f (c) ≥ f (c + h) and therefore
f (c + h) − f (c)
≤ 0.
h
Hence,
f (c + h) − f (c)
f ′(c) = lim ≤ 0. (1)
h→0+ h
For all negative h such that −δ < h < 0, we have f (c) ≥ f (c + h) and therefore
f (c + h) − f (c)
≥ 0.
h
Hence,
f (c + h) − f (c)
f ′(c) = lim ≥ 0. (2)
h→0− h
From (1) and (2), it follows that f ′(c) = 0.
3. The first derivative test for local maxima and minima
The derivative of the function can be used to determine when a local

maximum or local minimum occurs.
Theorem (First derivative test)

Let f be a differentiable function. Suppose that c is a stationary point, that is, f ′(c) = 0.
a If there exists δ > 0 such that f ′(x) > 0, for all x ∈ (c − δ, c), and f ′(x) < 0, for all
x ∈ (c, c + δ), then c is a local maximum point.
b If there exists δ > 0 such that f ′(x) < 0, for all x ∈ (c − δ, c), and f ′(x) > 0, for all
x ∈ (c, c + δ), then c is a local minimum point.
Proof
a The function is increasing on the interval (c − δ, c), and
decreasing on the in-terval (c, c + δ). Hence, f (c) ≥ f (x) for all
x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ).
b The function is decreasing on the interval (c − δ, c), and
increasing on the in-terval (c, c + δ). Hence, f (c) ≤ f (x) for all
x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ).
In simple language, the first derivative test says:
• If f ′(c) = 0 with f ′(x) > 0 immediately to the left of c and f ′(x) < 0
immediately to the right of c, then c is a local maximum point.
We can also illustrate this with a gradient diagram.
Value of x c
Sign of f ′(x) + 0 −
Slope of graph y = f (x) / — \

• If f ′(c) = 0 with f ′(x) < 0 immediately to the left of c and f ′(x) > 0
immediately to the right of c, then c is a local minimum point.
We can also illustrate this with a gradient diagram.
Value of x c
Sign of f ′(x) − 0 +
Slope of graph y = f (x) \ — /
4. Maxima and minima problems
The need to find local maxima and minima arises in many situations. The first example we will look at is very
familiar, and can also be solved without using calculus. Exam- ples of solving such problems without the use of
calculus can be found in the module Quadratics.
Steps for solving maxima and minima problems
Step 1. Where possible draw a diagram to illustrate the problem. Label the diagram and designate your variables
and constants. Note any restrictions on the values of the variables.
Step 2. Write an expression for the quantity that is going to be maximised or minimised.Eliminate some of the variables.
Form an equation for this quantity in terms of a single independent variable. This may require some algebraic
manipulation.
Step 3. If y = f (x) is the quantity to be maximised or minimised, find the values of x

for which f ′(x) = 0.
Step 4. Test each point for which f ′(x) = 0 to determine if it is a local maximum, a local minimum or neither.
Step 5. If the function y = f (x) is defined on an interval, such as [a, b] or [0, ∞), check the values of the function at the
end points.
Critical points
In the section Graph sketching, we looked at stationary points of a function f , that is, points where f ′(x) = 0. We
gave conditions for a stationary point to be local minimum ora local maximum.
Local maxima and minima also occur in other cases. The point (c, f (c)) on the left-handgraph is a local minimum.
The point (d , f (d )) on the right-hand graph is a local maximum. These are examples of critical points. In each
case, the function is not differentiable at that point.
x x
Examples of critical points.
5 Applications
Application in biology Example: Chemotherapy
Malignant tumours respond to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Consider a medical
experiment in which mice with tumours are given a chemotherapeutic drug. At the time of the drug being
administered, the average tumour size is about 0.5 cm 3. The tumour volume V (t ) after t days is modelled by
V (t ) = 0.005e0.24t + 0.495e−0.12t ,
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 18.
Let us find the minimum point. The first and second derivatives are
V ′(t ) = 0.0012e0.24t − 0.0594e−0.12t
V ′′(t ) = 0.000288e0.24t + 0.007128e−0.12t .
Note that V ′′(t ) > 0, for all t in the domain. By solving V ′(t ) = 0, we find that the min-imum point occurs when t ≈
10.84 days. The volume of the tumour is approximately
0.20 cm3 at this time.
V(t) cm³
t days
10 15 20
Applications in physics
Calculus is essential in many areas of physics. Some additional applications of calculus to physics are given in the
modules Motion in a straight line and The calculus of trigono- metric functions.
Example: Damped simple harmonic motion
The displacement of a body of mass m undergoing damped harmonic motion is given by the formul
b 2
. −
Here k and b are positive constants. (Note that damped simple

harmonic motion re- duces to simple harmonic motion when b = 0.)
The motion can be investigated by using calculus to find the turning points.
bt
−
Since x = Ae 2m cos(ωt ), we have
dx b bt bt
Ae− cos(ωt ) − Aωe− sin(ωt )
=− 2m 2m
dt 2m
bt b
=− 2m Ae− cos(ωt ) + ω sin(ωt ) .
2m
Here is example from optics using related rates of change.
Example: Thin lens formula
The thin lens formula in physics is
1 1 1
+ = ,
s S f
where s is the distance of an object from the lens, S is the distance of the
image from thelens, and f is the focal length of the lens. Here f is a
constant, and s and S are variables.
Suppose the object is moving away from the lens at a rate of 3 cm/s.
How fast and inwhich direction will the image be moving?
ds dS
We are given = 3. The question is: What is ?
dt dt
We know by the chain rule that
dS dS ds dS
= × = × 3.
dt ds dt ds
fs
Making S the subject of the thin lens formula, we have S = . The derivative of S with
s− f
respect to s is
dS −f 2
= .
ds (s − f )2
Thus
dS −f 2 −3 f 2
= ×3= .
dt (s − f )2 (s − f )2
3f 2
The image is moving towards the lens at cm/s.
(s − f )2
Bibliography
[1] MICHEL W. BOTSKO, Exactly Which Bounded Darboux Functions Are Derivatives?,
Monthly (2007), pp. 242– 245.
[2] H. CARTAN, Calcul Différenciel - Formes Différenciel, Herman Paris (1967).
[3] WILLIAM J. KNIGHT, Functions With zero right derivatives are constant, Monthly(1980), pp. 657–
658.
[4] KOLMOGOROV A. N; S. V. FOMIN, Elements of the Theory of Functions andFunctional Analysis,
Nauka (1981), Moscow.
[5] ROBERT M. MC LEOD, Mean Value Theorems For Vector Valued Functions, Proc. Edinburg Math.
Soc, 14 serie (II).JAMES STEWART, Calculus Early Transcendentals, USA, (2008), pp. 379–388.
[6] HIRIART-URRUTY, J. B., Théorème de valeur moyenne sous forme d’égalité pour les fonctions a
valeurs vectorielles, Revue de Mathématiques Spéciales, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III) Mars
1983-mensuel nr.7, pp. 290–293.

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© 2021 JETIR August 2021, Volume 8, Issue 8 www.jetir.

Differentiation and its application

Increasing and decreasing functions

Let f be some function defined on an interval.

Examples of increasing functions.

The following graph shows an example of a decreasing function.

Note that a function that is constant on the interval is both increasing

• A function is strictly increasing if x1 < x2 implies f (x1) < f (x2).

• A stationary point of f is a number x such that f ′(x) = 0.

2. Local maxima and minima

From (1) and (2), it follows that f ′(c) = 0.

3. The first derivative test for local maxima and minima

The derivative of the function can be used to determine when a local

Theorem (First derivative test)

In simple language, the first derivative test says:

We can also illustrate this with a gradient diagram.

Slope of graph y = f (x) / — \

We can also illustrate this with a gradient diagram.

Slope of graph y = f (x) \ — /

4. Maxima and minima problems

Step 3. If y = f (x) is the quantity to be maximised or minimised, find the values of x

Examples of critical points.

V ′(t ) = 0.0012e0.24t − 0.0594e−0.12t

V ′′(t ) = 0.000288e0.24t + 0.007128e−0.12t .

Example: Damped simple harmonic motion

Here k and b are positive constants. (Note that damped simple

Example: Thin lens formula

The thin lens formula in physics is

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