Colloids

Buenavista, Gilbert Jr. M.

Ciriaco, Jelcy
Espiritu, Rafael
Figuracion, Ericka Mei
Lagat, Fate
Mercado, Jovel
Montero, Mark Ian
Oloraza, Michelle
Pascua, Marg’riette
Pineda, Vincent
Salamanca, Dan Lloyd A.
Saldero, Lynerine P.
Valmores, Frezlene Heart

A Scientific Report Submitted to the Laboratory Instructor of the Department of

Chemistry, College of Science, Central Luzon State University,

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

MARCH 2024
 I. Introduction
This experiment is designed to explore the
fascinating world of colloidal dispersions.
Colloids are a unique type of mixture where
tiny particles, dispersed throughout a
medium, exhibit properties distinct from
both solutions and suspensions. By
engaging in this experiment, we aim to
achieve several objectives:
Preparing Colloidal Dispersions: Through
the use of denatured alcohol and kerosene,
we will create colloidal dispersions. This
hands-on process allows us to witness the
formation of colloids firsthand and
understand the principles behind their
formation.
Differentiating Colloidal Dispersions:
Colloids can sometimes be mistaken for
true solutions or suspensions due to their
intermediate particle size. By comparing
colloidal dispersions with true solutions
and suspensions, we can learn to
distinguish between them based on their
properties and behavior.
Identifying Properties of Colloidal
Dispersions: Colloidal dispersions exhibit
unique properties such as Brownian
motion, Tyndall effect, and stability.
Through observation and experimentation,
we will explore these properties and
understand how they contribute to the
behavior of colloids.
Observing Semi-Permeability of
Membranes: Colloidal particles can interact
with semi-permeable membranes,
showcasing their ability to pass through or
be retained
II. Methodology
A. Preparation of colloidal solutions
a. Gel
First, we prepared 20 mL of ethyl
alcohol C₂H₆O and a saturated
calcium acetate aqueous
Ca(C2H3O2)2 solution. Then we
poured 20 mL of ethyl alcohol into
the beaker, and then we dropped
about 10 drops of saturated calcium
acetate into the aqueous beaker
containing 20 mL of ethyl alcohol.
Then we swirled the beaker quickly
for a few minutes.
b. Emulsion
An emulsion of 2 ml of water and 5
drops of kerosene would be a water-
in-kerosene, after dropping 5 drops
of kerosene, set aside, then observe
and add 1 ml of detergent in the
solution and shake until the
kerosene is dispersed in water, and
compare the properties of step 1 and
step 2. since water is the dispersed
phase and kerosene is the
continuous phase.
c. Smoke
In the smoke, we drop a lighted
cigarette into a test tube. One of our
thumbs was used as the stopper.
Then observe.
B. Properties of some colloidal
dispersion
a. Semi-permeability through
dialysis
In the process of semi-permeability
through dialysis, parchment paper
or cellophane sheets are used for
this purpose. Inside the cellophane,
it was filled with 2mL of 1% starch
solution and 1% sodium chloride
solution. For the process to further
form, the bag with the two solutions
was tied and put inside the beaker
that contains 250mL distilled water
by suspending the bag using a glass
rod. It is detailed for the level of the
fluid inside and out to be the same.
Then by waiting for 30 minutes,
another procedure was needed to do
for the results to be completed.
Using the distilled water from the
beaker, 1ml from it should be tested
in a test tube by adding 5 drops of
silver nitrate solution. The results
from this solution will be formed
and come to a conclusion.
b. Particle Size
The first thing we did was measure
5 ml of muddy water in a beaker.
After measuring, we transferred it to
a test tube. Then, we filtered it using
filter paper. Because it took some
time to filter, we let it stand by for
about 1-2 minutes in the funnel
tube. Next, we did the same thing
again, but this time we used a 5 ml
CuSO4 solution instead. Lastly,
since we didn't have albumin, we
used 5 ml of oil. After filtering, we
checked what happened. Lastly, we
compared the results of the three
filtrations.
c. Adsorption
First, we took a test tube and added
20 drops of methylene blue.
Following that, we added a pinch of
activated charcoal. Then, we used
our thumb to cover the lid and shake
it vigorously for 5 minutes. After 5
minutes, we filtered it using filter
paper and waited for the result.
d. Tyndall Effect
In our experiment Tyndall Effect,
we conducted a series of
observations using test tubes
 containing 5mL of separate
solutions. Subsequently, we
directed a flashlight through each
solution to discern the presence of
the Tyndall Effect. Solutions
comprising substances such as
CuSO4, starch, and water were
specifically chosen for
examination. This method enabled
us to detect and analyze the
scattering of light by colloidal
particles suspended within the
solutions, providing valuable
insights into the phenomenon of the
Tyndall Effect.
e. Viscosity
The resistance of a fluid to flow is
measured by its viscosity. It
explains how a fluid in motion
experiences internal friction. To test
the three solutions (distilled water,
CuSO4 solution, and 5% albumin).
The measuring tool was based on
using a pipette and measuring the
time it took for a volume of liquid to
pass through the length of the tube.
The first step was to use the pipette
holding it up to the zero mark and
hold it in a vertical position. Do the
same for three solutions. Then allow
it to drain and record the time of
how fast or slow its resistance to
flow. It should be noted that every
number of seconds is required to
empty the pipette.
III. Results and Discussion
A. Preparation of colloidal solutions
a. Gel
After swirling the two solutions,
there was no reaction. This solution
is supposed to form a gel because,
in ethyl alcohol, calcium acetate is
insoluble. Due to their polarity,
calcium acetate molecules
precipitate when combined with
non-polar ethanol. Therefore, when
the two of them mix, it will form a
gel. But the result of our experiment
is that the mixture of those two
solutions did not form a gel. We
think that the ethyl alcohol is too
much, so we repeat the experiment,
and this time we use 10 mL of ethyl
alcohol. After repeating the
experiment, the result was the same;
after swirling the beaker for a few
minutes, there was still no reaction.
b. Emulsion
An oil-in-water emulsion occurs
when detergent is added to the
mixture of water and kerosene.
Because of their unique
characteristics, detergents can
lower the surface tension between
immiscible liquids, stabilizing
emulsions. An oil-in-water
emulsion occurs as a result of the
detergent's action stabilizing the
kerosene droplets within the water
phase. A number of variables,
 including the particular detergent
used, its concentration, and the
amount of mixing, would affect the
composition and stability of the
emulsion.
c. Smoke
We observed that the lighted
cigarette died as soon as the test
tube's top was covered because
there was insufficient oxygen
within the tube that kept the
cigarette from burning. The smoke
from the cigarette does not leave a
wet or moist surface. However, on
the surface, including hands and
clothing, it also leaves behind ashes
and a strong odor. The cigarette's
home is the aerosol, or colloidal
system. It is anticipated that it will
have a solid dispersed phase and a
gas dispersion medium.
B. Properties of some colloidal
dispersion
a. Semi-permeability through
dialysis
The test results indicate that the
plastic bag can pass through salt
chloride solution. It was unable to
determine the outcome of the
process from the trials that have
been conducted. Nevertheless, if
every detail goes according to make
preparations and procedures, the
experiment's outcome will be as
follows: the baggie's starch solution
(the dependent variable) will turn
purple, signifying that iodine (1%
sodium chloride solution), the
independent variable, is present in
the combination. Since the iodine
solution changes the color of the
starch solution, it is the dependent
variable. The idea was that since the
starch baggie is iodine-permeable,
iodine would seep into it. The starch
solution within the baggie will
become purple if the iodine solution
gets inside of it. It ought to be
demonstrated that the starch would
have stayed white if it had been
submerged in a water solution as
opposed to the iodine solution.
The baggie needs to be permeable to
the iodine in order for it to go into
the starch solution. A cell
membrane is represented by the
baggie. The purpose of this lab is to
show whether or not a material can
pass through a cell membrane.
Living things' cell membranes may
allow some chemicals to pass
through while blocking the passage
of others. The iodine solution in the
beaker did not turn purple in this
experiment, as the experiment from
the references in the documentation
demonstrated. This indicates that
the iodine outside the baggie did not
combine with the starch solution
since it did not pass through the
baggie. This information makes it
evident that while the plastic baggie
is permeable to iodine, it is not
permeable to starch. This is referred
to as selective permeability in a cell
membrane. Put differently, the
starch cannot pass through the
baggie, but the iodine can. This
experiment aims to demonstrate
that a cell membrane is a form of
barrier that is permeable to some
substances but not to all. A cell
membrane is therefore selectively
permeable.
b. Particle Size
The results of the experiment
showed that the muddy water had
the largest particles, resulting in a
significant amount of filtrate being
left on the filter paper. Next was the
CuSO4, with smaller particles that
were trapped on the filter paper but
in a lesser amount compared to the
muddy water. The smallest particles
were observed in the oil, as no
particles were left on the filter
paper.
c. Adsorption
The result of filling a test tube with
20 drops of methylene blue and we
added a pinch of activated charcoal
to the solution. Subsequently, we
securely sealed the tube's lid with
our thumb and vigorously shook it
for 5 minutes. Once the shaking was
complete, we filtered the mixture
using filter paper and patiently
waited for approximately 3 minutes
for the filtration process to
conclude. The outcome revealed a
significant transformation in color
from dark blue to transparent white.
The transparent result observed in
this experiment demonstrates the
adsorption process, where activated
charcoal removes methylene blue
molecules from the solution by
binding them to its surface,
resulting in a colorless filtrate.
d. Tyndall Effect
This experiment aimed to explore
the Tyndall Effect by comparing the
light-scattering properties of
different solutions: CuSO4, starch
solution, and water. The experiment
was conducted in our room, with
each solution placed in separate test
tubes and the light source directed
through them. The results showed
that the CuSO4 solution exhibited a
pronounced Tyndall Effect due to
the presence of colloidal particles,
likely copper ions, scattering light.
CuSO4 is observable because the
incident light undergoes a process
of dispersion or splitting, leading to
the separation of its constituent
wavelengths, thereby enabling the
visibility of the CuSO4 particles
through the manifestation of
scattered light. The starch solution
containing larger colloidal particles,
also displayed a noticeable Tyndall
Effect. The discernibility of starch
emerges as a consequence of the
incident light undergoing a
phenomenon of dispersion or
splitting, wherein the individual
wavelength disperses, leading to the
separation of the light spectrum and,
consequently, rendering starch
particles visible through the
manifestation of scattered light. In
contrast, water, a clear solution with
no significant colloidal particles,
showed minimal or no scattering of
light. Water becomes non-visible
due to the scattering of light,
rendering it imperceptible to the
human eye as a result of the
dispersion and deflection of light
waves within the water medium.
The varying intensities and patterns
of the Tyndall Effect observed in
each solution can be attributed to
the size, shape, and concentration of
colloidal particles present. The
experiment successfully
demonstrated the Tyndall Effect in
different solutions, emphasizing the
 role of colloidal particles in light
scattering.
e. Viscosity
Viscosity
Distilled 14.55 seconds
water
5% albumin 14.81 seconds
CuSO4 sol 1 min. 10
seconds
The viscosity of a substance is
influenced by the temperature,
attractive interactions between the
molecules, and morphologies of the
molecules. A fluid with a high
viscosity resists motion because of
the high internal friction caused by
its molecules. Low viscosity fluids
flow quickly because the molecules
in them create very little friction
when they are moving. I anticipate
that the speed at which chemicals
flow through a pipet is the basis for
evaluating these qualities. Distilled
water flows through space faster
due to its decreased intermolecular
force. Despite having bigger
particles and a stronger cohesive
force than pure water, CuSO4
solution and 5% albumin both move
more slowly than water.
IV. Conclusions
Colloids fall somewhere between
[particulate] suspensions and solutions,
both in terms of visible qualities and
particle size. They serve as a sort of link
between the microscopic and the
macroscopic. As a result, they share some
characteristics with both, which greatly
adapts colloidal matter to a variety of
applications. Colloid science is
fundamental to biology, food science, and a
wide range of consumer products.
Several colloidal dispersion qualities,
traits, and responses were investigated in
this activity, along with the colloidal
solution manufacturing process. A common
way to classify colloids is based on the
phase of the dispersed substance and what
phase it is dispersed in. Colloids come in a
variety of forms, such as foam, emulsoids,
suspensoids, and so forth. Because their
dispersed phase and mediums differ, they
have unique properties and principles. The
material in the dispersed phase needs to be
bigger than a molecule but smaller than
what the human eye can see in order to be
classified as a colloid. The purpose of the
experiment is to study colloidal dispersions,
which are mixes of dispersed particles that
differ from solutions and suspensions in
important ways.
In this exercise, we tested the general
characteristics of colloids, including their
viscosity, adsorption, particle size, semi-
permeability by dialysis, and Tyndall
effect. The goal of the experiment was to
demonstrate semi-permeability through
dialysis by demonstrating that iodine
permeability would be shown by the plastic
bag holding starch solution turning purple
when exposed to iodine solution. Although
the experiment's results were equivocal, the
expected consequence is that the starch
solution will change color in the presence
of iodine provided it is carried out with
suitable preparation and methods. The
experiment showed that the amount of
filtrate left on the filter paper is directly
influenced by the size of the particles in a
material; the largest particles were found in
muddy water, the smallest in CuSO4, and
the smallest in oil. The experiment
demonstrated adsorption, wherein
methylene blue molecules were removed
from a solution in a test tube by adding
activated charcoal and mixing the mixture
for five minutes, producing a colorless
filtrate. By contrasting the light-scattering
characteristics of CuSO4, starch solution,
and water, the experiment demonstrated the
Tyndall Effect and the adsorption process
of activated charcoal. The Tyndall Effect
was more noticeable in CuSO4 and starch
solutions due to the presence of colloidal
particles, but water exhibited little to no
light scattering due to the absence of major
colloidal particles. The size, form, and
concentration of colloidal particles in each
solution were found to be responsible for
the differing Tyndall Effect intensities.
Furthermore, a substance's viscosity, which
affects how easily a fluid flows, is
influenced by variables like temperature,
molecule interactions, and molecular
shapes. Viscosity can be measured by
measuring the speed at which chemicals
pass through a pipet; purified water flows
through the pipet more quickly than
solutions like CuSO4 and 5% albumin
because of the lower intermolecular forces.
Life depends on colloids and colloidal
systems. They are also very helpful, in
many business and industrial settings,
almost indispensable. In order to improve
human health significantly, this article
discusses a deeper understanding of
colloids and the phenomena they cause, as
well as how to apply their basic principles
to improve every cell, the blood, and all
bodily fluids, particularly the intercellular
fluids, also referred to as "humours."
However, compared to other scientific
fields, colloidal science is very new, and
there aren't many highly competent experts
in this field. Furthermore, the majority of
colloidal research has focused on industrial
applications. Colloids are useful in
practically every field of human endeavor,
having been used in mining, horticulture,
the concrete industry, agriculture, the
flower industry, mining, electroplating, and
cosmetics, to mention a few. As this article
discusses, each of the few main areas that
were just listed can be further subdivided
into smaller ones.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Ms. Abigail Briones
for teaching and guiding the class through the
experiment on colloids. We also extend our
appreciation to all members who participated
in this experiment. Because of this, we were
able to complete it quickly and obtain all the
answers due to our cooperation. Lastly, we
want to thank our leader, who also guided us
through this experiment.
Photo Documentation
A. Preparation of colloidal solutions

Gel

B. Properties of some colloidal dispersion

Semi-permeability through dialysis

Emulsion

Smoke

Particle Size
 Tyndall effect

Adsorption

Viscosity
V. References

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