ELECTRICITY

‣ Electrons and protons have properties called electric charge.

‣ Electrons have negative electric charge, while protons have a
positive electric charge.
‣ The positive and negative properties means that they are
opposite.
‣ Charge is fundamental to both electrons and protons. This means
that you cannot separate charge from an electron of proton.
 Electric charges interact to produce Electrical Force
a. Repulsive electrical force
b. Attractive electrical force

Law of Charges
“Like charges repel, unlike charges attract”
Caution:
“Like charges” does not mean that the two charges are exactly identical, only that both charges have the
same algebraic sign (both positive or both negative). “Opposite charges” means that both objects have an
electric charge, and those charges have different signs (one positive and the other negative).
 The sum of all the electric charges
in any closed system is constant.
Objects that acquire an excess Objects that loss electrons
electrons becomes a negatively becomes positively charged
charged object. objects. Charge is quantized; the
magnitude of the charge of
‣ Objects with a net charged not equal to zero is a charged proton or electron is a natural
object. unit of charge.
‣ Electric charges on objects result from the gain or loss of
electrons.
‣ If the charge is confined in an object and is not moving, it is
called an electrostatic charge (electrostatic electricity).
How can an object gain
a charge?
Charging by FRICTION

‣ When you rub the PVC pipe in a rag,

the PVC pipe becomes negatively
charged because electrons are
transferred from the rag to the PVC
pipe.
‣ Since the rag losses electrons, it
becomes positively charged.
‣ Both the negative charge on the PVC
pipe due to excess of electrons and
positively charge due to deficiency of
electrons are charges that are
momentarily at rest.
‣ Both rag and PVC pipe will soon return
to neutral by the movement of
Charging by CONDUCTION

‣ Charging by conduction involves the

contact of charged object to a neutral
object.
‣ When an uncharged object (conductor)
is brought in contact with a charged
object, charge is shared between the
two conductors.
‣ Hence, the uncharged object gets
charged.
‣ During charging by conduction, both
objects acquire the same type of charge.
Charging by INDUCTION
‣ In this process, a charged object is
brought near but not touched to a
neutral conducting object.
‣ The presence of a charged object near
a neutral conductor will induced (force)
electrons within the conductor to
move.
‣ The movements of electrons leaves an
imbalance of charge on opposite sides
of the neutral conductor.
‣ There is an excess of positive charge on
one side of the object and an excess of
negative charge on the opposite charge.
‣ But the overall charge of the object is
neutral.
 VS.
The electricity flows from the source The man was not electrified because
to Squidward, Spongebob, and Patrick. there’s an insulator (the black rubber).
The three of them are conductors of
electricity.
 ‣ Conductors are materials that permit the flow of
electrons.
‣ An object made of a conducting material will
What is a CONDUCTOR permit charge to be transferred across the entire
surface of the object.

Examples of Conductors:
1. Silver
2. Copper
3. Gold
4. Aluminum
5. Carbon (graphite)
6. Tungsten
7. Iron
8. Lead
9. Nichrome
 ‣ Insulators are materials that impede the flow of
electrons.
‣ Insulators are used to protect us from being
What is an INSULATOR electrified.

Examples of Insulators:
1. Rubber
2. Glass
3. Carbon (Diamond)
4. Plastics
5. Wood

Semiconductors
‣ Substances that sometimes conduct and sometimes
insulate, depending on the conditions and how pure
they are.
‣ Examples are Si and Ge.
Measuring Electrical Charges
COULOMB’S LAW
‣ You received a greater electric shock when you
accumulated greater electric charge.
‣ The size of an electric charge is identified with the number
of electrons that have been transferred onto (attractive) or
away (repulsive) from an object.
‣ The quantity of such charge (q) is measured in unit
coulomb (C).
‣ A coulomb unit is equivalent to the charge resulting from
the transfer of 6.24 x 10 of the charge carried by particles
18

such as the electron.

‣ An object has a net charge (q) because it has an unbalanced
number (n) of electrons (e ) and protons (p ).
- +

‣ One coulomb is equivalent to the transfer of 6.24 x 10 18

particles of electrons. But how much is the charge of each

electrons?
‣ We can determine the charge of each electrons using this
formula: q=ne
q is the charge, n is the no. Of electrons, e is the electron charge
Example:
After walking in a carpet, you acquired a net charge equivalent to one
coulomb. What is the charge of individual electrons? Remember that one
coulomb is equivalent to the transfer of 6.24 x 10 particles of electrons.
18

Your turn:
Combing your hair on a day with low
humidity results in a comb with a negative
charge on the order of 1.00 x 10 coulomb.
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Measuring charges
How many electrons were transferred from
your hair to the comb?
 REPULSIVE ELECTRICAL FORCE

- -

ATTRACTIVE ELECTRICAL FORCE

+ -
‣ The magnitude of electrical force between charges depends on the amount of force
of each object and on the distance between them.
‣ This relation is known as the Coulomb’s Law: F = kq1q2/r 2

‣ k is the constant which has a value of 9.00 x 10 N m /C

9 2 2

‣ After Charles Augustin de Coulomb

‣ The force is repulsive is both charges (q1 and q2) have the same charges and attractive
if they are different.
‣ Whether the force is attractive or repulsive, both objects will feel equal forces, as
described by Newton’s third law of motion.
Example:
Electrons carry a negative electric charge and revolved about the nucleus of
the atom, which carries the protons. The electron is held in orbit by force
of electrical attraction at a typical distance of 1.00 x10 m. How much is
-10

the electrical force between the protons and electrons?

Your turn:
Two small plastic spheres are given positive
electrical charges. When they are 15.0 cm
apart, the repulsive force between them has
magnitude 0.220 N. What is the charge on
Coulomb’s Law each sphere (a) if the two charges are equal
and (b) if one sphere has four times the
charge of the other?
Let’s Exercise:
A negative charge of - 0.550 x 10 C exerts an upward 0.200-N
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force on an unknown charge 0.300 m directly below it. (a) What is

the unknown charge (magnitude and sign)? (b) What are the
magnitude and direction of the force that the unknown charge exerts
on the -0.550 x 10 C charge?
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Coulomb’s Law